1
|
Lavretsky P, Hernández F, Swale T, Mohl JE. Chromosomal-level reference genome of a wild North American mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad171. [PMID: 37523777 PMCID: PMC10542157 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is one of the most common, economically, and socially important birds around the world. Mallards were not only an important food source for early humans but eventually becoming intimately linked with people as they were domesticated over the last 2,000 years. To date, mallard genomes are largely reconstructed from samples of domestic or unknown genetic heritage. Here, we report the first high-quality genome assembly and annotation of a genetically vetted wild mallard from North America (NAwild_v1.0). The genome was assembled using a combination of shotgun libraries, proximity ligation Chicago, and Dovetail Hi-C libraries. The final assembly is ∼1.04 Gb in size, with 98.3% of the sequence located in 30 full or nearly full chromosome-level scaffolds, and with a N50/L50 of 79.1 Mb/4 scaffolds. We used a combination of gene prediction and similarity approaches to annotate a total of 23,584 functional genes, of which 19,242 were associated to GO terms. The genome assembly and the set of annotated genes yielded a 95.4% completeness score when compared with the BUSCO aves_odb10 dataset. Next, we aligned 3 previously published mallard genomes to ours, and demonstrate how runs of homozygosity and nucleotide diversity are substantially higher and lower, respectively, to ours and how these artificially changed genomes resulted in profoundly different and biased demographic histories. Our wild mallard assembly not only provides a valuable resource to shed light onto genome evolution, speciation, and other adaptive processes, but also helping with identifying functional genes that have been significantly altered during the domestication process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lavretsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Flor Hernández
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Thomas Swale
- Cantata Bio, 100 Enterprise Way Suite A101, Scotts Valley, CA 95066
| | - Jonathon E Mohl
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hubálek Z. Pathogenic microorganisms associated with gulls and terns (Laridae). JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.21009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Hubálek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Al-Hemoud A, AlSaraf M, Malak M, Al-Shatti M, Al-Jarba M, Othman A, Al-Shammari H, Al-Shatti A. Analytical and Early Detection System of Infectious Diseases and Animal Health Status in Kuwait. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:676661. [PMID: 34395570 PMCID: PMC8359926 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.676661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at the development of an analytic web-based system for the assessment of animal health in Kuwait. The data sources were based on the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) repository with data gathered for the period (2005–2020). An on-line web-based system using TABLEAU Creator was developed for monitoring and surveillance of animal disease outbreaks. Five animal diseases were identified in Kuwait; namely, HPAI, FMD, glanders, LSD and MERS-CoV. The highest numbers of outbreaks were recorded for HPAI, followed by FMD. Examples of spatio-temporal visualizations of the web based mappings are presented and include disease cases, number of outbreaks and farm locations, among other features. The web-based system can serve as a monitoring tool to easily display the status of animal health in Kuwait. It can also serve to quickly identify and track disease outbreaks and monitor the spread patterns of new or emerging animal diseases between neighboring countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Hemoud
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Manar AlSaraf
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mariam Malak
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Musab Al-Shatti
- Systems and Software Development, Science and Technology Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Meshael Al-Jarba
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ahmad Othman
- Systems and Software Development, Science and Technology Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Hanadi Al-Shammari
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Alya Al-Shatti
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ganser C, Monadjem A, McCleery RA, Ndlela T, Wisely SM. Is it best on the nest? Effects of avian life-history on haemosporidian parasitism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 13:62-71. [PMID: 32884900 PMCID: PMC7452475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases vary in prevalence and pathology among host species. Species may differ in prevalence of infection due to varying exposure and susceptibility to disease agents throughout their lifetime, which may be attributable to underlying differences in their phenology, physiology and behavior. A recently growing body of literature has focused on the utility of host life-history traits to provide mechanistic explanations for interspecific variation in host-parasite associations. In this study, we utilized diverse avian and haemosporidian assemblages in an African savanna to evaluate the link between haemosporidia prevalence (Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon) and avian life-history traits such as body size, mating system, nest care and nest structure. We found that variation of haemosporidia prevalence was consistent with life-history traits that pertain to the reproduction of avian host. Nest care was the single most important predictor of infection status. In birds with shared and female-only nest care, the expected rates of parasitism were between 8- and 12-fold higher than in avian brood parasites that provide no nest care. This finding supports the hypothesis that parental care is an evolutionarily costly life-history trait that increases species' risk of infection with vector-borne diseases. The influence of other host traits (nest structure, body size) was less consistent suggesting that differences in the vectors’ ecology and host-seeking behavior produce variable patterns of parasitism among haemosporidia genera. Nest structure influenced infection with Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon only. Leucocytozoon infections were associated with ground-nesting birds, while Haemoproteus infections were associated with birds that build open nest structures. Body size was an important predictor of Leucocytozoon infections, particularly large-bodied birds like guineafowl and doves, which exhibited high prevalences. Variation in infection prevalence was consistent with reproductive traits in avian hosts. Avian species that invested less in nest care had lower infection rates than species with other nest care strategies. Leucocytozoon infections were high in ground-nesting birds; birds with open nests had higher Haemoproteus infections. Birds like guineafowl and doves with larger body size had more Leucocytozoon infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ganser
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ara Monadjem
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eswatini, Kwaluseni, Eswatini.,Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Robert A McCleery
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Thandeka Ndlela
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eswatini, Kwaluseni, Eswatini
| | - Samantha M Wisely
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nolting JM, Lauterbach SE, Slemons RD, Bowman AS. Identifying Gaps in Wild Waterfowl Influenza A Surveillance in Ohio, United States. Avian Dis 2020; 63:145-148. [PMID: 31131571 DOI: 10.1637/11852-042018-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The Mississippi Flyway is of utmost importance in monitoring influenza A viral diversity in the natural reservoir, as it is used by approximately 40% of North American migratory waterfowl. In 2008, influenza A virus (IAV) surveillance was initiated in eight states within the flyway during annual southern migration, to gain better insight into the natural history of influenza A viruses in the natural reservoir. More than 45,000 samples have been collected and tested, resulting in hundreds of diverse influenza A viral isolates, but seasonal sampling may not be the best strategy to gain insight into the natural history of IAV. To investigate the progress of this sampling strategy toward understanding the ecology of IAV in wild waterfowl, data from mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) sampled nearly year-round in Ohio were examined. Overall, 3,645 samples were collected from mallards in Ohio from 2008 to 2016, with IAV being recovered from 13.6% of all samples collected. However, when data from each month are examined individually, it becomes apparent that the aggregated summary may be providing a misleading view of IAV in Ohio mallards. For instance, in August the frequency of viral recovery is 29.8%, with isolates representing at least 47 hemagglutinin/ neuraminidase (HA/NA) combinations. In November, during the height of southern migration, IAV isolation drops to 6.2%, with only 25 HA/NA combinations being represented. Our biased sampling towards convenience and high IAV recovery has created gaps in the data set, which prohibit a full understanding of the IAV ecology in this waterfowl population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Nolting
