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Current Opinion in LAIV: A Matter of Parent Virus Choice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126815. [PMID: 35743258 PMCID: PMC9224562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is still a frequent seasonal infection of the upper respiratory tract, which may have deadly consequences, especially for the elderly. This is in spite of the availability of vaccines suggested for persons above 65 years of age. Two types of conventional influenza vaccines are currently licensed for use-live attenuated and inactivated vaccines. Depending on local regulatory requirements, live attenuated vaccines are produced by the reverse genetics technique or by classical reassortment in embryonated chicken eggs. Sometimes, the efficiency of classical reassortment is complicated by certain properties of the wild-type parent virus. Cases of low efficacy of vaccines have been noted, which, among other reasons, may be associated with suboptimal properties of the wild-type parent virus that are not considered when recommendations for influenza vaccine composition are made. Unfortunately, knowledge surrounding the roles of properties of the circulating influenza virus and its impact on the efficacy of the reassortment process, vaccination efficiency, the infectivity of the vaccine candidates, etc., is now scattered in different publications. This review summarizes the main features of the influenza virus that may dramatically affect different aspects of the preparation of egg-derived live attenuated vaccine candidates and their effectiveness. The author expresses her personal view, which may not coincide with the opinion of other experts in the field of influenza vaccines.
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Küchler J, Püttker S, Lahmann P, Genzel Y, Kupke S, Benndorf D, Reichl U. Absolute quantification of viral proteins during single-round replication of MDCK suspension cells. J Proteomics 2022; 259:104544. [PMID: 35240312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells are widely used in basic research and for the propagation of influenza A viruses (IAV) for vaccine production. To identify targets for antiviral therapies and to optimize vaccine manufacturing, a detailed understanding of the viral life cycle is important. This includes the characterization of virus entry, the synthesis of the various viral RNAs and proteins, the transfer of viral compounds in the cell and virus budding. In case quantitative information is available, the analysis can be complemented by mathematical modelling approaches. While comprehensive studies focusing on IAV entry as well as viral mRNA, vRNA and cRNA accumulation in the nucleus of cells have been performed, quantitative data regarding IAV protein synthesis and accumulation was mostly lacking. In this study, we present a mass spectrometry (MS)-based method to evaluate whether an absolute quantification of viral proteins is possible for single-round replication in suspension MDCK cells. Using influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1, RKI) as a model strain at a multiplicity of infection of ten, defined amounts of isotopically labelled peptides of synthetic origin of four IAV proteins (hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, nucleoprotein, matrix protein 1) were added as an internal standard before tryptic digestion of samples for absolute quantification (AQUA). The first intracellular protein detected was NP at 1 h post infection (hpi). A maximum extracellular concentration of 7.7E+12 copies/mL was achieved. This was followed by hemagglutinin (3 hpi, maximum 4.1E+12 copies/mL at 13 hpi), matrix protein 1 (5 hpi, maximum 2.2E+12 copies/mL at 13 hpi) and neuraminidase (5 hpi, 6.0E+11 copies/mL at 13 hpi). In sum, for the first time absolute IAV protein copy numbers were quantified by a MS-based method for infected MDCK cells providing important insights into viral protein dynamics during single-round virus replication. SIGNIFICANCE: Influenza A virus is a significant human pathogen worldwide. To improve therapies against influenza and overcome bottlenecks in vaccine production in cell culture, it is critical to gain a detailed understanding of the viral life cycle. In addition to qPCR-based models, this study will examine the dynamics of influenza virus proteins during infection of producer cells to gain initial insights into changes in absolute copy numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Küchler
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Püttker
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lahmann
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Kupke
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Benndorf
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany; Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany; Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Brown JC, Barclay WS, Galiano M, Harvey R. Passage of influenza A/H3N2 viruses in human airway cells removes artefactual variants associated with neuraminidase-mediated binding. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:456-466. [PMID: 31702542 PMCID: PMC7414449 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological assays with modern influenza A/H3N2 viruses have become problematic due to the progressive reduction in the ability of viruses of this subtype to bind and agglutinate red blood cells (RBCs). This is due to reduced ability of the viral haemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein to bind to the sialic acid-containing receptors presented by these cells. Additionally, as a result of reduced HA-mediated binding in cell culture, modern A/H3N2 viruses often acquire compensatory mutations during propagation that enable binding of cellular receptors through their neuraminidase (NA) surface protein. Viruses that have acquired this NA-mediated binding agglutinate RBCs through their NA, confusing the results of serological assays designed to assess HA antigenicity. Here we confirm with a large dataset that the acquisition of mutations that confer NA binding of RBCs is a culture artefact, and demonstrate that modern A/H3N2 isolates with acquired NA-binding mutations revert to a clinical-like NA sequence after a single passage in human airway epithelial (HAE) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Brown
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Monica Galiano
- Public Health England, London, UK
- Present address: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Ruth Harvey
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
- Present address: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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Chen L, Donis RO, Suarez DL, Wentworth DE, Webby R, Engelhardt OG, Swayne DE. Biosafety risk assessment for production of candidate vaccine viruses to protect humans from zoonotic highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 14:215-225. [PMID: 31659871 PMCID: PMC7040978 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A major lesson learned from the public health response to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic was the need to shorten the vaccine delivery timeline to achieve the best pandemic mitigation results. A gap analysis of previous pre-pandemic vaccine development activities identified possible changes in the Select Agent exclusion process that would maintain safety and shorten the timeline to develop candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) for use in pandemic vaccine manufacture. Here, we review the biosafety characteristics of CVVs developed in the past 15 years to support a shortened preparedness timeline for A(H5) and A(H7) subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) CVVs. Extensive biosafety experimental evidence supported recent changes in the implementation of Select Agent regulations that eliminated the mandatory chicken pathotype testing requirements and expedited distribution of CVVs to shorten pre-pandemic and pandemic vaccine manufacturing by up to 3 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Mei Chen
- Virology, Surveillance, and Diagnosis BranchInfluenza DivisionNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory DiseaseCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)AtlantaGAUSA
- Present address:
IDT‐BiologikaRockvilleMDUSA
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Virology, Surveillance, and Diagnosis BranchInfluenza DivisionNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory DiseaseCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)AtlantaGAUSA
- Present address:
Biomedical Advanced Research and Development AuthorityDepartment of Health and Human ServicesWashingtonDCUSA
| | - David L. Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research UnitAgricultural Research ServiceU.S. National Poultry Research CenterU.S. Department of AgricultureAthensGAUSA
| | - David E. Wentworth
- Virology, Surveillance, and Diagnosis BranchInfluenza DivisionNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory DiseaseCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)AtlantaGAUSA
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSt Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTNUSA
| | - Othmar G. Engelhardt
- Division of VirologyNational Institute for Biological Standards and ControlPotters BarUK
| | - David E. Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research UnitAgricultural Research ServiceU.S. National Poultry Research CenterU.S. Department of AgricultureAthensGAUSA
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5
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Safety and immunogenicity of a replication-deficient H5N1 influenza virus vaccine lacking NS1. Vaccine 2019; 37:3722-3729. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Blanco-Lobo P, Nogales A, Rodríguez L, Martínez-Sobrido L. Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines. Viruses 2019; 11:E190. [PMID: 30813325 PMCID: PMC6409754 DOI: 10.3390/v11020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus still represents a considerable threat to global public health, despite the advances in the development and wide use of influenza vaccines. Vaccination with traditional inactivate influenza vaccines (IIV) or live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) remains the main strategy in the control of annual seasonal epidemics, but it does not offer protection against new influenza viruses with pandemic potential, those that have shifted. Moreover, the continual antigenic drift of seasonal circulating influenza viruses, causing an antigenic mismatch that requires yearly reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines, seriously compromises vaccine efficacy. Therefore, the quick optimization of vaccine production for seasonal influenza and the development of new vaccine approaches for pandemic viruses is still a challenge for the prevention of influenza infections. Moreover, recent reports have questioned the effectiveness of the current LAIV because of limited protection, mainly against the influenza A virus (IAV) component of the vaccine. Although the reasons for the poor protection efficacy of the LAIV have not yet been elucidated, researchers are encouraged to develop new vaccination approaches that overcome the limitations that are associated with the current LAIV. The discovery and implementation of plasmid-based reverse genetics has been a key advance in the rapid generation of recombinant attenuated influenza viruses that can be used for the development of new and most effective LAIV. In this review, we provide an update regarding the progress that has been made during the last five years in the development of new LAIV and the innovative ways that are being explored as alternatives to the currently licensed LAIV. The safety, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy profile of these new LAIVs reveal their possible implementation in combating influenza infections. However, efforts by vaccine companies and government agencies will be needed for controlled testing and approving, respectively, these new vaccine methodologies for the control of influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Blanco-Lobo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Laura Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
