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Hamdan MF, Mohd Noor SN, Abd-Aziz N, Pua TL, Tan BC. Green Revolution to Gene Revolution: Technological Advances in Agriculture to Feed the World. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1297. [PMID: 35631721 PMCID: PMC9146367 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Technological applications in agriculture have evolved substantially to increase crop yields and quality to meet global food demand. Conventional techniques, such as seed saving, selective breeding, and mutation breeding (variation breeding), have dramatically increased crop production, especially during the 'Green Revolution' in the 1990s. However, newer issues, such as limited arable lands, climate change, and ever-increasing food demand, pose challenges to agricultural production and threaten food security. In the following 'Gene Revolution' era, rapid innovations in the biotechnology field provide alternative strategies to further improve crop yield, quality, and resilience towards biotic and abiotic stresses. These innovations include the introduction of DNA recombinant technology and applications of genome editing techniques, such as transcription activator-like effector (TALEN), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFN), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated (CRISPR/Cas) systems. However, the acceptance and future of these modern tools rely on the regulatory frameworks governing their development and production in various countries. Herein, we examine the evolution of technological applications in agriculture, focusing on the motivations for their introduction, technical challenges, possible benefits and concerns, and regulatory frameworks governing genetically engineered product development and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Fadhli Hamdan
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Siti Nurfadhlina Mohd Noor
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Nazrin Abd-Aziz
- Innovation Centre in Agritechnology for Advanced Bioprocessing (ICA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Pagoh 84600, Malaysia;
| | - Teen-Lee Pua
- Topplant Laboratories Sdn. Bhd., Jalan Ulu Beranang, Negeri Sembilan 71750, Malaysia;
| | - Boon Chin Tan
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
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2
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Edible vaccines: Current scenario and future prospects. FUTURE FOODS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91001-9.00034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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3
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Producing Vaccines against Enveloped Viruses in Plants: Making the Impossible, Difficult. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070780. [PMID: 34358196 PMCID: PMC8310165 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The past 30 years have seen the growth of plant molecular farming as an approach to the production of recombinant proteins for pharmaceutical and biotechnological uses. Much of this effort has focused on producing vaccine candidates against viral diseases, including those caused by enveloped viruses. These represent a particular challenge given the difficulties associated with expressing and purifying membrane-bound proteins and achieving correct assembly. Despite this, there have been notable successes both from a biochemical and a clinical perspective, with a number of clinical trials showing great promise. This review will explore the history and current status of plant-produced vaccine candidates against enveloped viruses to date, with a particular focus on virus-like particles (VLPs), which mimic authentic virus structures but do not contain infectious genetic material.
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Venkataraman S, Hefferon K, Makhzoum A, Abouhaidar M. Combating Human Viral Diseases: Will Plant-Based Vaccines Be the Answer? Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070761. [PMID: 34358177 PMCID: PMC8310141 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular pharming or the technology of application of plants and plant cell culture to manufacture high-value recombinant proteins has progressed a long way over the last three decades. Whether generated in transgenic plants by stable expression or in plant virus-based transient expression systems, biopharmaceuticals have been produced to combat several human viral diseases that have impacted the world in pandemic proportions. Plants have been variously employed in expressing a host of viral antigens as well as monoclonal antibodies. Many of these biopharmaceuticals have shown great promise in animal models and several of them have performed successfully in clinical trials. The current review elaborates the strategies and successes achieved in generating plant-derived vaccines to target several virus-induced health concerns including highly communicable infectious viral diseases. Importantly, plant-made biopharmaceuticals against hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), the cancer-causing virus human papillomavirus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus, zika virus, and the emerging respiratory virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been discussed. The use of plant virus-derived nanoparticles (VNPs) and virus-like particles (VLPs) in generating plant-based vaccines are extensively addressed. The review closes with a critical look at the caveats of plant-based molecular pharming and future prospects towards further advancements in this technology. The use of biopharmed viral vaccines in human medicine and as part of emergency response vaccines and therapeutics in humans looks promising for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividhya Venkataraman
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; (K.H.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kathleen Hefferon
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; (K.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Abdullah Makhzoum
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science & Technology, Palapye, Botswana;
| | - Mounir Abouhaidar
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada; (K.H.); (M.A.)
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Rosales-Mendoza S, Cervantes-Rincón T, Romero-Maldonado A, Monreal-Escalante E, Nieto-Gómez R. Transgenic plants expressing a Clostridium difficile spore antigen as an approach to develop low-cost oral vaccines. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3141. [PMID: 33666366 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal infections caused by Clostridium difficile lead to significant impact in terms of morbidity and mortality, causing from mild symptoms, such as a low-grade fever, watery stools, and minor abdominal cramping as well as more severe symptoms such as bloody diarrhea, pseudomembrane colitis, and toxic megacolon. Vaccination is a viable approach to fight against C. difficile and several efforts in this direction are ongoing. Plants are promising vaccine biofactories offering low cost, enhanced safety, and allow for the formulation of oral vaccines. Herein, the CdeM protein, which is a spore antigen associated with immunoprotection against C. difficile, was selected to begin the development of plant-based vaccine candidates. The vaccine antigen is based in a fusion protein (LTB-CdeM), carrying the CdeM antigen, fused to the carboxi-terminus of the B subunit of the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB) as a mucosal immunogenic carrier. LTB-CdeM was produced in plants using a synthetic optimized gene according codon usage and mRNA stability criteria. The obtained transformed tobacco lines produced the LTB-CdeM antigen in the range of 52-90 μg/g dry weight leaf tissues. The antigenicity of the plant-made LTB-CdeM antigen was evidenced by GM1-ELISA and immunogenicity assessment performed in test mice revealed that the LTB-CdeM antigen is orally immunogenic inducing humoral responses against CdeM epitopes. This report constitutes the first step in the development of plant-based vaccines against C. difficile infection.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Clostridioides difficile/genetics
- Enterotoxins/genetics
- Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Farming
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Spores, Bacterial/genetics
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Vaccines, Edible/genetics
- Vaccines, Edible/immunology
- Vaccines, Edible/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Tomás Cervantes-Rincón
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Andrea Romero-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Monreal-Escalante
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Nieto-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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Abstract
Vaccines are biological preparations that improve immunity to particular diseases and form an important innovation of 19th century research. It contains a protein that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weak or killed forms of the microbe. Vaccines are agents that stimulate the body’s immune system to recognize the antigen. Now, a new form of vaccine was introduced which will have the power to mask the risk side of conventional vaccines. This type of vaccine was produced from plants which are genetically modified. In the production of edible vaccines, the gene-encoding bacterial or viral disease-causing agent can be incorporated in plants without losing its immunogenic property. The main mechanism of action of edible vaccines is to activate the systemic and mucosal immunity responses against a foreign disease-causing organism. Edible vaccines can be produced by incorporating transgene in to the selected plant cell. At present edible vaccine are developed for veterinary and human use. But the main challenge faced by edible vaccine is its acceptance by the population so that it is necessary to make aware the society about its use and benefits. When compared to other traditional vaccines, edible vaccines are cost effective, efficient and safe. It promises a better prevention option from diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrinda M Kurup
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Healthcare, Education & Research, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Jaya Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Healthcare, Education & Research, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
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7
