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Mazahir F, Yadav AK. Recent progress in engineered extracellular vesicles and their biomedical applications. Life Sci 2024; 350:122747. [PMID: 38797364 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To present the recent update on the isolation, engineering techniques for extracellular vesicles, limitations associated with different isolation techniques, different biomedical applications, and challenges of engineered extracellular vesicles for the benefit of researchers from academic, industry, etc. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peer-reviewed articles from most recognized journals were collected, and presented information was analyzed to discuss collection, chemical, electroporation, cellular, and membrane surface engineering to design extracellular vesicles for various therapeutic applications. In addition, we present the applications and limitations of techniques for the collection of extracellular vesicles. KEY FINDINGS There is a need for isolation techniques with the gold standard. However, advanced extracellular vesicle isolation techniques showed improved recovery, and purity of extracellular vesicles. Tumor therapy is a major part of the therapy section that illustrates the role of engineered extracellular vesicles in synergetic therapy such as phototherapy, theragnostic, and delivery of genetic materials. In addition, extracellular vesicles have shown their potential in the treatment of retinal disorders, neurodegenerative disease, tuberculosis, osteoporosis, inflammatory bowel disease, vaccine production, and wound healing. SIGNIFICANCE Engineered extracellular vesicles can deliver cargo to the specific cells, elicit an immune response and could be used for the development of the vaccines in the future. However, the progress is at the initial stage. Overall, this review will provide a comprehensive understanding and could serve as a reference for researchers in the clinical translation of engineered extracellular vesicles in different biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Mazahir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli, A Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Bijnor, Lucknow-226002, India
| | - Awesh K Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli, A Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Bijnor, Lucknow-226002, India.
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2
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Pereira D, Alves N, Sousa Â, Valente JFA. Metal-based approaches to fight cervical cancer. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104073. [PMID: 38944184 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the leading causes of death among women worldwide. The current treatments for this cancer consist of invasive methods such as chemotherapeutic drugs, radiation, immunotherapy and surgery, which could lead to severe side effects and hinder the patient's life quality. Although metal-based therapies, including cisplatin and ruthenium-based compounds, offer promising alternatives, they lack specificity and harm healthy cells. Combining metal nanoparticles with standard approaches has demonstrated remarkable efficacy and safety in the fight against CC. Overall, this review is intended to show the latest advancements and insights into metal-based strategies, creating a promising path for more effective and safer treatments in the battle against CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pereira
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; CDRSP-IPL-Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Nuno Alves
- CDRSP-IPL-Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Ângela Sousa
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Joana F A Valente
- CDRSP-IPL-Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Marinha Grande, 2430-028 Leiria, Portugal.
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Liu Y, Niu M, Luo Y, Pan M, Hong S. DNA damage response and inflammatory response: Two traffic lights for HPVs on the road to transformation. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29815. [PMID: 39073137 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are non-enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses. When HPV infection persists, infected tissues can develop many HPV-related diseases such as cervical cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. To establish their persistent infection, HPVs have evolved mechanisms to manipulate the host cellular processes such as DNA damage response (DDR), which includes homologous recombination, nonhomologous end joining, and microhomology-mediated end joining. Additionally, HPVs utilize host inflammatory processes to facilitate their life cycles. Here, we bridge the concepts of DDR and inflammatory response, and discuss how HPV proteins orchestrate a sophisticated manipulation of DDR and inflammation to promote their viral replication, ultimately fostering the progression of infected cells towards oncogenic transformation to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengda Niu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyuan Hong
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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4
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James CD, Lewis RL, Fakunmoju AL, Witt A, Youssef AH, Wang X, Rais NM, Tadimari Prabhakar A, Machado JM, Otoa R, Bristol ML. Fibroblast Stromal Support Model for Predicting Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancer Drug Responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.09.588680. [PMID: 38644998 PMCID: PMC11030318 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.09.588680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Currently, there are no specific antiviral therapeutic approaches targeting Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which cause around 5% of all human cancers. Specific antiviral reagents are particularly needed for HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers (HPV+OPCs) whose incidence is increasing and for which there are no early diagnostic tools available. We and others have demonstrated that the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) is overexpressed in HPV+OPCs, compared to HPV-negative cancers in this region, and that these elevated levels are associated with an improved disease outcome. Utilizing this HPV+ specific overexpression profile, we previously demonstrated that estrogen attenuates the growth and cell viability of HPV+ keratinocytes and HPV+ cancer cells in vitro. Expansion of this work in vivo failed to replicate this sensitization. The role of stromal support from the tumor microenvironment (TME) has previously been tied to both the HPV lifecycle and in vivo therapeutic responses. Our investigations revealed that in vitro co-culture with fibroblasts attenuated HPV+ specific estrogen growth responses. Continuing to monopolize on the HPV+ specific overexpression of ERalpha, our co-culture models then assessed the suitability of the selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), raloxifene and tamoxifen, and showed growth attenuation in a variety of our models to one or both of these drugs in vitro. Utilization of these SERMs in vivo closely resembled the sensitization predicted by our co-culture models. Therefore, the in vitro fibroblast co-culture model better predicts in vivo responses. We propose that utilization of our co-culture in vitro model can accelerate cancer therapeutic drug discovery.
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Sheila S, Adoquaye BC, Kafui AP, Lawrence E, Richard HA, Osbourne Q, Ayitey TE. Differential expression of host oncogenes in human papillomavirus-associated nasopharyngeal and cervical epithelial cancers. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2024. [PMID: 39073693 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cervical and nasopharyngeal cancers differ in molecular mechanisms underlying the oncogenic processes. The disparity may be attributed to differential expression of oncoproteins. The current study investigated the host oncogenes expression pattern in HPV-associated cervical and nasopharyngeal cancer. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues originating from the nasopharyngeal and cervical regions were screened using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Genomic DNA and total RNA were extracted from confirmed cancer biopsies and non-cancer tissues (NC). HPV was detected by PCR using MY09/GP5+/6+ primers. Protein expression levels of AKT, IQGAP1, and MMP16 in HPV-infected cancers and controls were determined by immunohistochemistry. RT-qPCR was used to profile mRNAs of the oncogenes. AKT and IQGAP1 proteins were highly expressed in the epithelial cancers compared with the non-cancer tissues (p < 0.05). IQGAP1 and MMP16 mRNAs level was significantly higher in the cancers than in the NC (p < 0.05), but not AKT mRNA levels. MMP16 protein was ubiquitously expressed in all tissues. AKT mRNA level was significantly elevated in CC compared with NPC (p < 0.001). However, the difference in AKT, IQGAP1 and MMP16 proteins level between CC and NPC was not significant (p > 0.05). The oncoproteins expression level between the HPV-positive and HPV-negative cancer biopsies showed no significant difference (p < 0.05). Current study reports AKT but not IQGAP1 and MMP16 mRNAs differentially expression in cervical and nasopharyngeal cancers, independent of HPV infection status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santa Sheila
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology/West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Akakpo Patrick Kafui
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Pathologists Without Borders, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Hooper Andrew Richard
- Department of Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Quaye Osbourne
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology/West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Hwang J, Dittmar JW, Kang J, Ocampo T, Evangelopoulos M, Han Z, Kudruk S, Lorch J, Mirkin CA. DNA Anchoring Strength Directly Correlates with Spherical Nucleic Acid-Based HPV E7 Cancer Vaccine Potency. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:7629-7636. [PMID: 38874796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination for cancers arising from human papillomavirus (HPV) infection holds immense potential, yet clinical success has been elusive. Herein, we describe vaccination studies involving spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) incorporating a CpG adjuvant and a peptide antigen (E711-19) from the HPV-E7 oncoprotein. Administering the vaccine to humanized mice induced immunity-dependent on the oligonucleotide anchor chemistry (cholesterol vs (C12)9). SNAs containing a (C12)9-anchor enhanced IFN-γ production >200-fold, doubled memory CD8+ T-cell formation, and delivered more than twice the amount of oligonucleotide to lymph nodes in vivo compared to a simple admixture. Importantly, the analogous construct with a weaker cholesterol anchor performed similar to admix. Moreover, (C12)9-SNAs activated 50% more dendritic cells and generated T-cells cytotoxic toward an HPV+ cancer cell line, UM-SCC-104, with near 2-fold greater efficiency. These observations highlight the pivotal role of structural design, and specifically oligonucleotide anchoring strength (which correlates with overall construct stability), in developing efficacious therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jasper Wilson Dittmar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Janice Kang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tonatiuh Ocampo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, 2 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael Evangelopoulos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhenyu Han
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sergej Kudruk
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jochen Lorch
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Division, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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7
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Balhara N, Yadav R, Ranga S, Ahuja P, Tanwar M. Understanding the HPV associated cancers: A comprehensive review. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:743. [PMID: 38874682 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV), a common cause of sexually transmitted diseases, may cause warts and lead to various types of cancers, which makes it important to understand the risk factors associated with it. HPV is the leading risk factor and plays a crucial role in the progression of cervical cancer. Viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 play a pivotal role in this process. Beyond cervical cancer, HPV-associated cancers of the mouth and throat are also increasing. HPV can also contribute to other malignancies like penile, vulvar, and vaginal cancers. Emerging evidence links HPV to these cancers. Research on the oncogenic effect of HPV is still ongoing and explorations of screening techniques, vaccination, immunotherapy and targeted therapeutics are all in progress. The present review offers valuable insight into the current understanding of the role of HPV in cancer and its potential implications for treatment and prevention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Balhara
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Ritu Yadav
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
| | - Shalu Ranga
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Parul Ahuja
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Mukesh Tanwar
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
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8
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Catalán-Castorena O, Garibay-Cerdenares OL, Illades-Aguiar B, Castillo-Sánchez R, Zubillaga-Guerrero MI, Leyva-Vazquez MA, Encarnacion-Guevara S, Flores-Alfaro E, Ramirez-Ruano M, del Carmen Alarcón-Romero L. Bioinformatics Analysis of Human Papillomavirus 16 Integration in Cervical Cancer: Changes in MAGI-1 Expression in Premalignant Lesions and Invasive Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2225. [PMID: 38927930 PMCID: PMC11202195 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
HPV 16 integration is crucial for the onset and progression of premalignant lesions to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (ISCC) because it promotes the amplification of proto-oncogenes and the silencing of tumor suppressor genes; some of these are proteins with PDZ domains involved in homeostasis and cell polarity. Through a bioinformatics approach based on interaction networks, a group of proteins associated with HPV 16 infection, PDZ domains, and direct physical interaction with E6 and related to different hallmarks of cancer were identified. MAGI-1 was selected to evaluate the expression profile and subcellular localization changes in premalignant lesions and ISCC with HPV 16 in an integrated state in cervical cytology; the profile expression of MAGI-1 diminished according to lesion grade. Surprisingly, in cell lines CaSki and SiHa, the protein localization was cytoplasmic and nuclear. In contrast, in histological samples, a change in subcellular localization from the cytoplasm in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) to the nucleus in the high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) was observed; in in situ carcinomas and ISCC, MAGI-1 expression was absent. In conclusion, MAGI-1 expression could be a potential biomarker for distinguishing those cells with normal morphology but with HPV 16 integrated from those showing morphology-related uterine cervical lesions associated with tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Catalán-Castorena
- Cytopathology and Histochemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39070, Guerrero, Mexico; (O.C.-C.); (M.I.Z.-G.)
| | - Olga Lilia Garibay-Cerdenares
- Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39070, Guerrero, Mexico; (B.I.-A.); (M.A.L.-V.)
