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Dötterl S, Gershenzon J. Chemistry, biosynthesis and biology of floral volatiles: roles in pollination and other functions. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1901-1937. [PMID: 37661854 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2010 to 2023Floral volatiles are a chemically diverse group of plant metabolites that serve multiple functions. Their composition is shaped by environmental, ecological and evolutionary factors. This review will summarize recent advances in floral scent research from chemical, molecular and ecological perspectives. It will focus on the major chemical classes of floral volatiles, on notable new structures, and on recent discoveries regarding the biosynthesis and the regulation of volatile emission. Special attention will be devoted to the various functions of floral volatiles, not only as attractants for different types of pollinators, but also as defenses of flowers against enemies. We will also summarize recent findings on how floral volatiles are affected by abiotic stressors, such as increased temperatures and drought, and by other organisms, such as herbivores and flower-dwelling microbes. Finally, this review will indicate current research gaps, such as the very limited knowledge of the isomeric pattern of chiral compounds and its importance in interspecific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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2
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Wise MJ, Mudrak EL. Nutrient stress can have opposite effects on the ability of plants to tolerate foliar herbivory and floral herbivory. Oecologia 2023; 202:783-794. [PMID: 37596431 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Discovering how organisms respond to the combinations of stressors they face in their environment is an enduring challenge for ecologists. A particular focus has been how natural enemies and abiotic stressors faced by plants may interact in their effect on the ecology and evolution of plant defense strategies. Here, we report on the results of an experiment measuring how reproduction in the clonal herbaceous plant horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) is affected by damage by leaf-feeding and by flower-feeding herbivores-as well as how horsenettle's tolerance of these different types of herbivory may be altered by nutrient stress. Leaf herbivory by lace bugs reduced horsenettle's seed production and root growth, and the relative impacts were greater in fertilized than in nutrient-stressed plants. In contrast, simulated-floral herbivory reduced seed production to a similar degree in fertilized and nutrient-stressed plants. However, compensation for floral herbivory through increased root growth occurred to a much greater extent in the fertilized than in the nutrient-stressed plants. These results can be explained in terms of the limiting resource model of plant tolerance, with leaf damage interpreted as exacerbating carbon limitation in the fertilized plants and floral damage ameliorating carbon limitation in the fertilized plants. These results can be extended to predicting patterns in the field: Although plants in a nutrient-poor environment may have overall low fitness, they are likely to be more tolerant of leaf herbivores-though this benefit may be countered by lower tolerance of any floral herbivores that share the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wise
- Blandy Experimental Farm, University of Virginia, Boyce, VA, USA.
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, Farmville, VA, USA.
| | - Erika L Mudrak
- Blandy Experimental Farm, University of Virginia, Boyce, VA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Cornell Statistical Consulting Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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3
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Thomas G, Rusman Q, Morrison WR, Magalhães DM, Dowell JA, Ngumbi E, Osei-Owusu J, Kansman J, Gaffke A, Pagadala Damodaram KJ, Kim SJ, Tabanca N. Deciphering Plant-Insect-Microorganism Signals for Sustainable Crop Production. Biomolecules 2023; 13:997. [PMID: 37371577 PMCID: PMC10295935 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural crop productivity relies on the application of chemical pesticides to reduce pest and pathogen damage. However, chemical pesticides also pose a range of ecological, environmental and economic penalties. This includes the development of pesticide resistance by insect pests and pathogens, rendering pesticides less effective. Alternative sustainable crop protection tools should therefore be considered. Semiochemicals are signalling molecules produced by organisms, including plants, microbes, and animals, which cause behavioural or developmental changes in receiving organisms. Manipulating semiochemicals could provide a more sustainable approach to the management of insect pests and pathogens across crops. Here, we review the role of semiochemicals in the interaction between plants, insects and microbes, including examples of how they have been applied to agricultural systems. We highlight future research priorities to be considered for semiochemicals to be credible alternatives to the application of chemical pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Thomas
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Quint Rusman
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - William R. Morrison
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
| | - Diego M. Magalhães
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Jordan A. Dowell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Esther Ngumbi
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Jonathan Osei-Owusu
- Department of Biological, Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya EY0329-2478, Ghana;
| | - Jessica Kansman
- Center for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Alexander Gaffke
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 6383 Mahan Dr., Tallahassee, FL 32308, USA;
| | | | - Seong Jong Kim
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, MS 38677, USA;
| | - Nurhayat Tabanca
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, 13601 Old Cutler Rd., Miami, FL 33158, USA
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4
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Kozicka M, Hallmann E. Identification and Quantification of Bioactive Compounds in Organic and Conventional Edible Pansy Flowers ( Viola × wittrockiana) and Their Antioxidant Activity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1264. [PMID: 36986950 PMCID: PMC10057616 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of edible flowers has become increasingly popular as a good source of bioactive compounds. Many flowers can be consumed, but there is a lack of information about the chemical composition of organic and conventional flowers. Organic crops represent a higher level of food safety because pesticides and artificial fertilizers are prohibited. The present experiment was carried out with organic and conventional edible pansy flowers of different colors: double-pigmented violet/yellow and single-pigmented yellow flowers. In fresh flowers, the contents of dry matter and polyphenols (including phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and chlorophylls) and the antioxidant activity were determined by the HPLC-DAD method. The results showed that organic edible pansy flowers contained significantly more bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols (333.8 mg/100 g F.W.), phenolic acids (40.1 mg/100 g F.W.), and anthocyanins (293.7 mg/100 g F.W.) compared to conventional methods. Double-pigmented (violet/yellow) pansy flowers are more recommended for the daily diet than single-pigmented yellow flowers. The results are unique and open the first chapter in a book on the nutritional value of organic and conventional edible flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Kozicka
