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Engineering the hydroxyl content on aluminum oxyhydroxide nanorod for elucidating the antigen adsorption behavior. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:62. [PMID: 35739192 PMCID: PMC9226065 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the aluminum salt-based adjuvants and the antigen in the vaccine formulation is one of the determining factors affecting the immuno-potentiation effect of vaccines. However, it is not clear how the intrinsic properties of the adjuvants could affect this interaction, which limits to benefit the improvement of existing adjuvants and further formulation of new vaccines. Here, we engineered aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) nanorods and used a variety of antigens including hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA) to identify the key physicochemical properties of adjuvant that determine the antigen adsorption at the nano-bio interface between selected antigen and AlOOH nanorod adjuvant. By using various physicochemical and biophysical characterization methods, it was demonstrated that the surface hydroxyl contents of AlOOH nanorods affected the adsorptive strength of the antigen and their specific surface area determined the adsorptive capacity of the antigen. In addition, surface hydroxyl contents had an impact on the stability of the adsorbed antigen. By engineering the key intrinsic characteristics of aluminum-based adjuvants, the antigen adsorption behavior with the aluminum adjuvant could be regulated. This will facilitate the design of vaccine formulations to optimize the adsorption and stability of the antigen in vaccine.
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Zhang L, Liang Z, Chen C, Yang X, Fu D, Bao H, Li M, Shi S, Yu G, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Zhang W, Xue C, Sun B. Engineered Hydroxyapatite Nanoadjuvants with Controlled Shape and Aspect Ratios Reveal Their Immunomodulatory Potentials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59662-59672. [PMID: 34894655 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been formulated as adjuvants in vaccines for human use. However, the optimal properties required for HAP nanoparticles to elicit adjuvanticity and the underlying immunopotentiation mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Herein, a library of HAP nanorods and nanospheres was synthesized to explore the effect of the particle shape and aspect ratio on the immune responses in vitro and adjuvanticity in vivo. It was demonstrated that long aspect ratio HAP nanorods induced a higher degree of cell membrane depolarization and subsequent uptake, and the internalized particles elicited cathepsin B release and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, which further led to pro-inflammatory responses. Furthermore, the physicochemical property-dependent immunostimulation capacities were correlated with their humoral responses in a murine hepatitis B surface antigen immunization model, with long aspect ratio HAP nanorods inducing higher antigen-specific antibody productions. Importantly, HAP nanorods significantly up-regulated the IFN-γ secretion and CD107α expression on CD8+ T cells in immunized mice. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that HAP nanorods with defined properties exerted immunomodulatory effects by enhanced antigen persistence and immune cell recruitments. Our study provides a rational design strategy for engineered nanomaterial-based vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Duo Fu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Hang Bao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Shuting Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ge Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Caiqiao Zhang
- NCPC Genetech Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050035, P. R. China
| | - Weiting Zhang
- NCPC Genetech Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050035, P. R. China
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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3
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Liang Z, Yang Y, Yu G, Zhu H, Xia X, Chen C, Fu D, Li M, Cheng G, Xue C, Shi L, Zeng H, Sun B. Engineering aluminum hydroxyphosphate nanoparticles with well-controlled surface property to enhance humoral immune responses as vaccine adjuvants. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120960. [PMID: 34147722 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum phosphate adjuvants play a critical role in human inactivated and subunit prophylactic vaccines. However, a major challenge is that the underlying mechanism of immune stimulation remains poorly understood, which impedes the further optimal design and application of more effective adjuvants in vaccine formulations. To address this, a library of amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate nanoparticles (AAHPs) is engineered with defined surface properties to explore the specific mechanism of adjuvanticity at the nano-bio interface. The results demonstrate that AAHPs could induce cell membrane perturbation and downstream inflammatory responses, with positively-charged particles showing the most significantly enhanced immunostimulation potentials compared to the neutral or negatively-charged particles. In a vaccine using Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) recombinant protein as antigens, the positively-charged particles elicit long-lasting and enhanced humoral immunity, and provide protection in S. aureus sepsis mice models. In addition, when formulated with human papillomavirus type 18 virus-like particles, it is demonstrated that particles with positive charges outperform in promoting serum antigen-specific antibody productions. This study shows that engineering AAHPs with well-controlled physicochemical properties enable the establishment of a structure-activity relationship that is critical to instruct the design of suitable engineered nanomaterial-based adjuvants within vaccine formulations for the benefits of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Yun Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Ge Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Haoru Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Duo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, United States
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Li Shi
- Immune Path Biotechnology (Su Zhou) Co., Ltd., Building A, 8 Chang Ting Road, DaXin Industry Park, 215151, Su Zhou, Jiang Su, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China.
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China.
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Viger-Gravel J, Paruzzo FM, Cazaux C, Jabbour R, Leleu A, Canini F, Florian P, Ronzon F, Gajan D, Lesage A. Atomic-Scale Description of Interfaces between Antigen and Aluminum-Based Adjuvants Used in Vaccines by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2020; 26:8976-8982. [PMID: 32428253 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The addition of aluminum-based adjuvants in vaccines enhances the immune response to antigens. The strength of antigen adsorption on adjuvant gels is known to modulate vaccine efficacy. However, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between aluminum gels and antigens is still missing. Herein, a new analytical approach based on dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhanced NMR spectroscopy under magic angle spinning (MAS) is implemented to provide a molecular description of the antigen-adjuvant interface. This approach is demonstrated on hepatitis B surface antigen particles in combination with three aluminum gels obtained from different suppliers. Both noncovalent and covalent interactions between the phospholipids of the antigen particles and the surface of the aluminum gels are identified by using MAS DNP NMR 27 Al and 31 P correlation experiments. Although covalent interactions were detected for only one of the formulations, dipolar recoupling rotational echo adiabatic passage double resonance (REAPDOR) experiments reveal significant differences in the strength of weak interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Viger-Gravel
- Centre de résonance magnétique à très hauts champs (CRMN), FRE 2034 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, ENS-Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Federico M Paruzzo
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Batochime, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1530, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Corine Cazaux
- Sanofi Pasteur, 1541 av. Marcel Mérieux, 69280, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - Ribal Jabbour
- Centre de résonance magnétique à très hauts champs (CRMN), FRE 2034 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, ENS-Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Amandine Leleu
- Sanofi Pasteur, 1541 av. Marcel Mérieux, 69280, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - Françoise Canini
- Sanofi Pasteur, 1541 av. Marcel Mérieux, 69280, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - Pierre Florian
- CNRS, UPR3079 CEMHTI, 1D ave de la Recherche Scientifique, 45100, Orléans, France
| | - Frédéric Ronzon
- Sanofi Pasteur, 1541 av. Marcel Mérieux, 69280, Marcy l'Étoile, France
| | - David Gajan
- Centre de résonance magnétique à très hauts champs (CRMN), FRE 2034 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, ENS-Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de résonance magnétique à très hauts champs (CRMN), FRE 2034 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, ENS-Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
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Joe CCD, Chatterjee S, Lovrecz G, Adams TE, Thaysen-Andersen M, Walsh R, Locarnini SA, Smooker P, Netter HJ. Glycoengineered hepatitis B virus-like particles with enhanced immunogenicity. Vaccine 2020; 38:3892-3901. [PMID: 32284273 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLP) represent biological platforms for the development of novel products such as vaccines and delivery platforms for foreign antigenic sequences. VLPs composed of the small surface antigen (HBsAgS) derived from the hepatitis B virus (HBV) are the immunogenic components of a licensed, preventative vaccine, which contains aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant. Herein, we report that glycoengineering of N-glycosylated HBsAgS to generate hyper-glycosylated VLPs display an enhanced immunogenicity relative to the wild type (WT) HBsAgS VLPs when expressed in FreeStyle HEK 293F cells. Comparative mass spectrometry-based N-glycan profiling, gel electrophoresis, and immunoassays demonstrated that WT and hyper-glycosylated HBsAgS VLPs contain the same type and distribution of N-glycan structures, but the latter shows a higher glycan abundance per protein mass. The antigenic integrity of the modified VLPs was also shown to be retained. To assess whether hyper-glycosylated VLPs induce an enhanced immune response in the presence of the adjuvant aluminum hydroxide, the anti-HBV surface antigen (anti-HBsAgS) antibody response was monitored in BALB/c mice, subcutaneously injected with different VLP derivatives. In the absence and presence of adjuvant, hyper-glycosylated VLPs showed an enhanced immunogenicity compared to WT VLPs. The ability of hyper-glycosylated VLPs to promote potent anti-HBsAgS immune responses compared to VLPs with a native N-glycan level as well as non-glycosylated, yeast-derived HBsAgS VLPs opens exciting avenues for generating more efficacious VLP-based vaccines against hepatitis B and improved HBsAgS VLP carrier platforms using glycoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina C D Joe
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, School of Science, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - George Lovrecz
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Timothy E Adams
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Renae Walsh
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Stephen A Locarnini
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Peter Smooker
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, School of Science, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Hans J Netter
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, School of Science, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
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6
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Ho JKT, Jeevan-Raj B, Netter HJ. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Subviral Particles as Protective Vaccines and Vaccine Platforms. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020126. [PMID: 31973017 PMCID: PMC7077199 DOI: 10.3390/v12020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B remains one of the major global health problems more than 40 years after the identification of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) as the causative agent. A critical turning point in combating this virus was the development of a preventative vaccine composed of the HBV surface (envelope) protein (HBsAg) to reduce the risk of new infections. The isolation of HBsAg sub-viral particles (SVPs) from the blood of asymptomatic HBV carriers as antigens for the first-generation vaccines, followed by the development of recombinant HBsAg SVPs produced in yeast as the antigenic components of the second-generation vaccines, represent landmark advancements in biotechnology and medicine. The ability of the HBsAg SVPs to accept and present foreign antigenic sequences provides the basis of a chimeric particulate delivery platform, and resulted in the development of a vaccine against malaria (RTS,S/AS01, MosquirixTM), and various preclinical vaccine candidates to overcome infectious diseases for which there are no effective vaccines. Biomedical modifications of the HBsAg subunits allowed the identification of strategies to enhance the HBsAg SVP immunogenicity to build potent vaccines for preventative and possibly therapeutic applications. The review provides an overview of the formation and assembly of the HBsAg SVPs and highlights the utilization of the particles in key effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Kha-Tu Ho
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; (J.K.-T.H.); (B.J.-R.)