- CONAHCyT-Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39070, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39070, Guerrero, Mexico; (B.I.-A.); (M.A.L.-V.)
| | - Rocio Castillo-Sánchez
- Cell Biology Department, CINVESTAV-IPN Research Institute, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico;
| | - Ma. Isabel Zubillaga-Guerrero
- Cytopathology and Histochemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39070, Guerrero, Mexico; (O.C.-C.); (M.I.Z.-G.)
| | - Marco Antonio Leyva-Vazquez
- Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39070, Guerrero, Mexico; (B.I.-A.); (M.A.L.-V.)
| | - Sergio Encarnacion-Guevara
- Center for Genomic Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39070, Guerrero, Mexico;
| | - Mónica Ramirez-Ruano
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39070, Guerrero, Mexico;
| | - Luz del Carmen Alarcón-Romero
- Cytopathology and Histochemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39070, Guerrero, Mexico; (O.C.-C.); (M.I.Z.-G.)
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9
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Tao S, Cao P, Jin M, Suo P, Chen Y, Li Y. Integrated analysis of long non-coding RNAs and mRNAs associated with condyloma acuminatum. J Dermatol 2024; 51:671-683. [PMID: 38421728 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.17133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Condyloma acuminatum (CA) is a prevalent sexually transmitted disease caused by low-risk human papillomavirus infection, characterized by high transmission and recurrence rates. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role in regulating gene transcription and are involved in various biological processes. Although recent studies have demonstrated the involvement of lncRNAs in cervical cancer, their expression profile and function in CA remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to identify messenger RNA (mRNA) and lncRNA expression patterns in CA using high-throughput lncRNA sequencing. We found that 3033 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1090 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were significantly altered in CA compared to healthy controls. The results from quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining are in accordance with the observed trends in the sequencing data. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that upregulated DEGs in CA were involved in biological processes such as virus response, immune response, cell cycle regulation, the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, and the P53 signaling pathway. Co-expression network analysis identified potential target genes of DELs, with enrichment in biological processes such as cell differentiation, the intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway, and pathways such as virus infection, pathways in cancer, T helper 17 cell differentiation, the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, and the Wnt signaling pathway. Collectively, our findings indicate significant changes in the transcriptome profile, including mRNAs and lncRNAs, in CA compared to healthy controls. Our study provides new insights into the potential functions of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of CA and identifies potential therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizheng Tao
- Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ping Cao
- Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Mei Jin
- Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Peiyan Suo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kunming Angel Women and Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuye Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Quiros-Fernandez I, Libório-Ramos S, Leifert L, Schönfelder B, Vlodavsky I, Cid-Arregui A. Dual T cell receptor/chimeric antigen receptor engineered NK-92 cells targeting the HPV16 E6 oncoprotein and the tumor-associated antigen L1CAM exhibit enhanced cytotoxicity and specificity against tumor cells. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29630. [PMID: 38659368 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) causes a large fraction of genital and oropharyngeal carcinomas. To maintain the transformed state, the tumor cells must continuously synthesize the E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins, which makes them tumor-specific antigens. Indeed, specific T cell responses against them have been well documented and CD8+ T cells engineered to express T cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize epitopes of E6 or E7 have been tested in clinical studies with promising results, yet with limited clinical success. Using CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood of healthy donors, we have identified two novel TCRs reactive to an unexplored E618-26 epitope. These TCRs showed limited standalone cytotoxicity against E618-26-HLA-A*02:01-presenting tumor cells. However, a single-signaling domain chimeric antigen receptor (ssdCAR) targeting L1CAM, a cell adhesion protein frequently overexpressed in HPV16-induced cancer, prompted a synergistic effect that significantly enhanced the cytotoxic capacity of NK-92/CD3/CD8 cells armored with both TCR and ssdCAR when both receptors simultaneously engaged their respective targets, as shown by live microscopy of 2-D and 3-D co-cultures. Thus, virus-specific TCRs from the CD8+ T cell repertoire of healthy donors can be combined with a suitable ssdCAR to enhance the cytotoxic capacity of the effector cells and, indirectly, their specificity.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/immunology
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/immunology
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Human papillomavirus 16/immunology
- Human papillomavirus 16/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Cell Line, Tumor
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Quiros-Fernandez
- Targeted Tumor Vaccines Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Research Center on Tropical Diseases (CIET)/Research Center on Surgery and Cancer (CICICA), Faculty of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Sofia Libório-Ramos
- Targeted Tumor Vaccines Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Leifert
- Targeted Tumor Vaccines Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Schönfelder
- Targeted Tumor Vaccines Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Angel Cid-Arregui
- Targeted Tumor Vaccines Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Sadeghi F, Mostaghimi T, Taheri M, Yazdani S, Javadian M, Ranaee M, Ghorbani H, Bouzari Z, Sadeghi F. Investigating the role of Epstein-Barr virus and human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 co-infections in cervical disease of Iranian women. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1331862. [PMID: 38720799 PMCID: PMC11076674 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1331862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) are known to contribute to cervical cancer (CC), but the role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in this process remains unclear, despite EBV's widespread detection in premalignant and malignant cervical tissues. Methods In this cross-sectional study of 258 cervical samples, including both formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and fresh cervical tissues, the presence and viral load of HR-HPVs (HPV-16 and HPV-18) and EBV were evaluated in Iranian women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and a cervicitis control group using real-time PCR. Results The study revealed a significant correlation between disease severity and both increased HPV-16 positivity and HPV-16 and HPV-18 co-infection (p<0.001). Interestingly, the control group had a higher frequency of EBV-positive cases than SCC/CIN groups (p<0.001). HPV-16 DNA load increased with disease severity (P<0.001), while HPV-18 showed no significant difference (P=0.058). The control group had a higher EBV DNA load compared to SCC/CIN groups (P=0.033). HPV-16 increased the risk of CIN II, CIN III, and SCC, while HPV-18 increased the risk of CIN II and CIN III. Notably, EBV was associated with a lower risk of CIN groups and SCC. Conclusions No significant difference in EBV co-infection with HPV-16/18 was found, failing to support the hypothesis that EBV is a cofactor in CC. However, high EBV viral load in the control group suggests a potential "hit and run hypothesis" role in CC progression. This hypothesis suggests that EBV may contribute briefly to the initiation of CC with an initial impact but then becomes less actively involved in its ongoing progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Sadeghi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Talieh Mostaghimi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mahdie Taheri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Shahla Yazdani
- Cancer Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Javadian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ranaee
- Cancer Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghorbani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Zinatossadat Bouzari
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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12
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Akade E, Jalilian S. The role of high mobility group AT-hook 1 in viral infections: Implications for cancer pathogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 169:106532. [PMID: 38278412 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The crucial role of high mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1) proteins in nuclear processes such as gene transcription, DNA replication, and chromatin remodeling is undeniable. Elevated levels of HMGA1 have been associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes and adverse differentiation status across various cancer types. HMGA1 regulates a diverse array of biological pathways, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha/nuclear factor-kappa B (TNF-α/NF-κB), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Hippo, Rat sarcoma/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Ras/ERK), protein kinase B (Akt), wingless-related integration site/beta-catenin (Wnt/beta-catenin), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3-K/Akt). While researchers have extensively investigated tumors in the reproductive, digestive, urinary, and hematopoietic systems, mounting evidence suggests that HMGA1 plays a critical role as a tumorigenic factor in tumors across all functional systems. Given its broad interaction network, HMGA1 is an attractive target for viral manipulation. Some viruses, including herpes simplex virus type 1, human herpesvirus 8, human papillomavirus, JC virus, hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2, and influenza viruses, utilize HMGA1 influence for infection. This interaction, particularly in oncogenesis, is crucial. Apart from the direct oncogenic effect of some of the mentioned viruses, the hit-and-run theory postulates that viruses can instigate cancer even before being completely eradicated from the host cell, implying a potentially greater impact of viruses on cancer development than previously assumed. This review explores the interplay between HMGA1, viruses, and host cellular machinery, aiming to contribute to a deeper understanding of viral-induced oncogenesis, paving the way for innovative strategies in cancer research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma'il Akade
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahram Jalilian
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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13
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Albano C, Biolatti M, Mazibrada J, Pasquero S, Gugliesi F, Lo Cigno I, Calati F, Bajetto G, Riva G, Griffante G, Landolfo S, Gariglio M, De Andrea M, Dell’Oste V. PAD-mediated citrullination is a novel candidate diagnostic marker and druggable target for HPV-associated cervical cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1359367. [PMID: 38529474 PMCID: PMC10961408 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1359367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrullination is an emerging post-translational modification catalyzed by peptidyl-arginine deiminases (PADs) that convert peptidyl-arginine into peptidyl-citrulline. In humans, the PAD family consists of five isozymes (PADs 1-4, 6) involved in multiple diseases, including cancer. Given that high-risk (hr) human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the etiological agents of cervical cancer, in this study, we sought to determine whether PAD-mediated protein citrullination would play a functional role in the HPV-driven transformation of epithelial cells. Here we show that both total protein citrullination and PAD4 expression levels are significantly associated with cervical cancer progression. Specifically, epithelial immunostaining for PAD4 revealed an increasingly higher histoscore from low-grade (CIN1) to high-grade (CIN2, CIN3) cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) lesions, raising the attractive possibility that PAD4 may be used as tumor staging markers. Furthermore, taking advantage of the epidermoid cervical cancer cell line CaSki, which harbors multiple copies of the integrated HPV16 genome, we show that the expression of E6 and E7 HPV oncoproteins is impaired by treatment with the pharmacological pan-PAD inhibitor BB-Cl-amidine. Consistently, p53 and p21, two targets of HPV oncoproteins, are upregulated by the PAD inhibitor, which undergoes cell growth arrest and apoptosis. Altogether, these findings highlight a novel mechanism by which hrHPVs alter host regulatory pathways involved in cell cycle and survival to gain viral fitness, raising the possibility that PADs may represent an attractive target for developing novel host-targeting antivirals effective in preventing cervical cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Albano
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Biolatti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jasenka Mazibrada
- Department of Cellular Pathology, The Cotman Centre Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Selina Pasquero