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Department of Functional and Organic Food, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Hallmann
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Department of Functional and Organic Food, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
- Bioeconomy Research Institute, Agriculture Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, K. Donelaičio Str. 58, 44248 Kanuas, Lithuania
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5
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Barragán‐Fonseca KY, Rusman Q, Mertens D, Weldegergis BT, Peller J, Polder G, van Loon JJA, Dicke M. Insect exuviae as soil amendment affect flower reflectance and increase flower production and plant volatile emission. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:931-945. [PMID: 36514238 PMCID: PMC10107842 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil composition and herbivory are two environmental factors that can affect plant traits including flower traits, thus potentially affecting plant-pollinator interactions. Importantly, soil composition and herbivory may interact in these effects, with consequences for plant fitness. We assessed the main effects of aboveground insect herbivory and soil amendment with exuviae of three different insect species on visual and olfactory traits of Brassica nigra plants, including interactive effects. We combined various methodological approaches including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, spectroscopy and machine learning to evaluate changes in flower morphology, colour and the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Soil amended with insect exuviae increased the total number of flowers per plant and VOC emission, whereas herbivory reduced petal area and VOC emission. Soil amendment and herbivory interacted in their effect on the floral reflectance spectrum of the base part of petals and the emission of 10 VOCs. These findings demonstrate the effects of insect exuviae as soil amendment on plant traits involved in reproduction, with a potential for enhanced reproductive success by increasing the strength of signals attracting pollinators and by mitigating the negative effects of herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Y. Barragán‐Fonseca
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Grupo en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Instituto de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotáColombia
| | - Quint Rusman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Daan Mertens
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Joseph Peller
- Greenhouse HorticultureWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Polder
- Greenhouse HorticultureWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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6
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Aguirrebengoa M, Müller C, Hambäck PA, González-Megías A. Density-Dependent Effects of Simultaneous Root and Floral Herbivory on Plant Fitness and Defense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:283. [PMID: 36678999 PMCID: PMC9867048 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants are attacked by multiple herbivores, and depend on a precise regulation of responses to cope with a wide range of antagonists. Simultaneous herbivory can occur in different plant compartments, which may pose a serious threat to plant growth and reproduction. In particular, plants often face co-occurring root and floral herbivory, but few studies have focused on such interactions. Here, we investigated in the field the combined density-dependent effects of root-chewing cebrionid beetle larvae and flower-chewing pierid caterpillars on the fitness and defense of a semiarid Brassicaceae herb. We found that the fitness impact of both herbivore groups was independent and density-dependent. Increasing root herbivore density non-significantly reduced plant fitness, while the relationship between increasing floral herbivore density and the reduction they caused in both seed number and seedling emergence was non-linear. The plant defensive response was non-additive with regard to the different densities of root and floral herbivores; high floral herbivore density provoked compensatory investment in reproduction, and this tolerance response was combined with aboveground chemical defense induction when also root herbivore density was high. Plants may thus prioritize specific trait combinations in response to varying combined below- and aboveground herbivore densities to minimize negative impacts on fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Peter A. Hambäck
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Huang L, Liu Y, Dou L, Pan S, Li Z, Zhang J, Li J. Mutualist- and antagonist-mediated selection contribute to trait diversification of flowers. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14107. [PMID: 36196403 PMCID: PMC9527018 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowers are generally short-lived, and they all face a multidimensional challenge because they have to attract mutualists, compel them to vector pollen with minimal investment in rewards, and repel floral enemies during this short time window. Their displays are under complex selection, either consistent or conflicting, to maximize reproductive fitness under heterogeneous environments. The phenological or morphological mismatches between flowers and visitors will influence interspecific competition, resource access, mating success and, ultimately, population and community dynamics. To better understand the effects of the plant visitors on floral traits, it is necessary to determine the functional significance of specific floral traits for the visitors; how plants respond to both mutualists and antagonists through adaptive changes; and to evaluate the net fitness effects of biological mutualisms and antagonism on plants. In this review, we bring together insights from fields as diverse as floral biology, insect behavioral responses, and evolutionary biology to explain the processes and patterns of floral diversity evolution. Then, we discuss the ecological significance of plant responses to mutualists and antagonists from a community perspective, and propose a set of research questions that can guide the research field to integrate studies of plant defense and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Huang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Liwen Dou