| | - Beena Jeevan-Raj
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; (J.K.-T.H.); (B.J.-R.)
| | - Hans-Jürgen Netter
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; (J.K.-T.H.); (B.J.-R.)
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, School of Science, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Gogoi H, Mani R, Aggarwal S, Malik A, Munde M, Bhatnagar R. Crystalline and Amorphous Preparation of Aluminum Hydroxide Nanoparticles Enhances Protective Antigen Domain 4 Specific Immunogenicity and Provides Protection Against Anthrax. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:239-252. [PMID: 32021177 PMCID: PMC6970252 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s219647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aluminum salts, although they have been used as adjuvants in many vaccine formulations since 1926, exclusively induce a Th2-biased immune response, thereby limiting their use against intracellular pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods and Results Herein, we synthesized amorphous and crystalline forms of aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles (AH nps) of 150–200 nm size range. Using Bacillus anthracis protective antigen domain 4 (D4) as a model antigen, we demonstrated that both amorphous and crystalline forms of AH nps displayed enhanced antigen D4 uptake by THP1 cells as compared to commercial adjuvant aluminum hydroxide gel (AH gel). In a mouse model, both amorphous and crystalline AH nps triggered an enhanced D4-specific Th2- and Th1-type immune response and conferred superior protection against anthrax spore challenge as compared to AH gel. Physicochemical characterization of crystalline and amorphous AH nps revealed stronger antigen D4 binding and release than AH gel. Conclusion These results demonstrate that size and crystallinity of AH nps play important roles in mediating enhanced antigen presenting cells (APCs) activation and potentiating a strong antigen-specific immune response, and are critical parameters for the rational design of alum-based Th1-type adjuvant to induce a more balanced antigen-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Gogoi
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Mani
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Soumya Aggarwal
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anshu Malik
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Munde
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Yuan D, Wang C, Liu Y, Lei S, Wen Y. Mechanism Study of the Formation of Indigo Carmine-Aluminum Hydroxide Lake for Food Use. J Food Sci 2019; 84:3129-3139. [PMID: 31599976 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although aluminum lakes are widely used in food industry for dyeing demands, there is still a dearth in the understanding of the colorant lake formation mechanism. In this study, indigo carmine (IC) lake (IC-aluminum hydroxide complex), a frequently used blue lake in the food industry, was investigated in terms of kinetics, isotherms, properties of colloidal particles, infrared (IR) spectra, and titration curves. Pseudo-second-order model presented the strongest correlation with the kinetic data at all pH levels (R2 ≥ 0.994). In pH range from 4 to 7, the colloidal particles of aluminum hydroxide were positively charged with zeta potential around 44 mV; a further pH increase induced to a decreased zeta potential, which reached negative levels at pH 10 and beyond. Diameter maximized at pH 10 (22.47 µm) and declined when the pH was reduced. Isotherm analysis showed that the adsorption followed monolayer adsorption patterns, as described by the Langmuir isotherm model. IR spectra indicated sulfonic acid groups participated in a chemical reaction during adsorption, and the titration assay further confirmed the formation of coordination bonds between sulfonic acid groups and aluminum atoms. This study profiled the reaction responsible for the formation of the blue lake and elucidated its reaction mechanism. Furthermore, the outcome could assist in improving the production efficiency of the lake through achieving higher reaction rate and adsorption capacity. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The study elucidated the mechanism of indigo carmine (IC)-aluminum hydroxide lake formation, including profile of the adsorption process and molecular interaction between the blue dye and the hydroxide. The outcome of this study would help to improve the production efficiency of IC-aluminum hydroxide lakes, and to decrease the content of aluminum required in the lake by optimizing the production parameters to enhance the adsorption capacity of aluminum hydroxide, which would facilitate the alleviation of the potential health hazards caused by excessive intake of aluminum through foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Yuan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business Univ., Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business Univ., Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ya Liu
- R&D Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, 650202, China
| | - Sheng Lei
- R&D Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, 650202, China
| | - Yanjun Wen
- Henan Zhongda Hengyuan Biotechnology Stock Co. Ltd., Luohe, 462600, China
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9
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Mazzara JM, Ochyl LJ, Hong JKY, Moon JJ, Prausnitz MR, Schwendeman SP. Self-healing encapsulation and controlled release of vaccine antigens from PLGA microparticles delivered by microneedle patches. Bioeng Transl Med 2019; 4:116-128. [PMID: 30680323 PMCID: PMC6336668 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to reduce reliance on hypodermic injections for many vaccines to increase vaccination safety and coverage. Alternative approaches include controlled release formulations, which reduce dosing frequencies, and utilizing alternative delivery devices such as microneedle patches (MNPs). This work explores development of controlled release microparticles made of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) that stably encapsulate various antigens though aqueous active self-healing encapsulation (ASE). These microparticles are incorporated into rapid-dissolving MNPs for intradermal vaccination. PLGA microparticles containing Alhydrogel are loaded with antigens separate from microparticle fabrication using ASE. This avoids antigen expsoure to many stressors. The microparticles demonstrate bi-phasic release, with initial burst of soluble antigen, followed by delayed release of Alhydrogel-complexed antigen over approximately 2 months in vitro. For delivery, the microparticles are incorporated into MNPs designed with pedestals to extend functional microneedle length. These microneedles readily penetrate skin and rapidly dissolve to deposit microparticles intradermally. Microparticles remain in the tissue for extended residence, with MNP-induced micropores resealing readily. In animal models, these patches generate robust immune responses that are comparable to conventional administration techniques. This lays the framework for a versatile vaccine delivery system that could be self-applied with important logistical advantages over hypodermic injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Maxwell Mazzara
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - Lukasz J. Ochyl
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - Justin K. Y. Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - James J. Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborMI
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - Mark R. Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA
| | - Steven P. Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborMI
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
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10
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Shardlow E, Mold M, Exley C. Unraveling the enigma: elucidating the relationship between the physicochemical properties of aluminium-based adjuvants and their immunological mechanisms of action. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 14:80. [PMID: 30455719 PMCID: PMC6223008 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-018-0305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium salts are by far the most commonly used adjuvants in vaccines. There are only two aluminium salts which are used in clinically-approved vaccines, Alhydrogel® and AdjuPhos®, while the novel aluminium adjuvant used in Gardasil® is a sulphated version of the latter. We have investigated the physicochemical properties of these two aluminium adjuvants and specifically in milieus approximating to both vaccine vehicles and the composition of injection sites. Additionally we have used a monocytic cell line to establish the relationship between their physicochemical properties and their internalisation and cytotoxicity. We emphasise that aluminium adjuvants used in clinically approved vaccines are chemically and biologically dissimilar with concomitantly potentially distinct roles in vaccine-related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Shardlow
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK
| | - Matthew Mold
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK
| | - Christopher Exley
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK