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Bamogo PKA, Brugidou C, Sérémé D, Tiendrébéogo F, Djigma FW, Simpore J, Lacombe S. Virus-based pharmaceutical production in plants: an opportunity to reduce health problems in Africa. Virol J 2019; 16:167. [PMID: 31888686 PMCID: PMC6937724 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing African countries face health problems that they struggle to solve. The major causes of this situation are high therapeutic and logistical costs. Plant-made therapeutics are easy to produce due to the lack of the safety considerations associated with traditional fermenter-based expression platforms, such as mammalian cells. Plant biosystems are easy to scale up and inexpensive, and they do not require refrigeration or a sophisticated medical infrastructure. These advantages provide an opportunity for plant-made pharmaceuticals to counteract diseases for which medicines were previously inaccessible to people in countries with few resources. MAIN BODY The techniques needed for plant-based therapeutic production are currently available. Viral expression vectors based on plant viruses have greatly enhanced plant-made therapeutic production and have been exploited to produce a variety of proteins of industrial, pharmaceutical and agribusiness interest. Some neglected tropical diseases occurring exclusively in the developing world have found solutions through plant bioreactor technology. Plant viral expression vectors have been reported in the production of therapeutics against these diseases occurring exclusively in the third world, and some virus-derived antigens produced in plants exhibit appropriate antigenicity and immunogenicity. However, all advances in the use of plants as bioreactors have been made by companies in Europe and America. The developing world is still far from acquiring this technology, although plant viral expression vectors may provide crucial help to overcome neglected diseases. CONCLUSION Today, interest in these tools is rising, and viral amplicons made in and for Africa are in progress. This review describes the biotechnological advances in the field of plant bioreactors, highlights factors restricting access to this technology by those who need it most and proposes a solution to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingdwende Kader Aziz Bamogo
- Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut de L'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA)/LMI Patho-Bios, 01BP476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génétique (LABIOGENE), Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologie, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo; Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Piétro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou 01, BP, 364, Burkina Faso
| | - Christophe Brugidou
- Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut de L'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA)/LMI Patho-Bios, 01BP476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Drissa Sérémé
- Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut de L'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA)/LMI Patho-Bios, 01BP476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Fidèle Tiendrébéogo
- Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut de L'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA)/LMI Patho-Bios, 01BP476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Florencia Wendkuuni Djigma
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génétique (LABIOGENE), Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologie, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo; Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Piétro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou 01, BP, 364, Burkina Faso
| | - Jacques Simpore
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génétique (LABIOGENE), Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologie, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo; Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Piétro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou 01, BP, 364, Burkina Faso
| | - Séverine Lacombe
- Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
- Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut de L'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA)/LMI Patho-Bios, 01BP476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
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8
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Narayanan KB, Han SS. Recombinant helical plant virus-based nanoparticles for vaccination and immunotherapy. Virus Genes 2018; 54:623-637. [PMID: 30008053 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant virus-based nanoparticles (PVNs) are self-assembled capsid proteins of plant viruses, and can be virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) or virus nanoparticles (VNPs). Plant viruses showing helical capsid symmetry are used as a versatile platform for the presentation of multiple copies of well-arrayed immunogenic antigens of various disease pathogens. Helical PVNs are non-infectious, biocompatible, and naturally immunogenic, and thus, they are suitable antigen carriers for vaccine production and can trigger humoral and/or cellular immune responses. Furthermore, recombinant PVNs as vaccines and adjuvants can be expressed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, and plant expression systems can be used to produce cost-effective antigenic peptides on the surfaces of recombinant helical PVNs. This review discusses various recombinant helical PVNs based on different plant viral capsid shells that have been developed as prophylactic and/or therapeutic vaccines against bacterial, viral, and protozoal diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Badri Narayanan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nano, Medical & Polymer Materials, College of Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Nano, Medical & Polymer Materials, College of Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Nikitin NA, Trifonova EA, Karpova OV, Atabekov JG. Biosafety of plant viruses for human and animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s0096392516030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Meisel JW, Patel MB, Gokel GW. Condensation of plasmid DNA by benzyl hydraphiles and lariat ethers: dependence on pH and chain length. Supramol Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2016.1192170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Meisel
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mohit B. Patel
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - George W. Gokel
- Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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11
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Ko K. Expression of recombinant vaccines and antibodies in plants. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2015; 33:192-8. [PMID: 24937251 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2014.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are able to perform post-translational maturations of therapeutic proteins required for their functional biological activity and suitable in vivo pharmacokinetics. Plants can be a low-cost, large-scale production platform of recombinant biopharmaceutical proteins such as vaccines and antibodies. Plants, however, lack mechanisms of processing authentic human N-glycosylation, which imposes a major limitation in their use as an expression system for therapeutic glycoproducts. Efforts have been made to circumvent plant-specific N-glycosylation, as well as to supplement the plant's endogenous system with human glycosyltransferases for non-immunogenic and humanized N-glycan production. Herein we review studies on the potential of plants to serve as production systems for therapeutic and prophylactic biopharmaceuticals. We have especially focused on recombinant vaccines and antibodies and new expression strategies to overcome the existing problems associated with their production in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisung Ko
- Department of Medicine, Therapeutic Protein Engineering Lab, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University , Seoul, Korea
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12
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Yarbakht M, Jalali-Javaran M, Nikkhah M, Mohebodini M. Dicistronic expression of human proinsulin-protein A fusion in tobacco chloroplast. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 62:55-63. [PMID: 24716841 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Different expression systems such as bacteria and mammalian cells have been used to produce pharmaceutical proteins. In recent years, the use of plants as bioreactors offers efficient and economical systems in recombinant protein production. Furthermore, because of the large number of plastid copies in plants, chloroplast engineering functions as an effective method to increase recombinant protein expression. Because the commercially available insulin for treatment does not contain C-peptide, which is of great importance for type 1 diabetic patients, the current study introduces the human proinsulin gene fused with protein A into the tobacco chloroplast genome using the biolistic method. To achieve homoplasmy, three rounds of selection and regeneration of transforming cells were performed on the medium that contained spectinomycin antibiotic and hormones. The PCR analysis indicated the presence of the proinsulin gene in transplastomic plants. The reverse-transcription PCR analysis confirmed the expression of the proinsulin-protein A fusion at the transcription level. Immunoblot assays of leaf-derived protein extracts confirmed that the target gene expression is up to 0.2% of the total soluble protein. Our study showed that protein A fusion is not as efficient as other reported fusions. The transplastomic plants were also confirmed for homoplasmy using Southern blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Yarbakht
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Abstract
Plant-made or "biofarmed" viral vaccines are some of the earliest products of the technology of plant molecular farming, and remain some of the brightest prospects for the success of this field. Proofs of principle and of efficacy exist for many candidate viral veterinary vaccines; the use of plant-made viral antigens and of monoclonal antibodies for therapy of animal and even human viral disease is also well established. This review explores some of the more prominent recent advances in the biofarming of viral vaccines and therapies, including the recent use of ZMapp for Ebolavirus infection, and explores some possible future applications of the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa.