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shaobin Pan
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | | | - Jin Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jia Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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8
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Muola A, Lucas-Barbosa D, Kessler A. Editorial: Mechanisms underlying plant-pollinator-herbivore interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1033287. [PMID: 36212274 PMCID: PMC9533080 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1033287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Muola
- Biotechnology and Plant Health Division, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dani Lucas-Barbosa
- Department of Crop Sciences , Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, Switzerland
| | - André Kessler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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9
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Chrétien LTS, Khalil A, Gershenzon J, Lucas-Barbosa D, Dicke M, Giron D. Plant metabolism and defence strategies in the flowering stage: Time-dependent responses of leaves and flowers under attack. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2841-2855. [PMID: 35611630 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants developing into the flowering stage undergo major physiological changes. Because flowers are reproductive tissues and resource sinks, strategies to defend them may differ from those for leaves. Thus, this study investigates the defences of flowering plants by assessing processes that sustain resistance (constitutive and induced) and tolerance to attack. We exposed the annual plant Brassica nigra to three distinct floral attackers (caterpillar, aphid and bacterial pathogen) and measured whole-plant responses at 4, 8 and 12 days after the attack. We simultaneously analysed profiles of primary and secondary metabolites in leaves and inflorescences and measured dry biomass of roots, leaves and inflorescences as proxies of resource allocation and regrowth. Regardless of treatments, inflorescences contained 1.2 to 4 times higher concentrations of primary metabolites than leaves, and up to 7 times higher concentrations of glucosinolates, which highlights the plant's high investment of resources into inflorescences. No induction of glucosinolates was detected in inflorescences, but the attack transiently affected the total concentration of soluble sugars in both leaves and inflorescences. We conclude that B. nigra evolved high constitutive rather than inducible resistance to protect their flowers; plants additionally compensated for damage by attackers via the regrowth of reproductive parts. This strategy may be typical of annual plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille T S Chrétien
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS/Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Alix Khalil
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS/Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI CE), Department of Biochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Dani Lucas-Barbosa
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS/Université de Tours, Tours, France
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10
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Zhang W, Jiang Y, Chen F, Guan Z, Wei G, Chen X, Zhang C, Köllner TG, Chen S, Chen F, Chen F. Dynamic regulation of volatile terpenoid production and emission from Chrysanthemum morifolium capitula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 182:11-21. [PMID: 35453029 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flower-associated communities consist of both mutualistic and antagonistic organisms. We have limited knowledge on how flowers regulate volatiles to balance their defense against antagonists and the attraction of beneficial organisms necessary for reproductive success. Asteraceae is the largest family among flowering plants. Its representatives are characterized by unique inflorescence called capitulum, which has been reduced to a reproduction unit resembling a single flower. Here, we chose Chrysanthemum morifolium, a model species of Asteraceae, to investigate how the capitulum balances the accumulation and emission of floral terpenoid volatiles that are implicated in defense and pollinator attraction, respectively. Our results showed that the capitula of C. morifolium produce and emit complex mixtures of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids. The highest concentrations of terpenoids were detected in the bud stage of the capitula. In contrast, the capitulum reached the highest emission level prior to full blooming. The disc florets were the dominant organs of terpenoid accumulation and emission in the full-openness stage. To understand the molecular basis of volatile terpenoid biosynthesis in C. morifolium, experiments were designed to study terpene synthase (TPS) genes, which are pivotal for terpene biosynthesis. Eight CmCJTPS genes were identified in the transcriptomes of C. morifolium, and the proteins encoded by five genes were found to be biochemically functional. CmCJTPS5 and CmCJTPS8 were the multi-product enzymes catalyzing the monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid formation, which closely matched the major terpenoids produced in the flower heads. The five functional terpene synthase genes exhibited similar temporal expression patterns but diverse spatial expression levels, suggesting tissue-specific functions. Altogether, our results illustrate the dynamic patterns of accumulation and emission of floral volatile terpenoids implicated in defense and attracting pollinators in C. morifolium, for which both the regulation of TPS gene expression and the regulation of release may play critical roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Fei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhiyong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guo Wei
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Xinlu Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sumei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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11
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Fernández de Bobadilla M, Vitiello A, Erb M, Poelman EH. Plant defense strategies against attack by multiple herbivores. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:528-535. [PMID: 35027280 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants may effectively tailor defenses by recognizing their attackers and reprogramming their physiology. Although most plants are under attack by a large diversity of herbivores, surprisingly little is known about the physiological capabilities of plants to deal with attack by multiple herbivores. Studies on dual herbivore attack identified that defense against one attacker may cause energetic and physiological constraints to deal with a second attacker. How these constraints shape plant plasticity in defense to their full community of attackers is a major knowledge gap in plant science. Here, we provide a framework for plant defense to multiherbivore attack by defining the repertoire of plastic defense strategies that may allow plants to optimize their defenses against a multitude of stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Vitiello