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Gugliesi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Irene Lo Cigno
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Calati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Greta Bajetto
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gloria Griffante
- IIGM Foundation – Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Turin, Italy
| | - Santo Landolfo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Dell’Oste
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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14
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Pourhajibagher M, Bahador A. Bioinformatics analysis of photoexcited natural flavonoid glycosides as the inhibitors for oropharyngeal HPV oncoproteins. AMB Express 2024; 14:29. [PMID: 38466452 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of oropharyngeal human papillomavirus (HPV)-18 E6 and E7 oncoproteins is highly significant in the progression of oropharyngeal cancer. Natural flavonoid compounds have potential as photosensitizers for light-activated antimicrobial therapy against HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer. This study evaluated five natural flavonoid glycosides including Fisetin, Kaempferol, Morin, Myricetin, and Quercetin as photosensitizers against HPV-18 E6 and E7 oncoproteins using computational methods. After obtaining the amino acid sequences of HPV-18 E6 and E7, various tools were used to predict and verify their properties. The PubChem database was then examined to identify potential natural flavonoid glycosides, followed by predictions of their drug-likeness and ADMET properties. Subsequently, molecular docking was conducted to enhance the screening accuracy and to gain insights into the interactions between the natural compounds and the active sites of HPV-18 E6 and E7 oncoproteins. The protein structures of E6 and E7 were predicted and validated to be reliable. The results of molecular docking demonstrated that Kaempferol exhibited the highest binding affinity to both E6 and E7. All compounds satisfied Lipinski's rules of drug-likeness, except Myricetin. They showed high absorption, distribution volume and similar ADMET profiles with no toxicity. In summary, natural flavonoid glycosides, especially Kaempferol, show potential as photosensitizers for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer through inhibition of E6 and E7 oncoproteins. These findings provide insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies based on antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Fellowship in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, BioHealth Lab, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Mikuličić S, Shamun M, Massenberg A, Franke AL, Freitag K, Döring T, Strunk J, Tenzer S, Lang T, Florin L. ErbB2/HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase regulates human papillomavirus promoter activity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1335302. [PMID: 38370412 PMCID: PMC10869470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1335302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a major cause of cancer. While surgical intervention remains effective for a majority of HPV-caused cancers, the urgent need for medical treatments targeting HPV-infected cells persists. The pivotal early genes E6 and E7, which are under the control of the viral genome's long control region (LCR), play a crucial role in infection and HPV-induced oncogenesis, as well as immune evasion. In this study, proteomic analysis of endosomes uncovered the co-internalization of ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase, also called HER2/neu, with HPV16 particles from the plasma membrane. Although ErbB2 overexpression has been associated with cervical cancer, its influence on HPV infection stages was previously unknown. Therefore, we investigated the role of ErbB2 in HPV infection, focusing on HPV16. Through siRNA-mediated knockdown and pharmacological inhibition studies, we found that HPV16 entry is independent of ErbB2. Instead, our signal transduction and promoter assays unveiled a concentration- and activation-dependent regulatory role of ErbB2 on the HPV16 LCR by supporting viral promoter activity. We also found that ErbB2's nuclear localization signal was not essential for LCR activity, but rather the cellular ErbB2 protein level and activation status that were inhibited by tucatinib and CP-724714. These ErbB2-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors as well as ErbB2 depletion significantly influenced the downstream Akt and ERK signaling pathways and LCR activity. Experiments encompassing low-risk HPV11 and high-risk HPV18 LCRs uncovered, beyond HPV16, the importance of ErbB2 in the general regulation of the HPV early promoter. Expanding our investigation to directly assess the impact of ErbB2 on viral gene expression, quantitative analysis of E6 and E7 transcript levels in HPV16 and HPV18 transformed cell lines unveiled a noteworthy decrease in oncogene expression following ErbB2 depletion, concomitant with the downregulation of Akt and ERK signaling pathways. In light of these findings, we propose that ErbB2 holds promise as potential target for treating HPV infections and HPV-associated malignancies by silencing viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snježana Mikuličić
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Merha Shamun
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Annika Massenberg
- University of Bonn, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, Bonn, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Franke
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kirsten Freitag
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tatjana Döring
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Strunk
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology (HI-TRON) Mainz, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lang
- University of Bonn, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, Bonn, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Luise Florin
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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16
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Jones RN, Miyauchi S, Roy S, Boutros N, Mayadev JS, Mell LK, Califano JA, Venuti A, Sharabi AB. Computational and AI-driven 3D structural analysis of human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoproteins E5, E6, and E7 reveal significant divergence of HPV E5 between low-risk and high-risk genotypes. Virology 2024; 590:109946. [PMID: 38147693 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
There are over 220 identified genotypes of Human papillomavirus (HPV), and the HPV genome encodes 3 major oncogenes, E5, E6, and E7. Conservation and divergence in protein sequence and function between low-risk versus high-risk oncogenic HPV genotypes has not been fully characterized. Here, we used modern computational and structural folding algorithms to perform a comparative analysis of HPV E5, E6, and E7 between multiple low risk and high risk genotypes. We first identified significantly greater sequence divergence in E5 between low- and high-risk genotypes compared to E6 and E7. Next, we used AlphaFold to model the structure of papillomavirus proteins and complexes with high confidence, including some with no established consensus structure. We observed that HPV E5, but not E6 or E7, had a dramatically different 3D structure between low-risk and high-risk genotypes. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative analysis of HPV proteins using Alphafold artificial intelligence (AI) system. The marked differences in E5 sequence and structure in high-risk HPVs may contribute in important and underappreciated ways to the development of HPV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley N Jones
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sayuri Miyauchi
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Souvick Roy
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nathalie Boutros
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jyoti S Mayadev
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Loren K Mell
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph A Califano
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aldo Venuti
- HPV-UNIT-UOSD Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrew B Sharabi
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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17
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Ikechukwu CK, Qin K, Zhang H, Pan J, Zhang W. Novel equid papillomavirus from domestic donkey. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:171-177. [PMID: 37246448 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillomaviruses can be of great medical importance as they infect humans and animals such as Equus species, other livestock and pets. They are responsible for several papillomas and benign tumours in their host. OBJECTIVES To describe a novel equid papillomavirus detected in oral swab samples collected from donkeys (Equus asinus) found on the Northwest plateau of China. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Swab samples collected from the oral mucosa of 32 donkeys in the Gansu Province of China, were subjected to viral metagenomic analysis to detect the presence of Papillomavirus. After de novo assembly, a novel papillomavirus genome designated as Equus asinus papillomavirus 3 (EaPV3) was identified in the studied samples. Additional bioinformatic analysis of the assembled genome was done using the Geneious prime software (version 2022.0.2). RESULTS The complete circular genome of EaPV3 is 7430 bp in length with a GC content of 50.8%. The genome was predicted to contain five ORFs coding for three early proteins (E7, E1, and E2) and two late proteins (L1 and L2). Phylogenic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the concatenated amino acid sequences of the E1E2L1L2 genes revealed that EaPV3 is most closely related to Equus asinus papillomavirus 1 (EaPV1). The genome analysis of EaPV3 revealed similar genome organisation with other equine papillomavirus and the presence of E7 papillomavirus oncoprotein. MAIN LIMITATIONS Since there were no warts in the oral cavity of the donkeys in this study, and no biopsy samples taken, we are unable to conclusively link the novel virus to any clinical condition in the donkeys. CONCLUSIONS The Comparative characterisation of EaPV3 and its closest relatives, as well as phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that it is a novel virus specie that clusters within the Dyochipapilloma PV genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwudozie Kingsley Ikechukwu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Kailin Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiamin Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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18
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Rushiti A, Castellani C, Cerrato A, Fedrigo M, Sbricoli L, Bressan E, Angelini A, Bacci C. The Follow-Up Necessity in Human Papilloma Virus-Positive vs. Human Papilloma Virus-Negative Oral Mucosal Lesions: A Retrospective Study. J Clin Med 2023; 13:58. [PMID: 38202065 PMCID: PMC10779469 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) is known as the main cause of cervical cancer. Data also indicate its role in head-neck cancer, especially oropharyngeal cancer. The correlation between high-risk HPV and oral cancer is still controversial. HPV-related lesions of the oral cavity are frequent and, in most cases, benign. The primary aim of this study was to establish if there is a different follow-up necessity between HPV-positive compared to HPV-negative oral lesions. The secondary aim was to evaluate the recurrence of HPV-related lesions. All patients who underwent a surgical procedure of oral biopsy between 2018 and 2022, with ulterior histopathological examination and HPV typing, were examined. A total of 230 patients were included: 75 received traumatic fibroma as diagnosis, 131 HPV-related lesions, 9 proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, and 15 leukoplakia. The frequency and period of follow-up varied in relation to HPV positivity and diagnosis. This study confirms what has already been reported by other authors regarding the absence of recommendations of follow-up necessity in patients with oral mucosal lesions. However, the data demonstrate that there was a statistically significant difference in the sample analyzed regarding the follow-up of HPV-positive vs. HPV-negative patients. It also confirms the low recurrence frequency of HPV-related oral lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armina Rushiti
- Unit of Oral Pathology and Medicine and Odontostomatological Diagnostics, Section of Clinical Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (E.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Chiara Castellani
- Cardiovascular Pathology, University of Padova Medical School, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Alessia Cerrato
- Unit of Oral Pathology and Medicine and Odontostomatological Diagnostics, Section of Clinical Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (E.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Marny Fedrigo
- Cardiovascular Pathology, University of Padova Medical School, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Luca Sbricoli
- Unit of Oral Pathology and Medicine and Odontostomatological Diagnostics, Section of Clinical Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (E.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Eriberto Bressan
- Unit of Oral Pathology and Medicine and Odontostomatological Diagnostics, Section of Clinical Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (E.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Annalisa Angelini
- Unit of Oral Pathology and Medicine and Odontostomatological Diagnostics, Section of Clinical Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (E.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Christian Bacci
- Unit of Oral Pathology and Medicine and Odontostomatological Diagnostics, Section of Clinical Dentistry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (A.C.); (L.S.); (E.B.); (A.A.)