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14
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Hilary Koprowski, MD: A Lifetime of Work. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 33:1-43. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2014.kop.biblio] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Vamvaka E, Twyman RM, Christou P, Capell T. Can plant biotechnology help break the HIV-malaria link? Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:575-82. [PMID: 24607600 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The population of sub-Saharan Africa is at risk from multiple, poverty-related endemic diseases. HIV and malaria are the most prevalent, but they disproportionately affect different groups of people, i.e. HIV predominantly affects sexually-active adults whereas malaria has a greater impact on children and pregnant women. Nevertheless, there is a significant geographical and epidemiological overlap which results in bidirectional and synergistic interactions with important consequences for public health. The immunosuppressive effects of HIV increase the risk of infection when individuals are exposed to malaria parasites and also the severity of malaria symptoms. Similarly, acute malaria can induce a temporary increase in the HIV viral load. HIV is associated with a wide range of opportunistic infections that can be misdiagnosed as malaria, resulting in the wasteful misuse of antimalarial drugs and a failure to address the genuine cause of the disease. There is also a cumulative risk of toxicity when antiretroviral and antimalarial drugs are given to the same patients. Synergistic approaches involving the control of malaria as a strategy to fight HIV/AIDS and vice versa are therefore needed in co-endemic areas. Plant biotechnology has emerged as a promising approach to tackle poverty-related diseases because plant-derived drugs and vaccines can be produced inexpensively in developing countries and may be distributed using agricultural infrastructure without the need for a cold chain. Here we explore some of the potential contributions of plant biotechnology and its integration into broader multidisciplinary public health programs to combat the two diseases in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vamvaka
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - R M Twyman
- TRM Ltd, PO Box 93, York YO43 3WE, United Kingdom
| | - P Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Capell
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering (ETSEA), University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain.
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16
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Thanavala Y, Huang Z, Mason HS. Plant–derived vaccines: a look back at the highlights and a view to the challenges on the road ahead. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 5:249-60. [PMID: 16608424 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The sobering reality is that each year, 33 million children remain unvaccinated for vaccine-preventable diseases. Universal childhood vaccination would have profound effects on leveling the health inequities in many parts of the world. As an alternative to administration of vaccines by needle and syringe, oral vaccines offer significant logistical advantages, as the polio eradication campaign has demonstrated. Over the past decade, the expression of subunit vaccine antigens in plants has emerged as a convenient, safe and potentially economical platform technology, with the potential to provide a novel biotechnological solution to vaccine production and delivery. As this technology has come of age, many improvements have been made on several fronts, as a growing number of research groups worldwide have extensively investigated plants as factories for vaccine production. This review attempts to highlight some of the achievements over the past 15 years, identify some of the potential problems and discuss the promises that this technology could fulfill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Thanavala
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Alonso J, Górzny M, Bittner A. The physics of tobacco mosaic virus and virus-based devices in biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:530-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Guan ZJ, Guo B, Huo YL, Guan ZP, Dai JK, Wei YH. Recent advances and safety issues of transgenic plant-derived vaccines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:2817-40. [PMID: 23447052 PMCID: PMC7080054 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plant-derived vaccines comprise a new type of bioreactor that combines plant genetic engineering technology with an organism's immunological response. This combination can be considered as a bioreactor that is produced by introducing foreign genes into plants that elicit special immunogenicity when introduced into animals or human beings. In comparison with traditional vaccines, plant vaccines have some significant advantages, such as low cost, greater safety, and greater effectiveness. In a number of recent studies, antigen-specific proteins have been successfully expressed in various plant tissues and have even been tested in animals and human beings. Therefore, edible vaccines of transgenic plants have a bright future. This review begins with a discussion of the immune mechanism and expression systems for transgenic plant vaccines. Then, current advances in different transgenic plant vaccines will be analyzed, including vaccines against pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic parasites. In view of the low expression levels for antigens in plants, high-level expression strategies of foreign protein in transgenic plants are recommended. Finally, the existing safety problems in transgenic plant vaccines were put forward will be discussed along with a number of appropriate solutions that will hopefully lead to future clinical application of edible plant vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-jun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Life Sciences, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, Shanxi 044000 China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-lin Huo
- Centre of Biological and Chemical Exiperiment, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, Shanxi 044000 China
| | - Zheng-ping Guan
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangshu 210095 China
| | - Jia-kun Dai
- Enzyme Engineering Institute of Shaanxi, Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710600 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-hui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 People’s Republic of China
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Balique F, Colson P, Barry AO, Nappez C, Ferretti A, Moussawi KA, Ngounga T, Lepidi H, Ghigo E, Mege JL, Lecoq H, Raoult D. Tobacco mosaic virus in the lungs of mice following intra-tracheal inoculation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54993. [PMID: 23383021 PMCID: PMC3559775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are generally considered incapable of infecting vertebrates. Accordingly, they are not considered harmful for humans. However, a few studies questioned the certainty of this paradigm. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA has been detected in human samples and TMV RNA translation has been described in animal cells. We sought to determine if TMV is detectable, persists, and remains viable in the lung tissues of mice following intratracheal inoculation, and we attempted to inoculate mouse macrophages with TMV. In the animal model, mice were intratracheally inoculated with 10(11) viral particles and were sacrificed at different time points. The virus was detected in the mouse lungs using immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, real-time RT-PCR and sequencing, and its viability was studied with an infectivity assay on plants. In the cellular model, the culture medium of murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) was inoculated with different concentrations of TMV, and the virus was detected with real-time RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. In addition, anti-TMV antibodies were detected in mouse sera with ELISA. We showed that infectious TMV could enter and persist in mouse lungs via the intratracheal route. Over 14 days, the TMV RNA level decreased by 5 log(10) copies/ml in the mouse lungs and by 3.5 log(10) in macrophages recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage. TMV was localized to lung tissue, and its infectivity was observed on plants until 3 days after inoculation. In addition, anti-TMV antibody seroconversions were observed in the sera from mice 7 days after inoculation. In the cellular model, we observed that TMV persisted over 15 days after inoculation and it was visualized in the cytoplasm of the BMDM. This work shows that a plant virus, Tobacco mosaic virus, could persist and enter in cells in mammals, which raises questions about the potential interactions between TMV and human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Balique
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE) UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 3R198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 407, Pathologie Végétale, Montfavet, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE) UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 3R198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Abdoulaye Oury Barry
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE) UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 3R198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Claude Nappez
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE) UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 3R198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Ferretti
- Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Khatoun Al Moussawi
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE) UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 3R198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Tatsiana Ngounga
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE) UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 3R198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Lepidi