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11
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Toprani VM, Cheng Y, Wahome N, Khasa H, Kueltzo LA, Schwartz RM, Middaugh CR, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Structural Characterization and Formulation Development of a Trivalent Equine Encephalitis Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Candidate. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2544-2558. [PMID: 29883665 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The zoonotic equine encephalitis viruses (EEVs) can cause debilitating and life-threatening disease, leading to ongoing vaccine development efforts for an effective virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine based on 3 strains of EEV (Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan or EEE, WEE and VEE VLPs, respectively). In this work, transmission electron microscopy and light scattering studies showed enveloped, spherical, and ∼70 nm sized VLPs. Biophysical studies demonstrated optimal VLP physical stability in the pH range of 7.5-8.5 and at temperatures below ∼50°C. Interestingly, the individual stability profiles differed notably between the 3 VLPs. Numerous pharmaceutical excipients were screened for their VLP stabilizing effects against thermal stress. Sucrose, sorbitol, sodium chloride, and pluronic F-68 were identified as promising stabilizers and the concentrations and combinations of these additives were optimized. Candidate monovalent VLP bulk formulations were incubated at temperatures ranging from -80°C to 40°C to establish freeze-thaw, long-term (2°C-8°C) and accelerated stability trends. Good VLP stability profiles were observed at each storage temperature, except for a distinct instability observed at -20°C. The interaction of monovalent and trivalent VLP formulations with aluminum adjuvants was examined, both in terms of antigen adsorption and desorption over time. The implications of these findings on future vaccine formulation development of EEV VLPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal M Toprani
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Newton Wahome
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Harshit Khasa
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Lisa A Kueltzo
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Richard M Schwartz
- Vaccine Production Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - David B Volkin
- Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
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12
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The Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of Aluminum Hydroxide/TLR7a, a Novel Vaccine Adjuvant Comprising a Small Molecule Adsorbed to Aluminum Hydroxide. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1577-1585. [PMID: 29421216 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvants are necessary to enable vaccine development against a significant number of challenging pathogens for which effective vaccines are not available. We engineered a novel small-molecule immune potentiator, a benzonaphthyridine agonist targeting toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), as a vaccine adjuvant. TLR7 agonist (TLR7a) was engineered to be adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide (AlOH), and the resulting AlOH/TLR7a was evaluated as a vaccine adjuvant. AlOH/TLR7a exploits the flexibility of AlOH formulations, has an application in many vaccine candidates, and induced good efficacy and safety profiles against all tested antigens (bacterial- and viral-derived protein antigens, toxoids, glycoconjugates, and so forth) in many animal models, including nonhuman primates. In this article, we describe the outcome of the physicochemical characterization of AlOH/TLR7a. Reverse-phase ultra performance liquid chromatography, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, zeta potential, and phosphophilicity assays were used as tools to demonstrate the association of TLR7a to AlOH and to characterize this novel formulation. Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy were also used to investigate the interaction between TLR7a and AlOH (data not shown). This pivotal work paved the way for AlOH/TLR7a to progress into the clinic for evaluation as an adjuvant platform for vaccines against challenging preventable diseases.
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Art JF, Vander Straeten A, Dupont-Gillain CC. Immobilization of Aluminum Hydroxide Particles on Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors to Elucidate Antigen-Adjuvant Interaction Mechanisms in Vaccines. Anal Chem 2017; 90:1168-1176. [PMID: 29224339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum hydroxide (AH) salts are the most widely used adjuvants in vaccine formulation. They trigger immunogenicity from antigenic subunits that would otherwise suffer from a lack of efficiency. Previous studies focusing on antigen-AH interaction mechanisms, performed with model proteins, suggested that electrostatic interactions and phosphate-hydroxyl ligand exchanges drive protein adsorption on AH. We however recently evidenced that NaCl, used in vaccine formulation, provokes AH particle aggregation. This must be taken into account to interpret data related to protein adsorption on AH. Here, we report on the successful development and use of a stable AH-coated surface to explore the mechanisms of protein adsorption by means of ultrasensitive surface analysis tools. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption was studied at different pHs and ionic strengths (I) using quartz crystal microbalance. The results show that protein adsorption on the AH adjuvant cannot be explained solely by electrostatic interactions and ligand exchanges. Hence, a higher adsorption was observed at pH 3 compared to pH 7, although AH and BSA respectively undergo repulsive and attractive electrostatic interactions at these pH values. Almost no effect of I on adsorption was moreover noted at pH 7. These new developments and observations not only suggest that other mechanisms govern protein adsorption on AH but also offer a new platform for the study of antigen adsorption in the context of vaccine formulation. Immobilizing particles on QCM sensors also enriches the range of applications for which QCM can be exploited, especially in colloid science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Art
- Université catholique de Louvain , Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio- and Soft Matter division, Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.10, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Aurélien Vander Straeten
- Université catholique de Louvain , Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio- and Soft Matter division, Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.10, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Christine C Dupont-Gillain
- Université catholique de Louvain , Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio- and Soft Matter division, Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.10, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Jully V, Mathot F, Moniotte N, Préat V, Lemoine D. Mechanisms of Antigen Adsorption Onto an Aluminum-Hydroxide Adjuvant Evaluated by High-Throughput Screening. J Pharm Sci 2017; 105:1829-1836. [PMID: 27238481 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption mechanism of antigen on aluminum adjuvant can affect antigen elution at the injection site and hence the immune response. Our aim was to evaluate adsorption onto aluminum hydroxide (AH) by ligand exchange and electrostatic interactions of model proteins and antigens, bovine serum albumin (BSA), β-casein, ovalbumin (OVA), hepatitis B surface antigen, and tetanus toxin (TT). A high-throughput screening platform was developed to measure adsorption isotherms in the presence of electrolytes and ligand exchange by a fluorescence-spectroscopy method that detects the catalysis of 6,8-difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate by free hydroxyl groups on AH. BSA adsorption depended on predominant electrostatic interactions. Ligand exchange contributes to the adsorption of β-casein, OVA, hepatitis B surface antigen, and TT onto AH. Based on relative surface phosphophilicity and adsorption isotherms in the presence of phosphate and fluoride, the capacities of the proteins to interact with AH by ligand exchange followed the trend: OVA < β-casein < BSA < TT. This could be explained by both the content of ligands available in the protein structure for ligand exchange and the antigen's molecular weight. The high-throughput screening platform can be used to better understand the contributions of ligand exchange and electrostatic attractions governing the interactions between an antigen adsorbed onto aluminum-containing adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Jully
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels 1200, Belgium; GSK Vaccines, Vaccine Discovery and Development, Rixensart 1330, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Mathot
- GSK Vaccines, Vaccine Discovery and Development, Rixensart 1330, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Moniotte
- GSK Vaccines, Vaccine Discovery and Development, Rixensart 1330, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels 1200, Belgium.