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210,
| | - Sarah E Lauterbach
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Richard D Slemons
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bouwstra R, Gonzales JL, de Wit S, Stahl J, Fouchier RA, Elbers AR. Risk for Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus on Poultry Farms, the Netherlands, 2007-2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1510-1516. [PMID: 28820139 PMCID: PMC5572893 DOI: 10.3201/eid2309.170276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Using annual serologic surveillance data from all poultry farms in the Netherlands during 2007–2013, we quantified the risk for the introduction of low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) in different types of poultry production farms and putative spatial-environmental risk factors: distance from poultry farms to clay soil, waterways, and wild waterfowl areas. Outdoor-layer, turkey (meat and breeder), and duck (meat and breeder) farms had a significantly higher risk for LPAIV introduction than did indoor-layer farms. Except for outdoor-layer, all poultry types (i.e., broilers, chicken breeders, ducks, and turkeys) are kept indoors. For all production types, LPAIV risk decreased significantly with increasing distance to medium-sized waterways and with increasing distance to areas with defined wild waterfowl, but only for outdoor-layer and turkey farms. Future research should focus not only on production types but also on distance to waterways and wild bird areas. In addition, settlement of new poultry farms in high-risk areas should be discouraged.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bulu PM, Robertson ID, Geong M. A targeted investigation to demonstrate the freedom of West Timor from HPAI H5N1. Prev Vet Med 2018; 150:47-51. [PMID: 29406083 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In early 2004 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus caused major outbreaks of disease in poultry in Indonesia. The disease was first reported in West Timor in eastern Indonesia in the same year, resulting in the death of approximately one hundred chickens from both commercial and backyard farms; however no evidence of disease has subsequently been reported in West Timor since 2007. A targeted survey was undertaken in 2013 in 2 districts of West Timor. Three hundred village and commercial poultry (292 chickens and 8 Muscovy ducks) from 10 villages and 5 live bird markets (LBMs) were sampled between August and October 2013. Swabs of the cloaca and trachea of the sampled birds were tested using the Anigen® Rapid Test (Bionote). All samples were negative on testing (0%; 95%CI: 0.0-1.2%). From these results it was concluded with a high level of confidence (100%, 95%CI: 99.988, 100) that this population is not infected, and these results, along with a lack of clinical evidence of disease, support the conclusion that West Timor was free from HPAI infection at the time of the survey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petrus Malo Bulu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University, South Street Murdoch, Perth, Western Australia, 6150, Australia; Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Kupang, Jln Adisucipto Penfui Kupang, West Timor, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
| | - Ian D Robertson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University, South Street Murdoch, Perth, Western Australia, 6150, Australia; China-Australia Joint Research and Training Center for Veterinary Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Maria Geong
- Animal Health & Veterinary Services, Provincial Department of Livestock - Nusa Tenggara Timur, Kupang, West Timor, Indonesia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Influenza is an RNA virus that causes mild to severe respiratory symptoms in humans and other hosts. Every year approximately half a million people around the world die from seasonal Influenza. But this number is substantially larger in the case of pandemics, with the most dramatic instance being the 1918 “Spanish flu” that killed more than 50 million people worldwide. In the last few years, thousands of Influenza genomic sequences have become publicly available, including the 1918 pandemic strain and many isolates from non-human hosts. Using these data and developing adequate bioinformatic and statistical tools, some of the major questions surrounding Influenza evolution are becoming tractable. Are the mutations and reassortments random? What are the patterns behind the virus's evolution? What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for a virus adapted to one host to infect a different host? Why is Influenza seasonal? In this review, we summarize some of the recent progress in understanding the evolution of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Rabadan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Einstein Dr., Princeton, NJ 08540, U.S.A
| | - Harlan Robins
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Okamatsu M, Hiono T, Kida H, Sakoda Y. Recent developments in the diagnosis of avian influenza. Vet J 2016; 215:82-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
10
|
Su S, Xing G, Wang J, Li Z, Gu J, Yan L, Lei J, Ji S, Hu B, Gray GC, Yan Y, Zhou J. Characterization of H7N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds and Pikas in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Area. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30974. [PMID: 27553660 PMCID: PMC4995509 DOI: 10.1038/srep30974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Qinghai Lake is a major migrating bird breeding site that has experienced several recent highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) epizootics. From 2006 to 2009 we studied Qinghai’s wild birds and pikas for evidence of AIV infections. We sampled 941 healthy wild animals and isolated seventeen H7N2 viruses (eight from pikas and nine from wild birds). The H7N2 viruses were phylogenetically closely related to each other and to viruses isolated in Hong Kong in the 1970s. We determined the pathogenicity of the H7N2 viruses by infecting chickens and mice. Our results suggest that pikas might play an important role in the ecology of AIVs, acting as intermediate hosts in which viruses become more adapted to mammals. Our findings of AI infection in pikas are consistent with previous observations and raise the possibility that pikas might play a previously unrecognized role in the ecology of AIVs peridomestic aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Su
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Xing
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zengkui Li
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Yan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Lei
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Senlin Ji
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Boli Hu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Global Health Institute, &Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ansari WK, Parvej MS, El Zowalaty ME, Jackson S, Bustin SA, Ibrahim AK, El Zowalaty AE, Rahman MT, Zhang H, Khan MFR, Ahamed MM, Rahman MF, Rahman M, Nazir KHMNH, Ahmed S, Hossen ML, Kafi MA, Yamage M, Debnath NC, Ahmed G, Ashour HM, Masudur Rahman M, Noreddin A, Rahman MB. Surveillance, epidemiological, and virological detection of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses in duck and poultry from Bangladesh. Vet Microbiol 2016; 193:49-59. [PMID: 27599930 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) continue to pose a global threat. Waterfowl are the main reservoir and are responsible for the spillover of AIVs to other hosts. This study was conducted as part of routine surveillance activities in Bangladesh and it reports on the serological and molecular detection of H5N1 AIV subtype. A total of 2169 cloacal and 2191 oropharyngeal swabs as well as 1725 sera samples were collected from live birds including duck and chicken in different locations in Bangladesh between the years of 2013 and 2014. Samples were tested using virus isolation, serological tests and molecular methods of RT-PCR. Influenza A viruses were detected using reverse transcription PCR targeting the virus matrix (M) gene in 41/4360 (0.94%) samples including both cloacal and oropharyngeal swab samples, 31 of which were subtyped as H5N1 using subtype-specific primers. Twenty-one live H5N1 virus isolates were recovered from those 31 samples. Screening of 1,868 blood samples collected from the same birds using H5-specific ELISA identified 545/1603 (34%) positive samples. Disconcertingly, an analysis of 221 serum samples collected from vaccinated layer chicken in four districts revealed that only 18 samples (8.1%) were seropositive for anti H5 antibodies, compared to unvaccinated birds (n=105), where 8 samples (7.6%) were seropositive. Our result indicates that the vaccination program as currently implemented should be reviewed and updated. In addition, surveillance programs are crucial for monitoring the efficacy of the current poultry vaccinations programs, and to monitor the circulating AIV strains and emergence of AIV subtypes in Bangladesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wahedul Karim Ansari
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shafiullah Parvej
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- School of Health Sciences, KwaZulu Natal University, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA.