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE) UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 3R198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Ghigo
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE) UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 3R198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE) UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 3R198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Lecoq
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 407, Pathologie Végétale, Montfavet, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE) UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 3R198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
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Shahid M, Shahzad A, Malik A, Sahai A. Plant Edible Vaccines: A Revolution in Vaccination. RECENT TRENDS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS 2013. [PMCID: PMC7120501 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6603-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Shahid
- Arabian Gulf University, Department Of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Anwar Shahzad
- , Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Abida Malik
- , Department of Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, J. N. Medical College & Hospital, Aligarh, 202002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Aastha Sahai
- , Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 Uttar Pradesh India
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Rosales-Mendoza S, Rubio-Infante N, Govea-Alonso DO, Moreno-Fierros L. Current status and perspectives of plant-based candidate vaccines against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:495-511. [PMID: 22159962 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered plants are economical platforms for the large-scale production of recombinant proteins and have been used over the last 21 years as models for oral vaccines against a wide variety of human infectious and autoimmune diseases with promising results. The main inherent advantages of this approach consist in the absence of purification needs and easy production and administration. One relevant infectious agent is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), since AIDS evolved as an alarming public health problem implicating very high costs for government agencies in most African and developing countries. The design of an effective and inexpensive vaccine able to limit viral spread and neutralizing the viral entry is urgently needed. Due to the limited efficacy of the vaccines assessed in clinical trials, new HIV vaccines able to generate broad immune profiles are a priority in the field. This review discusses the current advances on the topic of using plants as alternative expression systems to produce functional vaccine components against HIV, including antigens from Env, Gag and early proteins such as Tat and Nef. Ongoing projects of our group based on the expression of chimeric proteins comprising C4 and V3 domains from gp120, as an approach to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies are mentioned. The perspectives of the revised approaches, such as the great need of assessing the oral immunogenicity and a detailed immunological characterization of the elicited immune responses, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos recombinantes, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico.
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Ahmad P, Ashraf M, Younis M, Hu X, Kumar A, Akram NA, Al-Qurainy F. Role of transgenic plants in agriculture and biopharming. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:524-40. [PMID: 21959304 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
At present, environmental degradation and the consistently growing population are two main problems on the planet earth. Fulfilling the needs of this growing population is quite difficult from the limited arable land available on the globe. Although there are legal, social and political barriers to the utilization of biotechnology, advances in this field have substantially improved agriculture and human life to a great extent. One of the vital tools of biotechnology is genetic engineering (GE) which is used to modify plants, animals and microorganisms according to desired needs. In fact, genetic engineering facilitates the transfer of desired characteristics into other plants which is not possible through conventional plant breeding. A variety of crops have been engineered for enhanced resistance to a multitude of stresses such as herbicides, insecticides, viruses and a combination of biotic and abiotic stresses in different crops including rice, mustard, maize, potato, tomato, etc. Apart from the use of GE in agriculture, it is being extensively employed to modify the plants for enhanced production of vaccines, hormones, etc. Vaccines against certain diseases are certainly available in the market, but most of them are very costly. Developing countries cannot afford the disease control through such cost-intensive vaccines. Alternatively, efforts are being made to produce edible vaccines which are cheap and have many advantages over the commercialized vaccines. Transgenic plants generated for this purpose are capable of expressing recombinant proteins including viral and bacterial antigens and antibodies. Common food plants like banana, tomato, rice, carrot, etc. have been used to produce vaccines against certain diseases like hepatitis B, cholera, HIV, etc. Thus, the up- and down-regulation of desired genes which are used for the modification of plants have a marked role in the improvement of genetic crops. In this review, we have comprehensively discussed the role of genetic engineering in generating transgenic lines/cultivars of different crops with improved nutrient quality, biofuel production, enhanced production of vaccines and antibodies, increased resistance against insects, herbicides, diseases and abiotic stresses as well as the safety measures for their commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, A.S. College, 190008, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.
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23
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Komarova TV, Baschieri S, Donini M, Marusic C, Benvenuto E, Dorokhov YL. Transient expression systems for plant-derived biopharmaceuticals. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:859-76. [PMID: 20673010 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the molecular farming area, transient expression approaches for pharmaceutical proteins production, mainly recombinant monoclonal antibodies and vaccines, were developed almost two decades ago and, to date, these systems basically depend on Agrobacterium-mediated delivery and virus expression machinery. We survey here the current state-of-the-art of this research field. Several vectors have been designed on the basis of DNA- and RNA-based plant virus genomes and viral vectors are used both as single- and multicomponent expression systems in different combinations depending on the protein of interest. The obvious advantages of these systems are ease of manipulation, speed, low cost and high yield of proteins. In addition, Agrobacterium-mediated expression also allows the production in plants of complex proteins assembled from subunits. Currently, the transient expression methods are preferential over any other transgenic system for the exploitation of large and unrestricted numbers of plants in a contained environment. By designing optimal constructs and related means of delivery into plant cells, the overall technology plan considers scenarios that envisage high yield of bioproducts and ease in monitoring the whole spectrum of upstream production, before entering good manufacturing practice facilities. In this way, plant-derived bioproducts show promise of high competitiveness towards classical eukaryotic cell factory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Komarova
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science and A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Russia
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Scotti N, Buonaguro L, Tornesello ML, Cardi T, Buonaguro FM. Plant-based anti-HIV-1 strategies: vaccine molecules and antiviral approaches. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:925-36. [PMID: 20673014 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has drastically changed HIV infection from an acute, very deadly, to a chronic, long-lasting, mild disease. However, this requires continuous care management, which is difficult to implement worldwide, especially in developing countries. Sky-rocketing costs of HIV-positive subjects and the limited success of preventive recommendations mean that a vaccine is urgently needed, which could be the only effective strategy for the real control of the AIDS pandemic. To be effective, vaccination will need to be accessible, affordable and directed against multiple antigens. Plant-based vaccines, which are easy to produce and administer, and require no cold chain for their heat stability are, in principle, suited to such a strategy. More recently, it has been shown that even highly immunogenic, enveloped plant-based vaccines can be produced at a competitive and more efficient rate than conventional strategies. The high variability of HIV epitopes and the need to stimulate both humoral neutralizing antibodies and cellular immunity suggest the importance of using the plant system: it offers a wide range of possible strategies, from single-epitope to multicomponent vaccines, modulators of the immune response (adjuvants) and preventive molecules (microbicides), either alone or in association with plant-derived monoclonal antibodies, besides the potential use of the latter as therapeutic agents. Furthermore, plant-based anti-HIV strategies can be administered not only parenterally but also by the more convenient and safer oral route, which is a more suitable approach for possible mass vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Scotti
- CNR-IGV, Institute of Plant Genetics, Portici, Naples, Italy.