| | - Dominique Lemoine
- GSK Vaccines, Vaccine Discovery and Development, Rixensart 1330, Belgium
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15
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Shardlow E, Mold M, Exley C. From Stock Bottle to Vaccine: Elucidating the Particle Size Distributions of Aluminum Adjuvants Using Dynamic Light Scattering. Front Chem 2017; 4:48. [PMID: 28119911 PMCID: PMC5220009 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2016.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of aluminum salts are key determinants of their resultant adjuvanticity in vivo when administered as part of a vaccine. While there are links between particle size and the efficacy of the immune response, the limited literature directly characterizing the PSD of aluminum adjuvants has stymied the elucidation of such a relationship for these materials. Hence, this comparative study was undertaken to monitor the PSD of aluminum adjuvants throughout the process of vaccine formulation using DLS. A significant proportion of the stock suspensions was highly agglomerated (>9 μm) and Alhydrogel® exhibited the smallest median size (2677 ± 120 nm) in comparison to Adju-Phos® or Imject alum® (7152 ± 308 and 7294 ± 146 nm respectively) despite its large polydispersity index (PDI). Dilution of these materials induced some degree of disaggregation within all samples with Adju-Phos® being the most significantly affected. The presence of BSA caused the median size of Alhydrogel® to increase but these trends were not evident when model vaccines were formulated with either Adju-Phos® or Imject alum®. Nevertheless, Alhydrogel® and Adju-Phos® exhibited comparable median sizes in the presence of this protein (4194 ± 466 and 4850 ± 501 nm respectively) with Imject alum® being considerably smaller (2155 ± 485 nm). These results suggest that the PSD of aluminum adjuvants is greatly influenced by dilution and the degree of protein adsorption experienced within the vaccine itself. The size of the resultant antigen-adjuvant complex may be important for its immunological recognition and subsequent clearance from the injection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Shardlow
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, The Birchall Centre, Keele University Staffordshire, UK
| | - Matthew Mold
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, The Birchall Centre, Keele University Staffordshire, UK
| | - Christopher Exley
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, The Birchall Centre, Keele University Staffordshire, UK
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Mineral Adjuvants∗∗The present chapter is an updated version of the chapter “Mineral Adjuvants,” published in Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines, p. 217–233. Ed. Virgil Schijns & Derek O'Hagan, Elsevier Science Publishers (2005). IMMUNOPOTENTIATORS IN MODERN VACCINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC7149584 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804019-5.00018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mineral adjuvants comprise aluminum hydroxide and phosphate adjuvants as well as calcium phosphate adjuvants. In particular, the aluminum salts have achieved an undisputed status as the most commonly used adjuvants in human and veterinary vaccines. Calcium phosphate adjuvant, later discovered by Edgar Relyveld, constitutes a very interesting alternative and has also been applied both in human and veterinary vaccines. New analytical tools applied in adjuvant research are about to take us to the next level of understanding mineral adjuvants. These tools have been used to characterize mineral adjuvants, but so far, in particular, aluminum-based adjuvants in terms of surface marker expression profiles, isotypic profiles, and cytokine profiles. In the past 10 years, the discovery of adjuvant-mediated induction of the NALP3 inflammasome and its impact on the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 as proinflammatory mediators in the early phases of immune response has been described as an important mechanism for the function of these adjuvants.
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17
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Chan MY, Fedor DM, Phan T, V LB, Kramer RM. Interactions Between Antigens and Nanoemulsion Adjuvants: Separation and Characterization Techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1494:285-294. [PMID: 27718202 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6445-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Determining the association of vaccine components in a formulation is of interest for designing and optimizing well characterized vaccines. Three methods are described to assess interactions between protein antigens and oil-in-water nanoemulsion adjuvants. The methods include (1) ultracentrifugation to measure free versus adjuvant-associated protein, (2) size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to qualitatively assess existing interactions, and (3) Native PAGE as a means to visualize the formulation run in its native state on a polyacrylamide gel. As with many techniques, the methods alone are not definitive, but data from multiple orthogonal assays can provide a more complete picture of protein-adjuvant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawn M Fedor
- IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Tony Phan
- IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | | | - Ryan M Kramer
- IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
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18
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Fox CB, Orr MT, Van Hoeven N, Parker SC, Mikasa TJT, Phan T, Beebe EA, Nana GI, Joshi SW, Tomai MA, Elvecrog J, Fouts TR, Reed SG. Adsorption of a synthetic TLR7/8 ligand to aluminum oxyhydroxide for enhanced vaccine adjuvant activity: A formulation approach. J Control Release 2016; 244:98-107. [PMID: 27847326 PMCID: PMC5176129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For nearly a century, aluminum salts have been the most widely used vaccine adjuvant formulation, and have thus established a history of safety and efficacy. Nevertheless, for extremely challenging disease targets such as tuberculosis or HIV, the adjuvant activity of aluminum salts may not be potent enough to achieve protective efficacy. Adsorption of TLR ligands to aluminum salts facilitates enhanced adjuvant activity, such as in the human papilloma virus vaccine Cervarix®. However, some TLR ligands such as TLR7/8 agonist imidazoquinolines do not efficiently adsorb to aluminum salts. The present report describes a formulation approach to solving this challenge by developing a lipid-based nanosuspension of a synthetic TLR7/8 ligand (3M-052) that facilitates adsorption to aluminum oxyhydroxide via the structural properties of the helper lipid employed. In immunized mice, the aluminum oxyhydroxide-adsorbed formulation of 3M-052 enhanced antibody and TH1-type cellular immune responses to vaccine antigens for tuberculosis and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Fox
- IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Ave, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; Dept of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
| | - Mark T Orr
- IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Ave, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; Dept of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tony Phan
- IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Ave, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark A Tomai
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems, 3M Center, 275-3E-10, St. Paul, MN 55144, USA
| | - James Elvecrog
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems, 3M Center, 275-3E-10, St. Paul, MN 55144, USA
| | | | - Steven G Reed
- IDRI, 1616 Eastlake Ave, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; Dept of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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19
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Masson JD, Thibaudon M, Bélec L, Crépeaux G. Calcium phosphate: a substitute for aluminum adjuvants? Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 16:289-299. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1244484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Daniel Masson
- Association E3M (Entraide aux Malades de Myofasciite à Macrophages), Monprimblanc, France
| | - Michel Thibaudon
- Pharmacien « Service des Allergènes », de l’Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Bélec
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, & Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Guillemette Crépeaux
- École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Inserm U955 E10, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
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20
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Bell A, Heath M, Hewings S, Skinner M. The adsorption of allergoids and 3-O-desacyl-4′-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL®) to microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT) in formulations for use in allergy immunotherapy. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 152:147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Otto RBD, Burkin K, Amir SE, Crane DT, Bolgiano B. Patterns of binding of aluminum-containing adjuvants to Haemophilus influenzae type b and meningococcal group C conjugate vaccines and components. Biologicals 2015; 43:355-62. [PMID: 26194164 PMCID: PMC4582044 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The basis of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C (MenC) glycoconjugates binding to aluminum-containing adjuvants was studied. By measuring the amount of polysaccharide and protein in the non-adsorbed supernatant, the adjuvant, aluminum phosphate, AlPO4, was found to be less efficient than aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3 at binding to the conjugates, at concentrations relevant to licensed vaccine formulations and when equimolar. At neutral pH, binding of TT conjugates to AlPO4 was facilitated through the carrier protein, with only weak binding of AlPO4 to CRM197 being observed. There was slightly higher binding of either adjuvant to tetanus toxoid conjugates, than to CRM197 conjugates. This was verified in AlPO4 formulations containing DTwP-Hib, where the adsorption of TT-conjugated Hib was higher than CRM197-conjugated Hib. At neutral pH, the anionic Hib and MenC polysaccharides did not appreciably bind to AlPO4, but did bind to Al(OH)3, due to electrostatic interactions. Phosphate ions reduced the binding of the conjugates to the adjuvants. These patterns of adjuvant adsorption can form the basis for future formulation studies with individual and combination vaccines containing saccharide-protein conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B D Otto
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
| | - Karena Burkin
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
| | - Saba Erum Amir
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
| | - Dennis T Crane
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
| | - Barbara Bolgiano
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