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Davidowitz G, Bronstein JL, Tigreros N. Flight-Fecundity Trade-offs: A Possible Mechanistic Link in Plant-Herbivore-Pollinator Systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:843506. [PMID: 35548312 PMCID: PMC9082648 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.843506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant-herbivore and plant-pollinator interactions are both well-studied, but largely independent of each other. It has become increasingly recognized, however, that pollination and herbivory interact extensively in nature, with consequences for plant fitness. Here, we explore the idea that trade-offs in investment in insect flight and reproduction may be a mechanistic link between pollination and herbivory. We first provide a general background on trade-offs between flight and fecundity in insects. We then focus on Lepidoptera; larvae are generally herbivores while most adults are pollinators, making them ideal to study these links. Increased allocation of resources to flight, we argue, potentially increases a Lepidopteran insect pollinator's efficiency, resulting in higher plant fitness. In contrast, allocation of resources to reproduction in the same insect species reduces plant fitness, because it leads to an increase in herbivore population size. We examine the sequence of resource pools available to herbivorous Lepidopteran larvae (maternally provided nutrients to the eggs, as well as leaf tissue), and to adults (nectar and nuptial gifts provided by the males to the females), which potentially are pollinators. Last, we discuss how subsequent acquisition and allocation of resources from these pools may alter flight-fecundity trade-offs, with concomitant effects both on pollinator performance and the performance of larval herbivores in the next generation. Allocation decisions at different times during ontogeny translate into costs of herbivory and/or benefits of pollination for plants, mechanistically linking herbivory and pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goggy Davidowitz
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Judith L. Bronstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Natasha Tigreros
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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13
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Tunes P, Dötterl S, Guimarães E. Florivory and Pollination Intersection: Changes in Floral Trait Expression Do Not Discourage Hummingbird Pollination. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:813418. [PMID: 35432434 PMCID: PMC9006511 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.813418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many flowers are fed on by florivores, but we know little about if and how feeding on flowers affects their visual and chemical advertisement and nectar resource, which could disrupt pollination. Here, we investigated if damages caused by florivores compromise a Neotropical hummingbird pollination system, by modifying the floral advertisements and the nectar resource. We surveyed natural florivory levels and patterns, examined short-term local effects of floral damages caused by the most common florivore, a caterpillar, on floral outline, intra-floral colour pattern and floral scent, as well as on the amount of nectar. Following, we experimentally tested if the most severe florivory pattern affected hummingbird pollination. The feeding activity of the most common florivore did not alter the intra-floral colour pattern, floral scent, and nectar volume, but changed the corolla outline. However, this change did not affect hummingbird pollination. Despite visual floral cues being important for foraging in hummingbirds, our results emphasise that changes in the corolla outline had a neutral effect on pollination, allowing the maintenance of florivore-plant-pollinator systems without detriment to any partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Tunes
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences (Botany), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plant-Animal Interactions, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elza Guimarães
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plant-Animal Interactions, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
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14
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Rusman Q, Hooiveld‐Knoppers S, Dijksterhuis M, Bloem J, Reichelt M, Dicke M, Poelman EH. Flowers prepare thyselves: leaf and root herbivores induce specific changes in floral phytochemistry with consequences for plant interactions with florivores. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2548-2560. [PMID: 34953172 PMCID: PMC9305281 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic plasticity of flowering plants in response to herbivore damage to vegetative tissues can affect plant interactions with flower-feeding organisms. Such induced systemic responses are probably regulated by defence-related phytohormones that signal flowers to alter secondary chemistry that affects resistance to florivores. Current knowledge on the effects of damage to vegetative tissues on plant interactions with florivores and the underlying mechanisms is limited. We compared the preference and performance of two florivores on flowering Brassica nigra plants damaged by one of three herbivores feeding from roots or leaves. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we quantified expression patterns of marker genes for defence-related phytohormonal pathways, and concentrations of phytohormones and glucosinolates in buds and flowers. Florivores displayed contrasting preferences for plants damaged by herbivores feeding on roots and leaves. Chewing florivores performed better on plants damaged by folivores, but worse on plants damaged by the root herbivore. Chewing root and foliar herbivory led to specific induced changes in the phytohormone profile of buds and flowers. This resulted in increased glucosinolate concentrations for leaf-damaged plants, and decreased glucosinolate concentrations for root-damaged plants. The outcome of herbivore-herbivore interactions spanning from vegetative tissues to floral tissues is unique for the inducing root/leaf herbivore and receiving florivore combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quint Rusman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
- Present address:
Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZürichZollikerstrasse 1078008ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Sanne Hooiveld‐Knoppers
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Dijksterhuis
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Janneke Bloem