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Pérez Rubio A, Eiros JM. Cell culture-derived flu vaccine: Present and future. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1874-1882. [PMID: 29672213 PMCID: PMC6149758 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1460297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefit of influenza vaccines is difficult to estimate due to the complexity of accurately assessing the burden of influenza. To improve the efficacy of influenza vaccines, vaccine manufacturers have developed quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) formulations for seasonal vaccination by including both influenza B lineages. Three parallel approaches for producing influenza vaccines are attracting the interest of many vaccine manufacturing companies. The first and oldest is the conventional egg-derived influenza vaccine, which is used by the current licensed influenza vaccines. The second approach is a cell culture-derived influenza vaccine, and the third and most recent is synthetic vaccines. Here, we analyze the difficulties with vaccines production in eggs and compare this to cell culture-derived influenza vaccines and discuss the future of cell culture-derived QIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose María Eiros
- Servicio Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
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8
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Efforts to Improve the Seasonal Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6020019. [PMID: 29601497 PMCID: PMC6027170 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses infect approximately 20% of the global population annually, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. While there are Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antiviral drugs for combating the disease, vaccination remains the best strategy for preventing infection. Due to the rapid mutation rate of influenza viruses, vaccine formulations need to be updated every year to provide adequate protection. In recent years, a great amount of effort has been focused on the development of a universal vaccine capable of eliciting broadly protective immunity. While universal influenza vaccines clearly have the best potential to provide long-lasting protection against influenza viruses, the timeline for their development, as well as the true universality of protection they afford, remains uncertain. In an attempt to reduce influenza disease burden while universal vaccines are developed and tested, many groups are working on a variety of strategies to improve the efficacy of the standard seasonal vaccine. This review will highlight the different techniques and technologies that have been, or are being, developed to improve the seasonal vaccination efforts against influenza viruses.
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9
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Ou H, Yao W, Wu N, Wang FXC, Weng T, Han C, Lu X, Yu D, Wu H, Cheng L, Chen H, Yao H, Li L. Preclinical evaluation of the safety and pathogenicity of a live attenuated recombinant influenza A/H7N9 seed strain and corresponding MF59-adjuvanted split vaccine. Oncotarget 2018; 7:81012-81025. [PMID: 27768591 PMCID: PMC5348373 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing a safe and effective H7N9 influenza vaccine was initiated in early spring 2013, following human infections with a novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus. In this study, a candidate H7N9 vaccine seed strain is produced using reverse genetics, with HA and NA derived from a human H7N9 virus and the remaining genes from the PR8 backbone virus which grows well in eggs. We verified that the virulence and transmissibility of the recombinant H7N9 vaccine seed strain were decreased as compared to wild-type H7N9 virus, to levels comparable with PR8. Using the seed virus, we produced a monovalent split influenza A (H7N9) MF59-adjuvanted vaccine that was immunogenic in mice. Our H7N9 vaccine is selected for clinical investigation and potential human use. To assess the safety of our H7N9 vaccine, we performed acute toxicity, repeated dose toxicity and active systemic anaphylaxis tests. Our results showed that, under the conditions used in this study, the NOEAL (no obvious adverse effect level) was 30 μg/0.5 mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Ou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Pre-clinical Research and Development, Zhejiang Tianyuan Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Frederick X C Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Tianhao Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengcong Han
- Department of Pre-clinical Research and Development, Zhejiang Tianyuan Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongshan Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linfang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Harding AT, Heaton BE, Dumm RE, Heaton NS. Rationally Designed Influenza Virus Vaccines That Are Antigenically Stable during Growth in Eggs. mBio 2017; 8:e00669-17. [PMID: 28588131 PMCID: PMC5461409 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00669-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus vaccine production is currently limited by the ability to grow circulating human strains in chicken eggs or in cell culture. To facilitate cost-effective growth, vaccine strains are serially passaged under production conditions, which frequently results in mutations of the major antigenic protein, the viral hemagglutinin (HA). Human vaccination with an antigenically drifted strain is known to contribute to poor vaccine efficacy. To address this problem, we developed a replication-competent influenza A virus (IAV) with an artificial genomic organization that allowed the incorporation of two independent and functional HA proteins with different growth requirements onto the same virion. Vaccination with these viruses induced protective immunity against both strains from which the HA proteins were derived, and the magnitude of the response was as high as or higher than vaccination with either of the monovalent parental strains alone. Dual-HA viruses also displayed remarkable antigenic stability; even when using an HA protein known to be highly unstable during growth in eggs, we observed high-titer virus amplification without a single adaptive mutation. Thus, the viral genomic design described in this work can be used to grow influenza virus vaccines to high titers without introducing antigenic mutations.IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major public health threat, and vaccination is currently the best available strategy to prevent infection. While there have been many advances in influenza vaccine production, the fact that we cannot predict the growth characteristics of a given strain under vaccine production conditions a priori introduces fundamental uncertainty into the process. Clinically relevant IAV strains frequently grow poorly under vaccine conditions, and this poor growth can result in the delay of vaccine production or the exchange of the recommended strain for one with favorable growth properties. Even in strains that grow to high titers, adaptive mutations in the antigenic protein hemagglutinin (HA) that make it antigenically dissimilar to the circulating strain are common. The genomic restructuring of the influenza virus described in this work offers a solution to the problem of uncertain or unstable growth of IAV during vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred T Harding
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brook E Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rebekah E Dumm
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Lee I, Il Kim J, Park S, Bae JY, Yoo K, Yun SH, Lee JY, Kim K, Kang C, Park MS. Single PA mutation as a high yield determinant of avian influenza vaccines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40675. [PMID: 28084423 PMCID: PMC5233958 DOI: 10.1038/srep40675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infection with an avian influenza virus persists. To prepare for a potential outbreak of avian influenza, we constructed a candidate vaccine virus (CVV) containing hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of a H5N1 virus and evaluated its antigenic stability after serial passaging in embryonated chicken eggs. The passaged CVV harbored the four amino acid mutations (R136K in PB2; E31K in PA; A172T in HA; and R80Q in M2) without changing its antigenicity, compared with the parental CVV. Notably, the passaged CVV exhibited much greater replication property both in eggs and in Madin-Darby canine kidney and Vero cells. Of the four mutations, the PA E31K showed the greatest effect on the replication property of reverse genetically-rescued viruses. In a further luciferase reporter, mini-replicon assay, the PA mutation appeared to affect the replication property by increasing viral polymerase activity. When applied to different avian influenza CVVs (H7N9 and H9N2 subtypes), the PA E31K mutation resulted in the increases of viral replication in the Vero cell again. Taken all together, our results suggest the PA E31K mutation as a single, substantial growth determinant of avian influenza CVVs and for the establishment of a high-yield avian influenza vaccine backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilseob Lee
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehee Park
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kirim Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyeon Yun
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Division of Influenza Virus, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisoon Kim
- Division of Influenza Virus, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Kang
- Division of AIDS, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, the Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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12
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Nicolson C, Harvey R, Engelhardt OG, Robertson JS. The Ability of a Non-Egg Adapted (Cell-Like) A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus to Egg-Adapt at HA Loci Other than 222 and 223 and Its Effect on the Yield of Viral Protein. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166761. [PMID: 27861557 PMCID: PMC5115798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) that had adapted to growth in embryonated chicken eggs by the acquisition of amino acid substitutions at HA positions 222 or 223 showed that improved protein yield could be conferred by additional amino acid substitutions in the haemagglutinin (HA) that arose naturally during passaging of the virus in eggs. In this study we investigated, by means of reverse genetics, the ability of a non-egg adapted (cell-like) A(H1N1)pdm09 virus to egg-adapt at HA loci other than 222/223, introducing amino acid substitutions previously identified as egg adaptations in pre-H1N1pdm09 H1N1 viruses and assessing their effect on protein yield and antigenicity. We also investigated the effect on the protein yield of these substitutions in viruses that had A(H1N1)pdm09 internal genes rather than the traditional PR8 internal genes of a CVV. The data show that a cell-like A/Christchurch/16/2010 can be egg-adapted via amino acid substitutions in at least three alternative HA loci (187, 190 and 216), in viruses with either PR8 or A/California/7/2009 internal genes, but that the effects on protein yield vary depending on the amino acid substitution and the internal genes of the virus. Since CVVs need to produce high protein yields to be suitable for vaccine manufacture, the findings of this study will assist in the future characterisation of both wild type viruses and lab-derived CVVs for vaccine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Nicolson
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruth Harvey
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Othmar G. Engelhardt
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - James S. Robertson
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
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13
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Advances in novel influenza vaccines: a patent review. J Microbiol 2016; 54:403-12. [PMID: 27225456 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-6176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The threat of a major human influenza pandemic such as the avian H5N1 or the 2009 new H1N1 has emphasized the need for effective prevention strategies to combat these pathogens. Although egg based influenza vaccines have been well established for a long time, it remains an ongoing public health need to develop alternative production methods that ensures improved safety, efficacy, and ease of administration compared with conventional influenza vaccines. This article is intended to cover some of the recent advances and related patents on the development of influenza vaccines including live attenuated, cell based, genomic and synthetic peptide vaccines.