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Yu M, Vajdy M. Mucosal HIV transmission and vaccination strategies through oral compared with vaginal and rectal routes. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1181-95. [PMID: 20624114 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.496776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD There are currently over thirty million people infected with HIV and there are no vaccines available to prevent HIV infections or disease. The genitourinary, rectal and oral mucosa are the mucosal HIV transmission routes. An effective vaccine that can induce both systemic and local mucosal immunity is generally accepted as a major means of protection against mucosal HIV transmission and AIDS. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Structure and cells that comprise the oral, vaginal and rectal mucosa pertaining to HIV transmission and vaccination strategies through each mucosal route to prevent mucosal and systemic infection will be discussed. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Covering publications from 1980s through 2010, mucosal transmission of HIV and current and previous approaches to vaccinations are discussed. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Although oral transmission of HIV is far less common than vaginal and rectal transmissions, infections through this route do occur through oral sex as well as vertically from mother to child. Mucosal vaccination strategies against oral and other mucosal HIV transmissions are under intensive research but the lack of consensus on immune correlates of protection and lack of safe and effective mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems hamper progress towards a licensed vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingke Yu
- EpitoGenesis, Inc., Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
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Rybicki EP. Plant-made vaccines for humans and animals. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2010; 8:620-37. [PMID: 20233333 PMCID: PMC7167690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The concept of using plants to produce high-value pharmaceuticals such as vaccines is 20 years old this year and is only now on the brink of realisation as an established technology. The original reliance on transgenic plants has largely given way to transient expression; proofs of concept for human and animal vaccines and of efficacy for animal vaccines have been established; several plant-produced vaccines have been through Phase I clinical trials in humans and more are scheduled; regulatory requirements are more clear than ever, and more facilities exist for manufacture of clinic-grade materials. The original concept of cheap edible vaccines has given way to a realisation that formulated products are required, which may well be injectable. The technology has proven its worth as a means of cheap, easily scalable production of materials: it now needs to find its niche in competition with established technologies. The realised achievements in the field as well as promising new developments will be reviewed, such as rapid-response vaccines for emerging viruses with pandemic potential and bioterror agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Rybicki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa. ed.rybicki@ uct.ac.za
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Impaired plant growth and development caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat. Transgenic Res 2010; 19:903-13. [PMID: 20087655 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous attempts to express the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) Tat (trans-activator of transcription) protein in plants resulted in a number of physiological abnormalities, such as stunted growth and absence of seed formation, that could not be explained. In the study reported here, we expressed Tat in tomato and observed phenotypic abnormalities, including stunted growth, absence of root formation, chlorosis, and plant death, as a result of reduced cytokinin levels. These reduced levels were ascribed to a differentially expressed CKO35 in Tat-bombarded tomato. Of the two CKO isoforms that are naturally expressed in tomato, CKO43 and CKO37, only the expression of CKO37 was affected by Tat. Our analysis of the Tat confirmed that the Arg-rich and RGD motifs of Tat have functional relevance in tomato and that independent mutations at these motifs caused inhibition of the differentially expressed CKO isoform and the extracellular secretion of the Tat protein, respectively, in our Tat-bombarded tomato samples.
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29
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Preferential expression and immunogenicity of HIV-1 Tat fusion protein expressed in tomato plant. Transgenic Res 2010; 19:889-95. [PMID: 20072815 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-009-9358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat plays a major role in viral replication and is essential for AIDS development making it an ideal vaccine target providing that both humoral and cellular immune responses are induced. Plant-based antigen production, due to its cheaper cost, appears ideal for vaccine production. In this study, we created a plant-optimized tat and mutant (Cys30Ala/Lys41Ala) tat (mtat) gene and ligated each into a pBI121 expression vector with a stop codon and a gusA gene positioned immediately downstream. The vector construct was bombarded into tomato leaf calli and allowed to develop. We thus generated recombinant tomato plants preferentially expressing a Tat-GUS fusion protein over a Tat-only protein. In addition, plants bombarded with either tat or mtat genes showed no phenotypic difference and produced 2-4 microg Tat-GUS fusion protein per milligram soluble plant protein. Furthermore, tomato extracts intradermally inoculated into mice were found to induce a humoral and, most importantly, cellular immunity.