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19
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Trejo-Cerro O, Broniarczyk J, Kavcic N, Myers M, Banks L. Identification and characterisation of novel potential phospho-acceptor sites in HPV-16 E7. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 16:200270. [PMID: 37659653 PMCID: PMC10500460 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have described functional regulation of high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), E6 and E7 oncoproteins via posttranslational modifications (PTMs). However, how these PTMs modulate the activity of E6 and E7, particularly in their targeting of cellular proteins, is not completely understood. In this study, we show that HPV16 E7 can be phosphorylated by casein kinase I (CKI) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). This principal phosphorylation occurs at threonine residues 5 and 7 with a more minor role for residues 19-20 in the N-terminal region of 16 E7. Intriguingly, whilst mutational analyses suggest that residues 5 and 7 may be dispensable for the transformation of primary baby rat kidney cells by E7, intact residues 19 and 20 are required. Furthermore, negative charges at these residues (TT19-20DD) enhance the pRb-E7 interaction and cells display increased proliferation and invasion capacities. Using a proteomic approach with a phosphorylated peptide spanning the TT19-20 region of HPV16 E7, we have identified a panel of new, phospho-specific E7 interacting partners. These results shed new light on the complexity of N-terminal phosphorylation of E7 and how this can contribute towards expanding the repertoire of E7 targeted pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Trejo-Cerro
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Justyna Broniarczyk
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy; Department of Molecular Virology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Nezka Kavcic
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Michael Myers
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149, Trieste, Italy.
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20
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Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with several human cancers. HPVs are small, DNA viruses that rely on host cell machinery for viral replication. The HPV life cycle takes place in the stratified epithelium, which is composed of different cell states, including terminally differentiating cells that are no longer active in the cell cycle. HPVs have evolved mechanisms to persist and replicate in the stratified epithelium by hijacking and modulating cellular pathways, including the DNA damage response (DDR). HPVs activate and exploit DDR pathways to promote viral replication, which in turn increases the susceptibility of the host cell to genomic instability and carcinogenesis. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of the host cell DDR by high-risk HPVs during the viral life cycle and discuss the potential cellular consequences of modulating DDR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Studstill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Cary A Moody
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA;
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21
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Li Y, Wang C, Ma A, Rani AQ, Luo M, Li J, Liu X, Ma Q. Identification of HPV oncogene and host cell differentiation associated cellular heterogeneity in cervical cancer via single-cell transcriptomic analysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.10.552878. [PMID: 37645794 PMCID: PMC10462038 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.10.552878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with around 5-10% of human cancer, notably nearly 99% of cervical cancer. The mechanisms HPV interacts with stratified epithelium (differentiated layers) during the viral life cycle, and oncogenesis remain unclear. In this study, we used single-cell transcriptome analysis to study viral gene and host cell differentiation-associated heterogeneity of HPV-positive cervical cancer tissue. We examined the HPV16 genes - E1, E6, and E7, and found they expressed differently across nine epithelial clusters. We found that three epithelial clusters had the highest proportion of HPV-positive cells (33.6%, 37.5%, and 32.4%, respectively), while two exhibited the lowest proportions (7.21% and 5.63%, respectively). Notably, the cluster with the most HPV-positive cells deviated significantly from normal epithelial layer markers, exhibiting functional heterogeneity and altered epithelial structuring, indicating that significant molecular heterogeneity existed in cancer tissues and that these cells exhibited unique/different gene signatures compared with normal epithelial cells. These HPV-positive cells, compared to HPV-negative, showed different gene expressions related to the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, proliferation, and apoptosis. Further, the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 appeared to modify epithelial function via distinct pathways, thus contributing to cervical cancer progression. We investigated the HPV and host transcripts from a novel viewpoint focusing on layer heterogeneity. Our results indicated varied HPV expression across epithelial clusters and epithelial heterogeneity associated with viral oncogenes, contributing biological insights to this critical field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Cankun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Anjun Ma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Abdul Qawee Rani
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mingjue Luo
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jenny Li
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Qin Ma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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22
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Li Y, Wang C, Ma A, Rani AQ, Luo M, Li J, Liu X, Ma Q. Identification of HPV oncogene and host cell differentiation associated cellular heterogeneity in cervical cancer via single-cell transcriptomic analysis. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29060. [PMID: 37638381 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with around 5%-10% of human cancer, notably nearly 99% of cervical cancer. The mechanisms HPV interacts with stratified epithelium (differentiated layers) during the viral life cycle, and oncogenesis remain unclear. In this study, we used single-cell transcriptome analysis to study viral gene and host cell differentiation-associated heterogeneity of HPV-positive cervical cancer tissue. We examined the HPV16 genes-E1, E6, and E7, and found they expressed differently across nine epithelial clusters. We found that three epithelial clusters had the highest proportion of HPV-positive cells (33.6%, 37.5%, and 32.4%, respectively), while two exhibited the lowest proportions (7.21% and 5.63%, respectively). Notably, the cluster with the most HPV-positive cells deviated significantly from normal epithelial layer markers, exhibiting functional heterogeneity and altered epithelial structuring, indicating that significant molecular heterogeneity existed in cancer tissues and that these cells exhibited unique/different gene signatures compared with normal epithelial cells. These HPV-positive cells, compared to HPV-negative, showed different gene expressions related to the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, proliferation, and apoptosis. Further, the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 appeared to modify epithelial function via distinct pathways, thus contributing to cervical cancer progression. We investigated the HPV and host transcripts from a novel viewpoint focusing on layer heterogeneity. Our results indicated varied HPV expression across epithelial clusters and epithelial heterogeneity associated with viral oncogenes, contributing biological insights to this critical field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Cankun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Anjun Ma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Abdul Qawee Rani
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mingjue Luo
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jenny Li
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Departments of Pathology, Urology, and Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Qin Ma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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23
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Lim J, Lilie H, Kalbacher H, Roos N, Frecot DI, Feige M, Conrady M, Votteler T, Cousido-Siah A, Corradini Bartoli G, Iftner T, Trave G, Simon C. Evidence for direct interaction between the oncogenic proteins E6 and E7 of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104954. [PMID: 37354975 PMCID: PMC10372912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are DNA tumor viruses that infect mucosal and cutaneous epithelial cells of more than 20 vertebrates. High-risk HPV causes about 5% of human cancers worldwide, and the viral proteins E6 and E7 promote carcinogenesis by interacting with tumor suppressors and interfering with many cellular pathways. As a consequence, they immortalize cells more efficiently in concert than individually. So far, the networks of E6 and E7 with their respective cellular targets have been studied extensively but independently. However, we hypothesized that E6 and E7 might also interact directly with each other in a novel interaction affecting HPV-related carcinogenesis. Here, we report a direct interaction between E6 and E7 proteins from carcinogenic HPV types 16 and 31. We demonstrated this interaction via cellular assays using two orthogonal methods: coimmunoprecipitation and flow cytometry-based FRET assays. Analytical ultracentrifugation of the recombinant proteins revealed that the stoichiometry of the E6/E7 complex involves two E7 molecules and two E6 molecules. In addition, fluorescence polarization showed that (I) E6 binds to E7 with a similar affinity for HPV16 and HPV31 (in the same micromolar range) and (II) that the binding interface involves the unstructured N-terminal region of E7. The direct interaction of these highly conserved papillomaviral oncoproteins may provide a new perspective for studying HPV-associated carcinogenesis and the overall viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaWen Lim
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hauke Lilie
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittemberg, Halle-Wittemberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nora Roos
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Desiree Isabella Frecot
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Feige
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Conrady
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Votteler
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Cousido-Siah
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2015, Department of Integrative Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, UdS, Illkirch, France
| | - Giada Corradini Bartoli
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Iftner
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Gilles Trave
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2015, Department of Integrative Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, UdS, Illkirch, France
| | - Claudia Simon
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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24
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Tîrziu A, Avram S, Madă L, Crișan-Vida M, Popovici C, Popovici D, Faur C, Duda-Seiman C, Păunescu V, Vernic C. Design of a Synthetic Long Peptide Vaccine Targeting HPV-16 and -18 Using Immunoinformatic Methods. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1798. [PMID: 37513985 PMCID: PMC10384861 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 cause the majority of cervical cancers worldwide. Despite the availability of three prophylactic vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLP) of the major capsid protein (L1), these vaccines are unable to clear an existing infection. Such infected persons experience an increased risk of neoplastic transformation. To overcome this problem, this study proposes an alternative synthetic long peptide (SLP)-based vaccine for persons already infected, including those with precancerous lesions. This new vaccine was designed to stimulate both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, providing a robust and long-lasting immune response. The SLP construct includes both HLA class I- and class II-restricted epitopes, identified from IEDB or predicted using NetMHCPan and NetMHCIIPan. None of the SLPs were allergenic nor toxic, based on in silico studies. Population coverage studies provided 98.18% coverage for class I epitopes and 99.81% coverage for class II peptides in the IEDB world population's allele set. Three-dimensional structure ab initio prediction using Rosetta provided good quality models, which were assessed using PROCHECK and QMEAN4. Molecular docking with toll-like receptor 2 identified potential intrinsic TLR2 agonist activity, while molecular dynamics studies of SLPs in water suggested good stability, with favorable thermodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Tîrziu
- Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Speranța Avram
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Leonard Madă
- Syonic SRL, Grigore T Popa Street, No. 81, 300254 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Crișan-Vida
- Department of Automation and Computers, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 300006 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Casiana Popovici
- Section of Bioinformatics, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Dan Popovici
- Department of Mathematics, University of the West Timişoara, Bd. Vasile Pârvan No. 4, 300223 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Cosmin Faur
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes", Dropiei Street, No. 7, sc B, ap 8, 300661 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Corina Duda-Seiman
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Virgil Păunescu
- Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer Timisoara-OncoGen, Clinical Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brinzeu" Timisoara, No. 156 Liviu Rebreanu, 300723 Timisoara, Romania
- Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies Center, Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Corina Vernic
- Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Discipline of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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25
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Laine HK, Waterboer T, Syrjänen K, Grenman S, Louvanto K, Syrjänen S. Human polyomavirus BKPyV and JCPyV serostatus has no impact on women´s human papillomavirus infection outcome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1190019. [PMID: 37333846 PMCID: PMC10272380 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1190019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Polyomaviruses have both structural and functional similarities with papillomaviruses. Accordingly, their role in human papillomavirus (HPV) associated malignancies has been studied with conflicting results. Our goal was to disclose any association between BK (BKPyV) and/or JC (JCPyV) polyomavirus serology and HPV data derived from Finnish women (327) in a 6-year prospective follow-up. Methods Glutathione S-transferase fusion-protein-capture (ELISA) in combination with fluorescent bead technology was used to analyze antibodies to BKPyV and JCPyV. In the longitudinal setting, BKPyV or JCPyV serostatus was related to i) oral- and ii) genital low (LR)- and high risk (HR) HPV DNA detection, iii) HPV16 persistence at both these sites, iv) results of the Pap (Papanicolaou) smear taken at baseline, and v) development of incident CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) during the follow-up. Results Being BKPyV or JCPyV seropositive was not significantly associated with HPV seropositivity to either LR- or HR-genotypes, genital- or oral HPV DNA positivity, persistence of genital- or oral HPV16 infection, grade of Pap smear, or development of incident CIN. Discussion Thus, the present study could not provide any confirmation to the concept that co-infections by HPyV and HPV have interactions that impact on the clinical manifestations or outcomes of HPV infections either in the genital tract or in the oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna K. Laine
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oral Pathology and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Division of Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Seija Grenman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Karolina Louvanto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Stina Syrjänen
- Department of Oral Pathology and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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26
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Fan Z, Wang S, Xu C, Yang J, Cui B. Mechanisms of action of Fu Fang Gang Liu liquid in treating condyloma acuminatum by network pharmacology and experimental validation. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:128. [PMID: 37081536 PMCID: PMC10116837 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Condyloma acuminatum (CA) is a sexually transmitted disease characterized by the anomalous proliferation of keratinocytes caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Fu Fang Gang Liu liquid (FFGL) is an effective externally administered prescription used to treat CA; however, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to identify and experimentally validate the major active ingredients and prospective targets of FFGL. METHODS Network pharmacology, transcriptomics, and enrichment analysis were used to identify the active ingredients and prospective targets of FFGL, which were confirmed through subsequent experimental validation using mass spectrometry, molecular docking, western blotting, and in vitro assays. RESULTS The network pharmacology analysis revealed that FFGL contains a total of 78 active compounds, which led to the screening of 610 compound-related targets. Among them, 59 overlapped with CA targets and were considered to be targets with potential therapeutic effects. The protein-protein interaction network analysis revealed that protein kinase B (Akt) serine/threonine kinase 1 was a potential therapeutic target. To further confirm this result, we performed ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) assays on HPV 18+ cells after FFGL exposure and conducted enrichment analyses on the differentially expressed genes that were screened. The enrichment analysis results indicated that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway may be a key pathway through which FFGL exerts its effects. Further in vitro experiments revealed that FFGL significantly inhibited the activity of HPV 18+ cells and reduced PI3K and Akt protein levels. A rescue experiment indicated that the reduction in cell viability induced by FFGL was partially restored after the administration of activators of the PI3K/Akt pathway. We further screened two active components of FFCL that may be efficacious in the treatment of CA: periplogenin and periplocymarin. The molecular docking experiments showed that these two compounds exhibited good binding activity to Akt1. CONCLUSION FFGL reduced HPV 18+ cell viability by inhibiting key proteins in the PI3K/Akt pathway; this pathway may represent an essential mechanism through which FFGL treats CA. Periplogenin and periplocymarin may play a significant role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Fan
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Postdoctoral Research Station, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxin Wang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenchen Xu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingnan Cui
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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27
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Nelson CW, Mirabello L. Human papillomavirus genomics: Understanding carcinogenicity. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 15:200258. [PMID: 36812987 PMCID: PMC10063409 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes virtually all cervical cancers and many cancers at other anatomical sites in both men and women. However, only 12 of 448 known HPV types are currently classified as carcinogens, and even the most carcinogenic type - HPV16 - only rarely leads to cancer. HPV is therefore necessary but insufficient for cervical cancer, with other contributing factors including host and viral genetics. Over the last decade, HPV whole genome sequencing has established that even fine-scale within-type HPV variation influences precancer/cancer risks, and that these risks vary by histology and host race/ethnicity. In this review, we place these findings in the context of the HPV life cycle and evolution at various levels of viral diversity: between-type, within-type, and within-host. We also discuss key concepts necessary for interpreting HPV genomic data, including features of the viral genome; events leading to carcinogenesis; the role of APOBEC3 in HPV infection and evolution; and methodologies that use deep (high-coverage) sequencing to characterize within-host variation, as opposed to relying on a single representative (consensus) sequence. Given the continued high burden of HPV-associated cancers, understanding HPV carcinogenicity remains important for better understanding, preventing, and treating cancers attributable to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase W Nelson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA; Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA.
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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28
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Vats A, Thatte JV, Banks L. Molecular dissection of the E6 PBM identifies essential residues regulating Chk1 phosphorylation and subsequent 14-3-3 recognition. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 15:200257. [PMID: 36775199 PMCID: PMC10009279 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the high-risk HPV E6 oncoprotein PDZ binding motifs (PBMs) can interact with PDZ proteins or members of the 14-3-3 family, depending upon the E6 phosphorylation status. However, different HPV E6 oncoproteins are subjected to phosphorylation by different cellular kinases. We have therefore been interested in determining whether we can dissect E6's PDZ and 14-3-3 interactions at the molecular level. Using HPV-18 E6, we have found that its Chk1 phosphorylation requires residues both upstream and downstream of the phospho-acceptor site, in addition to the Chk1 consensus recognition motif. Furthermore, we demonstrate that different high-risk HPV E6 types are differentially phosphorylated by Chk1 kinases, potentially due to the differences in their carboxy-terminal residues, as they are critical for kinase recognition. Moreover, differences in the E6 phosphorylation levels of different HR HPV types directly link to their ability to interact with different 14-3-3 isoforms, based on their phospho-status. Interestingly, 14-3-3 recognition appears to be less dependent upon the precise sequence constraints of the E6 carboxy terminal region, whilst minor amino acid variations have a major impact upon PDZ recognition. These results demonstrate that changes in E6 phospho-status during the life cycle or during malignant progression will modulate E6 interactions and, potentially, inversely regulate the levels of PDZ and 14-3-3 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Vats
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano, 99-34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Jayashree V Thatte
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano, 99-34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano, 99-34149, Trieste, Italy
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29
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HPV16 E6 and E7 Oncoproteins Stimulate the Glutamine Pathway Maintaining Cell Proliferation in a SNAT1-Dependent Fashion. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020324. [PMID: 36851539 PMCID: PMC9964736 DOI: 10.3390/v15020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus infection is the main risk factor for cervical cancer establishment, where the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 promote a cancerous phenotype. Metabolic reprogramming in cancer involves alterations in glutamine metabolism, also named glutaminolysis, to provide energy for supporting cancer processes including migration, proliferation, and production of reactive oxygen species, among others. The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins on the regulation of glutaminolysis and its contribution to cell proliferation. We found that the E6 and E7 oncoproteins exacerbate cell proliferation in a glutamine-dependent manner. Both oncoproteins increased the levels of transporter SNAT1, as well as GLS2 and GS enzymes; E6 also increased LAT1 transporter protein levels, while E7 increased ASCT2 and xCT. Some of these alterations are also regulated at a transcriptional level. Consistently, the amount of SNAT1 protein decreased in Ca Ski cells when E6 and E7 expression was knocked down. In addition, we demonstrated that cell proliferation was partially dependent on SNAT1 in the presence of glutamine. Interestingly, SNAT1 expression was higher in cervical cancer compared with normal cervical cells. The high expression of SNAT1 was associated with poor overall survival of cervical cancer patients. Our results indicate that HPV oncoproteins exacerbate glutaminolysis supporting the malignant phenotype.
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30
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Garcia-Becerra N, Aguila-Estrada MU, Palafox-Mariscal LA, Hernandez-Flores G, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Jave-Suarez LF. FOXP3 Isoforms Expression in Cervical Cancer: Evidence about the Cancer-Related Properties of FOXP3Δ2Δ7 in Keratinocytes. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020347. [PMID: 36672296 PMCID: PMC9856939 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common type of cancer among women; the main predisposing factor is persistent infection by high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV), mainly the 16 or 18 genotypes. Both hr-HPVs are known to manipulate the cellular machinery and the immune system to favor cell transformation. FOXP3, a critical transcription factor involved in the biology of regulatory T cells, has been detected as highly expressed in the tumor cells of CC patients. However, its biological role in CC, particularly in the keratinocytes, remained unclarified. Therefore, this work aimed to uncover the effect of FOXP3 on the biology of the tumoral cells. First, public databases were analyzed to identify the FOXP3 expression levels and the transcribed isoforms in CC and normal tissue samples. The study's findings demonstrated an increased expression of FOXP3 in HPV16+ CC samples. Additionally, the FOXP3Δ2 variant was detected as the most frequent splicing isoform in tumoral cells, with a high differential expression level in metastatic samples. However, the analysis of FOXP3 expression in different CC cell lines, HPV+ and HPV-, suggests no relationship between the presence of HPV and FOXP3 expression. Since the variant FOXP3Δ2Δ7 was found highly expressed in the HPV16+ SiHa cell line, a model with constitutive expression of FOXP3Δ2Δ7 was established to evaluate its role in proliferation, migration, and cell division. Finally, RNAseq was performed to identify differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways modulated by FOXP3Δ2Δ7. The exogenous expression of FOXP3Δ2Δ7 promotes cell division, proliferation, and migration. The transcriptomic analyses highlight the upregulation of multiple genes with protumor activities. Moreover, immunological and oncogenic pathways were detected as highly enriched. These data support the hypothesis that FOXP3Δ2Δ7 in epithelial cells induces cancer-related hallmarks and provides information about the molecular events triggered by this isoform, which could be important for developing CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Garcia-Becerra
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Marco Ulises Aguila-Estrada
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Luis Arturo Palafox-Mariscal
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Georgina Hernandez-Flores
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.A.-L.); (L.F.J.-S.)
| | - Luis Felipe Jave-Suarez
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.A.-L.); (L.F.J.-S.)