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Hemagglutinin amino acids related to receptor specificity could affect the protection efficacy of H5N1 and H7N9 avian influenza virus vaccines in mice. Vaccine 2016; 34:2627-33. [PMID: 27083426 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The continuous and sporadic human transmission of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 and H7N9 influenza viruses illustrates the urgent need for efficacious vaccines. However, all tested vaccines for the H5N1 and H7N9 viruses appear to be poorly immunogenic in mammals. In this study, a series of vaccines was produced using reverse genetic techniques that possess HA and NA genes from the H5N1 virus in the genetic background of the high-yield strain A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). Meanwhile, a group of H7N9 VLP vaccines that contain HA from H7N9 and NA and M1 from A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) was also produced. The HA amino acids of both the H5N1 and H7N9 vaccines differed at residues 226 and 228, both of which are critical for receptor specificity for an avian or mammalian host. Mice received two doses (3μg of HA each) of each vaccine and were challenged with lethal doses of wild type H5N1 or H7N9 viruses. The results showed that a recombinant H5N1 vaccine in which the HA amino acid G228 (avian specificity) was converted to S228 (mammalian specificity) resulted in higher HI titers, a lower viral titer in the lungs, and 100% protection in mice. However, a H7N9 VLP vaccine that contains L226 (mammalian specificity) and G228 (avian specificity) in HA showed better immunogenicity and protection efficacy in mice than VLP containing HA with either L226+S228 or Q226+S228. This observation indicated that specific HA residues could enhance a vaccine's protection efficacy and HA glycoproteins with both avian-type and human-type receptor specificities may produce better pandemic influenza vaccines for humans.
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Ou H, Yao H, Yao W, Wu N, Wu X, Han C, Cheng L, Chen K, Chen H, Li L. Analysis of the immunogenicity and bioactivities of a split influenza A/H7N9 vaccine mixed with MF59 adjuvant in BALB/c mice. Vaccine 2016; 34:2362-70. [PMID: 27013436 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The H7N9 influenza virus caused significant mortality and morbidity in humans during an outbreak in China in 2013. A recombinant H7N9 influenza seed with hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments from A/Zhejiang/DTID-ZJU01/2013(H7N9) and six internal protein gene segments from A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1; PR8) were generated using reverse genetics. We sought to determine the immunogenic, protective properties, and mechanisms of a split avian influenza A/H7N9 vaccine mixed with MF59 adjuvant in comparison to vaccines that included other adjuvant. BALB/c mice were vaccinated with two doses of different amounts and combinations of this novel A/ZJU01/PR8/2013 split vaccine with adjuvant. Mice were subsequently challenged with A/Zhejiang/DTID-ZJU01/2013(H7N9) by intranasal inoculation. We verified that MF59 enhanced the HI, MN, and IgG antibody titers to influenza antigens. Compared with alum, MF59 could more potentially induce humoral immune responses and Th2 cytokine production after virus infection, while both MF59 and alum can slightly increase NK cell activity. This split H7N9 influenza vaccine with MF59 adjuvant could effectively induce antibody production and protect mice from H7N9 virus challenge. We have selected this vaccine for manufacture and future clinical studies to protect humans from H7N9 virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Ou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Zhejiang Tianyuan Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaoxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chengcong Han
- Zhejiang Tianyuan Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China
| | - Linfang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Keda Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Hegde NR. Cell culture-based influenza vaccines: A necessary and indispensable investment for the future. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1223-34. [PMID: 25875691 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1016666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional platform of using embryonated chicken eggs for the production of influenza vaccines has several drawbacks including the inability to meet the volume of required doses in the case of widespread epidemics and pandemics. Cell culture platforms have therefore been explored in the last 2 decades, and have attracted further attention following the H1N1 pandemic outbreak. This platform, while not the most economical for large-scale production, has several advantages, and can supplement the vaccine requirement when needed. Recent developments in production technologies have contributed greatly to fine-tuning this platform. In combination with other technologies such as live attenuated and recombinant protein or virus-like particle vaccines, and different adjuvants and delivery systems, cell culture-based influenza vaccine platform can be used both for production of seasonal vaccine, and to mitigate vaccine shortages in pandemic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra R Hegde
- a Ella Foundation; Genome Valley; Turkapally , Shameerpet Mandal , Hyderabad , India
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Generation of a reassortant avian influenza virus H5N2 vaccine strain capable of protecting chickens against infection with Egyptian H5N1 and H9N2 viruses. Vaccine 2015; 34:218-224. [PMID: 26620838 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza H5N1 viruses have been enzootic in Egyptian poultry since 2006. Avian influenza H9N2 viruses which have been circulating in Egyptian poultry since 2011 showed high replication rates in embryonated chicken eggs and mammalian cells. METHODS To investigate which gene segment was responsible for increasing replication, we constructed reassortant influenza viruses using the low pathogenic H1N1 PR8 virus as backbone and included individual genes from A/chicken/Egypt/S4456B/2011(H9N2) virus. Then, we invested this finding to improve a PR8-derived H5N1 influenza vaccine strain by incorporation of the NA segment of H9N2 virus instead of the NA of H5N1. The growth properties of this virus and several other forms of reassortant H5 viruses were compared. Finally, we tested the efficacy of this reassortant vaccine strain in chickens. RESULTS We observed an increase in replication for a reassortant virus expressing the neuraminidase gene (N2) of H9N2 virus relative to that of either parental viruses or reassortant PR8 viruses expressing other genes. Then, we generated an H5N2 vaccine strain based on the H5 from an Egyptian H5N1 virus and the N2 from an Egyptian H9N2 virus on a PR8 backbone. This strain had better replication rates than an H5N2 reassortant strain on an H9N2 backbone and an H5N1 reassortant on a PR8 backbone. This virus was then used to develop a killed, oil-emulsion vaccine and tested for efficacy against H5N1 and H9N2 viruses in chickens. Results showed that this vaccine was immunogenic and reduced mortality and shedding. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that an inactivated PR8-derived H5N2 influenza vaccine is efficacious in poultry against H5N1 and H9N2 viruses and the vaccine seed replicates at a high rate thus improving vaccine production.