| | - Sally Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen A Bustin
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - Adel K Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E El Zowalaty
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Md Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | | | - Md Mostakin Ahamed
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | - Marzia Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | - Sultan Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Liakot Hossen
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Kafi
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mat Yamage
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Bangladesh
| | - Nitish C Debnath
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Bangladesh
| | - Graba Ahmed
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Bangladesh
| | - Hossam M Ashour
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida St. Petersburg, Florida, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Md Masudur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Ayman Noreddin
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, 92618, USA
| | - Md Bahanur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vaccination against H5 avian influenza virus induces long-term humoral immune responses in flamingoes (Phoenicopterus spp.). Vaccine 2016; 34:3082-3086. [PMID: 27151883 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) can represent a threat to endangered wild birds, as demonstrated with the H5N1 highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) outbreaks. Vaccination against AI using inactivated H5-vaccines has been shown to induce humoral immune response in zoo bird species. In this study, the long-term efficacy of H5-vaccination was evaluated in flamingoes from Barcelona Zoo. Specific H5-antibody titres were maintained at high levels (geometric mean titres ≥32) for over 7 years after vaccination, both against the H5N9 and H5N3 vaccine strains, as well as H5N3 and H5N1 reference strains. In addition the breadth of the immune response was also studied by testing antibody production against H1-, H3-, H4-, H7-, and H10-subtypes. It was observed that most flamingoes presented specific antibodies against H1 virus subtypes, but titres to the other HA-subtypes were rarely detected. We show that AI-vaccines can induce immunity lasting seven years in flamingoes, which suggests that vaccination can provide long term protection from HPAI outbreaks in zoo birds.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang X, Kong W, Wanda SY, Xin W, Alamuri P, Curtiss R. Generation of influenza virus from avian cells infected by Salmonella carrying the viral genome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119041. [PMID: 25742162 PMCID: PMC4351096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic poultry serve as intermediates for transmission of influenza A virus from the wild aquatic bird reservoir to humans, resulting in influenza outbreaks in poultry and potential epidemics/pandemics among human beings. To combat emerging avian influenza virus, an inexpensive, heat-stable, and orally administered influenza vaccine would be useful to vaccinate large commercial poultry flocks and even migratory birds. Our hypothesized vaccine is a recombinant attenuated bacterial strain able to mediate production of attenuated influenza virus in vivo to induce protective immunity against influenza. Here we report the feasibility and technical limitations toward such an ideal vaccine based on our exploratory study. Five 8-unit plasmids carrying a chloramphenicol resistance gene or free of an antibiotic resistance marker were constructed. Influenza virus was successfully generated in avian cells transfected by each of the plasmids. The Salmonella carrier was engineered to allow stable maintenance and conditional release of the 8-unit plasmid into the avian cells for recovery of influenza virus. Influenza A virus up to 10⁷ 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50)/ml were recovered from 11 out of 26 co-cultures of chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF) and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells upon infection by the recombinant Salmonella carrying the 8-unit plasmid. Our data prove that a bacterial carrier can mediate generation of influenza virus by delivering its DNA cargoes into permissive host cells. Although we have made progress in developing this Salmonella influenza virus vaccine delivery system, further improvements are necessary to achieve efficient virus production, especially in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Zhang
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy/Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Wei Kong
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Soo-Young Wanda
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Wei Xin
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Praveen Alamuri
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Roy Curtiss
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tseng CH, Tsai HJ, Chang CM. A complete molecular diagnostic procedure for applications in surveillance and subtyping of avian influenza virus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:653056. [PMID: 25057497 PMCID: PMC4098948 DOI: 10.1155/2014/653056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The following complete molecular diagnostic procedure we developed, based on real-time quantitative PCR and traditional PCR, is effective for avian influenza surveillance, virus subtyping, and viral genome sequencing. METHOD This study provides a specific and sensitive step-by-step procedure for efficient avian influenza identification of 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase avian influenza subtypes. RESULT AND CONCLUSION This diagnostic procedure may prove exceedingly useful for virological and ecological advancements in global avian influenza research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hsiang-Jung Tsai
- Animal Health Research Institute, Danshui, Taipei 25158, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ming Chang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Full Genome Sequence of a Recombinant H1N2 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Wild Waterfowl in the East Dongting Lake Wetland. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/1/e00023-14. [PMID: 24558230 PMCID: PMC3931351 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00023-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Here, we report the full genome sequence of an H1N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) isolated from wild waterfowl in Dongting Lake. Phylogenetic analysis showed that it was a novel recombinant AIV between domestic ducks and wild waterfowl. Investigation of this virus is helpful for our understanding of the ecology of AIV in this region.
Collapse
|
16
|
Complete Genome Sequence of an H12N8 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Wild Bird Feces in Hunan East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:1/5/e00891-13. [PMID: 24158557 PMCID: PMC3813187 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00891-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
An H12N8 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) was isolated from a wild bird in China in 2011. It is the first report of isolation of the H12N8 subtype AIV in Asia. Phylogenetic analysis results suggested it is a reassortant, and all eight gene segments belong to the Eurasian gene pool.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim HR, Oem JK, Bae YC, Kang MS, Lee HS, Kwon YK. Application of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to the detection the matrix, H5 and H7 genes of avian influenza viruses in field samples from South Korea. Virol J 2013; 10:85. [PMID: 23496990 PMCID: PMC3606358 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid and accurate identification of the H5 and H7 subtypes of avian influenza (AI) virus is an important step for the control and eradication of highly pathogenic AI outbreaks and for the surveillance of AI viruses that have the potential to undergo changes in pathogenicity in poultry and wild birds. Currently, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) is routinely used for the rapid detection of the H5 and H7 genes, but misidentification is frequent for emergent isolates and viruses isolated from diverse regions due to the high sequence variation among AI viruses. FINDINGS In this study, an RRT-PCR method was tested for the detection of matrix, H5 and H7 genes from diverse subtypes of AI viruses and from field samples obtained through AI surveillance in South Korea over the last four years. Both RRT-PCR and conventional experiment (virus isolation using egg inoculation followed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) agreed on the virus-positive samples. And the comparison of the results with 174 clinical samples showed a high level of agreement without decreasing the specificity and sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS This assay could be useful tool for the rapid detection of AI using the field samples from domestic poultry and wild birds in South Korea, and continuous regional updates is needed to validate primer sets as the AI virus evolves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ryoung Kim
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, 175 Anyangro, Manangu, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Evidence that life history characteristics of wild birds influence infection and exposure to influenza A viruses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57614. [PMID: 23469210 PMCID: PMC3587647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on life history characteristics, temporal, and age-related effects influencing the frequency of occurrence of avian influenza (AI) viruses in four species of migratory geese breeding on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska. Emperor geese (Chen canagica), cackling geese (Branta hutchinsii), greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons), and black brant (Branta bernicla), were all tested for active infection of AI viruses upon arrival in early May, during nesting in June, and while molting in July and August, 2006–2010 (n = 14,323). Additionally, prior exposure to AI viruses was assessed via prevalence of antibodies from sera samples collected during late summer in 2009 and 2010. Results suggest that geese are uncommonly infected by low pathogenic AI viruses while in Alaska. The percent of birds actively shedding AI viruses varied annually, and was highest in 2006 and 2010 (1–3%) and lowest in 2007, 2008, and 2009 (<0.70%). Contrary to findings in ducks, the highest incidence of infected birds was in late spring when birds first arrived from staging and wintering areas. Despite low prevalence, most geese were previously exposed to AI viruses, as indicated by high levels of seroprevalence during late summer (47%–96% across species; n = 541). Seroprevalence was >95% for emperor geese, a species that spends part of its life cycle in Asia and is endemic to Alaska and the Bering Sea region, compared to 40–60% for the other three species, whose entire life cycles are within the western hemisphere. Birds <45 days of age showed little past exposure to AI viruses, although antibodies were detected in samples from 5-week old birds in 2009. Seroprevalence of known age black brant revealed that no birds <4 years old had seroconverted, compared to 49% of birds ≥4 years of age.
Collapse
|
19
|
The immune response of a recombinant fowlpox virus coexpressing the HA gene of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and chicken interleukin 6 gene in ducks. Vaccine 2012; 30:6279-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
20
|
Ryba Š, Stopka P. Monitoring and prevalence of influenza A virus in the population of mallard duck in the Czech Republic between 2008–2010. FOLIA ZOOLOGICA 2012. [DOI: 10.25225/fozo.v61.i2.a4.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Štěpán Ryba
- Biodiversity research group, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 124 88 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Stopka
- Biodiversity research group, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 124 88 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Susceptibility of avian influenza viruses of the N6 subtype to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir. Antiviral Res 2012; 93:322-9. [PMID: 22252168 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses are a source of genetic material that can be transmitted to humans through direct introduction or reassortment. Although there is a wealth of information concerning global monitoring for antiviral resistance among human viruses of the N1 and N2 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes, information concerning avian viruses of these and other NA subtypes is limited. We undertook a surveillance study to investigate the antiviral susceptibility of avian influenza N6 NA viruses, the predominant subtype among wild waterfowl. We evaluated 73 viruses from North American ducks and shorebirds for susceptibility to the NA inhibitor oseltamivir in a fluorescence-based NA enzyme inhibition assay. Most (90%) had mean IC(50) values ranging from <0.01 to 5.0nM; 10% were from 5.1 to 50.0nM; and none were >50.0nM. Susceptibility to oseltamivir remained stable among all isolates collected over approximately three decades (P⩽0.74). Two isolates with I222V NA substitution had moderately reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir in vitro (IC(50), 30.0 and 40.0nM). One field sample was a mixed population containing an avian paramyxovirus (APMV) and H4N6 influenza virus, as revealed by electron microscopy and hemagglutination inhibition assays with a panel of anti-APMV antisera. This highlights the importance of awareness and careful examination of non-influenza pathogens in field samples from avian sources. This study showed that oseltamivir-resistant N6 NA avian influenza viruses are rare, and must be tested both phenotypically and genotypically to confirm resistance.