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans‐Knöll‐Strasse 807745JenaGermany
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
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15
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Gómez JM, González-Megías A, Narbona E, Navarro L, Perfectti F, Armas C. Phenotypic plasticity guides Moricandia arvensis divergence and convergence across the Brassicaceae floral morphospace. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1479-1493. [PMID: 34657297 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many flowers exhibit phenotypic plasticity. By inducing the production of several phenotypes, plasticity may favour the rapid exploration of different regions of the floral morphospace. We investigated how plasticity drives Moricandia arvensis, a species displaying within-individual floral polyphenism, across the floral morphospace of the entire Brassicaceae family. We compiled the multidimensional floral phenotype, the phylogenetic relationships, and the pollination niche of over 3000 species to construct a family-wide floral morphospace. We assessed the disparity between the two M. arvensis floral morphs (as the distance between the phenotypic spaces occupied by each morph) and compared it with the family-wide disparity. We measured floral divergence by comparing disparity with the most common ancestor, and estimated the convergence of each floral morph with other species belonging to the same pollination niches. Moricandia arvensis exhibits a plasticity-mediated floral disparity greater than that found between species, genera and tribes. The novel phenotype of M. arvensis moves outside the region occupied by its ancestors and relatives, crosses into a new region where it encounters a different pollination niche, and converges with distant Brassicaceae lineages. Our study suggests that phenotypic plasticity favours floral divergence and rapid appearance of convergent flowers, a process which facilitates the evolution of generalist pollination systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Gómez
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), E-04120, Almería, Spain
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Adela González-Megías
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Navarro
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Universidad de Vigo, E-36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Francisco Perfectti
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Armas
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), E-04120, Almería, Spain
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16
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Boaventura MG, Villamil N, Teixido AL, Tito R, Vasconcelos HL, Silveira FAO, Cornelissen T. Revisiting florivory: an integrative review and global patterns of a neglected interaction. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:132-144. [PMID: 34363707 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Florivory is an ancient interaction which has rarely been quantified due to a lack of standardized protocols, thus impairing biogeographical and phylogenetic comparisons. We created a global, continuously updated, open-access database comprising 180 species and 64 families to compare floral damage between tropical and temperate plants, to examine the effects of plant traits on floral damage, and to explore the eco-evolutionary dynamics of flower-florivore interactions. Flower damage is widespread across angiosperms, but was two-fold higher in tropical vs temperate species, suggesting stronger fitness impacts in the tropics. Flowers were mostly damaged by chewers, but neither flower color nor symmetry explained differences in florivory. Herbivory and florivory levels were positively correlated within species, even though the richness of the florivore community does not affect florivory levels. We show that florivory impacts plant fitness via multiple pathways and that ignoring this interaction makes it more difficult to obtain a broad understanding of the ecology and evolution of angiosperms. Finally, we propose a standardized protocol for florivory measurements, and identify key research avenues that will help fill persistent knowledge gaps. Florivory is expected to be a central research topic in an epoch characterized by widespread decreases in insect populations that comprise both pollinators and florivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriela Boaventura
- Center for Ecological Synthesis and Conservation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, CP 486, Brazil
| | - Nora Villamil
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Alberto L Teixido
- Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Corrêa 2367, Cuiabá, MT, E-78060-900, Brazil
| | - Richard Tito
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Territorio y Energías Renovables, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, 15088, Peru
| | - Heraldo L Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, Uberlândia, MG, 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Fernando A O Silveira
- Center for Ecological Synthesis and Conservation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, CP 486, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Cornelissen
- Center for Ecological Synthesis and Conservation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, CP 486, Brazil
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17
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Floral secondary metabolites in context of biotic and abiotic stress factors. CHEMOECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-021-00366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Giavi S, Fontaine C, Knop E. Impact of artificial light at night on diurnal plant-pollinator interactions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1690. [PMID: 33727549 PMCID: PMC7966740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial light at night has rapidly spread around the globe over the last decades. Evidence is increasing that it has adverse effects on the behavior, physiology, and survival of animals and plants with consequences for species interactions and ecosystem functioning. For example, artificial light at night disrupts plant-pollinator interactions at night and this can have consequences for the plant reproductive output. By experimentally illuminating natural plant-pollinator communities during the night using commercial street-lamps we tested whether light at night can also change interactions of a plant-pollinator community during daytime. Here we show that artificial light at night can alter diurnal plant-pollinator interactions, but the direction of the change depends on the plant species. We conclude that the effect of artificial light at night on plant-pollinator interactions is not limited to the night, but can also propagate to the daytime with so far unknown consequences for the pollinator community and the diurnal pollination function and services they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giavi