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Steil D, Schepers CL, Pohlentz G, Legros N, Runde J, Humpf HU, Karch H, Müthing J. Shiga toxin glycosphingolipid receptors of Vero-B4 kidney epithelial cells and their membrane microdomain lipid environment. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2322-36. [PMID: 26464281 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m063040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stxs) are produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), which cause human infections with an often fatal outcome. Vero cell lines, derived from African green monkey kidney, represent the gold standard for determining the cytotoxic effects of Stxs. Despite their global use, knowledge about the exact structures of the Stx receptor glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and their assembly in lipid rafts is poor. Here we present a comprehensive structural analysis of Stx receptor GSLs and their distribution to detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), which were prepared from Vero-B4 cells and used as lipid raft equivalents. We identified globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer) as the GSL receptors for Stx1a, Stx2a, and Stx2e subtypes using TLC overlay detection combined with MS. The uncommon Stx receptor, globopentaosylceramide (Gb5Cer, Galβ3GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer), which was specifically recognized (in addition to Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer) by Stx2e, was fully structurally characterized. Lipoforms of Stx receptor GSLs were found to mainly harbor ceramide moieties composed of sphingosine (d18:1) and C24:0/C24:1 or C16:0 fatty acid. Moreover, co-occurrence with lipid raft markers, SM and cholesterol, in DRMs suggested GSL association with membrane microdomains. This study provides the basis for further exploring the functional impact of lipid raft-associated Stx receptors for toxin-mediated injury of Vero-B4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Steil
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Nadine Legros
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jana Runde
- Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Helge Karch
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institutes for Hygiene University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Sanders BP, Edo-Matas D, Papic N, Schuitemaker H, Custers JHHV. Synthetic virus seeds for improved vaccine safety: Genetic reconstruction of poliovirus seeds for a PER.C6 cell based inactivated poliovirus vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:5498-5502. [PMID: 26362098 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Safety of vaccines can be compromised by contamination with adventitious agents. One potential source of adventitious agents is a vaccine seed, typically derived from historic clinical isolates with poorly defined origins. Here we generated synthetic poliovirus seeds derived from chemically synthesized DNA plasmids encoding the sequence of wild-type poliovirus strains used in marketed inactivated poliovirus vaccines. The synthetic strains were phenotypically identical to wild-type polioviruses as shown by equivalent infectious titers in culture supernatant and antigenic content, even when infection cultures are scaled up to 10-25L bioreactors. Moreover, the synthetic seeds were genetically stable upon extended passaging on the PER.C6 cell culture platform. Use of synthetic seeds produced on the serum-free PER.C6 cell platform ensures a perfectly documented seed history and maximum control over starting materials. It provides an opportunity to maximize vaccine safety which increases the prospect of a vaccine end product that is free from adventitious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara P Sanders
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Archimedesweg 4, 2333CN Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Diana Edo-Matas
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Archimedesweg 4, 2333CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natasa Papic
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Archimedesweg 4, 2333CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Archimedesweg 4, 2333CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jerome H H V Custers
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Archimedesweg 4, 2333CN Leiden, The Netherlands
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Zhang X, Curtiss R. Efficient generation of influenza virus with a mouse RNA polymerase I-driven all-in-one plasmid. Virol J 2015; 12:95. [PMID: 26093583 PMCID: PMC4495709 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current influenza vaccines are effective against seasonal influenza, but cannot be manufactured in a timely manner for a sudden pandemic or to be cost-effective to immunize huge flocks of birds. We propose a novel influenza vaccine composing a bacterial carrier and a plasmid cargo. In the immunized subjects, the bacterial carrier invades and releases its cargo into host cells where the plasmid expresses viral RNAs and proteins for reconstitution of attenuated influenza virus. Here we aimed to construct a mouse PolI-driven plasmid for efficient production of influenza virus. RESULTS A plasmid was constructed to express all influenza viral RNAs and proteins. This all-in-one plasmid resulted in 10(5)-10(6) 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50)/mL of influenza A virus in baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells on the third day post-transfection, and also reconstituted influenza virus in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. A 6-unit plasmid was constructed by deleting the HA and NA cassettes from the all-in-one plasmid. Cotransfection of BHK-21 cells with the 6-unit plasmid and the two other plasmids encoding the HA or NA genes resulted in influenza virus titers similar to those produced by the 1-plasmid method. CONCLUSIONS An all-in-one plasmid and a 3-plasmid murine PolI-driven reverse genetics systems were developed, and efficiently reconstituted influenza virus in BHK-21 cells. The all-in-one plasmid may serve as a tool to determine the factors inhibiting virus generation from a large size plasmid. In addition, we recommend a simple and robust "1 + 2" approach to generate influenza vaccine seed virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy/Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Roy Curtiss
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA. .,School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 110880, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0880, USA.
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Ye J, Wen F, Xu Y, Zhao N, Long L, Sun H, Yang J, Cooley J, Todd Pharr G, Webby R, Wan XF. Error-prone pcr-based mutagenesis strategy for rapidly generating high-yield influenza vaccine candidates. Virology 2015; 482:234-43. [PMID: 25899178 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the primary strategy for the prevention and control of influenza outbreaks. However, the manufacture of influenza vaccine requires a high-yield seed strain, and the conventional methods for generating such strains are time consuming. In this study, we developed a novel method to rapidly generate high-yield candidate vaccine strains by integrating error-prone PCR, site-directed mutagenesis strategies, and reverse genetics. We used this method to generate seed strains for the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and produced six high-yield candidate strains. We used a mouse model to assess the efficacy of two of the six candidate strains as a vaccine seed virus: both strains provided complete protection in mice against lethal challenge, thus validating our method. Results confirmed that the efficacy of these candidate vaccine seed strains was not affected by the yield-optimization procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Ye
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Feng Wen
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Yifei Xu
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Liping Long
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Hailiang Sun
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Jialiang Yang
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Jim Cooley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - G Todd Pharr
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children׳s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA.
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Current and emerging cell culture manufacturing technologies for influenza vaccines. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:504831. [PMID: 25815321 PMCID: PMC4359798 DOI: 10.1155/2015/504831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Annually, influenza virus infects millions of people worldwide. Vaccination programs against seasonal influenza infections require the production of hundreds of million doses within a very short period of time. The influenza vaccine is currently produced using a technology developed in the 1940s that relies on replicating the virus in embryonated hens' eggs. The monovalent viral preparation is inactivated and purified before being formulated in trivalent or tetravalent influenza vaccines. The production process has depended on a continuous supply of eggs. In the case of pandemic outbreaks, this mode of production might be problematic because of a possible drastic reduction in the egg supply and the low flexibility of the manufacturing process resulting in a lack of supply of the required vaccine doses in a timely fashion. Novel production systems using mammalian or insect cell cultures have emerged to overcome the limitations of the egg-based production system. These industrially well-established production systems have been primarily selected for a faster and more flexible response to pandemic threats. Here, we review the most important cell culture manufacturing processes that have been developed in recent years for mass production of influenza vaccines.