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Caputo A, Gavioli R, Bellino S, Longo O, Tripiciano A, Francavilla V, Sgadari C, Paniccia G, Titti F, Cafaro A, Ferrantelli F, Monini P, Ensoli F, Ensoli B. HIV-1 Tat-based vaccines: an overview and perspectives in the field of HIV/AIDS vaccine development. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 28:285-334. [PMID: 19811313 DOI: 10.1080/08830180903013026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The HIV epidemic continues to represent one of the major problems worldwide, particularly in the Asia and Sub-Saharan regions of the world, with social and economical devastating effects. Although antiretroviral drugs have had a dramatically beneficial impact on HIV-infected individuals that have access to treatment, it has had a negligible impact on the global epidemic. Hence, the inexorable spreading of the HIV pandemic and the increasing deaths from AIDS, especially in developing countries, underscore the urgency for an effective vaccine against HIV/AIDS. However, the generation of such a vaccine has turned out to be extremely challenging. Here we provide an overview on the rationale for the use of non-structural HIV proteins, such as the Tat protein, alone or in combination with other HIV early and late structural HIV antigens, as novel, promising preventative and therapeutic HIV/AIDS vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Caputo
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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31
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Appaiahgari MB, Abdin MZ, Bansal KC, Vrati S. Expression of Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein in transgenic tobacco plants. J Virol Methods 2009; 162:22-9. [PMID: 19628009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The virus envelope (E) protein of Japanese encephalitis virus induces virus-neutralizing antibodies and is therefore a potential vaccine antigen. In a mammalian system, co-expression of another viral structural protein prM is necessary for proper expression and folding of E protein. Transgenic tobacco plants were produced carrying JEV cDNA encoding prM and E proteins under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter. E protein, however, was not detectable in these plants. In vitro translation studies showed that the presence of the prM sequence inhibited transgene expression in the plant system. Accordingly, JEV E protein could be expressed in transgenic tobacco plants only without the prM protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Babu Appaiahgari
- National Institute of Immunology and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, THSTI, New Delhi 110067, India
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Karg SR, Kallio PT. The production of biopharmaceuticals in plant systems. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:879-894. [PMID: 19647060 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals present the fastest growing segment in the pharmaceutical industry, with an ever widening scope of applications. Whole plants as well as contained plant cell culture systems are being explored for their potential as cheap, safe, and scalable production hosts. The first plant-derived biopharmaceuticals have now reached the clinic. Many biopharmaceuticals are glycoproteins; as the Golgi N-glycosylation machinery of plants differs from the mammalian machinery, the N-glycoforms introduced on plant-produced proteins need to be taken into consideration. Potent systems have been developed to change the plant N-glycoforms to a desired or even superior form compared to the native mammalian N-glycoforms. This review describes the current status of biopharmaceutical production in plants for industrial applications. The recent advances and tools which have been utilized to generate glycoengineered plants are also summarized and compared with the relevant mammalian systems whenever applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia R Karg
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Pauli T Kallio
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Chichester JA, Haaheim LR, Yusibov V. Using plant cells as influenza vaccine substrates. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:493-8. [PMID: 19348564 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The reappearance of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in poultry in 2003, and the subsequent high-fatality zoonoses in Asia, Europe and Africa, has heightened the awareness of a potential pandemic and the need for global vaccine supply. Most manufacturers still use embryonated hens' eggs to produce influenza vaccines, a system that has demonstrated its value throughout six decades. There are, however, some challenges with this approach, both for seasonal and particularly for pandemic vaccine production. This review highlights some of these challenges and describes emerging alternative production platforms with the potential to deliver safe and effective vaccines to the global market in a timely fashion. A particular emphasis of this review will be on the production of recombinant influenza vaccines using transient plant expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Chichester
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, 9 Innovation Way, Suite 200, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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Tiwari S, Verma PC, Singh PK, Tuli R. Plants as bioreactors for the production of vaccine antigens. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:449-67. [PMID: 19356740 PMCID: PMC7126855 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants have been identified as promising expression systems for commercial production of vaccine antigens. In phase I clinical trials several plant-derived vaccine antigens have been found to be safe and induce sufficiently high immune response. Thus, transgenic plants, including edible plant parts are suggested as excellent alternatives for the production of vaccines and economic scale-up through cultivation. Improved understanding of plant molecular biology and consequent refinement in the genetic engineering techniques have led to designing approaches for high level expression of vaccine antigens in plants. During the last decade, several efficient plant-based expression systems have been examined and more than 100 recombinant proteins including plant-derived vaccine antigens have been expressed in different plant tissues. Estimates suggest that it may become possible to obtain antigen sufficient for vaccinating millions of individuals from one acre crop by expressing the antigen in seeds of an edible legume, like peanut or soybean. In the near future, a plethora of protein products, developed through ‘naturalized bioreactors’ may reach market. Efforts for further improvements in these technologies need to be directed mainly towards validation and applicability of plant-based standardized mucosal and edible vaccines, regulatory pharmacology, formulations and the development of commercially viable GLP protocols. This article reviews the current status of developments in the area of use of plants for the development of vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rakesh Tuli
- Corresponding author. National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001 (U.P.) India. Tel.: +91 522 2205848; fax: +91 522 2205839.
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Scotti N, Alagna F, Ferraiolo E, Formisano G, Sannino L, Buonaguro L, De Stradis A, Vitale A, Monti L, Grillo S, Buonaguro FM, Cardi T. High-level expression of the HIV-1 Pr55gag polyprotein in transgenic tobacco chloroplasts. PLANTA 2009; 229:1109-22. [PMID: 19234717 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants have been recognized as a promising production platform for recombinant pharmaceutical proteins. The human immunodeficiency virus Gag (Pr55(gag)) structural polyprotein precursor is a prime candidate for developing a HIV-1 vaccine, but, so far, has been expressed at very low level in plants. The aim of this study was to investigate factors potentially involved in Pr55(gag) expression and increase protein yield in plant cells. In transient expression experiments in various subcellular compartments, the native Pr55(gag) sequence could be expressed only in the chloroplast. Experiments with truncated subunits suggested a negative role of the 5'-end on the expression of the full gene in the cytosol. Stable transgenic plants were produced in tobacco by Agrobacterium-mediated nuclear transformation with protein targeted to plastids, and biolistic-mediated plastid transformation. Compared to the nuclear genome, the integration and expression of the gag transgene in the plastome resulted in significantly higher protein accumulation levels (up to 7-8% TSP, equivalent to 312-363 mg/kg FW). In transplastomic plants, a 25-fold higher protein accumulation was obtained by translationally fusing the Pr55(gag) polyprotein to the N-terminus of the plastid photosynthetic RbcL protein. In chloroplasts, the Pr55(gag) polyprotein was processed in a pattern similar to that achieved by the viral protease, the processing being more extended in older leaves of mature plants. The Gag proteins produced in transgenic plastids were able to assemble into particles resembling VLPs produced in baculovirus/insect cells and E. coli systems. These results indicate that plastid transformation is a promising tool for HIV antigen manufacturing in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Scotti
- CNR-IGV, Institute of Plant Genetics, National Research Council, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy.
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Marusic C, Vitale A, Pedrazzini E, Donini M, Frigerio L, Bock R, Dix PJ, McCabe MS, Bellucci M, Benvenuto E. Plant-based strategies aimed at expressing HIV antigens and neutralizing antibodies at high levels. Nef as a case study. Transgenic Res 2009; 18:499-512. [PMID: 19169897 PMCID: PMC2758358 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-009-9244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The first evidence that plants represent a valid, safe and cost-effective alternative to traditional expression systems for large-scale production of antigens and antibodies was described more than 10 years ago. Since then, considerable improvements have been made to increase the yield of plant-produced proteins. These include the use of signal sequences to target proteins to different cellular compartments, plastid transformation to achieve high transgene dosage, codon usage optimization to boost gene expression, and protein fusions to improve recombinant protein stability and accumulation. Thus, several HIV/SIV antigens and neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies have recently been successfully expressed in plants by stable nuclear or plastid transformation, and by transient expression systems based on plant virus vectors or Agrobacterium-mediated infection. The current article gives an overview of plant expressed HIV antigens and antibodies and provides an account of the use of different strategies aimed at increasing the expression of the accessory multifunctional HIV-1 Nef protein in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Marusic
- Dipartimento BAS, Sezione Genetica e Genomica Vegetale, ENEA, C.R. Casaccia, via Anguillarese 301, 00123, Rome, Italy.