- Departement of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Colin Fontaine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation, CESCO, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle-CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Eva Knop
- Departement of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Departement of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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19
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Sobral M, Neylan IP, Narbona E, Dirzo R. Transgenerational Plasticity in Flower Color Induced by Caterpillars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:617815. [PMID: 33790921 PMCID: PMC8006444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.617815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Variation in flower color due to transgenerational plasticity could stem directly from abiotic or biotic environmental conditions. Finding a link between biotic ecological interactions across generations and plasticity in flower color would indicate that transgenerational effects of ecological interactions, such as herbivory, might be involved in flower color evolution. We conducted controlled experiments across four generations of wild radish (Raphanus sativus, Brassicaceae) plants to explore whether flower color is influenced by herbivory, and to determine whether flower color is associated with transgenerational chromatin modifications. We found transgenerational effects of herbivory on flower color, partly related to chromatin modifications. Given the presence of herbivory in plant populations worldwide, our results are of broad significance and contribute to our understanding of flower color evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Sobral
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, USC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Isabelle P. Neylan
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Dirzo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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20
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Duque L, Poelman EH, Steffan-Dewenter I. Effects of ozone stress on flowering phenology, plant-pollinator interactions and plant reproductive success. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115953. [PMID: 33190978 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone is a highly oxidative pollutant with the potential to alter plant metabolism. The direct effects of ozone on plant phenotype may alter interactions with other organisms, such as pollinators, and, consequently, affect plant reproductive success. In a set of greenhouse experiments, we tested whether exposure of plants to a high level of ozone affected their phenological development, their attractiveness to four different pollinators (mason bees, honeybees, hoverflies and bumblebees) and, ultimately, their reproductive success. Exposure of plants to ozone accelerated flowering, particularly on plants that were growing in autumn, when light and temperature cues, that commonly promote flowering, were weaker. Simultaneously, there was a tendency for ozone-exposed plants to disinvest in vegetative growth. Plant exposure to ozone did not substantially affect pollinator preference, but bumblebees had a tendency to visit more flowers on ozone-exposed plants, an effect that was driven by the fact that these plants tended to have more open flowers, meaning a stronger attraction signal. Honeybees spent more time per flower on ozone-exposed plants than on control plants. Acceleration of flower production and the behavioural responses of pollinators to ozone-exposed plants resulted in retained reproductive fitness of plants pollinated by bumblebees, honeybees and mason bees, despite the negative effects of ozone on plant growth. Plants that were pollinated by hoverflies had a reduction in reproductive fitness in response to ozone. In a natural setting, acceleration of flowering by ozone might foster desynchronization between plant and pollinator activities. This can have a strong impact on plants with short flowering periods and on plants that, unlike wild mustard, lack compensatory mechanisms to cope with the absence of pollinator activity in the beginning of flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Duque
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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21
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Mertens D, Boege K, Kessler A, Koricheva J, Thaler JS, Whiteman NK, Poelman EH. Predictability of Biotic Stress Structures Plant Defence Evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:444-456. [PMID: 33468354 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To achieve ecological and reproductive success, plants need to mitigate a multitude of stressors. The stressors encountered by plants are highly dynamic but typically vary predictably due to seasonality or correlations among stressors. As plants face physiological and ecological constraints in responses to stress, it can be beneficial for plants to evolve the ability to incorporate predictable patterns of stress in their life histories. Here, we discuss how plants predict adverse conditions, which plant strategies integrate predictability of biotic stress, and how such strategies can evolve. We propose that plants commonly optimise responses to correlated sequences or combinations of herbivores and pathogens, and that the predictability of these patterns is a key factor governing plant strategies in dynamic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Mertens
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Karina Boege
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-275, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - André Kessler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Julia Koricheva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | | | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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The ecological consequences of herbivore-induced plant responses on plant-pollinator interactions. Emerg Top Life Sci 2020; 4:33-43. [PMID: 32537636 DOI: 10.1042/etls20190121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant induced responses to herbivory have long been found to function as plant direct and indirect defenses and to be major drivers of herbivore community and population dynamics. While induced defenses are generally understood as cost-saving strategies that allow plants to allocate valuable resources into defense expression, it recently became clear that, in particular, induced metabolic changes can come with significant ecological costs. In particular, interactions with mutualist pollinators can be significantly compromised by herbivore-induced changes in floral morphology and metabolism. We review recent findings on the evidence for ecological conflict between defending against herbivores and attracting pollinators while using similar modes of information transfer (e.g. visual, olfactory, tactile). Specifically, we discuss plant traits and mechanisms through which plants mediate interactions between antagonists and mutualist and present functional hypotheses for how plants can overcome the resulting conflicts.