Collapse
|
22
|
Comprehensive serological analysis of two successive heterologous vaccines against H5N1 avian influenza virus in exotic birds in zoos. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:697-706. [PMID: 21430124 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00013-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In 2005, European Commission directive 2005/744/EC allowed controlled vaccination against avian influenza (AI) virus of valuable avian species housed in zoos. In 2006, 15 Spanish zoos and wildlife centers began a vaccination program with a commercial inactivated H5N9 vaccine. Between November 2007 and May 2008, birds from 10 of these centers were vaccinated again with a commercial inactivated H5N3 vaccine. During these campaigns, pre- and postvaccination samples from different bird orders were taken to study the response against AI virus H5 vaccines. Sera prior to vaccinations with both vaccines were examined for the presence of total antibodies against influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) by a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Humoral responses to vaccination were evaluated using a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. In some taxonomic orders, both vaccines elicited comparatively high titers of HI antibodies against H5. Interestingly, some orders, such as Psittaciformes, which did not develop HI antibodies to either vaccine formulation when used alone, triggered notable HI antibody production, albeit in low HI titers, when primed with H5N9 and during subsequent boosting with the H5N3 vaccine. Vaccination with successive heterologous vaccines may represent the best alternative to widely protect valuable and/or endangered bird species against highly pathogenic AI virus infection.
Collapse
|
23
|
Genome wide SNP discovery, analysis and evaluation in mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). BMC Genomics 2011; 12:150. [PMID: 21410945 PMCID: PMC3065436 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Next generation sequencing technologies allow to obtain at low cost the genomic sequence information that currently lacks for most economically and ecologically important organisms. For the mallard duck genomic data is limited. The mallard is, besides a species of large agricultural and societal importance, also the focal species when it comes to long distance dispersal of Avian Influenza. For large scale identification of SNPs we performed Illumina sequencing of wild mallard DNA and compared our data with ongoing genome and EST sequencing of domesticated conspecifics. This is the first study of its kind for waterfowl. Results More than one billion base pairs of sequence information were generated resulting in a 16× coverage of a reduced representation library of the mallard genome. Sequence reads were aligned to a draft domesticated duck reference genome and allowed for the detection of over 122,000 SNPs within our mallard sequence dataset. In addition, almost 62,000 nucleotide positions on the domesticated duck reference showed a different nucleotide compared to wild mallard. Approximately 20,000 SNPs identified within our data were shared with SNPs identified in the sequenced domestic duck or in EST sequencing projects. The shared SNPs were considered to be highly reliable and were used to benchmark non-shared SNPs for quality. Genotyping of a representative sample of 364 SNPs resulted in a SNP conversion rate of 99.7%. The correlation of the minor allele count and observed minor allele frequency in the SNP discovery pool was 0.72. Conclusion We identified almost 150,000 SNPs in wild mallards that will likely yield good results in genotyping. Of these, ~101,000 SNPs were detected within our wild mallard sequences and ~49,000 were detected between wild and domesticated duck data. In the ~101,000 SNPs we found a subset of ~20,000 SNPs shared between wild mallards and the sequenced domesticated duck suggesting a low genetic divergence. Comparison of quality metrics between the total SNP set (122,000 + 62,000 = 184,000 SNPs) and the validated subset shows similar characteristics for both sets. This indicates that we have detected a large amount (~150,000) of accurately inferred mallard SNPs, which will benefit bird evolutionary studies, ecological studies (e.g. disentangling migratory connectivity) and industrial breeding programs.
Collapse
|
24
|
Cumming GS, Caron A, Abolnik C, Cattoli G, Bruinzeel LW, Burger CE, Cecchettin K, Chiweshe N, Mochotlhoane B, Mutumi GL, Ndlovu M. The ecology of influenza A viruses in wild birds in southern Africa. ECOHEALTH 2011; 8:4-13. [PMID: 21516374 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-011-0684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are pathogens of global concern, but there has been little previous research on avian influenza in southern Africa and almost nothing is known about the dynamics of AIVs in the region. We counted, captured and sampled birds regularly at five sites, two in South Africa (Barberspan and Strandfontein) and one in each of Botswana (Lake Ngami), Mozambique (Lake Chuali) and Zimbabwe (Lakes Manyame and Chivero) between March 2007 and May 2009. The South African and Zimbabwean sites were visited every 2 months and the sites in Botswana and Mozambique every 4 months. During each visit we undertook 5-7 days of standardised bird counts followed by 5-10 days of capturing and sampling water-associated birds. We sampled 4,977 birds of 165 different species and completed 2,503 half-hour point counts. We found 125 positive rRT-PCR cases of avian influenza across all sites. Two viruses (H1N8 and H3N8) were isolated and additional H5, H6 and H7 strains were identified. We did not positively identify any highly pathogenic H5N1. Overall viral prevalence (2.51%) was similar to the lower range of European values, considerable spatial and temporal variation occurred in viral prevalence, and there was no detectable influence of the annual influx of Palearctic migrants. Although waterbirds appear to be the primary viral carriers, passerines may link wild birds and poultry. While influenza cycles are probably driven by the bird movements that result from rainfall patterns, the epidemiology of avian influenza in wild birds in the subregion is complex and there appears to be the possibility for viral transmission throughout the year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme S Cumming
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zowalaty MEE, Chander Y, Redig PT, El Latif HKA, Sayed MAE, Goyal SM. Selective Isolation of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) from Cloacal Samples Containing AIV and Newcastle Disease Virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:330-2. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871102300222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are important zoonotic pathogens whose natural reservoir is waterfowl. In addition to AIV, waterfowl are often coinfected with other viruses, such as the paramyxoviruses, of which Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is of particular importance because of the highly virulent nature of certain strains of this virus for domestic poultry. In routine surveillance of waterfowl for AIV, a number of cloacal samples were encountered that were positive for AIV by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), but did not yield AIV by inoculation in embryonated chicken eggs. On further testing, these samples were also positive for NDV by conventional RT-PCR. It was hypothesized that if both NDV and AIV are present in a sample, the former may overgrow AIV yielding false-negative AIV results. Such samples were treated with chicken anti-NDV polyclonal antiserum and then inoculated in embryonated chicken eggs. Several samples were found to be positive for different subtypes of AIV, indicating that, in the presence of mixed infection with NDV and AIV, it is imperative to remove the influence of NDV, so a true picture of AIV prevalence emerges. An additional benefit is that information on the circulation of NDV in these birds sheds light on their epidemiologic and ecologic significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Zagazig, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yogesh Chander
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Patrick T. Redig
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Hemmat K. Abd El Latif
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Zagazig, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mona A. El Sayed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Zagazig, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sagar M. Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Molecular-based techniques for detecting influenza viruses have become an integral component of human and animal surveillance programs in the last two decades. The recent pandemic of the swine-origin influenza A virus (H1N1) and the continuing circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (H5N1) further stress the need for rapid and accurate identification and subtyping of influenza viruses for surveillance, outbreak management, diagnosis and treatment. There has been remarkable progress on the detection and molecular characterization of influenza virus infections in clinical, mammalian, domestic poultry and wild bird samples in recent years. The application of these techniques, including reverse transcriptase-PCR, real-time PCR, microarrays and other nucleic acid sequencing-based amplifications, have greatly enhanced the capability for surveillance and characterization of influenza viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Wang