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Caputo A, Gavioli R, Bellino S, Longo O, Tripiciano A, Francavilla V, Sgadari C, Paniccia G, Titti F, Cafaro A, Ferrantelli F, Monini P, Ensoli F, Ensoli B. HIV-1 Tat-Based Vaccines: An Overview and Perspectives in the Field of HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development. Int Rev Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08830180903013026 10.1080/08830180903013026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Luke GA, Escuin H, Felipe PD, Ryan MD. 2A to the Fore – Research, Technology and Applications. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2009; 26:223-60. [DOI: 10.5661/bger-26-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Basaran P, Rodríguez-Cerezo E. Plant Molecular Farming: Opportunities and Challenges. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008; 28:153-72. [PMID: 18937106 DOI: 10.1080/07388550802046624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tshikalange TE, Meyer JJM, Lall N, Muñoz E, Sancho R, Van de Venter M, Oosthuizen V. In vitro anti-HIV-1 properties of ethnobotanically selected South African plants used in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 119:478-481. [PMID: 18809485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE [corrected The plants selected in this study are used traditionally in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and traditional healers interviewed claimed these plants can also help AIDS patients. AIM To evaluating the in vitro anti-HIV properties of selected plants in various bioassays. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extracts were evaluated for their inhibition against alpha-glycohydrolase, reverse transcriptase and viral proteins (NF-kappaB and Tat) which play a significant role in the HIV life cycle. RESULTS Terminalia sericea extract (IC(50)=92mg/ml) exhibited a considerable alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity which was better than acarbose (IC(50)=131mg/ml) under our assay conditions. In the reverse transcriptase assay, T. sericea also showed good inhibitory activity (IC(50)=43mg/ml), which was higher than that of the reference drug, Adriamycin (IC(50)=100mg/ml). The ethyl acetate extract of Elaeodendron transvaalense exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity in both the NF-kappaB and Tat assays with inhibitory activity of 76% and 75% respectively at a concentration of 15mg/ml. The acetone and chloroform extracts of E. transvaalense and Zanthoxylum davyi also showed good activity in the NF-kappaB and Tat assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Tshikalange
- Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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Abstract
Global demand for recombinant proteins has steadily accelerated for the last 20 years. These recombinant proteins have a wide range of important applications, including vaccines and therapeutics for human and animal health, industrial enzymes, new materials and components of novel nano-particles for various applications. The majority of recombinant proteins are produced by traditional biological "factories," that is, predominantly mammalian and microbial cell cultures along with yeast and insect cells. However, these traditional technologies cannot satisfy the increasing market demand due to prohibitive capital investment requirements. During the last two decades, plants have been under intensive investigation to provide an alternative system for cost-effective, highly scalable, and safe production of recombinant proteins. Although the genetic engineering of plant viral vectors for heterologous gene expression can be dated back to the early 1980s, recent understanding of plant virology and technical progress in molecular biology have allowed for significant improvements and fine tuning of these vectors. These breakthroughs enable the flourishing of a variety of new viral-based expression systems and their wide application by academic and industry groups. In this review, we describe the principal plant viral-based production strategies and the latest plant viral expression systems, with a particular focus on the variety of proteins produced and their applications. We will summarize the recent progress in the downstream processing of plant materials for efficient extraction and purification of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lico
- UTS BIOTEC, Section of Genetics and Plant Genomics, ENEA CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
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Meyers A, Chakauya E, Shephard E, Tanzer FL, Maclean J, Lynch A, Williamson AL, Rybicki EP. Expression of HIV-1 antigens in plants as potential subunit vaccines. BMC Biotechnol 2008; 8:53. [PMID: 18573204 PMCID: PMC2443125 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-8-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has infected more than 40 million people worldwide, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. The high prevalence of HIV-1 subtype C in southern Africa necessitates the development of cheap, effective vaccines. One means of production is the use of plants, for which a number of different techniques have been successfully developed. HIV-1 Pr55Gag is a promising HIV-1 vaccine candidate: we compared the expression of this and a truncated Gag (p17/p24) and the p24 capsid subunit in Nicotiana spp. using transgenic plants and transient expression via Agrobacterium tumefaciens and recombinant tobamovirus vectors. We also investigated the influence of subcellular localisation of recombinant protein to the chloroplast and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) on protein yield. We partially purified a selected vaccine candidate and tested its stimulation of a humoral and cellular immune response in mice. RESULTS Both transient and transgenic expression of the HIV antigens were successful, although expression of Pr55Gag was low in all systems; however, the Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of p24 and p17/p24 yielded best, to more than 1 mg p24/kg fresh weight. Chloroplast targeted protein levels were highest in transient and transgenic expression of p24 and p17/p24. The transiently-expressed p17/p24 was not immunogenic in mice as a homologous vaccine, but it significantly boosted a humoral and T cell immune response primed by a gag DNA vaccine, pTHGagC. CONCLUSION Transient agroinfiltration was best for expression of all of the recombinant proteins tested, and p24 and p17/p24 were expressed at much higher levels than Pr55Gag. Our results highlight the usefulness of plastid signal peptides in enhancing the production of recombinant proteins meant for use as vaccines. The p17/p24 protein effectively boosted T cell and humoral responses in mice primed by the DNA vaccine pTHGagC, showing that this plant-produced protein has potential for use as a vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/biosynthesis
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens/genetics
- Animals
- Chloroplasts/genetics
- Chloroplasts/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/genetics
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, gag
- Genetic Vectors
- HIV Antigens/biosynthesis
- HIV Antigens/genetics
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Seronegativity
- HIV-1/genetics
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Tobamovirus/genetics
- Transformation, Genetic
- Vaccines, Subunit/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/biosynthesis
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Meyers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, P. Bag X3 Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Ereck Chakauya
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, P. Bag X3 Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- CSIR Biosciences, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Enid Shephard
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- MRC/UCT Liver Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Fiona L Tanzer
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, P. Bag X3 Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - James Maclean
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, P. Bag X3 Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Alisson Lynch
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, P. Bag X3 Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Edward P Rybicki
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, P. Bag X3 Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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Shoji Y, Chichester JA, Bi H, Musiychuk K, de la Rosa P, Goldschmidt L, Horsey A, Ugulava N, Palmer GA, Mett V, Yusibov V. Plant-expressed HA as a seasonal influenza vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2008; 26:2930-4. [PMID: 18440103 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is a globally important respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality annually. Although current vaccines are effective against virus infection, new strategies need to be developed to satisfy the global demand for an influenza vaccine. To address this point, we have engineered and produced the full-length hemagglutinin (HA) protein from the A/Wyoming/03/03 (H3N2) strain of influenza in plants. The antigenicity of this plant-produced HA was confirmed by ELISA and single-radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assays. Immunization of mice with plant-produced HA resulted in HA-specific humoral (IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b) and cellular (IFNgamma and IL-5) immune responses. In addition, significant serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralizing (VN) antibody titers were obtained with an antigen dose as low as 5mug. These results demonstrate that plant-produced HA protein is antigenic and can induce immune responses in mice that correlate with protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Shoji