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Jully V, Moniotte N, Mathot F, Lemoine D, Préat V. Development of a High-Throughput Screening Platform to Study the Adsorption of Antigens onto Aluminum-Containing Adjuvants. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:557-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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23
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Zhang Y, Li M, Yang F, Li Y, Zheng Z, Zhang X, Lin Q, Wang Y, Li S, Xia N, Zhang J, Zhao Q. Comparable quality attributes of hepatitis E vaccine antigen with and without adjuvant adsorption-dissolution treatment. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:1129-39. [PMID: 26018442 PMCID: PMC4514398 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1009343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most vaccines require adjuvants for antigen stabilization and immune potentiation. Aluminum-based adjuvants are the most widely used adjuvants for human vaccines. Previous reports demonstrated the preservation of antigen conformation and other antigen characteristics after recovery from adjuvanted Hepatitis B and human papillomavirus vaccines. In this study, we used a combination of various physiochemical and immunochemical methods to analyze hepatitis E vaccine antigen quality attributes after recovery from adjuvants. All biochemical and biophysical methods showed similar characteristics of the p239 protein after recovery from adjuvanted vaccine formulation compared to the antigen in solution which never experienced adsorption/desorption process. Most importantly, we demonstrated full preservation of key antigen epitopes post-recovery from adjuvanted vaccine using a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies as exquisite probes. Antigenicity of p239 was probed with a panel of 9 mAbs using competition/blocking ELISA, surface plasmon resonance and sandwich ELISA methods. These multifaceted analyses demonstrated the preservation of antigen key epitopes and comparable protein thermal stability when adsorbed on adjuvants or of the recovered antigen post-dissolution treatment. A better understanding of the antigen conformation in adjuvanted vaccine will enhanced our knowledge of antigen-adjuvant interactions and facilitate an improved process control and development of stable vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
- School of Life Science; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
- School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
- School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yufang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
- School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Zizheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
- School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
- School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Qingshan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
- School of Life Science; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- China National Center for Biotechnology Development; Beijing, PR China
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
- School of Life Science; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
- School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
- School of Life Science; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
- School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
- School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Qinjian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
- School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
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Fox CB, Kramer RM, Barnes V L, Dowling QM, Vedvick TS. Working together: interactions between vaccine antigens and adjuvants. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2014; 1:7-20. [PMID: 24757512 DOI: 10.1177/2051013613480144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of vaccines containing adjuvants has the potential to enhance antibody and cellular immune responses, broaden protective immunity against heterogeneous pathogen strains, enable antigen dose sparing, and facilitate efficacy in immunocompromised populations. Nevertheless, the structural interplay between antigen and adjuvant components is often not taken into account in the published literature. Interactions between antigen and adjuvant formulations should be well characterized to enable optimum vaccine stability and efficacy. This review focuses on the importance of characterizing antigen-adjuvant interactions by summarizing findings involving widely used adjuvant formulation platforms, such as aluminum salts, emulsions, lipid vesicles, and polymer-based particles. Emphasis is placed on the physicochemical basis of antigen-adjuvant associations and the appropriate analytical tools for their characterization, as well as discussing the effects of these interactions on vaccine potency.
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25
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Huang M, Wang W. Factors affecting alum-protein interactions. Int J Pharm 2014; 466:139-46. [PMID: 24607202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Alum (or aluminum-containing) adjuvants are key components of many vaccines currently on the market. The immuno-potentiation effect of alum adjuvants is presumably due to their interaction with antigens, leading to adsorption on the alum particle surface. Understanding the mechanism of antigen adsorption/desorption and its influencing factors could provide guidance on formulation design and ensure proper in-vivo immuno-potentiation effect. In this paper, surface adsorption of several model proteins on two types of aluminum adjuvants (Alhydrogel(®) and Adjuphos(®)) are investigated to understand the underlying adsorption mechanisms, capacities, and potential influencing factors. It was found that electrostatic interactions are the major driving force for surface adsorption of all the model proteins except ovalbumin. Alhydrogel has a significantly higher adsorption capacity than Adjuphos. Several factors significantly change the adsorption capacity of both Alhydrogel and Adjuphos, including molecular weight of protein antigens, sodium chloride, phosphate buffer, denaturing agents, and size of aluminum particles. These important factors need to be carefully considered in the design of an effective protein antigen-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Biotherapeutic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., 1 Burtt Rd, Andover, MA 01810, United States.
| | - Wei Wang
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Biotherapeutic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United States
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26
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The structure of HBsAg particles is not modified upon their adsorption on aluminium hydroxide gel. Vaccine 2012; 30:5240-5. [PMID: 22705175 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Current Hepatitis B vaccines are based on recombinant Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) virus-like particles adsorbed on aluminium (Al) gel. These particles exhibit a lipoprotein-like structure with about 70 protein S molecules in association with various types of lipids. To determine whether the adsorption on Al gel affects HBsAg structure, we investigated the effect of adsorption and mild desorption processes on the protein and lipid parts of the particles, using various techniques. Electron microscopy showed that the size and morphology of native and desorbed HBsAg particles were comparable. Moreover, infrared and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the secondary structure of the S proteins was not affected by the adsorption/desorption process. Affinity measurements with Surface Plasmon Resonance showed no difference between native and desorbed HBsAg for HBsAg-specific RF-1 monoclonal antibody. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence data of the intrinsic fluorescence of the S proteins further indicated that the adsorption/desorption of HBsAg particles on Al gel did not modify the environment of the most emitting Trp residues, confirming that the conformation of the S proteins remains intact. Moreover, using environment-sensitive 3-hydroxyflavone probes, no significant changes of the lipid core and lipid membrane surface of the HBsAg particles were observed during the adsorption/desorption process. Finally, the ratio between lipids and proteins in the particles was found to be similar before and after the adsorption/desorption process. Taken together, our data show that adsorption on Al gel does not affect the structure of the HBsAg particles.
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27
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Zhu D, Huang S, McClellan H, Dai W, Syed NR, Gebregeorgis E, Rausch KM, Mullen GED, Long C, Martin LB, Narum D, Duffy P, Miller LH, Saul A. Efficient extraction of vaccines formulated in aluminum hydroxide gel by including surfactants in the extraction buffer. Vaccine 2012; 30:189-94. [PMID: 22107848 PMCID: PMC3246088 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficient antigen extraction from vaccines formulated on aluminum hydroxide gels is a critical step for the evaluation of the quality of vaccines following formulation. It has been shown in our laboratory that the efficiency of antigen extraction from vaccines formulated on Alhydrogel decreased significantly with increased storage time. To increase antigen extraction efficiency, the present study determined the effect of surfactants on antigen recovery from vaccine formulations. The Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) formulated on Alhydrogel and stored at 2-8°C for 3 years was used as a model in this study. The AMA1 on Alhydrogel was extracted in the presence or absence of 30 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or 20mM cetylpyridinium chloride in the extraction buffer (0.60 M citrate, 0.55 M phosphate, pH 8.5) using our standard antigen extraction protocols. Extracted AMA1 antigen was analyzed by 4-20% Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE followed by silver staining or western blotting. The results showed that inclusion of SDS or cetylpyridinium chloride in extraction buffer increased the antigen recovery dramatically and can be used for efficient characterization of Alhydrogel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Zhu
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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28