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dovas CI, Papanastassopoulou M, Georgiadis MP, Chatzinasiou E, Maliogka VI, Georgiades GK. Detection and quantification of infectious avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in environmental water by using real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:2165-74. [PMID: 20118369 PMCID: PMC2849232 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01929-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Routes of avian influenza virus (AIV) dispersal among aquatic birds involve direct (bird-to-bird) and indirect (waterborne) transmission. The environmental persistence of H5N1 virus in natural water reservoirs can be assessed by isolation of virus in embryonated chicken eggs. Here we describe development and evaluation of a real-time quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR (qRT-PCR) method for detection of H5N1 AIV in environmental water. This method is based on adsorption of virus particles to formalin-fixed erythrocytes, followed by qRT-PCR detection. The numbers of hemagglutinin RNA copies from H5N1 highly pathogenic AIV particles adsorbed to erythrocytes detected correlated highly with the infectious doses of the virus that were determined for three different types of artificially inoculated environmental water over a 17-day incubation period. The advantages of this method include detection and quantification of infectious H5N1 AIVs with a high level of sensitivity, a wide dynamic range, and reproducibility, as well as increased biosecurity. The lowest concentration of H5N1 virus that could be reproducibly detected was 0.91 50% egg infective dose per ml. In addition, a virus with high virion stability (Tobacco mosaic virus) was used as an internal control to accurately monitor the efficiency of RNA purification, cDNA synthesis, and PCR amplification for each individual sample. This detection system could be useful for rapid high-throughput monitoring for the presence of H5N1 AIVs in environmental water and in studies designed to explore the viability and epidemiology of these viruses in different waterfowl ecosystems. The proposed method may also be adapted for detection of other AIVs and for assessment of their prevalence and distribution in environmental reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C I Dovas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lee DH, Lee HJ, Lee YN, Lee YJ, Jeong OM, Kang HM, Kim MC, Kwon JS, Kwon JH, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Song CS. Application of DNA Barcoding Technique in Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance of Wild Bird Habitats in Korea and Mongolia. Avian Dis 2010; 54:677-81. [DOI: 10.1637/8783-040109-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
29
|
Siembieda JL, Johnson CK, Cardona C, Anchell N, Dao N, Reisen W, Boyce W. Influenza A viruses in wild birds of the Pacific flyway, 2005-2008. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 10:793-800. [PMID: 20059316 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose a significant threat to public health, and viral subtypes circulating in natural avian reservoirs can contribute to the emergence of pathogenic influenza viruses in humans. We investigated the prevalence and distribution of AIVs in 8826 migratory and resident wild birds in North America along the Pacific flyway, which is a major north-south migration pathway that overlaps with four other flyways in Alaska providing opportunities for mixing of Eurasian and American origin influenza viruses. Overall, the prevalence of AIVs was low (1%) among the wide range of avian species tested, but we detected AIVs in 69 hunter-harvested waterfowl (Anseriformes) sampled at a national wildlife refuge in California from October 2007 to January 2008. A wide range of subtypes were detected in waterfowl with H6N1, H10N7, H7N3, and H3N5 being the most common. We suspect H6N1 was introduced or remerged in 2007 at this key wintering site for waterfowl along the Pacific Flyway. Over a 3-week period, 13 H6N1 AIVs were isolated from two northern pintails (Anas acuta), three northern shovelers (Anas clypeata), three ring-necked ducks (Aythya collaris), four American widgeon (Anas americana), and one gadwall (Anas strepera). We conclude that a diverse array of AIVs was present and that cross-species transmission was occurring among waterfowl in the central valley wetlands of California.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Siembieda
- Wildlife Health Center, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Skinner BM, Robertson LBW, Tempest HG, Langley EJ, Ioannou D, Fowler KE, Crooijmans RPMA, Hall AD, Griffin DK, Völker M. Comparative genomics in chicken and Pekin duck using FISH mapping and microarray analysis. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:357. [PMID: 19656363 PMCID: PMC2907691 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of the complete chicken (Gallus gallus) genome sequence as well as a large number of chicken probes for fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) and microarray resources facilitate comparative genomic studies between chicken and other bird species. In a previous study, we provided a comprehensive cytogenetic map for the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and the first analysis of copy number variants (CNVs) in birds. Here, we extend this approach to the Pekin duck (Anas platyrhynchos), an obvious target for comparative genomic studies due to its agricultural importance and resistance to avian flu. RESULTS We provide a detailed molecular cytogenetic map of the duck genome through FISH assignment of 155 chicken clones. We identified one inter- and six intrachromosomal rearrangements between chicken and duck macrochromosomes and demonstrated conserved synteny among all microchromosomes analysed. Array comparative genomic hybridisation revealed 32 CNVs, of which 5 overlap previously designated "hotspot" regions between chicken and turkey. CONCLUSION Our results suggest extensive conservation of avian genomes across 90 million years of evolution in both macro- and microchromosomes. The data on CNVs between chicken and duck extends previous analyses in chicken and turkey and supports the hypotheses that avian genomes contain fewer CNVs than mammalian genomes and that genomes of evolutionarily distant species share regions of copy number variation ("CNV hotspots"). Our results will expedite duck genomics, assist marker development and highlight areas of interest for future evolutionary and functional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay BW Robertson
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
- Institute of Cancer Research, Belmont, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Helen G Tempest
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
- Bridge Genoma, 1 St Thomas Street, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RY, UK
| | | | - Dimitris Ioannou
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Katie E Fowler
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Richard PMA Crooijmans
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony D Hall
- Cherry Valley Ltd, Rothwell, Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, LN7 6BJ, UK
| | - Darren K Griffin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Martin Völker
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Haynes L, Arzey E, Bell C, Buchanan N, Burgess G, Cronan V, Dickason C, Field H, Gibbs S, Hansbro PM, Hollingsworth T, Hurt AC, Kirkland P, McCracken H, O’Connor J, Tracey J, Wallner J, Warner S, Woods R, Bunn C. Australian surveillance for avian influenza viruses in wild birds between July 2005 and June 2007. Aust Vet J 2009; 87:266-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
32
|
Characterization of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus derived from wild pikas in China. J Virol 2009; 83:8957-64. [PMID: 19553321 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00793-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus emerged from China in 1996 and has spread across Eurasia and Africa, with a continuous stream of new cases of human infection appearing since the first large-scale outbreak among migratory birds at Qinghai Lake. The role of wild birds, which are the natural reservoirs for the virus, in the epidemiology of the H5N1 virus has raised great public health concern, but their role in the spread of the virus within the natural ecosystem of free-ranging terrestrial wild mammals remains unclear. In this study, we investigated H5N1 virus infection in wild pikas in an attempt to trace the circulation of the virus. Seroepidemiological surveys confirmed a natural H5N1 virus infection of wild pikas in their native environment. The hemagglutination gene of the H5N1 virus isolated from pikas reveals two distinct evolutionary clades, a mixed/Vietnam H5N1 virus sublineage (MV-like pika virus) and a wild bird Qinghai (QH)-like H5N1 virus sublineage (QH-like pika virus). The amino acid residue (glutamic acid) at position 627 encoded by the PB2 gene of the MV-like pika virus was different from that of the QH-like pika virus; the residue of the MV-like pika virus was the same as that of the goose H5N1 virus (A/GS/Guangdong [GD]/1/96). Further, we discovered that in contrast to the MV-like pika virus, which is nonpathogenic to mice, the QH-like pika virus is highly pathogenic. To mimic the virus infection of pikas, we intranasally inoculated rabbits, a species closely related to pikas, with the H5N1 virus of pika origin. Our findings first demonstrate that wild pikas are mammalian hosts exposed to H5N1 subtype avian influenza viruses in the natural ecosystem and also imply a potential transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from wild mammals into domestic mammalian hosts and humans.