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23
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Ramos SE, Schiestl FP. Herbivory and pollination impact on the evolution of herbivore-induced plasticity in defense and floral traits. Evol Lett 2020; 4:556-569. [PMID: 33312690 PMCID: PMC7719550 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Theory predicts that herbivory should primarily determine the evolution of herbivore‐induced plasticity in plant defenses, but little is known about the influence of other interactions such as pollination. Pollinators may exert negative selection on the herbivore‐induced plasticity of chemical defenses when floral signals and rewards are indirectly affected, provoking deterrent effects on these mutualists. We investigated the influence of constant herbivory and pollination on the evolved patterns and degree of herbivore‐induced plasticity in chemical plant defenses and floral morphometry and volatiles in fast‐cycling Brassica rapa plants. To do this, we used plants from an evolution experiment that had evolved under bee/hand pollination and herbivory manipulated in a 2 × 2 factorial design during six generations, producing four selection treatments. We grew sibling plant pairs from each of the four selection treatments of the last generation and infested one group with herbivores and left the other uninfested. Herbivore‐induced plasticity was analyzed within‐ and between‐selection treatments. We found support for the hypothesis that constant herbivory favors the evolution of higher constitutive yet lower herbivore‐induced plasticity in defenses. However, this only occurred in plants that evolved under hand pollination and constant herbivory. Bee pollination had a strong influence on the evolution of herbivore‐induced plasticity of all traits studied. Plants that evolved under bee pollination, with and without constant herbivory, showed remarkably similar patterns of herbivore‐induced plasticity in their defense‐ and floral traits and had a higher number of plastic responses compared to plants with hand pollination. Such patterns support the hypothesis that bee pollination influenced the evolution of herbivore‐induced plasticity, most likely via indirect effects, such as links between defense‐ and floral traits. We conclude that interactions other than herbivory, such as pollination, may impact herbivore‐induced plasticity, through indirect effects and metabolic trade‐offs, when it contributes to trait evolution in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E Ramos
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany University of Zurich Zurich CH-8008 Switzerland.,Current Address: Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Florian P Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany University of Zurich Zurich CH-8008 Switzerland
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24
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Aguirre LA, Davis JK, Stevenson PC, Adler LS. Herbivory and Time Since Flowering Shape Floral Rewards and Pollinator-Pathogen Interactions. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:978-986. [PMID: 32876829 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Herbivory can induce chemical changes throughout plant tissues including flowers, which could affect pollinator-pathogen interactions. Pollen is highly defended compared to nectar, but no study has examined whether herbivory affects pollen chemistry. We assessed the effects of leaf herbivory on nectar and pollen alkaloids in Nicotiana tabacum, and how herbivory-induced changes in nectar and pollen affect pollinator-pathogen interactions. We damaged leaves of Nicotiana tabacum using the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta and compared nicotine and anabasine concentrations in nectar and pollen. We then pooled nectar and pollen by collection periods (within and after one month of flowering), fed them in separate experiments to bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) infected with the gut pathogen Crithidia bombi, and assessed infections after seven days. We did not detect alkaloids in nectar, and leaf damage did not alter the effect of nectar on Crithidia counts. In pollen, herbivory induced higher concentrations of anabasine but not nicotine, and alkaloid concentrations rose and then fell as a function of days since flowering. Bees fed pollen from damaged plants had Crithidia counts 15 times higher than bees fed pollen from undamaged plants, but only when pollen was collected after one month of flowering, indicating that both damage and time since flowering affected interaction outcomes. Within undamaged treatments, bees fed late-collected pollen had Crithidia counts 10 times lower than bees fed early-collected pollen, also indicating the importance of time since flowering. Our results emphasize the role of herbivores in shaping pollen chemistry, with consequences for interactions between pollinators and their pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Aguirre
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Julie K Davis
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Philip C Stevenson
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Lynn S Adler
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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25
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Gómez JM, Perfectti F, Armas C, Narbona E, González-Megías A, Navarro L, DeSoto L, Torices R. Within-individual phenotypic plasticity in flowers fosters pollination niche shift. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4019. [PMID: 32782255 PMCID: PMC7419554 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of a genotype of producing different phenotypes when exposed to different environments, may impact ecological interactions. We study here how within-individual plasticity in Moricandia arvensis flowers modifies its pollination niche. During spring, this plant produces large, cross-shaped, UV-reflecting lilac flowers attracting mostly long-tongued large bees. However, unlike most co-occurring species, M. arvensis keeps flowering during the hot, dry summer due to its plasticity in key vegetative traits. Changes in temperature and photoperiod in summer trigger changes in gene expression and the production of small, rounded, UV-absorbing white flowers that attract a different assemblage of generalist pollinators. This shift in pollination niche potentially allows successful reproduction in harsh conditions, facilitating M. arvensis to face anthropogenic perturbations and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Gómez
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain.