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Sample Treatment Approaches for Trace Level Determination of Cesium in Hepatitis B Vaccine by Suppressed Ion Chromatography. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Kamerzell TJ, Esfandiary R, Joshi SB, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB. Protein-excipient interactions: mechanisms and biophysical characterization applied to protein formulation development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1118-59. [PMID: 21855584 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the critical importance of understanding protein-excipient interactions as a key step in the rational design of formulations to stabilize and deliver protein-based therapeutic drugs and vaccines. Biophysical methods used to examine various molecular interactions between solutes and protein molecules are discussed with an emphasis on applications to pharmaceutical excipients in terms of their effects on protein stability. Key mechanisms of protein-excipient interactions such as electrostatic and cation-pi interactions, preferential hydration, dispersive forces, and hydrogen bonding are presented in the context of different physical states of the formulation such as frozen liquids, solutions, gels, freeze-dried solids and interfacial phenomenon. An overview of the different classes of pharmaceutical excipients used to formulate and stabilize protein therapeutic drugs is also presented along with the rationale for use in different dosage forms including practical pharmaceutical considerations. The utility of high throughput analytical methodologies to examine protein-excipient interactions is presented in terms of expanding formulation design space and accelerating experimental timelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Kamerzell
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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30
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Henriksen-Lacey M, Korsholm KS, Andersen P, Perrie Y, Christensen D. Liposomal vaccine delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:505-19. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.558081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Clapp T, Siebert P, Chen D, Jones Braun L. Vaccines with aluminum-containing adjuvants: optimizing vaccine efficacy and thermal stability. J Pharm Sci 2010; 100:388-401. [PMID: 20740674 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum-containing adjuvants have been used to enhance the immune response against killed, inactivated, and subunit antigens for more than seven decades. Nevertheless, we are only beginning to gain important insight as to what may be some very fundamental parameters for optimizing their use. For example, there is evidence that the conventional approach of maximizing antigen binding (amount and/or strength) may not result in an optimal immune response. Adsorption of antigen onto the adjuvant has recently been suggested to decrease the thermal stability of some antigens; however, whether adsorption-induced alterations to the structure and/or stability of the antigen have consequences for the elicited immune response is unclear. Finally, the thermal stability of vaccines with aluminum-containing adjuvants is not robust. Optimizing the stability of these vaccines requires an understanding of the freeze sensitivity of the adjuvant, freeze and heat sensitivity of the antigen in the presence of the adjuvant, and perhaps most important, how (or whether) various approaches to formulation can be used to address these instabilities. This review attempts to summarize recent findings regarding issues that may dictate the success of vaccines with aluminum-containing adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Clapp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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33
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The structure of Yersinia pestis Caf1 polymer in free and adjuvant bound states. Vaccine 2010; 28:5746-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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The kinetics of soluble and particulate antigen trafficking in the afferent lymph, and its modulation by aluminum-based adjuvant. Vaccine 2010; 28:6597-602. [PMID: 20678587 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium adjuvants are potent enhancers of immune responses. Despite being a component in most human and animal vaccines, their specific mode of action remains elusive. We have used a sheep lymphatic cannulation model to directly measure the trafficking of soluble and particulate antigen in real-time from the site of injection. Aluminium adjuvant does not alter the kinetics of antigen flow from the site of injection; however it does reduce the amount of soluble antigen entering into afferent lymph. Large numbers of neutrophils, but not DCs, were recruited into the lymph in both saline and aluminium-injected sites and were predominantly responsible for the early uptake of particulate antigen into the lymphatic. Aluminium adjuvant did not significantly increase neutrophil uptake but markedly increased the subsequent uptake of particulate antigen by DCs from 48 to 72 h after antigen injection. Thus, the adjuvanticity of aluminium does not correlate with slow antigen release or increased cell recruitment, but with retention of antigen at the site of injection, and increased uptake of particulate antigen by mature migratory DCs after 24h.
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35
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Brunner R, Jensen-Jarolim E, Pali-Schöll I. The ABC of clinical and experimental adjuvants--a brief overview. Immunol Lett 2009; 128:29-35. [PMID: 19895847 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are compounds that can increase and/or modulate the intrinsic immunogenicity of an antigen and elicit strong and long lasting immune responses. During the last 80 years many adjuvants have been used in experimental settings, but due to various shortcomings of most of them only aluminum compounds made it into regular clinical usage. However, during the last years promising candidates have arisen that may finally adjunct or displace aluminum substances as main adjuvant. This review summarizes information on adjuvants currently used in clinical as well as in experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Brunner
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, AKH-EB 03.Q, Vienna, Austria
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36
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Brunner R, Wallmann J, Szalai K, Karagiannis P, Altmeppen H, Riemer AB, Jensen-Jarolim E, Pali-Schöll I. Aluminium per se and in the anti-acid drug sucralfate promotes sensitization via the oral route. Allergy 2009; 64:890-7. [PMID: 19210370 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aluminium (ALUM) is used as experimental and clinical adjuvant for parenteral vaccine formulation. It is also contained in anti-acid drugs like sucralfate (SUC). These anti-acids have been shown to cause sensitization to food proteins via elevation of the gastric pH. The aim of this study was to assess the oral adjuvant properties of ALUM, alone or contained in SUC, in a BALB/c mouse model. METHODS Mice were fed SUC plus ovalbumin (OVA) and compared with groups where ALUM or proton pump inhibitors (PPI) were applied as adjuvants. The humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed on antigen-specific antibody and cytokine levels. The in vivo relevance was investigated in skin tests. RESULTS The highest OVA-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgE antibody levels were found in mice fed with OVA/SUC, followed by OVA/ALUM-treated animals, indicating a T helper 2 (Th2) shift in both groups. Antibody levels in other groups revealed lower (OVA/PPI-group) or baseline levels (control groups). Positive skin tests confirmed an allergic response in anti-acid or adjuvant-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS Our data show for the first time that ALUM acts as a Th2-adjuvant via the oral route. This suggests that orally applied SUC leads to an enhanced risk for food allergy, not only by inhibiting peptic digestion but also by acting as a Th2-adjuvant by its ALUM content.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brunner
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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37
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Comparative stability study of lyophilised aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted vaccine formulations containing a monoclonal antibody as a model antigen and methods used for their characterisation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Hansen B, Belfast M, Soung G, Song L, Egan PM, Capen R, Hogenesch H, Mancinelli R, Hem SL. Effect of the strength of adsorption of hepatitis B surface antigen to aluminum hydroxide adjuvant on the immune response. Vaccine 2008; 27:888-92. [PMID: 19071182 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is known to adsorb to aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (AH) by ligand exchange between its accessible phosphate groups and surface hydroxyl groups of the adjuvant. To study the effect of the binding strength, five vaccines were prepared with AH or four samples of AH that were modified by pretreatment with different concentrations of potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The adsorptive coefficients ranged from 3660 to 250mL/mg based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and degrees of elution ranged from 1 to 31% when the vaccines were exposed to interstitial fluid in vitro. When tested in mice the four vaccines containing phosphate-treated AH (PTAH) induced significantly greater antibody responses than the vaccine containing AH, which had the highest adsorptive coefficient and the smallest degree of elution of HBsAg. The results indicated that antibody production is reduced when the antigen is adsorbed too strongly. Thus, the strength of adsorption of the antigen to an aluminum-containing adjuvant can affect the immunogenicity of the vaccine and should be optimized during vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Hansen
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2091, USA
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Pandit S, Cevher E, Zariwala MG, Somavarapu S, Alpar HO. Enhancement of immune response of HBsAg loaded poly (L-lactic acid) microspheres against Hepatitis B through incorporation of alum and chitosan. J Microencapsul 2008; 24:539-52. [PMID: 17654174 DOI: 10.1080/02652040701443700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Poly (L-lactic acid) (PLA) microparticles encapsulating Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with alum and chitosan were investigated for their potential as a vaccine delivery system. METHODS The microparticles, prepared using a water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsion solvent evaporation method with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or chitosan as the external phase stabilising agent showed a significant increase in the encapsulation efficiency of the antigen. RESULTS PLA-Alum and PLA-chitosan microparticles induced HBsAg serum specific IgG antibody responses significantly higher than PLA only microparticles and free antigen following subcutaneous administration. Chitosan not only imparted a positive charge to the surface of the microparticles but was also able to increase the serum specific IgG antibody responses significantly. CONCLUSIONS The cytokine assays showed that the serum IgG antibody response induced is different according to the formulation, indicated by the differential levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). The microparticles eliciting the highest IgG antibody response did not necessarily elicit the highest levels of the cytokines IL-4, IL-6 and IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivas Pandit
- Centre for Drug Delivery Research, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK