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31
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Ferreira DA, Idris A, McMillan NAJ. Analysis of a hit-and-run tumor model by HPV in oropharyngeal cancers. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28260. [PMID: 36305515 PMCID: PMC9828080 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Several viruses are known to be associated with the development of certain cancers, including human papilloma virus (HPV), an established causative agent for a range of anogenital and head and neck cancers. However, the causality has been based on the presence of the virus, or its genetic material, in the sampled tumors. We have long wondered if viruses cause cancer via a "hit and run" mechanism such that they are no longer present in the resulting tumors. Here, we hypothesize that the absence of viral genes from the tumor does not necessarily exclude the viral aetiology. To test this, we used an HPV-driven oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) tumor model and CRISPR to delete the viral oncogene, E7. Indeed, the genetic removal of HPV E7 oncogene eliminates tumors in vivo. Remarkably, E7 deleted tumors recurred over time and develop new mutations not previously seen in HPV+ OPC tumors. Importantly, a number of these new mutations are found to be already present in HPV- OPC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyelle Assis Ferreira
- Griffith Centre for Cell and Gene Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy and Medical ScienceGriffith UniversitySouthportQueenslandAustralia
| | - Adi Idris
- Griffith Centre for Cell and Gene Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy and Medical ScienceGriffith UniversitySouthportQueenslandAustralia
| | - Nigel A. J. McMillan
- Griffith Centre for Cell and Gene Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy and Medical ScienceGriffith UniversitySouthportQueenslandAustralia
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Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 plays a major role in HPV-induced malignancy, perturbing cell cycle regulation, and driving cell proliferation. Major targets of cancer-causing HPV E7 proteins are the pRB family of tumor suppressors, which E7 targets for proteasome-mediated degradation and whose interaction is promoted through an acidic patch, downstream of the LXCXE motif in E7, that is subject to phosphorylation by casein kinase II (CKII). In this study we show that HPV-16 E7 targets the AP2-complex, which plays a critical role in cargo recognition in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Intriguingly, HPV-16 E7 contains a specific amino acid sequence for AP2 recognition, and this overlaps the pRb LXCXE recognition sequence but involves completely different amino acid residues. HPV-16 E7 does this by binding to the AP2-μ2 adaptor protein subunit via residues 25-YEQL-28 within the LXCXE motif. Point mutations at Y25 within 22-LYCYE-26 suggest that the interaction of E7 with AP2-μ2 is independent from pRB binding. In cells, this interaction is modulated by acidic residues downstream of LXCXE, with the binding being facilitated by CKII-phosphorylation of the serines at positions 31 and 32. Finally, we also show that association of HPV-16 E7 with the AP2 adaptor complex can contribute to cellular transformation under low-nutrient conditions, which appears to be mediated, in part, through inhibition of AP2-mediated internalization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This indicates that E7 can modulate endocytic transport pathways, with one such component, EGFR, most likely contributing toward the ability of E7 to induce cell transformation and malignancy. These studies define a new and unexpected role for HPV-16 E7 in targeting clathrin-mediated endocytosis. IMPORTANCE Despite being a very small protein, HPV-E7 has a wide range of functions within the infected cell, many of which can lead to cell transformation. High-risk HPV-E7 deregulates the function of many cellular proteins, perturbing cellular homeostasis. We show that a novel target of HPV-E7 is the clathrin-adaptor protein 2 complex (AP2) μ2 subunit, interacting via residues within E7's pRB-binding region. Mutational studies show that an AP2 recognition motif is present in the CR2 region and is conserved in >50 HPV types, suggesting a common function for this motif in HPV biology. Mutational analysis suggests that this motif is important for cellular transformation, potentially modulating endocytosis of growth factor receptors such as EGFR, and thus being a novel activity of E7 in modulating clathrin-mediated endocytosis and cargo selection. This study has important implications for the molecular basis of E7 function in modulating protein trafficking at the cell surface.
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Piña-Sánchez P. Human Papillomavirus: Challenges and Opportunities for the Control of Cervical Cancer. Arch Med Res 2022; 53:753-769. [PMID: 36462952 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant and genetically diverse entities on the planet, infect all life forms and have evolved with their hosts. To date, 263 viral species have been identified that infect humans, of which only seven are considered type I oncogenic. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main virus associated with cancer and is responsible for practically all cases of cervical carcinoma. Screening tests for early detection have been available since the 1960s. Undoubtedly, the entailment between knowledge of HPV biology and the natural history of cervical cancer has contributed to the significant advances that have been made for its prevention since the 21st century, with the development of prophylactic vaccines and improved screening strategies. Therefore, it is possible to eradicate invasive cervical cancer as a worldwide public health problem, as proposed by the WHO with the 90-70-90 initiative based on vaccination coverage, screening, and treatment, respectively. In addition, the emerging knowledge of viral biology generates opportunities that will contribute to strengthening prevention and treatment strategies in HPV-associated neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Piña-Sánchez
- Laboratorio Molecular de Oncología, Unidad de Investigación Oncológica, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México.
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HPV-18E6 Inhibits Interactions between TANC2 and SNX27 in a PBM-Dependent Manner and Promotes Increased Cell Proliferation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0136522. [PMID: 36326272 PMCID: PMC9683006 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01365-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
While a great deal is known about the role of the E6 PDZ binding motif (PBM) in modulating the cellular proteins involved in regulating cell polarity, much less is known about the consequences of E6's interactions with SNX27 and the endocytic sorting machinery. We reasoned that a potential consequence of such interactions could be to affect the fate of multiple SNX27 endosomal partners, such as transmembrane proteins or soluble accessory proteins.
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Repression of Memo1, a Novel Target of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E7, Increases Cell Proliferation in Cervical Cancer Cells. J Virol 2022; 96:e0122922. [PMID: 36197110 PMCID: PMC9599245 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01229-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced carcinogenesis is associated with unregulated expression of the oncoproteins E6 and E7. HPV E7 is a viral protein that lacks enzymatic activity; however, it can target several cellular proteins to induce cell transformation and promote uncontrolled proliferation. Although several E7 targets have been described, there are still gaps in the understanding of how this oncoprotein drives cells toward malignancy. Here, using a small HPV type 16 (HPV16) E7 peptide in a proteomic approach, we report Memo1 as a new E7 binding partner, interacting through the aspartic and glutamic acid residues (E80 and D81) in the C-terminal region of HPV16 E7. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HPV16 E7 targets Memo1 for proteasomal degradation through a Cullin2-dependent mechanism. In addition, we show that overexpression of Memo1 decreases cell transformation and proliferation and that reduction of Memo1 levels correlate with activation of Akt and an increase in invasion of HPV-positive cervical cancer cell lines. Our results show a novel HPV E7 interacting partner and describe novel functions of Memo1 in the context of HPV-induced malignancy. IMPORTANCE Although numerous targets have been reported to interact with the HPV E7 oncoprotein, the mechanisms involved in HPV-induced carcinogenesis and the maintenance of cell transformation are still lacking. Here, through pulldown assays using a peptide encompassing the C-terminal region of HPV16 E7, we report Memo1 as a novel E7 interactor. High levels of Memo1 correlated with reduced cell proliferation and, concordantly, knockdown of Memo1 resulted in Akt activation in HPV-positive cell lines. These results highlight new mechanisms used by HPV oncoproteins to modulate proliferation pathways in cervical cancer cells and increase our understanding of the link between Memo1 protein and cancer.
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Dizanzo MP, Bugnon Valdano M, Basukala O, Banks L, Gardiol D. Novel effect of the high risk-HPV E7 CKII phospho-acceptor site on polarity protein expression. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1015. [PMID: 36153517 PMCID: PMC9509620 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oncogenic Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) base their transforming potential on the action of both E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins, which perform cooperative or antagonistic actions and thus interfere with a variety of relevant cellular targets. Among them, the expression of some PDZ-containing polarity proteins, as DLG1 and hScrib, is altered during the HPV life cycle and the consequent malignant transformation. Together with the well-established interference of E6 with PDZ proteins, we have recently shown that E7 viral oncoprotein is also responsible for the changes in abundance and localization of DLG1 observed in HPV-associated lesions. Given that the mechanisms involved remained only partially understood, we here thoroughly analyse the contribution of a crucial E7 post-translational modification: its CKII-dependent phosphorylation. Moreover, we extended our studies to hScrib, in order to investigate possible conserved regulatory events among diverse PDZ targets of HPV. Methods We have acutely analysed the expression of DLG1 and hScrib in restrictive conditions for E7 phosphorylation by CKII in epithelial culture cells by western blot and confocal fluorescence microscopy. We made use of genome-edited HPV-positive cells, specific inhibitors of CKII activity and transient expression of the viral oncoproteins, including a mutant version of E7. Results We here demonstrate that the functional phosphorylation of E7 oncoprotein by the CKII cellular kinase, a key regulatory event for its activities, is also crucial to counteract the E6-mediated degradation of the PDZ-polarity protein DLG1 and to promote its subcellular redistribution. Moreover, we show that the CKII-dependent phosphorylation of E7 is able to control the expression of another PDZ target of HPV: hScrib. Remarkably, we found this is a shared feature among different oncogenic HPV types, suggesting a common path towards viral pathogenesis. Conclusions The present study sheds light into the mechanisms behind the misexpression of PDZ-polarity proteins during HPV infections. Our findings stress the relevance of the CKII-mediated regulation of E7 activities, providing novel insights into the joint action of HPV oncoproteins and further indicating a conserved and most likely crucial mechanism during the viral life cycle and the associated transformation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10105-5.
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Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are responsible for most human cervical cancers, and uncontrolled expression of the two key viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, stimulates the induction of carcinogenesis. Previous studies have shown that both E6 and E7 are closely associated with different components of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, including several ubiquitin ligases. Most often these are utilized to target cellular substrates for proteasome-mediated degradation, but in the case of E6, the E6AP ubiquitin ligase plays a critical role in controlling E6 stability. We now show that knockdown of E6AP in HPV-positive cervical cancer-derived cells causes a marked decrease in E7 protein levels. This is due to a decrease in the E7 half-life and occurs in a proteasome-dependent manner. In an attempt to define the underlying mechanism, we show that E7 can also associate with E6AP, albeit in a manner different from that of E6. In addition, we show that E6AP-dependent stabilization of E7 also leads to an increase in the degradation of E7's cellular target substrates. Interestingly, ectopic overexpression of E6 oncoprotein results in lower levels of E7 protein through sequestration of E6AP. We also show that increased E7 stability in the presence of E6AP increases the proliferation of the cervical cancer-derived cell lines. These results demonstrate a surprising interplay between E6 and E7, in a manner which is mediated by the E6AP ubiquitin ligase. IMPORTANCE This is the first demonstration that E6AP can directly help stabilize the HPV E7 oncoprotein, in a manner similar to that observed with HPV E6. This redefines how E6 and E7 can cooperate and potentially modulate each other's activity and further highlights the essential role played by E6AP in the viral life cycle and malignancy.