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco Perfectti
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Cristina Armas
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Adela González-Megías
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Navarro
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Lucía DeSoto
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain
| | - Rubén Torices
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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Rusman Q, Lucas‐Barbosa D, Hassan K, Poelman EH. Plant ontogeny determines strength and associated plant fitness consequences of plant-mediated interactions between herbivores and flower visitors. THE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2020; 108:1046-1060. [PMID: 32421019 PMCID: PMC7217261 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plants show ontogenetic variation in growth-defence strategies to maximize reproductive output within a community context. Most work on plant ontogenetic variation in growth-defence trade-offs has focussed on interactions with antagonistic insect herbivores. Plants respond to herbivore attack with phenotypic changes. Despite the knowledge that plant responses to herbivory affect plant mutualistic interactions with pollinators required for reproduction, indirect interactions between herbivores and pollinators have not been included in the evaluation of how ontogenetic growth-defence trajectories affect plant fitness.In a common garden experiment with the annual Brassica nigra, we investigated whether exposure to various herbivore species on different plant ontogenetic stages (vegetative, bud or flowering stage) affects plant flowering traits, interactions with flower visitors and results in fitness consequences for the plant.Effects of herbivory on flowering plant traits and interactions with flower visitors depended on plant ontogeny. Plant exposure in the vegetative stage to the caterpillar Pieris brassicae and aphid Brevicoryne brassicae led to reduced flowering time and flower production, and resulted in reduced pollinator attraction, pollen beetle colonization, total seed production and seed weight. When plants had buds, infestation by most herbivore species tested reduced flower production and pollen beetle colonization. Pollinator attraction was either increased or reduced. Plants infested in the flowering stage with P. brassicae or Lipaphis erysimi flowered longer, while infestation by any of the herbivore species tested increased the number of flower visits by pollinators.Our results show that the outcome of herbivore-flower visitor interactions in B. nigra is specific for the combination of herbivore species and plant ontogenetic stage. Consequences of herbivory for flowering traits and reproductive output were strongest when plants were attacked early in life. Such differences in selection pressures imposed by herbivores to specific plant ontogenetic stages may drive the evolution of distinct ontogenetic trajectories in growth-defence-reproduction strategies and include indirect interactions between herbivores and flower visitors. Synthesis. Plant ontogeny can define the direct and indirect consequences of herbivory. Our study shows that the ontogenetic stage of plant individuals determined the effects of herbivory on plant flowering traits, interactions with flower visitors and plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quint Rusman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Dani Lucas‐Barbosa
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Bio‐communication & EcologyETH ZürichSchmelzbergstrasse 98092ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Kamrul Hassan
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Present address:
Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityLocked Bag 1797PenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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Majchrzak T, Wojnowski W, Rutkowska M, Wasik A. Real-Time Volatilomics: A Novel Approach for Analyzing Biological Samples. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:302-312. [PMID: 31948793 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of the 'omics techniques in environmental research has become common-place. The most widely implemented of these include metabolomics, proteomics, genomics, and transcriptomics. In recent years, a similar approach has also been taken with the analysis of volatiles from biological samples, giving rise to the so-called 'volatilomics' in plant analysis. Developments in direct infusion mass spectrometry (DI-MS) techniques have made it possible to monitor the changes in the composition of volatile flux from parts of plants, single specimens, and entire ecosystems in real-time. The application of these techniques enables a unique insight into the dynamic metabolic processes that occur in plants. Here, we provide an overview of the use of DI-MS in real-time volatilomics research involving plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Majchrzak
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wojnowski
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rutkowska
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wasik
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Rusman Q, Karssemeijer PN, Lucas-Barbosa D, Poelman EH. Settling on leaves or flowers: herbivore feeding site determines the outcome of indirect interactions between herbivores and pollinators. Oecologia 2019; 191:887-896. [PMID: 31686227 PMCID: PMC6854048 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herbivore attack can alter plant interactions with pollinators, ranging from reduced to enhanced pollinator visitation. The direction and strength of effects of herbivory on pollinator visitation could be contingent on the type of plant tissue or organ attacked by herbivores, but this has seldom been tested experimentally. We investigated the effect of variation in feeding site of herbivorous insects on the visitation by insect pollinators on flowering Brassica nigra plants. We placed herbivores on either leaves or flowers, and recorded the responses of two pollinator species when visiting flowers. Our results show that variation in herbivore feeding site has profound impact on the outcome of herbivore–pollinator interactions. Herbivores feeding on flowers had consistent positive effects on pollinator visitation, whereas herbivores feeding on leaves did not. Herbivores themselves preferred to feed on flowers, and mostly performed best on flowers. We conclude that herbivore feeding site choice can profoundly affect herbivore–pollinator interactions and feeding site thereby makes for an important herbivore trait that can determine the linkage between antagonistic and mutualistic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quint Rusman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter N Karssemeijer
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dani Lucas-Barbosa
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Bio-communication and Ecology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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