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Mostafa A, Kanrai P, Petersen H, Ibrahim S, Rautenschlein S, Pleschka S. Efficient generation of recombinant influenza A viruses employing a new approach to overcome the genetic instability of HA segments. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116917. [PMID: 25615576 PMCID: PMC4304806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are the most relevant and continual source of severe infectious respiratory complications in humans and different animal species, especially poultry. Therefore, an efficient vaccination that elicits protective and neutralizing antibodies against the viral hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) is an important strategy to counter annual epidemics or occasional pandemics. With the help of plasmid-based reverse genetics technology, it is possible that IAV vaccine strains (IVVS) are rapidly generated. However, the genetic instability of some cloned HA-cDNAs after transformation into competent bacteria represents a major obstacle. Herein, we report efficient cloning strategies of different genetically volatile HA segments (H5- and H9-subtypes) employing either a newly constructed vector for reverse genetics (pMKPccdB) or by the use of the Escherichia coli strain HB101. Both approaches represent improved and generalizable strategies to establish functional reverse genetics systems preventing genetic changes to the cloned (HA) segments of IAV facilitating more efficient rescue of recombinant IAV for basic research and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Center (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Pumaree Kanrai
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Henning Petersen
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sherif Ibrahim
- Department of genetic engineering, Veterinary Serum and Vaccines Research Institute (VSVRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Pan W, Dong Z, Meng W, Zhang W, Li T, Li C, Zhang B, Chen L. Improvement of influenza vaccine strain A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) growth with the neuraminidase packaging sequence from A/Puerto Rico/8/34. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 8:252-9. [DOI: 10.4161/hv.18468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Harvey R, Johnson RE, MacLellan-Gibson K, Robertson JS, Engelhardt OG. A promoter mutation in the haemagglutinin segment of influenza A virus generates an effective candidate live attenuated vaccine. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 8:605-12. [PMID: 25087607 PMCID: PMC4262274 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Annual seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines need to be produced in a very tight time frame. Haemagglutinin (HA) is the major immunogenic component of influenza vaccines, and there is a lot of interest in improving candidate vaccine viruses. Objectives It has been shown elsewhere that mutations introduced in the non-coding region of influenza genome segments can upregulate protein expression. Our objective was to assess a virus based on the laboratory strain A/PR/8/34 (PR8) containing a modified 3′ non-coding region of RNA segment 4 (haemagglutinin). Methods NIBRG-93 was generated using reverse genetics. HA protein expression and growth properties were assessed. The virus phenotype suggested that it could be a candidate for use as a live attenuated vaccine, so in vivo studies were performed to assess its suitability. Results NIBRG-93 virus has enhanced haemagglutinin production and is significantly attenuated. Electron microscopy (EM) shows that the modified virus produces a large proportion of ‘virus-like particles’ that consist of budded cell membrane covered in HA but lacking M1 protein. The virus was shown to be attenuated in mice and offered complete protection against lethal challenge. Conclusions We demonstrate that NIBRG-93 is an effective live attenuated vaccine virus protecting mice against lethal challenge and reducing virus shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Harvey
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, UK
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Medina J, Guillot V, Totain E, Rouleau M, Sodoyer R, Moste C, Legastelois I. Vero/CHOK1, a novel mixture of cell lines that is optimal for the rescue of influenza A vaccine seeds. J Virol Methods 2014; 196:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dormitzer PR, Suphaphiphat P, Gibson DG, Wentworth DE, Stockwell TB, Algire MA, Alperovich N, Barro M, Brown DM, Craig S, Dattilo BM, Denisova EA, De Souza I, Eickmann M, Dugan VG, Ferrari A, Gomila RC, Han L, Judge C, Mane S, Matrosovich M, Merryman C, Palladino G, Palmer GA, Spencer T, Strecker T, Trusheim H, Uhlendorff J, Wen Y, Yee AC, Zaveri J, Zhou B, Becker S, Donabedian A, Mason PW, Glass JI, Rappuoli R, Venter JC. Synthetic generation of influenza vaccine viruses for rapid response to pandemics. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:185ra68. [PMID: 23677594 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
During the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, vaccines for the virus became available in large quantities only after human infections peaked. To accelerate vaccine availability for future pandemics, we developed a synthetic approach that very rapidly generated vaccine viruses from sequence data. Beginning with hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene sequences, we combined an enzymatic, cell-free gene assembly technique with enzymatic error correction to allow rapid, accurate gene synthesis. We then used these synthetic HA and NA genes to transfect Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells that were qualified for vaccine manufacture with viral RNA expression constructs encoding HA and NA and plasmid DNAs encoding viral backbone genes. Viruses for use in vaccines were rescued from these MDCK cells. We performed this rescue with improved vaccine virus backbones, increasing the yield of the essential vaccine antigen, HA. Generation of synthetic vaccine seeds, together with more efficient vaccine release assays, would accelerate responses to influenza pandemics through a system of instantaneous electronic data exchange followed by real-time, geographically dispersed vaccine production.
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Genzel Y, Reichl U. Continuous cell lines as a production system for influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:1681-92. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Dormitzer PR. Rapid Production of Synthetic Influenza Vaccines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 386:237-73. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Kapoor S, Dhama K. Prevention and Control of Influenza Viruses. INSIGHT INTO INFLUENZA VIRUSES OF ANIMALS AND HUMANS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7121144 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-05512-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The 2003–2004 outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have proven to be disastrous to the regional poultry industry in Asia, and have raised serious worldwide public health apprehension regarding the steps that should be taken to urgently control HPAI. Control measures must be taken based on the principles of biosecurity and disease management and at the same time making public aware of the precautionary measures at the verge of outbreak. Creation of protection and surveillance zones, various vaccination strategies viz. routine, preventive, emergency, mass and targeted vaccination programmes using live, inactivated and recombinant vaccines are the common strategies adopted in different parts of the globe. The new generation vaccines include recombinant vaccines and recombinant fusion vaccine. The pro-poor disease control programmes, giving compensation and subsidies to the farmers along with effective and efficient Veterinary Services forms integral part of control of HPAI. Following biosecurity principles and vaccination forms integral part of control programme against swine and equine influenza as well. Use of neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (Zanamivir and Oseltamivir) for the treatment of human influenza has been widely accepted worldwide. The threat of increasing resistance of the flu viruses to these antivirals has evoked interest in the development of novel antiviral drugs for influenza virus such as inhibitors of cellular factors and host signalling cascades, cellular miRNAs, siRNA and innate immune peptides (defensins and cathelicidins). Commercial licensed inactivated vaccines for humans against influenza A and B viruses are available consisting of three influenza viruses: influenza type A subtype H3N2, influenza type A subtype H1N1 (seasonal) virus strain and influenza type B virus strain. As per WHO, use of tetravaccine consisting of antigens of influenza virus serotypes H3N2, H1N1, B and H5 is the most promising method to control influenza pandemic. All healthy children in many countries are required to be vaccinated between 6 and 59 months of age. The seasonal vaccines currently used in humans induce strain-specific humoral immunity as the antibodies. Universal influenza virus vaccines containing the relatively conserved ectodomain of M2 (M2e), M1, HA fusion peptide and stalk domains, NA, NP alone or in combination have been developed which have been shown to induce cross-protection. The T cell-based vaccines are another recent experimental approach that has been shown to elicit broad-spectrum heterosubtypic immunity in the host. As far as HPAI is concerned, various pandemic preparedness strategies have been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kapoor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004 Haryana India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 Uttar Pradesh India