Collapse
|
33
|
Hoffmann B, Beer M, Reid SM, Mertens P, Oura CAL, van Rijn PA, Slomka MJ, Banks J, Brown IH, Alexander DJ, King DP. A review of RT-PCR technologies used in veterinary virology and disease control: sensitive and specific diagnosis of five livestock diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health. Vet Microbiol 2009; 139:1-23. [PMID: 19497689 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Real-time, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) has become one of the most widely used methods in the field of molecular diagnostics and research. The potential of this format to provide sensitive, specific and swift detection and quantification of viral RNAs has made it an indispensable tool for state-of-the-art diagnostics of important human and animal viral pathogens. Integration of these assays into automated liquid handling platforms for nucleic acid extraction increases the rate and standardisation of sample throughput and decreases the potential for cross-contamination. The reliability of these assays can be further enhanced by using internal controls to validate test results. Based on these advantageous characteristics, numerous robust rRT-PCRs systems have been developed and validated for important epizootic diseases of livestock. Here, we review the rRT-PCR assays that have been developed for the detection of five RNA viruses that cause diseases that are notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), namely: foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever, bluetongue disease, avian influenza and Newcastle disease. The performance of these tests for viral diagnostics and disease control and prospects for improved strategies in the future are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nishiura H, Hoye B, Klaassen M, Bauer S, Heesterbeek H. How to find natural reservoir hosts from endemic prevalence in a multi-host population: a case study of influenza in waterfowl. Epidemics 2009; 1:118-28. [PMID: 21352759 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission dynamics of infectious diseases critically depend on reservoir hosts, which can sustain the pathogen (or maintain the transmission) in the population even in the absence of other hosts. Although a theoretical foundation of the transmission dynamics in a multi-host population has been established, no quantitative methods exist for the identification of natural reservoir hosts. For a host to maintain the transmission alone, the host-specific reproduction number (U), interpreted as the average number of secondary transmissions caused by a single primary case in the host(s) of interest in the absence of all other hosts, must be greater than unity. If the host-excluded reproduction number (Q), representing the average number of secondary transmissions per single primary case in other hosts in the absence of the host(s) of interest, is below unity, transmission cannot be maintained in the multi-host population in the absence of the focal host(s). The present study proposes a simple method for the identification of reservoir host(s) from observed endemic prevalence data across a range of host species. As an example, we analyze an aggregated surveillance dataset of influenza A virus in wild birds among which dabbling ducks exhibit higher prevalence compared to other bird species. Since the heterogeneous contact patterns between different host species are not directly observable, we test four different contact structures to account for the uncertainty. Meeting the requirements of U>1 and Q<1 for all four different contact structures, mallards and other dabbling ducks most likely constitute the reservoir community which plays a predominant role in maintaining the transmission of influenza A virus in the water bird population. We further discuss epidemiological issues which are concerned with the interpretation of influenza prevalence data, identifying key features to be fully clarified in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishiura
- Theoretical Epidemiology, University of Utrecht, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Practical considerations for high-throughput influenza A virus surveillance studies of wild birds by use of molecular diagnostic tests. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 47:666-73. [PMID: 19109483 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01625-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus surveillance studies of wild bird populations are essential to improving our understanding of the role of wild birds in the ecology of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses and their potential contribution to the spread of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Whereas the primary results of such surveillance programs have been communicated extensively, practical considerations and technical implementation options generally receive little attention. In the present study, the data obtained from 39,490 samples were used to compare the impacts of variables such as the sampling procedure, storage and transport conditions, and the choice of molecular and classical diagnostic tests on the outcome of the results. Molecular diagnostic tests allowed estimation of the virus load in samples, which has implications for the ability to isolate virus. Virus isolation in embryonated eggs was more sensitive than virus isolation in cell cultures. Storage and transport conditions had less of an impact on diagnostics by the use of molecular tests than by the use of classical approaches. These findings indicate that molecular diagnostic tests are more sensitive and more reliable than classical tests. In addition, molecular diagnostic tests facilitated analyses in real time and allowed the discrimination of H5 influenza viruses with low and high pathogenicities without the need for virus isolation. Critical assessment of the methods used in large surveillance studies like this will facilitate comparison of the results between studies. Moreover, the lessons learned from current large-scale influenza A virus surveillance activities could be valuable for other pathogen surveillance programs in the future.
Collapse
|
36
|
Fereidouni SR, Starick E, Grund C, Globig A, Mettenleiter TC, Beer M, Harder T. Rapid molecular subtyping by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of the neuraminidase gene of avian influenza A viruses. Vet Microbiol 2008; 135:253-60. [PMID: 19028027 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Accurate identification of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes of influenza A viruses is an integral part of monitoring programs targeting avian influenza viruses (AIV). Use of highly sensitive molecular screening methods such as pan influenza-specific real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) yields an increasing number of samples which are positive for AIV RNA but negative by virus isolation and, therefore, require molecular, instead of serological, subtyping. We developed specific RT-PCR assays for all known nine AIV NA subtypes. Validation using 43 reference isolates from different animal species revealed good performance characteristics regarding sensitivity and specificity. On basis of serial tenfold dilution series of reference isolates a benchmark value of C(t) 32 in an M gene-specific rRT-PCR became evident below which all nine NA subtypes were readily detectable by the subtype-specific RT-PCRs. For subtypes N1, N2, N4 and N6 detection was extended to dilutions with C(t) values of up to 35. Diagnostic applicability of the whole set of conventional NA-specific RT-PCRs was evaluated by analysis of 119 different diagnostic samples from wild birds which proved to be positive for AIV by M gene-specific rRT-PCR. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was confirmed by sequencing NA amplicons from 41 field isolates generated from this set and by NA inhibition assays. A universal molecular HA/NA subtyping algorithm for rRT-PCR positive avian influenza virus monitoring samples is proposed which may complement classical serological subtyping of influenza A virus isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Fereidouni
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pereda AJ, Uhart M, Perez AA, Zaccagnini ME, La Sala L, Decarre J, Goijman A, Solari L, Suarez R, Craig MI, Vagnozzi A, Rimondi A, König G, Terrera MV, Kaloghlian A, Song H, Sorrell EM, Perez DR. Avian influenza virus isolated in wild waterfowl in Argentina: evidence of a potentially unique phylogenetic lineage in South America. Virology 2008; 378:363-70. [PMID: 18632129 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) viruses have been sporadically isolated in South America. The most recent reports are from an outbreak in commercial poultry in Chile in 2002 and its putative ancestor from a wild bird in Bolivia in 2001. Extensive surveillance in wild birds was carried out in Argentina during 2006-2007. Using RRT-PCR, 12 AI positive detections were made from cloacal swabs. One of those positive samples yielded an AI virus isolated from a wild kelp gull (Larus dominicanus) captured in the South Atlantic coastline of Argentina. Further characterization by nucleotide sequencing reveals that it belongs to the H13N9 subtype. Phylogenetic analysis of the 8 viral genes suggests that the 6 internal genes are related to the isolates from Chile and Bolivia. The analysis also indicates that a cluster of phylogenetically related AI viruses from South America may have evolved independently, with minimal gene exchange, from influenza viruses in other latitudes. The data produced from our investigations are valuable contributions to the study of AI viruses in South America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel J Pereda
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, C.C. 25, Castelar (1712), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chow VTK, Tambyah PA, Goh KT. To Kill a Mocking Bird Flu? ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2008. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v37n6p451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
39
|
The evolutionary genetics and emergence of avian influenza viruses in wild birds. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000076. [PMID: 18516303 PMCID: PMC2387073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We surveyed the genetic diversity among avian influenza virus (AIV) in wild birds, comprising 167 complete viral genomes from 14 bird species sampled in four locations across the United States. These isolates represented 29 type A influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtype combinations, with up to 26% of isolates showing evidence of mixed subtype infection. Through a phylogenetic analysis of the largest data set of AIV genomes compiled to date, we were able to document a remarkably high rate of genome reassortment, with no clear pattern of gene segment association and occasional inter-hemisphere gene segment migration and reassortment. From this, we propose that AIV in wild birds forms transient “genome constellations,” continually reshuffled by reassortment, in contrast to the spread of a limited number of stable genome constellations that characterizes the evolution of mammalian-adapted influenza A viruses. Influenza A viruses are an extremely divergent group of RNA viruses that infect in a variety of warm-blooded animals, including birds, horses, pigs, and humans. Since they contain a segmented RNA genome, mixed infection can lead to genetic reassortment. It is thought that the natural reservoir of influenza A viruses is the wild bird population. Influenza A viruses can switch hosts and cause novel outbreaks in new species. Influenza viruses containing genes derived from bird influenza viruses caused the last three influenza pandemics in humans. In this study, we surveyed the genetic diversity among influenza A viruses in wild birds. Through a phylogenetic analysis of the largest data set of wild bird influenza genomes compiled to date, we were able to document a remarkably high rate of genome reassortment, with no clear pattern of gene segment association and occasional inter-hemisphere gene segment migration and reassortment. From this, we propose that influenza viruses in wild birds forms transient “genome constellations,” continually reshuffled by reassortment, in contrast to the spread of a limited number of stable genome constellations that characterizes the evolution of mammalian-adapted influenza A viruses.