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, 9 Innovation Way, Suite 200, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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Greco R, Michel M, Guetard D, Cervantes-Gonzalez M, Pelucchi N, Wain-Hobson S, Sala F, Sala M. Production of recombinant HIV-1/HBV virus-like particles in Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana plants for a bivalent plant-based vaccine. Vaccine 2007; 25:8228-40. [PMID: 17976876 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) spread via similar transmission pathways, and infection by HBV occurs in up to 32% of HIV-1 cases. Here, we describe the successful expression of novel recombinant HIV-1/HBV virus-like particles (VLPs) in Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana. The production levels and quality of the recombinant VLPs were comparable in the two plants, showing that parameters intrinsic to the recombinant proteins determined their assembly into VLPs. These heterologous VLPs can be used in a bivalent anti-HIV-1/-HBV vaccine, administrated via ingestion of transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Greco
- Department of Biology, "Cascina Rosa" Botanical Garden, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Abstract
This review examines the challenges of segregating biopharmed crops expressing pharmaceutical or veterinary agents from mainstream crops, particularly those destined for food or feed use. The strategy of using major food crops as production vehicles for the expression of pharmaceutical or veterinary agents is critically analysed in the light of several recent episodes of contamination of the human food chain by non-approved crop varieties. Commercially viable strategies to limit or avoid biopharming intrusion into the human food chain require the more rigorous segregation of food and non-food varieties of the same crop species via a range of either physical or biological methods. Even more secure segregation is possible by the use of non-food crops, non-crop plants or in vitro plant cultures as production platforms for biopharming. Such platforms already under development range from outdoor-grown Nicotiana spp. to glasshouse-grown Arabidopsis, lotus and moss. Amongst the more effective methods for biocontainment are the plastid expression of transgenes, inducible and transient expression systems, and physical containment of plants or cell cultures. In the current atmosphere of heightened concerns over food safety and biosecurity, the future of biopharming may be largely determined by the extent to which the sector is able to maintain public confidence via a more considered approach to containment and security of its plant production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis J Murphy
- Biotechnology Unit, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Treforest, CF37 1DL, UK.
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Zhang S, Dong JG, Wang T, Guo S, Glassman K, Ranch J, Nichols SE. High level accumulation of alpha-glucan in maize kernels by expressing the gtfD gene from Streptococcus mutans. Transgenic Res 2007; 16:467-78. [PMID: 17624807 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-006-9049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucosyltransferases (GTFs, EC.2.4.1.5) are bacterial enzymes that catalyze the polymerization of glucose residues from sucrose, leading to the production of high molecular weight glucan with alpha-1,3 /alpha-1,6 linkages. Such glucans, with many potential food and industrial applications, do not normally exist in higher plants. We fused a mutant form of the gtfD gene from Sreptococcus mutans with the maize (Zea mays L.) chloroplastic Brittle 1 transit peptide for amyloplast targeting. This construct, driven by the ubiquitin promoter, was introduced into maize by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. We developed a novel HPLC-based method that enabled us differentially to distinguish transgene glucan from other endogenous polysaccharides in maize kernels. Using this method, we screened over 100 transgenic plants for the presence of GTF-produced glucan whose content varied between 0.8 and 14% of dry weight in the mature transgenic seeds. The mature transgenic plants were indistinguishable from wildtype plants in growth rate and morphology. Furthermore, starch granule size in the transgenic maize kernel was unaffected by the accumulation of the foreign polysaccharide. Mutation in Sh2, which encodes a subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, had no effect on glucan accumulation caused by gtfD expression. Our results indicated that high levels of novel carbohydrate polymer can be accumulated in crop plants through transgene technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Zhang
- Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., a DuPont company, Johnston, IA 50131, USA.
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48
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Ramírez YJP, Tasciotti E, Gutierrez-Ortega A, Donayre Torres AJ, Olivera Flores MT, Giacca M, Gómez Lim MA. Fruit-specific expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat gene in tomato plants and its immunogenic potential in mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:685-92. [PMID: 17460112 PMCID: PMC1951073 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00028-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein is considered a potential candidate vaccine antigen. In an effort to design a strategy for noninvasive vaccination against HIV-1, we developed transgenic tomatoes expressing the Tat protein. Two independent plants testing positive in transgene detection analysis were selected and grown to maturity. Monoclonal antibodies against Tat recognized a protein of the expected size. Interestingly, expression of Tat seemed to be toxic to the plant, as in all cases the fruit exhibited underdeveloped reproductive structures and no seeds. Nine groups of 10 pathogen-free BALB/c male mice were primed either orally, intraperitoneally, or intramuscularly with 10 mg of tomato fruit extract derived from transgenic or wild-type plants and with 10 microg of Tat86 recombinant protein. Mice were immunized at days 0, 14, and 28, and given boosters after 15 weeks; sera were drawn 7 days after each booster, and the antibody titer was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All three immunization approaches induced the development of a strong anti-Tat immunological response, which increased over time. Isotype subclass determination showed the presence of mucosal (immunoglobulin A) immunity soon after the beginning of the oral immunization protocol, and the data were confirmed by the presence of anti-Tat antibodies in fecal pellets and in vaginal washes. We also demonstrated that sera from immunized mice inhibited with high efficiency recombinant Tat-dependent transactivation of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat promoter. This neutralization activity might be relevant for the suppression of extracellular Tat activities, which play an important role in HIV disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Jorge Peña Ramírez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Cinvestav Campus Guanajuato, Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento norte, Apartado Postal 629, Irapuato, Gto., México 365002
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Lal P, Ramachandran VG, Goyal R, Sharma R. EDIBLE VACCINES: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE. Indian J Med Microbiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0255-0857(21)02165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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50
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Li Q, Jiang L, Li M, Li P, Zhang Q, Song R, Xu Z. Morphology and stability changes of recombinant TMV particles caused by a cysteine residue in the foreign peptide fused to the coat protein. J Virol Methods 2007; 140:212-7. [PMID: 17140672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 10/15/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the studies of expressing various foreign peptides using a TMV-based vector, a portion of morphologically altered progeny viral particles from some recombinant TMV constructs were detected by transmission electron microscopy in the first systematically infected upper leaves, but not in the fully expanded inoculated leaves, from infected tobacco plants. Furthermore, in vitro stability of such recombinant TMV constructs were lower than those of the wild type and other recombinant TMV constructs able to form regular rod-shape virions, hence causing the lower yields of recombinant viral particles purified from the infected tobacco plants. Our studies revealed that the presence of a cysteine residue in the foreign peptides, regardless of its position and the peptide sequence, was directly related to changes in the morphology and stability of these TMV recombinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
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