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Ramanunninair M, Le J, Onodera S, Fulvini AA, Pokorny BA, Silverman J, Devis R, Arroyo JM, He Y, Boyne A, Bera J, Halpin R, Hine E, Spiro DJ, Bucher D. Molecular signature of high yield (growth) influenza a virus reassortants prepared as candidate vaccine seeds. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65955. [PMID: 23776579 PMCID: PMC3679156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human influenza virus isolates generally grow poorly in embryonated chicken eggs. Hence, gene reassortment of influenza A wild type (wt) viruses is performed with a highly egg adapted donor virus, A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8), to provide the high yield reassortant (HYR) viral ‘seeds’ for vaccine production. HYR must contain the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of wt virus and one to six ‘internal’ genes from PR8. Most studies of influenza wt and HYRs have focused on the HA gene. The main objective of this study is the identification of the molecular signature in all eight gene segments of influenza A HYR candidate vaccine seeds associated with high growth in ovo. Methodology The genomes of 14 wt parental viruses, 23 HYRs (5 H1N1; 2, 1976 H1N1-SOIV; 2, 2009 H1N1pdm; 2 H2N2 and 12 H3N2) and PR8 were sequenced using the high-throughput sequencing pipeline with big dye terminator chemistry. Results Silent and coding mutations were found in all internal genes derived from PR8 with the exception of the M gene. The M gene derived from PR8 was invariant in all 23 HYRs underlining the critical role of PR8 M in high yield phenotype. None of the wt virus derived internal genes had any silent change(s) except the PB1 gene in X-157. The highest number of recurrent silent and coding mutations was found in NS. With respect to the surface antigens, the majority of HYRs had coding mutations in HA; only 2 HYRs had coding mutations in NA. Significance In the era of application of reverse genetics to alter influenza A virus genomes, the mutations identified in the HYR gene segments associated with high growth in ovo may be of great practical benefit to modify PR8 and/or wt virus gene sequences for improved growth of vaccine ‘seed’ viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojkumar Ramanunninair
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Jianhua Le
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Shiroh Onodera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew A. Fulvini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Pokorny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeanmarie Silverman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Rene Devis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Arroyo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Yu He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Alex Boyne
- Department of Infectious Disease, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jayati Bera
- Department of Infectious Disease, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Halpin
- Department of Infectious Disease, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erin Hine
- Department of Infectious Disease, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David J. Spiro
- Influenza, SARS and Related Viral Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NIAID/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Doris Bucher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Halbherr SJ, Brostoff T, Tippenhauer M, Locher S, Berger Rentsch M, Zimmer G. Vaccination with recombinant RNA replicon particles protects chickens from H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66059. [PMID: 23762463 PMCID: PMC3677925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1 not only cause a devastating disease in domestic chickens and turkeys but also pose a continuous threat to public health. In some countries, H5N1 viruses continue to circulate and evolve into new clades and subclades. The rapid evolution of these viruses represents a problem for virus diagnosis and control. In this work, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors expressing HA of subtype H5 were generated. To comply with biosafety issues the G gene was deleted from the VSV genome. The resulting vaccine vector VSV*ΔG(HA) was propagated on helper cells providing the VSV G protein in trans. Vaccination of chickens with a single intramuscular dose of 2×10⁸ infectious replicon particles without adjuvant conferred complete protection from lethal H5N1 infection. Subsequent application of the same vaccine strongly boosted the humoral immune response and completely prevented shedding of challenge virus and transmission to sentinel birds. The vaccine allowed serological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) by employing a commercially available ELISA. Immunized chickens produced antibodies with neutralizing activity against multiple H5 viruses representing clades 1, 2.2, 2.5, and low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (classical clade). Studies using chimeric H1/H5 hemagglutinins showed that the neutralizing activity was predominantly directed against the globular head domain. In summary, these results suggest that VSV replicon particles are safe and potent DIVA vaccines that may help to control avian influenza viruses in domestic poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Halbherr
- Institute of Virology and Immunology-IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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Ortiz-Riaño E, Cheng BYH, Carlos de la Torre J, Martínez-Sobrido L. Arenavirus reverse genetics for vaccine development. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1175-1188. [PMID: 23364194 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.051102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses are important human pathogens with no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-licensed vaccines available and current antiviral therapy being limited to an off-label use of the nucleoside analogue ribavirin of limited prophylactic efficacy. The development of reverse genetics systems represented a major breakthrough in arenavirus research. However, rescue of recombinant arenaviruses using current reverse genetics systems has been restricted to rodent cells. In this study, we describe the rescue of recombinant arenaviruses from human 293T cells and Vero cells, an FDA-approved line for vaccine development. We also describe the generation of novel vectors that mediate synthesis of both negative-sense genome RNA and positive-sense mRNA species of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) directed by the human RNA polymerases I and II, respectively, within the same plasmid. This approach reduces by half the number of vectors required for arenavirus rescue, which could facilitate virus rescue in cell lines approved for human vaccine production but that cannot be transfected at high efficiencies. We have shown the feasibility of this approach by rescuing both the Old World prototypic arenavirus LCMV and the live-attenuated vaccine Candid#1 strain of the New World arenavirus Junín. Moreover, we show the feasibility of using these novel strategies for efficient rescue of recombinant tri-segmented both LCMV and Candid#1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Ortiz-Riaño
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Benson Yee Hin Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Meng T, Kiener TK, Kwang J. RNA polymerase I-driven reverse genetics system for enterovirus 71 and its implications for vaccine production. Virol J 2012; 9:238. [PMID: 23072515 PMCID: PMC3493273 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a virus that causes from mild hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) to severe neurological complications and deaths in infants and young children. Effective antiviral agents and vaccines against EV71 are not available. However, Vero cell-based chemically inactivated EV71 vaccines could be developed soon based on the success of inactivated polio vaccine. Like poliovirus, EV71 has a positive single-stranded RNA genome of about 7400 nucleotides which contains a single open reading frame (ORF) flanked by conserved and untranslated regions at both the 5′ and 3′ ends. Results The universal amplification of the full length genome of EV71 regardless of its genetic diversity, and the subsequent construction of a human RNA polymerase I-driven reverse genetics (RG) system to produce pure virus stocks in Vero cell within 10 days were described. The rescued viruses were characterized by DNA sequencing, cytopathic effect (CPE) and indirect fluorescent assay (IFA) in comparison with the wild-type viruses. Moreover, the rescued viruses grew to high titers and retained the same immunogenicity as the wild-type viruses. Conclusion We have established a simplified method to rescue RG EV71 virus from diverse clinical isolates with detailed genetic information and to prepare virus stocks in only 10 days. This method could accelerate EV71 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Meng
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore
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Production of influenza H1N1 vaccine from MDCK cells using a novel disposable packed-bed bioreactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:1063-70. [PMID: 22945265 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A process for human influenza H1N1 virus vaccine production from Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells using a novel packed-bed bioreactor is described in this report. The mini-bioreactor was used to study the relationship between cell density and glucose consumption rate and to optimize the infection parameters of the influenza H1N1 virus (A/New Caledonia/20/99). The MDCK cell culture and virus infection were then monitored in a disposable perfusion bioreactor (AmProtein Current Perfusion Bioreactor) with proportional-integral-derivative control of pH, dissolved O(2) (DO), agitation, and temperature. During 6 days of culture, the total cell number increased from 2.0 × 10(9) to 3.2 × 10(10) cells. The maximum virus titers of 768 hemagglutinin units/100 μL and 7.8 × 10(7) 50 % tissue culture infectious doses/mL were obtained 3 days after infection. These results demonstrate that using a disposable perfusion bioreactor for large-scale cultivation of MDCK cells, which allows for the control of DO, pH, and other conditions, is a convenient and stable platform for industrial-scale production of influenza vaccines.
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Engelhardt OG. Many ways to make an influenza virus--review of influenza virus reverse genetics methods. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 7:249-56. [PMID: 22712782 PMCID: PMC5779834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods to introduce targeted mutations into a genome or, in the context of virology, into a virus are subsumed under the term reverse genetics (RG). Influenza viruses are important human pathogens that continue to surprise us. The development of RG for influenza viruses has greatly expanded our knowledge about influenza virus and enabled researchers to generate influenza viruses with rationally designed genotypes. Currently, a wide array of influenza virus RG methods is available. These can all be traced to fundamental principles essential in any RG system for negative-strand RNA viruses. This review gives an overview of these principles and of the multitude of RG methods, categorising them by technical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othmar G Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Potters Bar, UK.