Collapse
|
40
|
Boyce WM, Sandrock C, Kreuder-Johnson C, Kelly T, Cardona C. Avian influenza viruses in wild birds: a moving target. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 32:275-86. [PMID: 18456328 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The long-standing evolutionary and ecological relationships between wild birds and influenza A viruses has created a broad pool of viral genetic diversity and a reservoir of potentially transmissible viruses. An understanding of these relationships can help us identify and modify critical control points to reduce transmission of avian influenza viruses into animal and human populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter M Boyce
- Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Conventional and future diagnostics for avian influenza. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 32:341-50. [PMID: 18448167 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The significant and continued transboundary spread of Asian avian influenza H5N1 since 2003, paired with documented transmission from avian species to humans and other mammals, has focused global attention on avian influenza virus detection and diagnostic strategies. While the historic and conventional laboratory methods used for isolation and identification of the virus and for detection of specific antibodies continued to be widely applied, new and emerging technologies are rapidly being adapted to support avian influenza virus surveillance and diagnosis worldwide. Molecular tools in particular are advancing toward lab-on-chip and fully integrated technologies that are capable of same day detection, pathotyping, and phylogenetic characterization of influenza A viruses obtained from clinical specimens. The future of avian influenza diagnostics, rather than moving toward a single approach, is wisely adopting a strategy that takes advantage of the range of conventional and advancing technologies to be used in "fit-for-purpose" testing.
Collapse
|
42
|
Khalenkov A, Laver WG, Webster RG. Detection and isolation of H5N1 influenza virus from large volumes of natural water. J Virol Methods 2008; 149:180-3. [PMID: 18325605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Various species of aquatic or wetlands birds can be the natural reservoir of avian influenza A viruses of all hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes. Shedding of the virus into water leads to transmission between waterfowl and is a major threat for epidemics in poultry and pandemics in humans. Concentrations of the influenza virus in natural water reservoirs are often too low to be detected by most methods. The procedure was designed to detect and isolate low concentrations of the influenza virus in large volumes of water without the need for costly installations and reagents. The virus was adsorbed onto formalin-fixed erythrocytes and subsequently isolated in chicken embryos. Sensitivity of the method was determined using a reverse-genetic H5N1 virus. A concentration as low as 0.03 of the 50% egg infection dose per milliliter (EID50/ml) of the initial volume of water was effectively detected. The probability of detection was approximately 13%, which is comparable to that of detecting the influenza virus M-gene by PCR amplification. The method can be used by field workers, ecologists, ornithologists, and researchers who need a simple method to isolate H5N1 influenza virus from natural reservoirs. The detection and isolation of virus in embryonated chicken eggs may help epidemiologic, genetic, and vaccine studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Khalenkov
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
van den Berg T, Lambrecht B, Marché S, Steensels M, Van Borm S, Bublot M. Influenza vaccines and vaccination strategies in birds. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 31:121-65. [PMID: 17889937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well accepted that the present Asian H5N1 panzootic is predominantly an animal health problem, the human health implications and the risk of human pandemic have highlighted the need for more information and collaboration in the field of veterinary and human health. H5 and H7 avian influenza (AI) viruses have the unique property of becoming highly pathogenic (HPAI) during circulation in poultry. Therefore, the final objective of poultry vaccination against AI must be eradication of the virus and the disease. Actually, important differences exist in the control of avian and human influenza viruses. Firstly, unlike human vaccines that must be adapted to the circulating strain to provide adequate protection, avian influenza vaccination provides broader protection against HPAI viruses. Secondly, although clinical protection is the primary goal of human vaccines, poultry vaccination must also stop transmission to achieve efficient control of the disease. This paper addresses these differences by reviewing the current and future influenza vaccines and vaccination strategies in birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry van den Berg
- Avian Virology & Immunology, Veterinary & Agrochemical Research Centre, 99 Groeselenberg, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
The effect of sample type, temperature and RNAlater on the stability of avian influenza virus RNA. J Virol Methods 2008; 149:190-4. [PMID: 18294703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
As a result of continuing worldwide outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) caused by the Asian lineage of H5N1, surveillance of targeted avian species in selected regions has been implemented. In these wild bird surveys, the use of real-time reverse transcription (rRT)-PCR has proved to be an invaluable tool as a frontline screening assay for the detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) RNA. However, verification of HPAI diagnosis, particularly in a primary outbreak situation, requires confirmation by a national, community or world reference laboratory. This may necessitate freezing and thawing of samples, sub-sampling and transportation to the reference laboratory. The deleterious effects of such handling on the infectivity of virus and the yield of viral RNA have been observed. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of freezing and thawing, time, sample type and transportation on the yield of AIV RNA. Additionally, the effect of the RNA stabilisation agent, RNAlater was investigated. It was demonstrated that the quality of AIV RNA in faecal homogenate was markedly reduced by freezing and thawing, but that treatment with RNAlater protected the viral RNA from deterioration. When using RNAlater even low titre AIV samples were protected from the detrimental effects of time and transportation conditions.
Collapse
|
45
|
Influenza in migratory birds and evidence of limited intercontinental virus exchange. PLoS Pathog 2008; 3:e167. [PMID: 17997603 PMCID: PMC2065878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory waterfowl of the world are the natural reservoirs of influenza viruses of all known subtypes. However, it is unknown whether these waterfowl perpetuate highly pathogenic (HP) H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses. Here we report influenza virus surveillance from 2001 to 2006 in wild ducks in Alberta, Canada, and in shorebirds and gulls at Delaware Bay (New Jersey), United States, and examine the frequency of exchange of influenza viruses between the Eurasian and American virus clades, or superfamilies. Influenza viruses belonging to each of the subtypes H1 through H13 and N1 through N9 were detected in these waterfowl, but H14 and H15 were not found. Viruses of the HP Asian H5N1 subtypes were not detected, and serologic studies in adult mallard ducks provided no evidence of their circulation. The recently described H16 subtype of influenza viruses was detected in American shorebirds and gulls but not in ducks. We also found an unusual cluster of H7N3 influenza viruses in shorebirds and gulls that was able to replicate well in chickens and kill chicken embryos. Genetic analysis of 6,767 avian influenza gene segments and 248 complete avian influenza viruses supported the notion that the exchange of entire influenza viruses between the Eurasian and American clades does not occur frequently. Overall, the available evidence does not support the perpetuation of HP H5N1 influenza in migratory birds and suggests that the introduction of HP Asian H5N1 to the Americas by migratory birds is likely to be a rare event. Influenza surveillance in wild migratory birds has been done at two sites in North America: 1) in Alberta, Canada, for the past 31 years, and 2) along Delaware Bay, United States, for the past 22 years. These studies support the concept that wild migratory birds are the reservoirs of all influenza A viruses and that the influenza viruses in the world can be divided into two distinct superfamilies, one in Eurasia and the other in the Americas. From time to time these viruses spread to domestic poultry and to humans and cause pandemics of disease. Many investigators have expanded these studies particularly in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. The emergence of highly pathogenic H5N1 in Asia a decade ago and the continuing evolution and spread of these H5N1 viruses to the whole of Eurasia is a continuing problem for veterinary and human public health. The available evidence from Eurasia is that migratory birds can be infected and may be involved in local spread of the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus. The question addressed in the present study is why the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus has not yet reached the Americas despite the overlap in migratory bird pathways, particularly in Alaska. Genomic analysis of influenza viruses from our repository failed to provide evidence of influenza viruses with their whole genome originating from Eurasia. However, we found occasional influenza viruses from North America with single or multiple genes that originated in Eurasia. Our interpretation is that while influenza viruses do exchange between the two hemispheres, this is a rare occurrence. Regardless, enhanced surveillance should be continued in the Americas in case this rare event occurs.