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40
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Makidon PE, Bielinska AU, Nigavekar SS, Janczak KW, Knowlton J, Scott AJ, Mank N, Cao Z, Rathinavelu S, Beer MR, Wilkinson JE, Blanco LP, Landers JJ, Baker JR. Pre-clinical evaluation of a novel nanoemulsion-based hepatitis B mucosal vaccine. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2954. [PMID: 18698426 PMCID: PMC2496893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus infection remains an important global health concern despite the availability of safe and effective prophylactic vaccines. Limitations to these vaccines include requirement for refrigeration and three immunizations thereby restricting use in the developing world. A new nasal hepatitis B vaccine composed of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in a novel nanoemulsion (NE) adjuvant (HBsAg-NE) could be effective with fewer administrations. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Physical characterization indicated that HBsAg-NE consists of uniform lipid droplets (349+/-17 nm) associated with HBsAg through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Immunogenicity of HBsAg-NE vaccine was evaluated in mice, rats and guinea pigs. Animals immunized intranasally developed robust and sustained systemic IgG, mucosal IgA and strong antigen-specific cellular immune responses. Serum IgG reached > or = 10(6) titers and was comparable to intramuscular vaccination with alum-adjuvanted vaccine (HBsAg-Alu). Normalization showed that HBsAg-NE vaccination correlates with a protective immunity equivalent or greater than 1000 IU/ml. Th1 polarized immune response was indicated by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha cytokine production and elevated levels of IgG(2) subclass of HBsAg-specific antibodies. The vaccine retains full immunogenicity for a year at 4 degrees C, 6 months at 25 degrees C and 6 weeks at 40 degrees C. Comprehensive pre-clinical toxicology evaluation demonstrated that HBsAg-NE vaccine is safe and well tolerated in multiple animal models. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that needle-free nasal immunization with HBsAg-NE could be a safe and effective hepatitis B vaccine, or provide an alternative booster administration for the parenteral hepatitis B vaccines. This vaccine induces a Th1 associated cellular immunity and also may provide therapeutic benefit to patients with chronic hepatitis B infection who lack cellular immune responses to adequately control viral replication. Long-term stability of this vaccine formulation at elevated temperatures suggests a direct advantage in the field, since potential excursions from cold chain maintenance could be tolerated without a loss in therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Makidon
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (M-NIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine (ULAM), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anna U. Bielinska
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (M-NIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shraddha S. Nigavekar
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (M-NIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Katarzyna W. Janczak
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (M-NIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jessica Knowlton
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (M-NIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alison J. Scott
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (M-NIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Mank
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (M-NIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zhengyi Cao
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (M-NIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sivaprakash Rathinavelu
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (M-NIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Beer
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (M-NIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - J. Erby Wilkinson
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine (ULAM), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Luz P. Blanco
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (M-NIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Landers
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (M-NIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James R. Baker
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences (M-NIMBS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Hem SL, Hogenesch H. Relationship between physical and chemical properties of aluminum-containing adjuvants and immunopotentiation. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:685-98. [PMID: 17931150 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.5.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum-containing adjuvants are an important component of many vaccines because they safely potentiate the immune response. The structure and properties of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, aluminum phosphate adjuvant and alum-precipitated adjuvants are presented in this review. The major antigen adsorption mechanisms, electrostatic attraction and ligand exchange, are related to the adjuvant structure. The manner by which aluminum-containing adjuvants potentiate the immune response is related to the structure, properties of the adjuvant and adsorption mechanism. Immunopotentiation occurs through the following sequential steps: inflammation and recruitment of antigen-presenting cells, retention of antigen at the injection site, uptake of antigen, dendritic cell maturation, T-cell activation and T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley L Hem
- Purdue University, Industrial and Physical Pharmacy Department, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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42
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Vessely C, Estey T, Randolph TW, Henderson I, Nayar R, Carpenter JF. Effects of solution conditions and surface chemistry on the adsorption of three recombinant botulinum neurotoxin antigens to aluminum salt adjuvants. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:2375-89. [PMID: 17518359 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a biological warfare threat. Protein antigens have been developed against the seven major BoNT serotypes for the development of a recombinant protein vaccine. This study is an evaluation of adsorption profiles for three of the recombinant protein antigens to aluminum salt adjuvants in the development of a trivalent vaccine against BoNT. Adsorption profiles were obtained over a range of protein concentrations. The results document that charge-charge interactions dominate the adsorption of antigen to adjuvant. Optimal conditions for adsorption were determined. However, potency studies and solution stability studies indicated the necessity of using aluminum hydroxide adjuvant at low pH. To improve the adsorption profiles to AlOH adjuvant, phosphate ions were introduced into the adsorption buffers. The resulting change in the adjuvant chemistry led to an improvement of adsorption of the BoNT antigens to aluminum hydroxide adjuvant while maintaining potency. Competitive adsorption profiles were also determined, and showed changes in maximum adsorption from mixed solutions compared to adsorption from individual protein solutions. The adsorption profiles for each protein varied due to differences in adsorption mechanism and affinity for the adjuvant surface. These results emphasize the importance of evaluating competitive adsorption in the development of multivalent vaccine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Vessely
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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43
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Brunner R, Wallmann J, Szalai K, Karagiannis P, Kopp T, Scheiner O, Jensen-Jarolim E, Pali-Schöll I. The impact of aluminium in acid-suppressing drugs on the immune response of BALB/c mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:1566-73. [PMID: 17850381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently we have shown that anti-acid drugs lead to an enhanced risk of food allergy. This may be due to hindered peptic digestion, caused by an elevation of the gastric pH. Additionally, it is known that aluminium-linked antigens lead to an increased probability of sensitization. OBJECTIVE Our aim in this study was to show whether sucralfate promotes sensitization not only by preventing peptic digestion but also by acting as a T-helper type 2 (Th2) adjuvant. METHODS To avoid the effect of sucralfate on the gastric pH and to show only the adjuvant effect, BALB/c mice were immunized on the parenteral route with codfish extract plus sucralfate, and control groups with aluminium hydroxide (alum) (Th2 adjuvant) or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) (Th1 adjuvant). Antigen-specific antibodies and cytokine levels were determined. The in vivo effect was investigated by intradermal skin tests. RESULTS Codfish-specific high IgG1 and IgE antibody levels as well as elevated IL-4 and IL-5 levels in alum- and MPL-treated mice, but more importantly also in sucralfate-treated mice, indicated a Th2 shift. Positive skin tests confirmed this Th2 response. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that parenterally applied sucralfate is able to induce a Th2 response probably due to the aluminium content. This indicates that orally applied sucralfate may lead to an enhanced risk of food allergy not only by inhibiting peptic digestion but also by acting as a Th2 adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brunner
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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44
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Hansen B, Sokolovska A, HogenEsch H, Hem SL. Relationship between the strength of antigen adsorption to an aluminum-containing adjuvant and the immune response. Vaccine 2007; 25:6618-24. [PMID: 17681647 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption of the antigen to an aluminum-containing adjuvant is considered an important aspect of vaccine formulation. Adsorption is described by two parameters: the maximum amount that can be adsorbed as a monolayer, which is characterized by the adsorptive capacity and the strength of the adsorption force, which is described by the adsorptive coefficient. Research to date has focused on the adsorptive capacity with the goal of complete adsorption of the antigen. In this study, the relationship between the adsorptive coefficient and immunopotentiation was investigated. Four vaccines were prepared in which the adsorptive coefficient was varied by altering the number of phosphate groups on the antigen (alpha casein and dephosphorylated alpha casein) or the number of surface hydroxyls on the adjuvant (aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and phosphate-treated aluminum hydroxide adjuvant). In vitro elution upon exposure to interstitial fluid or normal human plasma was inversely related to the adsorptive coefficient. The geometric mean antibody titer in mice was also inversely related to the adsorptive coefficient. T-cell activation was not observed in mice that received the vaccine with the greatest adsorptive coefficient (alpha casein/aluminum hydroxide adjuvant). This suggests that antigen processing and presentation to T-cells is impaired when the antigen is adsorbed too strongly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Hansen