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39
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Johnson RE, Hamill M, Harvey R, Nicolson C, Robertson JS, Engelhardt OG. Permissible variation in the 3' non-coding region of the haemagglutinin genome segment of the H5N1 candidate influenza vaccine virus NIBRG-14 [corrected]. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36241. [PMID: 22606247 PMCID: PMC3350513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The candidate H5N1 vaccine virus NIBRG-14 was created in response to a call from the World Health Organisation in 2004 to prepare candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) to combat the threat of an H5N1 pandemic. NIBRG-14 was created by reverse genetics and is composed of the neuraminidase (NA) and modified haemagglutinin (HA) genes from A/Vietnam/1194/2004 and the internal genes of PR8, a high growing laboratory adapted influenza A(H1N1) strain. Due to time constraints, the non-coding regions (NCRs) of A/Vietnam/1194/2004 HA were not determined prior to creating NIBRG-14. Consequently, the sequence of the primers used to clone the modified A/Vietnam/1194/2004 HA was based upon previous experience of cloning H5N1 viruses. We report here that the HA 3′ NCR sequence of NIBRG-14 is different to that of the parental wild type virus A/Vietnam/1194/2004; however this does not appear to impact on its growth or antigen yield. We introduced additional small changes into the 3′NCR of NIBRG-14; these had only minor effects on viral growth and antigen content. These findings may serve to assure the influenza vaccine community that generation of CVVs using best-guess NCR sequences, based on sequence alignments, are likely to produce robust viruses.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Chick Embryo
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Dogs
- Genetic Engineering
- Genetic Variation
- Genome, Viral
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vero Cells
- Virus Cultivation
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Johnson
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Hamill
- BioStatistics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Harvey
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Nicolson
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - James S. Robertson
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Othmar G. Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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40
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Nicolson C, Harvey R, Johnson R, Guilfoyle K, Engelhardt OG, Robertson JS. An additional oligosaccharide moiety in the HA of a pandemic influenza H1N1 candidate vaccine virus confers increased antigen yield in eggs. Vaccine 2011; 30:745-51. [PMID: 22138177 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The H1N1 influenza pandemic in 2009 highlighted the need for the rapid generation of candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) against an A/California/7/2009-like virus. The first available CVVs gave low protein yields in eggs but improved yields were achieved for second generation CVVs which contained amino acid substitutions compared to their precursor viruses. In this study, we investigated the basis for the increased virus protein yield of CVV NIBRG-121xp and whether the improved yield characteristics could be transferred between this virus and two other CVVs, NYMC X-179A and NYMC X-181. We generated variant viruses by reverse genetics to contain combinations of amino acid substitutions found in high yielding NIBRG-121xp and NYMC X-181. We found that the increase in total protein yield and functional HA yield of NIBRG-121xp in eggs is attributable to the single amino acid substitution K119N in the HA. We also found that the glycosylation of position 119 is essential for the improved virus protein yield in eggs. However, the K119N yield-enhancing effect was not transferable between viruses, nor was the N129D change found in high yielding NYMC X-181. However, position 119 may be a useful locus to monitor in future for viruses and CVVs with potentially high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Nicolson
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
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41
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Tseng YF, Hu AYC, Huang ML, Yeh WZ, Weng TC, Chen YS, Chong P, Lee MS. Adaptation of high-growth influenza H5N1 vaccine virus in Vero cells: implications for pandemic preparedness. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24057. [PMID: 22022351 PMCID: PMC3192705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Current egg-based influenza vaccine production technology can't promptly meet the global demand during an influenza pandemic as shown in the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Moreover, its manufacturing capacity would be vulnerable during pandemics caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Therefore, vaccine production using mammalian cell technology is becoming attractive. Current influenza H5N1 vaccine strain (NIBRG-14), a reassortant virus between A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) virus and egg-adapted high-growth A/PR/8/1934 virus, could grow efficiently in eggs and MDCK cells but not Vero cells which is the most popular cell line for manufacturing human vaccines. After serial passages and plaque purifications of the NIBRG-14 vaccine virus in Vero cells, one high-growth virus strain (Vero-15) was generated and can grow over 108 TCID50/ml. In conclusion, one high-growth H5N1 vaccine virus was generated in Vero cells, which can be used to manufacture influenza H5N1 vaccines and prepare reassortant vaccine viruses for other influenza A subtypes.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Biological/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Chickens/virology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Disaster Planning
- Dogs
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Tseng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Alan Yung-Chih Hu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Liang Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zhou Yeh
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chuan Weng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shuan Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pele Chong
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Min-Shi Lee
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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42
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Robertson JS, Inglis SC. Prospects for controlling future pandemics of influenza. Virus Res 2011; 162:39-46. [PMID: 21963676 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic influenza remains one of the most serious threats to global public health and continued global vigilance to monitor emerging threats is crucial. Of the weapons available to control a pandemic, vaccination is potentially the most powerful, but there are currently serious limitations to timely availability of vaccine supply in an emergency. Many novel influenza vaccines are in development, some of which have the potential to deliver the massive quantities of vaccine that would be required in a pandemic in a short period of time. However, for the foreseeable future, it is likely that the principal vaccine that will be deployed in a pandemic will be an inactivated egg-derived vaccine of the kind that has been available for several decades. This review will focus on the practical hurdles that need to be surmounted to deliver large amounts of safe and effective pandemic vaccine to the general public. There needs to be a continued focus on improvement to the vaccine response system that will require close collaboration between influenza and vaccine experts, manufacturers, regulators and public health authorities around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Robertson
- National institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK.
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43
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Harada Y, Ninomiya-Mori A, Takahashi Y, Shirakura M, Kishida N, Kageyama T, Tada Y, Tashiro M, Odagiri T. Inactivated and adjuvanted whole-virion clade 2.3.4 H5N1 pre-pandemic influenza vaccine possesses broad protective efficacy against infection by heterologous clades of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in mice. Vaccine 2011; 29:8330-7. [PMID: 21911027 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a candidate attenuated H5N1 pre-pandemic influenza vaccine of clade 2.3.4, rgAnhui, which was reverse genetically generated from highly virulent A/Anhui/01/2005 (H5N1) wild-type virus. When a low-dose antigen (0.3μg HA) vaccine was combined with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, virus neutralization and anti-HA IgG antibodies induced in the sera of vaccinated mice showed similar levels as those in mice vaccinated with non-adjuvanted high-dose antigen (3μg HA) vaccine. Serum antibodies had broad reactivity against highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses of both homologous and heterologous clades. All mice vaccinated with adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted rgAnhui vaccines at low and high antigen doses survived, without any significant weight loss, lethal challenge infection with homologous clade 2.3.4 viruses, including antigenic variant virus and heterologous clade 2.1.3. Mice vaccinated with low-dose antigen without adjuvant, however, exhibited 20% and 60% survival rates against clade 1 and clade 2.2 viruses, respectively; but, addition of adjuvant improved these rates to 80% and 100%, respectively. The data strongly suggest that aluminum hydroxide-adjuvanted rgAnhui vaccine can elicit broad cross-reactive and protective immunities against homologous and heterologous clades, and that the rgAnhui vaccine is a useful pre-pandemic H5N1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Harada
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Verity EE, Camuglia S, Agius CT, Ong C, Shaw R, Barr I, Middleton D, Rockman S. Rapid generation of pandemic influenza virus vaccine candidate strains using synthetic DNA. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2011; 6:101-9. [PMID: 21771285 PMCID: PMC4942080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Verity et al. (2011) Rapid generation of pandemic influenza virus vaccine candidate strains using synthetic DNA. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI:10.1111/j.1750‐2659.2011.00273.x. Background Vaccination is considered the most effective means of reducing influenza burden. The emergence of H5N1 and pandemic spread of novel H1N1/2009 viruses reinforces the need to have strategies in place to rapidly develop seed viruses for vaccine manufacture. Methods Candidate pandemic vaccine strains consisting of the circulating strain haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) in an A/PR/8/34 backbone were generated using alternative synthetic DNA approaches, including site‐directed mutagenesis of DNA encoding related virus strains, and rapid generation of virus using synthetic DNA cloned into plasmid vectors. Results Firstly, synthetic A/Bar Headed Goose/Qinghai/1A/2005 (H5N1) virus was generated from an A/Vietnam/1194/2004 template using site‐directed mutagenesis. Secondly, A/Whooper Swan/Mongolia/244/2005 (H5N1) and A/California/04/09 (H1N1) viruses were generated using synthetic DNA encoding the viral HA and NA genes. Replication and antigenicity of the synthetic viruses were comparable to that of the corresponding non‐synthetic viruses. Conclusions In the event of an influenza pandemic, the use of these approaches may significantly reduce the time required to generate and distribute the vaccine seed virus and vaccine manufacture. These approaches also offer the advantage of not needing to handle wild‐type virus, potentially diminishing biocontainment requirements.