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Gusho E, Laimins LA. Human papillomaviruses sensitize cells to DNA damage induced apoptosis by targeting the innate immune sensor cGAS. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010725. [PMID: 35877778 PMCID: PMC9352202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a critical regulator of the innate immune response acting as a sensor of double-strand DNAs from pathogens or damaged host DNA. Upon activation, cGAS signals through the STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway to induce interferon expression. Double stranded DNA viruses target the cGAS pathway to facilitate infection. In HPV positive cells that stably maintain viral episomes, the levels of cGAS were found to be significantly increased over those seen in normal human keratinocytes. Furthermore the downstream effectors of the cGAS pathway, STING and IRF3, were fully active in response to signaling from the secondary messenger cGAMP or poly (dA:dT). In HPV positive cells cGAS was detected in both cytoplasmic puncta as well as in DNA damage induced micronuclei. E6 was responsible for increased levels of cGAS that was dependent on inhibition of p53. CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout of cGAS prevented activation of STING and IRF3 but had a minimal effect on viral replication. A primary function of cGAS in HPV positive cells was in response to treatment with etoposide or cisplatin which lead to increased levels of H2AX phosphorylation and activation of caspase 3/7 cleavage while having only a minimal effect on activation of homologous recombination repair factors ATM, ATR or CHK2. In HPV positive cells cGAS was found to regulate the levels of the phosphorylated non-homologous end-joining kinase, DNA-PK, which may contribute to H2AX phosphorylation along with other factors. Importantly cGAS was also responsible for increased levels of DNA breaks along with enhanced apoptosis in HPV positive cells but not in HFKs. This study identifies an important and novel role for cGAS in mediating the response of HPV positive cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Persistent infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV) is the major risk factor for development of cervical as well as other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Innate immune surveillance pathways are important in determining whether HPV infections will be cleared or persist. The role and activity of cGAS, an innate immune DNA sensor, during HPV infection is still not well understood. In this study we characterized the activity of cGAS-STING pathway in cells that stably maintain high-risk HPV episomes and found it was fully active. Furthermore, our studies indicate that cGAS helps regulate the response to DNA damage causing drugs such as etoposide and cisplatin. Treatment with both drugs further increased the levels of cGAS in HPV positive cells and this was critical for causing DNA breaks along with apoptotic cell death. These findings identify a novel role of cGAS in HPV positive cells in regulating the response to chemotherapeutic DNA damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elona Gusho
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Laimonis A. Laimins
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Role of Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Papilloma Virus in the Development of Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Literature Review. Int J Dent 2022; 2022:3191569. [PMID: 35769943 PMCID: PMC9236829 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3191569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to describe the association and related mechanisms between HPV, EBV, and the development of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. A search for scientific evidence was carried out in electronic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO). It was found that, among the carcinogenic mechanisms of HPV, E6 and E7 proteins are responsible for the malignization process, inhibiting tumor suppressors p53 and pRb. As to EBV, it was noted that its “hit and run” phenomenon manipulates the host epigenetic mechanism, triggering the tumor process without the virus being currently present; a “cellular reprogramming” is essentially generated, causing heritable changes in gene expression without DNA mutation. In conclusion, there is an association between oropharyngeal carcinogenesis and HPV and also between the former and EBV. Further studies are required to clarify the causal mechanisms and impact of both viruses on cancer development and to obtain biomarkers of greater specificity in the case of EBV.
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Castro-Oropeza R, Piña-Sánchez P. Epigenetic and Transcriptomic Regulation Landscape in HPV+ Cancers: Biological and Clinical Implications. Front Genet 2022; 13:886613. [PMID: 35774512 PMCID: PMC9237502 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.886613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is an oncogenic virus that causes the highest number of viral-associated cancer cases and deaths worldwide, with more than 690,000 new cases per year and 342,000 deaths only for cervical cancer (CC). Although the incidence and mortality rates for CC are declining in countries where screening and vaccination programs have been implemented, other types of cancer in which HPV is involved, such as oropharyngeal cancer, are increasing, particularly in men. Mutational and transcriptional profiles of various HPV-associated neoplasms have been described, and accumulated evidence has shown the oncogenic capacity of E6, E7, and E5 genes of high-risk HPV. Interestingly, transcriptomic analysis has revealed that although a vast majority of the human genome is transcribed into RNAs, only 2% of transcripts are translated into proteins. The remaining transcripts lacking protein-coding potential are called non-coding RNAs. In addition to the transfer and ribosomal RNAs, there are regulatory non-coding RNAs classified according to size and structure in long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and small RNAs; such as microRNAs (miRNAs), piwi-associated RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and endogenous short-interfering RNAs. Recent evidence has shown that lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs are aberrantly expressed under pathological conditions such as cancer. In addition, those transcripts are dysregulated in HPV-related neoplasms, and their expression correlates with tumor progression, metastasis, poor prognosis, and recurrence. Nuclear lncRNAs are epigenetic regulators involved in controlling gene expression at the transcriptional level through chromatin modification and remodeling. Moreover, disruption of the expression profiles of those lncRNAs affects multiple biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. This review highlights the epigenetic alterations induced by HPV, from infection to neoplastic transformation. We condense the epigenetic role of non-coding RNA alterations and their potential as biomarkers in transformation’s early stages and clinical applications. We also summarize the molecular mechanisms of action of nuclear lncRNAs to understand better their role in the epigenetic control of gene expression and how they can drive the malignant phenotype of HPV-related neoplasia. Finally, we review several chemical and epigenetic therapy options to prevent and treat HPV-associated neoplasms.
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ATM Pathway Is Essential for HPV–Positive Human Cervical Cancer-Derived Cell Lines Viability and Proliferation. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060637. [PMID: 35745491 PMCID: PMC9228918 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with some mucosal human papillomavirus (HPV) types is the etiological cause of cervical cancer and of a significant fraction of vaginal, vulvar, anal, penile, and head and neck carcinomas. DNA repair machinery is essential for both HPV replication and tumor cells survival suggesting that cellular DNA repair machinery may play a dual role in HPV biology and pathogenesis. Here, we silenced genes involved in DNA Repair pathways to identify genes that are essential for the survival of HPV-transformed cells. We identified that inhibition of the ATM/CHK2/BRCA1 axis selectively affects the proliferation of cervical cancer-derived cell lines, without altering normal primary human keratinocytes (PHK) growth. Silencing or chemical inhibition of ATM/CHK2 reduced the clonogenic and proliferative capacity of cervical cancer-derived cells. Using PHK transduced with HPV16 oncogenes we observed that the effect of ATM/CHK2 silencing depends on the expression of the oncogene E6 and on its ability to induce p53 degradation. Our results show that inhibition of components of the ATM/CHK2 signaling axis reduces p53-deficient cells proliferation potential, suggesting the existence of a synthetic lethal association between CHK2 and p53. Altogether, we present evidence that synthetic lethality using ATM/CHK2 inhibitors can be exploited to treat cervical cancer and other HPV-associated tumors.
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Characterization of High-Risk HPV/EBV Co-Presence in Pre-Malignant Cervical Lesions and Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050888. [PMID: 35630333 PMCID: PMC9144326 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) are the etiological agents of cervical cancer. However, a low proportion of HR-HPV-infected women finally develop this cancer, which suggests the involvement of additional cofactors. Epstein−Barr virus (EBV) has been detected in cervical squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) as well as in low- (LSIL) and high-grade (HSIL) squamous intraepithelial lesions, although its role is unknown. In this study, we characterized HR-HPV/EBV co-presence and viral gene expression in LSIL (n = 22), HSIL (n = 52), and SCC (n = 19) from Chilean women. Additionally, phenotypic changes were evaluated in cervical cancer cells ectopically expressing BamHI-A Rightward Frame 1 (BARF1). BARF1 is a lytic gene also expressed in EBV-positive epithelial tumors during the EBV latency program. HPV was detected in 6/22 (27.3%) LSIL, 38/52 (73.1%) HSIL, and 15/19 (78.9%) SCC cases (p < 0.001). On the other hand, EBV was detected in 16/22 (72.7%) LSIL, 27/52 (51.9%) HSIL, and 13/19 (68.4%) SCC cases (p = 0.177). HR-HPV/EBV co-presence was detected in 3/22 (13.6%) LSIL, 17/52 (32.7%) HSIL, and 11/19 (57.9%) SCC cases (p = 0.020). Additionally, BARF1 transcripts were detected in 37/55 (67.3%) of EBV positive cases and in 19/30 (63.3%) of HR-HPV/EBV positive cases. Increased proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was observed in cervical cancer cells expressing BARF1. Thus, both EBV and BARF1 transcripts are detected in low- and high-grade cervical lesions as well as in cervical carcinomas. In addition, BARF1 can modulate the tumor behavior in cervical cancer cells, suggesting a role in increasing tumor aggressiveness.
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Hinokitiol Dysregulates Metabolism of Carcinoma Cell Lines and Induces Downregulation of HPV16E6 and E7 Oncogenes and p21 Upregulation in HPV Positive Cell Lines. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hinokitiol (β-thujaplicin), isolated from the wood of Chamaecyparis taiwanensis, has a wide variety of biological properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-tumor effects. Therefore, hinokitiol has become a frequent additive in oral and other healthcare products. Objectives: Our goal was to determine the anti-tumor activity of hinokitiol on human papillomavirus (HPV) positive (n = 3) and negative (n = 2) cell lines derived from cervical or head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and keratinocyte cell lines (n = 3) transformed spontaneously or with HPV16E6 and E7 oncogenes. Methods: The cell-lines were exposed to hinokitiol at different concentrations (0–200 µM) for 24 h. Cell metabolism, proliferation, and the cell cycle distribution were assessed by MTT- and 3H-thymidine incorporation and flow cytometry. Expressions of p21 and on HPV16E6 and E7 oncogenes were assessed by qPCR. Results: In all carcinoma cell lines, hinokitiol treatment declined the metabolic activity irrespective of the HPV status. This decline was statistically significant, however, only in HPV-positive cell lines CaSki and UD-SCC-2 when exposed to hinokitiol concentrations at 100 and 200 µM, respectively (p < 0.05). Immortalized cell lines, HMK and HPV-positive IHGK, were more sensitive as a similar metabolic effect was achieved at lower hinokitiol concentrations of 3.1, 6.25, and 50 µM, respectively. Hinokitiol blocked DNA synthesis of all carcinoma cell lines without evident association with HPV status. G1 cell cycle arrest and p21 upregulation was found in all cell lines after hinokitiol treatment at higher concentration. However, when the p21 results of all HPV-positive cells were pooled together, the increase in p21 expression was statistically significantly higher in HPV-positive than in HPV-negative cell lines (p = 0.03), but only at the highest hinokitiol concentration (200 µM). In HPV-positive cell lines hinokitiol declined the expression of HPV16E7 and E6 along the increase of p21 expression. The dose-dependent inverse correlation between p21 and E7 was statistically significant in SiHa cells (r = −0.975, p-value = 0.03) and borderline in UD-SCC-2 cells (r = −0.944, p-value = 0.06), in which p21 and E6 were also inversely correlated (r = −0.989). Conclusions: Our results indicate that hinokitiol might have potential in preventing the progress of immortalized cells toward malignancy and the growth of malignant lesions. Hinokitiol can also influence on the progression of HPV-associated lesions by downregulating the E6 and E7 expression.