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall, Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2091, USA
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45
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Ophorst OJAE, Radosević K, Klap JM, Sijtsma J, Gillissen G, Mintardjo R, van Ooij MJM, Holterman L, Companjen A, Goudsmit J, Havenga MJE. Increased immunogenicity of recombinant Ad35-based malaria vaccine through formulation with aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Vaccine 2007; 25:6501-10. [PMID: 17646036 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown the potency of recombinant Adenovirus serotype 35 viral vaccines (rAd35) to induce strong immune response against the circumsporozoite protein (CS) of the plasmodium parasite. To further optimize immunogenicity of Ad35-based malaria vaccines we formulated rAd35.CS vaccine with aluminium phosphate adjuvant (AlPO(4)). In contrast to the conventional protein based vaccines no absorption to aluminium adjuvant was observed and rAd35 viral in vitro infectivity in mammalian cells was preserved. Immunization with Ad35.CS formulated with AlPO(4) resulted in significantly higher CS specific T and B cell responses in mice upon either single or prime-boost vaccination regimens as compared to rAd35.CS alone. With these results we report for the first time the feasibility of using an AlPO(4) adjuvant to increase the potency of a live adenovirus serotype 35-based vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Aluminum Compounds/chemistry
- Aluminum Compounds/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Cell Survival
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary
- Malaria Vaccines/chemistry
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Phosphates/chemistry
- Phosphates/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Vaccines, Synthetic/chemistry
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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46
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Kimura K, Hirako M, Iwata H, Aoki M, Kawaguchi M, Seki M. Successful superovulation of cattle by a single administration of FSH in aluminum hydroxide gel. Theriogenology 2007; 68:633-9. [PMID: 17583782 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether Al-gel could adsorb and release FSH effectively in vitro and in vivo, and whether a single administration of FSH in Al-gel could successfully induce superovulation (SOV) in cattle. Porcine FSH (pFSH; 30 mg) was mixed with 5 mL of Al-gel; 99.98+/-0.01% of pFSH was adsorbed by the gel and 71.6+/-1.1% of the adsorbed pFSH was subsequently released in the presence of BSA. In cattle given a single i.m. treatment of 30 mg of pFSH in 5 mL of Al-gel, the numbers of CL, total ova recovered, and transferable embryos per cow were not significantly different from conventional (twice daily for 4 d) pFSH treatment (12.3+/-1.7 versus 11.7+/-1.8, 10.0+/-2.5 versus 9.3+/-1.7, and 8.6+/-2.3 versus 8.0+/-1.8, respectively, mean+/-S.E.M.); plasma pFSH concentrations were increased for 4 d, indicating sustained release from the Al-gel. Five cows were given 30 mg pFSH in 5 mL of Al-gel i.m. on five occasions (once every 2-3 months); there was no significant difference among treatments for the number of CL (12.4+/-3.8, 13.8+/-4.8, 9.0+/-1.9, 9.8+/-3.0, 12.0+/-2.1), total ova recovered (12.0+/-3.8, 12.6+/-5.1, 6.8+/-1.9, 7.6+/-1.8, 11.4+/-2.5), and transferable embryos (11.4+/-3.9, 10.4+/-5.8, 6.6+/-2.1, 4.8+/-1.4, 10.4+/-2.6). In conclusion, a single i.m. treatment of 30 mg pFSH in 5 mL Al-gel effectively induced SOV in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kimura
- National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, 768 Senbonmatsu, Nishinasuno, Tochigi, Japan.
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47
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Peek LJ, Martin TT, Elk Nation C, Pegram SA, Middaugh CR. Effects of stabilizers on the destabilization of proteins upon adsorption to aluminum salt adjuvants. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:547-57. [PMID: 17080408 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Excipients for protein-based vaccines are currently identified by evaluating the stability of the protein in solution. In most cases, however, the protein is adsorbed to the surface of an aluminum salt adjuvant in the final vaccine formulation. Previous studies showed that model protein antigens may be structurally altered and less thermally stable upon adsorption to aluminum salt adjuvants [Jones LS, Peek LJ, Power J, Markham A, Yazzie B, Middaugh CR, 2005, J Biol Chem 280:13406-13414]. The work presented herein provides evidence that compounds that stabilize the protein in solution also stabilize the adsorbed protein; however, the stability of the adsorbed protein in the presence of the stabilizer remains lower than that of the protein in solution. Potential implications of the reduced stability on the approach used to select excipients during formulation development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Peek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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48
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Peek LJ, Brey RN, Middaugh CR. A Rapid, Three-Step Process for the Preformulation of aRecombinant Ricin Toxin A-Chain Vaccine. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:44-60. [PMID: 16998874 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A systematic, three-step approach was employed to develop a stable, optimized formulation of ricin toxin A-chain V76M/Y80A (rRTA) for use as a vaccine against ricin toxicity. The method first uses spectroscopic techniques to evaluate the stability of rRTA as a function of temperature and pH. To synthesize the data, empirical phase diagrams are generated to display the conditions under which the protein maintains particular conformational states. Following identification of optimal pH conditions, light scattering and fluorescence assays are employed to screen a wide variety of compounds for their abilities to stabilize rRTA. Once stabilizers were identified, the ability of rRTA to adsorb to aluminum salt adjuvants was evaluated. Desorption of the protein from the adjuvant was also analyzed. Using this approach, the optimal formulation conditions for rRTA were determined to be pH 6.0 utilizing glycerol as a stabilizer and Alhydrogel as an adjuvant. Such an approach has the potential to significantly reduce the time it takes to get vaccines into clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Peek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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49
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Hutcheon CJ, Becker JO, Russell BA, Bariola PA, Peterson GJ, Stroop SD. Physiochemical and functional characterization of antigen proteins eluted from aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Vaccine 2006; 24:7214-25. [PMID: 16860908 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized protein antigens after quantitative dissociation from aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and a multi-antigen vaccine for Group A Streptococcus (GrAS Vaccine) were formulated on aluminum hydroxide, stored for > or =10 days then eluted with a 48-h treatment at 4 degrees C with 0.85% H(3)PO(4) plus 4M guanidine HCl (GnHCl). BSA is recovered from adjuvant at 92+/-2%. GrAS antigens are equally recovered from GrAS Vaccine (95+/-11% of total protein expected using multiple lots stored for up to 12 months). Recovery after elution is similar when determined by RP-HPLC, SEC-HPLC, UV absorbance, or Bradford methods. Eluted antigens are structurally and functionally intact as judged relative to both treated and untreated antigen controls by SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC, SEC-HPLC, and after desalting by circular dichroism, bis-ANS binding, and antigenicity determined by ELISA. When formulated and stored for a few weeks, BSA has more dimer (31+/-5%) relative to the elution control (9% dimer) as detected by SEC-HPLC, suggesting that BSA microaggregation is promoted on aluminum. Antigens eluted from very aged GrAS Vaccine (>12 months) show marked changes by RP-HPLC. Structural changes in the antigens under elution conditions were evaluated using bis-ANS, a fluorescent probe of protein structure. Binding of bis-ANS increases fluorescence approximately 100-fold and is significantly diminished with increasing GnHCl concentrations indicating a progressive denaturing of the proteins. At 4M GnHCl (with or without 0.85% H(3)PO(4)) the GrAS antigens are fully denatured and BSA is partially denatured. Interestingly, the addition of 0.85% H(3)PO(4) increases bis-ANS binding on GrAS antigens and reduces the denaturing of GrAS antigens and BSA by chaotropes. Desalting or diluting the eluted antigens results in renaturing of the proteins as judged by bis-ANS fluorescence, circular dichroism and antigenicity testing. The elution method provides a novel approach for high recovery and characterization of GrAS Vaccine antigens and may be applicable to the study of many aluminum hydroxide-bound vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Aluminum Hydroxide/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Chemical Phenomena
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
- Chemistry, Physical
- Chromatography, Gel
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Circular Dichroism
- Drug Stability
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Protein Denaturation
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemistry
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
- Streptococcus pyogenes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Hutcheon
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals North America, 19204 North Creek Parkway, Bothell, WA 98011, USA
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50
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Peek LJ, Brandau DT, Jones LS, Joshi SB, Middaugh CR. A systematic approach to stabilizing EBA-175 RII-NG for use as a malaria vaccine. Vaccine 2006; 24:5839-51. [PMID: 16735084 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Region II of the erythrocyte-binding antigen (EBA-175 RII) has been identified as a promising target for a malaria vaccine. A systematic approach to identify optimal preformulation conditions of a non-glycosylated (NG) antigen, EBA-175 RII-NG, has been developed. This approach consists of development of an empirical temperature/pH phase diagram, high throughput stabilizer screening and aluminum salt adjuvant adsorption studies. Using these physical methods, we developed a stable formulation for EBA-175 RII-NG at pH 6.0 with sucrose and Brij 35 as stabilizers and Adju-Phos as an adjuvant. This approach should be generally applicable to guiding the development of stable vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Peek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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