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45
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Abt M, de Jonge J, Laue M, Wolff T. Improvement of H5N1 influenza vaccine viruses: influence of internal gene segments of avian and human origin on production and hemagglutinin content. Vaccine 2011; 29:5153-62. [PMID: 21624413 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The H5N1-clade 1 influenza vaccine strain NIBRG-14 produces exceptionally low amounts of antigen, a problem recently encountered also for initial pandemic H1N1-2009 vaccine seeds. Here, we report on a strategy that may contribute to overcome this obstacle. Influenza vaccine viruses usually consist of two segments coding for the antigenic HA and NA proteins of a wild-type strain and the six residual internal gene segments of the vaccine donor strain A/PR/8/34 (PR8). To enhance the antigen yield from H5N1 vaccine virus we generated by reverse genetics a set of PR8-based reassortant viruses expressing the HA and NA segments of the prototypic strain A/Vietnam/1203/2004 and additional replacements of the internal M or PB1 genes of PR8. The reassortants were compared to the parental PR8 and H5N1 viruses in terms of growth in embryonated chicken eggs and the amount of incorporated antigenic HA protein. Compared to NIBRG-14, three out of six viruses displayed an increased replication in embryonated chicken eggs and higher HA content that was also maintained after ether/detergent extraction of virions. Electron microscopic analysis showed that the reassortment hardly affected particle shape and size. Two selected H5N1 reassortant viruses were investigated concerning their pathogenicity in ferrets and found to behave as low pathogenic as the PR8 donor strain. In conclusion, this study shows that replication and antigen content of PR8-derived H5N1 influenza vaccine viruses can be improved by incorporation of heterologous internal gene segments without compromising their attenuated character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Abt
- Division of Influenza/Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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Improved antigen yield in pandemic H1N1 (2009) candidate vaccine viruses with chimeric hemagglutinin molecules. J Virol 2011; 85:6086-90. [PMID: 21490098 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00096-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The candidate pandemic H1N1 vaccine virus NIBRG-121 was derived by reverse genetics and comprises the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from A/California/7/2009 (CAL) on an A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) backbone. NIBRG-121 was found to grow poorly in eggs, compared to seasonal H1N1 candidate vaccine viruses. Based on our previous study with H5N1 candidate vaccine viruses, we generated two new viruses with chimeric PR8/CAL HA genes. Here we show that these new viruses have considerably improved growth in eggs and are therefore better candidate vaccine viruses for use in production of pandemic H1N1 (2009) vaccine.
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Cao Y, Koh X, Dong L, Du X, Wu A, Ding X, Deng H, Shu Y, Chen J, Jiang T. Rapid estimation of binding activity of influenza virus hemagglutinin to human and avian receptors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18664. [PMID: 21533248 PMCID: PMC3076431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical step for avian influenza viruses to infect human hosts and cause epidemics or pandemics is acquisition of the ability of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) to bind to human receptors. However, current global influenza surveillance does not monitor HA binding specificity due to a lack of rapid and reliable assays. Here we report a computational method that uses an effective scoring function to quantify HA-receptor binding activities with high accuracy and speed. Application of this method reveals receptor specificity changes and its temporal relationship with antigenicity changes during the evolution of human H3N2 viruses. The method predicts that two amino acid differences at 222 and 225 between HAs of A/Fujian/411/02 and A/Panama/2007/99 viruses account for their differences in binding to both avian and human receptors; this prediction was verified experimentally. The new computational method could provide an urgently needed tool for rapid and large-scale analysis of HA receptor specificities for global influenza surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Koh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Libo Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjun Du
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Wu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xilai Ding
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Deng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (TJ); (JC); (YS)
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Biology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TJ); (JC); (YS)
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (TJ); (JC); (YS)
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Ducatez MF, Bahl J, Griffin Y, Stigger-Rosser E, Franks J, Barman S, Vijaykrishna D, Webb A, Guan Y, Webster RG, Smith GJD, Webby RJ. Feasibility of reconstructed ancestral H5N1 influenza viruses for cross-clade protective vaccine development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:349-54. [PMID: 21173241 PMCID: PMC3017181 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1012457108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the reemergence of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses in humans in 2003, these viruses have spread throughout avian species in Asia, Europe, and Africa. Their sustained circulation has resulted in the evolution of phylogenetically diverse lineages. Viruses from these lineages show considerable antigenic variation, which has confounded vaccine planning efforts. We reconstructed ancestral protein sequences at several nodes of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene phylogenies that represent ancestors to diverse H5N1 virus clades. By using the same methods that have been used to generate currently licensed inactivated H5N1 vaccines, we were able to produce a panel of replication competent influenza viruses containing synthesized HA and NA genes representing the reconstructed ancestral proteins. We identified two of these viruses that showed promising in vitro cross-reactivity with clade 1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3.4, and 4 viruses. To confirm that vaccine antigens derived from these viruses were able to elicit functional antibodies following immunization, we created whole-virus vaccines and compared their protective efficacy versus that of antigens from positive control, naturally occurring, and broadly reactive H5N1 viruses. The ancestral viruses' vaccines provided robust protection against morbidity and mortality in ferrets challenged with H5N1 strains from clades 1, 2.1, and 2.2 in a manner similar to those based on the control strains. These findings provide proof of principle that viable, computationally derived vaccine seed viruses can be constructed within the context of currently licensed vaccine platforms. Such technologies should be explored to enhance the cross reactivity and availability of H5N1 influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette F. Ducatez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678
| | - Justin Bahl
- Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Republic ofSingapore 169857
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; and
| | - Yolanda Griffin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678
| | - Evelyn Stigger-Rosser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678
| | - Subrata Barman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678
| | - Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna
- Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Republic ofSingapore 169857
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; and
| | - Ashley Webb
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678
| | - Yi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; and
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University, Shantou 515031, China
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678
| | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Republic ofSingapore 169857
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; and
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678
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Robertson JS, Nicolson C, Harvey R, Johnson R, Major D, Guilfoyle K, Roseby S, Newman R, Collin R, Wallis C, Engelhardt OG, Wood JM, Le J, Manojkumar R, Pokorny BA, Silverman J, Devis R, Bucher D, Verity E, Agius C, Camuglia S, Ong C, Rockman S, Curtis A, Schoofs P, Zoueva O, Xie H, Li X, Lin Z, Ye Z, Chen LM, O'Neill E, Balish A, Lipatov AS, Guo Z, Isakova I, Davis CT, Rivailler P, Gustin KM, Belser JA, Maines TR, Tumpey TM, Xu X, Katz JM, Klimov A, Cox NJ, Donis RO. The development of vaccine viruses against pandemic A(H1N1) influenza. Vaccine 2011; 29:1836-43. [PMID: 21199698 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Wild type human influenza viruses do not usually grow well in embryonated hens' eggs, the substrate of choice for the production of inactivated influenza vaccine, and vaccine viruses need to be developed specifically for this purpose. In the event of a pandemic of influenza, vaccine viruses need to be created with utmost speed. At the onset of the current A(H1N1) pandemic in April 2009, a network of laboratories began a race against time to develop suitable candidate vaccine viruses. Two approaches were followed, the classical reassortment approach and the more recent reverse genetics approach. This report describes the development and the characteristics of current pandemic H1N1 candidate vaccine viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Robertson
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK.
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Establishment of a chimeric, replication-deficient influenza A virus vector by modulation of splicing efficiency. J Virol 2010; 85:2469-73. [PMID: 21177819 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01650-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Segment 8 of the influenza A virus codes for two proteins (NS1 and NS2/NEP) via splicing. Here, we developed a viral vector expressing a cytokine or chemokine instead of the interferon antagonist NS1. To achieve both the desired genetic stability and high transgene expression levels, NS2/NEP mRNA splicing efficacy had to be fine-tuned by modification of splicing elements. Expression levels of secreted foreign proteins could be further enhanced by fusing the N-terminal 13 amino acids of NS1 with an IgK-derived secretion signal peptide. Thus, the first start codon was used for translation initiation of both NS2/NEP and the foreign protein.
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