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Huang Y, Lan Y, Zhang Z, Xiao X, Huang T. An Update on the Immunotherapy for Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:800315. [PMID: 35372036 PMCID: PMC8965058 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.800315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is an uncommon malignancy worldwide. Remarkably, the rising incidence of OPSCC has been observed in many developed countries over the past few decades. On top of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has become a major etiologic factor for OPSCC. The radiotherapy-based or surgery-based systemic therapies are recommended equally as first-line treatment, while chemotherapy-based strategy is applied to advanced diseases. Immunotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is currently under the spotlight, especially for patients with advanced diseases. Numerous researches on programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 checkpoint inhibitors have proven beneficial to patients with metastatic HNSCC. In 2016, nivolumab and pembrolizumab were approved as the second-line treatment for advanced metastatic HNSCC by the USA Food and Drug Administration. Soon after, in 2019, the USA Food and Drug Administration approved pembrolizumab as the first-line treatment for patients with unresectable, recurrent, and metastatic HNSCC. It has been reported that HPV-positive HNSCC patients were associated with increased programmed death-ligand 1 expression; however, whether HPV status indicates different treatment outcomes among HNSCC patients treated with immunotherapy has contradicted. Notably, HPV-positive OPSCC exhibits a significantly better clinical response to primary treatment (i.e., radiotherapy, surgery, and chemotherapy) and a more desirable prognosis compared to the HPV-negative OPSCC. This review summarizes the current publications on immunotherapy in HNSCC/OPSCC patients and discusses the impact of HPV infection in immunotherapeutic efficacy, providing an update on the immune landscape and future perspectives in OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yunyun Lan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bhattacharjee R, Das SS, Biswal SS, Nath A, Das D, Basu A, Malik S, Kumar L, Kar S, Singh SK, Upadhye VJ, Iqbal D, Almojam S, Roychoudhury S, Ojha S, Ruokolainen J, Jha NK, Kesari KK. Mechanistic Role of HPV-Associated Early Proteins in Cervical Cancer: Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapeutic Strategies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 174:103675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Dual Role of YY1 in HPV Life Cycle and Cervical Cancer Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073453. [PMID: 35408813 PMCID: PMC8998550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are considered to be key etiological agents responsible for the induction and development of cervical cancer. However, it has been suggested that HPV infection alone may not be sufficient to promote cervical carcinogenesis, and other unknown factors might be required to establish the disease. One of the suggested proteins whose deregulation has been linked with oncogenesis is transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1). YY1 is a multifunctional protein that is involved not only in the regulation of gene transcription and protein modification, but can also control important cell signaling pathways, such as cell growth, development, differentiation, and apoptosis. Vital functions of YY1 also indicate that the protein could be involved in tumorigenesis. The overexpression of this protein has been observed in different tumors, and its level has been correlated with poor prognoses of many types of cancers. YY1 can also regulate the transcription of viral genes. It has been documented that YY1 can bind to the HPV long control region and regulate the expression of viral oncogenes E6 and E7; however, its role in the HPV life cycle and cervical cancer development is different. In this review, we explore the role of YY1 in regulating the expression of cellular and viral genes and subsequently investigate how these changes inadvertently contribute toward the development of cervical malignancy.
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Donmez HG, Akgor U, Onder S, Tanacan A, Kuru O, Ozgul N, Usubutun A, Hufbauer M, Akgül B, Beksac MS. Impact of Human Papillomavirus on Wnt/Beta-Catenin Signaling in Morphological Inconspicuous Cervicovaginal Cells. Acta Cytol 2022; 66:409-419. [PMID: 35306501 DOI: 10.1159/000522635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to identify early changes in the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infected cervicovaginal cells and to correlate these changes with cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagic processes. METHODS We evaluated 91 cervicovaginal smears of women with (n = 41) and without (n = 50) HPV-DNA. Smears were stained against beta-catenin, c-myc, secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (sFRP4), cleaved caspase-3, and the autophagy markers Beclin-1 and light chain 3B. In addition, sFRP-1, -2, -3, -4, -5 mRNA levels were determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR in primary keratinocytes and FaDu cells expressing HPV16-E6, -E7, or -E6E7. RESULTS Our data indicated that the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is activated in HPV (+) cervicovaginal cells that can already be detected in cells with no obvious changes in cellular morphology (HPV [+]/cyto [-]). These cells also had significantly higher sFRP4 levels when compared to HPV-negative samples. In primary keratinocytes, sFRP4 was found to be absent and sFRP1 and sFRP2 to be repressed in the presence of HPV16-E6 and E7. Interestingly, sFRP4 is expressed in FaDu cells and can be upregulated in the presence of E6E7. Curiously, SFRP4 expression correlated with an increase in the level of autophagic markers in HPV (+)/cyto (-) smears. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway and upregulation of sFRP4, paralleled by an activation of the autophagic pathway may represent predisposing cellular factors early after HPV infection which need to be further determined in larger study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanife Guler Donmez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Utku Akgor
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevgen Onder
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atakan Tanacan
- Division of Perinatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ministry of Health, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Kuru
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nejat Ozgul
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alp Usubutun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martin Hufbauer
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Baki Akgül
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mehmet Sinan Beksac
- Division of Perinatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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The Chemokine System in Oncogenic Pathways Driven by Viruses: Perspectives for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030848. [PMID: 35159113 PMCID: PMC8834488 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oncoviruses are viruses with oncogenic potential, responsible for almost 20% of human cancers worldwide. They are from various families, some of which belong to the microbial communities that inhabit several sites in the body of healthy humans. As a result, they most often establish latent infections controlled by the arsenal of human host responses that include the chemokine system playing key roles at the interface between tissue homeostasis and immune surveillance. Yet, chemokines and their receptors also contribute to oncogenic processes as they are targeted by the virus-induced deregulations of host responses and/or directly encoded by viruses. Thus, the chemokine system offers a strong rationale for therapeutic options, some few already approved or in trials, and future ones that we are discussing in view of the pharmacological approaches targeting the different functions of chemokines operating in both cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Abstract Chemokines interact with glycosaminoglycans of the extracellular matrix and activate heptahelical cellular receptors that mainly consist of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and a few atypical receptors also with decoy activity. They are well-described targets of oncogenic pathways and key players in cancer development, invasiveness, and metastasis acting both at the level of cancer cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment. Hence, they can regulate cancer cell proliferation and survival and promote immune or endothelial cell migration into the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, oncogenic viruses display the potential of jeopardizing the chemokine system by encoding mimics of chemokines and receptors as well as several products such as oncogenic proteins or microRNAs that deregulate their human host transcriptome. Conversely, the chemokine system participates in the host responses that control the virus life cycle, knowing that most oncoviruses establish asymptomatic latent infections. Therefore, the deregulated expression and function of chemokines and receptors as a consequence of acquired or inherited mutations could bias oncovirus infection toward pro-oncogenic pathways. We here review these different processes and discuss the anticancer therapeutic potential of targeting chemokine availability or receptor activation, from signaling to decoy-associated functions, in combination with immunotherapies.
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Loss of the E6AP ubiquitin ligase induces p53-dependent phosphorylation of HPV-18 E6 in cells derived from cervical cancer. J Virol 2022; 96:e0150321. [PMID: 35044207 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01503-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-causing HPV E6 oncoproteins contain a well-characterised phospho-acceptor site within the PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1) binding motif (PBM) at the C-terminus of the protein. Previous studies have shown that the threonine or serine residue in the E6 PBM is subject to phosphorylation by several stress-responsive cellular kinases, upon the induction of DNA damage in cervical cancer-derived cells. However, there is little information about the regulation of E6 phosphorylation in the absence of DNA damage and whether there may be other pathways by which E6 is phosphorylated. In this study, we demonstrate that loss of E6AP results in a dramatic increase in the levels of phosphorylated E6 (pE6), despite the expected overall reduction in total E6 protein levels. Furthermore, phosphorylation of E6 requires transcriptionally active p53 and occurs in a manner which is dependent upon DNA PK. These results identify a novel feedback loop, where loss of E6AP results in upregulation of p53, leading to increased levels of E6 phosphorylation, which in turn correlates with increased association with 14-3-3 and inhibition of p53 transcriptional activity. IMPORTANCE This study demonstrates that the knockdown of E6AP from cervical cancer-derived cells leads to an increase in phosphorylation of the E6 oncoprotein. We show that this phosphorylation of E6 requires p53 transcriptional activity and the enzyme DNA PK. This study therefore defines a feedback loop whereby activation of p53 can induce phosphorylation of E6 and which in turn can inhibit p53 transcriptional activity, independently of E6's ability to target p53 for degradation.
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Quist KM, Solorzano I, Wendel SO, Chintala S, Wu C, Wallace NA, Katzenellenbogen RA. Cervical Cancer Development: Implications of HPV16 E6E7-NFX1-123 Regulated Genes. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246182. [PMID: 34944802 PMCID: PMC8699269 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) causes 4.5% of cancers and nearly all cervical cancers. HPV’s carcinogenic potential depends on its misappropriation of cellular proteins by HPV’s oncoproteins E6 and E7. High-risk HPV type 16 (HPV16) E6 binds directly to the cellular protein NFX1-123 and dysregulates proliferation, differentiation, and immunity genes. The effect of HPV16 E7 has not been studied in relation to HPV16 E6-NFX1-123-mediated dysregulation. As HPV expresses both oncogenes, and HPV carcinogenesis requires E6 and E7, it is valuable to investigate what dysregulations occur in this context. It is also important to understand their clinical and prognostic ramifications. This study’s goal was to define the gene expression profile regulated by HPV16 E6, E7, and NFX1-123 across cervical precancers and cancers, identify genes correlating with disease progression, assess patient survival, and validate findings in cell models. Finding correlates of survival and disease progression aids in biomarker identification and focuses future studies. Abstract High-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) causes nearly all cervical cancers, half of which are due to HPV type 16 (HPV16). HPV16 oncoprotein E6 (16E6) binds to NFX1-123, and dysregulates gene expression, but their clinical implications are unknown. Additionally, HPV16 E7’s role has not been studied in concert with NFX1-123 and 16E6. HR HPVs express both oncogenes, and transformation requires their expression, so we sought to investigate the effect of E7 on gene expression. This study’s goal was to define gene expression profiles across cervical precancer and cancer stages, identify genes correlating with disease progression, assess patient survival, and validate findings in cell models. We analyzed NCBI GEO datasets containing transcriptomic data linked with cervical cancer stage and utilized LASSO analysis to identify cancer-driving genes. Keratinocytes expressing 16E6 and 16E7 (16E6E7) and exogenous NFX1-123 were tested for LASSO-identified gene expression. Ten out of nineteen genes correlated with disease progression, including CEBPD, NOTCH1, and KRT16, and affected survival. 16E6E7 in keratinocytes increased CEBPD, KRT16, and SLPI, and decreased NOTCH1. Exogenous NFX1-123 in 16E6E7 keratinocytes resulted in significantly increased CEBPD and NOTCH1, and reduced SLPI. This work demonstrates the clinical relevance of CEBPD, NOTCH1, KRT16, and SLPI, and shows the regulatory effects of 16E6E7 and NFX1-123.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Quist
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (K.M.Q.); (S.C.)
| | - Isaiah Solorzano
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (I.S.); (S.O.W.); (C.W.); (N.A.W.)
| | - Sebastian O. Wendel
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (I.S.); (S.O.W.); (C.W.); (N.A.W.)
| | - Sreenivasulu Chintala
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (K.M.Q.); (S.C.)
| | - Cen Wu
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (I.S.); (S.O.W.); (C.W.); (N.A.W.)
| | - Nicholas A. Wallace
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (I.S.); (S.O.W.); (C.W.); (N.A.W.)
| | - Rachel A. Katzenellenbogen
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (K.M.Q.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-317-278-3890
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