Collapse
|
46
|
Terregino C, De Nardi R, Guberti V, Scremin M, Raffini E, Martin AM, Cattoli G, Bonfanti L, Capua I. Active surveillance for avian influenza viruses in wild birds and backyard flocks in Northern Italy during 2004 to 2006. Avian Pathol 2007; 36:337-44. [PMID: 17620182 DOI: 10.1080/03079450701488345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Following the avian influenza epidemics that occurred in Italy between 1997 and 2003, the Italian Ministry of Health in collaboration with veterinary authorities promoted, funded and implemented a national surveillance programme. The main objectives of the surveillance effort were to identify avian influenza viruses circulating in wild birds and to investigate the role of backyard poultry flocks in the dynamics of infection in a densely populated poultry area. Over 2 years (2004 to 2006), 164 backyard flocks and 4083 wild birds (mainly migratory Anseriformes and Charadriiformes) were sampled in three regions in the North of Italy. Samples collected were screened by means of real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and the positive samples were processed for attempted virus isolation in embryonated fowl's specific pathogen free eggs. At the end of the study period, 27 low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses had been isolated from backyard flocks and 49 strains obtained from wild birds. Of these, 26 belonged to the H5 or H7 subtype and were closely related to contemporary low-pathogenic strains of Eurasian lineage. The findings confirm that backyard free-range farming is at high risk for avian influenza virus introduction, and confirm the role of wild waterfowl in the introduction and perpetuation of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses during the winter season in Southern Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calogero Terregino
- OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Munster VJ, Baas C, Lexmond P, Waldenström J, Wallensten A, Fransson T, Rimmelzwaan GF, Beyer WEP, Schutten M, Olsen B, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Spatial, temporal, and species variation in prevalence of influenza A viruses in wild migratory birds. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e61. [PMID: 17500589 PMCID: PMC1876497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extensive data exist on avian influenza in wild birds in North America, limited information is available from elsewhere, including Europe. Here, molecular diagnostic tools were employed for high-throughput surveillance of migratory birds, as an alternative to classical labor-intensive methods of virus isolation in eggs. This study included 36,809 samples from 323 bird species belonging to 18 orders, of which only 25 species of three orders were positive for influenza A virus. Information on species, locations, and timing is provided for all samples tested. Seven previously unknown host species for avian influenza virus were identified: barnacle goose, bean goose, brent goose, pink-footed goose, bewick's swan, common gull, and guillemot. Dabbling ducks were more frequently infected than other ducks and Anseriformes; this distinction was probably related to bird behavior rather than population sizes. Waders did not appear to play a role in the epidemiology of avian influenza in Europe, in contrast to the Americas. The high virus prevalence in ducks in Europe in spring as compared with North America could explain the differences in virus–host ecology between these continents. Most influenza A virus subtypes were detected in ducks, but H13 and H16 subtypes were detected primarily in gulls. Viruses of subtype H6 were more promiscuous in host range than other subtypes. Temporal and spatial variation in influenza virus prevalence in wild birds was observed, with influenza A virus prevalence varying by sampling location; this is probably related to migration patterns from northeast to southwest and a higher prevalence farther north along the flyways. We discuss the ecology and epidemiology of avian influenza A virus in wild birds in relation to host ecology and compare our results with published studies. These data are useful for designing new surveillance programs and are particularly relevant due to increased interest in avian influenza in wild birds. Significant gaps in our knowledge of the ecology of avian influenza in wild migratory birds have become apparent during recent outbreaks of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza, in particular in relation to the risk of virus spread by wild birds. An eight-year surveillance study, which included more than 36,000 wild birds tested for low pathogenic avian influenza, provides new information on host species, prevalence, and temporal and geographical variation of avian influenza in wild migratory birds in Europe. Dabbling ducks harbored nearly all known influenza virus subtypes, with the exception of H13 and H16, which were found primarily in gulls. In contrast to American studies, waders did not play a role in the epidemiology of avian influenza in Europe. This study provides important information on the ecology and epidemiology of avian influenza A virus and could assist in the design of new surveillance studies for high and low pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Munster
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Baas
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Anders Wallensten
- Smedby Health Center, Kalmar County Council, Kalmar, Sweden
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Thord Fransson
- Bird Ringing Center, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Walter E. P Beyer
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Schutten
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Björn Olsen
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ron A. M Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lebarbenchon C, van der Werf S, Thomas F, Aubin JT, Azebi S, Cuvelier F, Jeannin P, Roca V, Chang CM, Kayser Y, Roche B, Guégan JF, Renaud F, Gauthier-Clerc M. Absence of detection of highly pathogenic H5N1 in migratory waterfowl in southern France in 2005-2006. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2007; 7:604-8. [PMID: 17586100 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During fall 2005, the rapid and wide spread of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIV) outside Asia alerted European health authorities. Because of abnormal and recurrent field mortality, wild migratory birds were considered to be the main dispersing agent of the virus at an intercontinental scale. European wintering wetlands, such as the Camargue (Rhône delta, France), are identified as potential hot spots for the risk of introduction and transmission of bird-borne diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of migratory waterbirds (mainly ducks) in the spread of HP H5N1 viruses. We combined molecular analysis of living and freshly killed birds with population surveillance (aerial censuses and death surveillance). We sampled 1345 birds belonging to 17 waterbird species (3 orders) in the Camargue between September 2005 and March 2006. The prevalence of AIV was 1.8%. We did not detect HP H5N1 virus. Population censuses did not reveal any population decreases nor abnormal mortalities. We discuss, in the light of these results, the implication of wild migratory ducks in the arrival of HP H5N1 AIV in Europe.
Collapse
|
49
|
Philippa J, Baas C, Beyer W, Bestebroer T, Fouchier R, Smith D, Schaftenaar W, Osterhaus A. Vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in zoos using an adjuvanted inactivated H5N2 vaccine. Vaccine 2007; 25:3800-8. [PMID: 17403559 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus infections have recently caused unprecedented morbidity and mortality in a wide range of avian species. European Commission directive 2005/744/EC allowed vaccination in zoos under strict conditions, while reducing confinement measures. Vaccination with a commercial H5N2 vaccine with vaccine doses adapted to mean body weight per species was safe, and proved immunogenic throughout the range of species tested, with some variations between and within taxonomic orders. After booster vaccination the overall homologous geometric mean titre (GMT) to the vaccine strain, measured in 334 birds, was 190 (95% CI: 152-236), and 80.5% of vaccinated birds developed a titre of >or=40. Titres to the HPAI H5N1 virus followed a similar trend, but were lower (GMT: 61 (95% CI: 49-76); 61%>or=40). The breadth of the immune response was further demonstrated by measuring antibody titres against prototype strains of four antigenic clades of currently circulating H5N1 viruses. These data indicate that vaccination should be regarded as a beneficial component of the preventive measures (including increased bio-security and monitoring) that can be undertaken in zoos to prevent an outbreak of and decrease environmental contamination by HPAI H5N1 virus, while alleviating confinement measures.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Animals
- Animals, Zoo
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Birds/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/therapeutic use
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joost Philippa
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
van Gils JA, Munster VJ, Radersma R, Liefhebber D, Fouchier RAM, Klaassen M. Hampered foraging and migratory performance in swans infected with low-pathogenic avian influenza A virus. PLoS One 2007; 2:e184. [PMID: 17264886 PMCID: PMC1773019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly acknowledged that migratory birds, notably waterfowl, play a critical role in the maintenance and spread of influenza A viruses. In order to elucidate the epidemiology of influenza A viruses in their natural hosts, a better understanding of the pathological effects in these hosts is required. Here we report on the feeding and migratory performance of wild migratory Bewick's swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii Yarrell) naturally infected with low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A viruses of subtypes H6N2 and H6N8. Using information on geolocation data collected from Global Positioning Systems fitted to neck-collars, we show that infected swans experienced delayed migration, leaving their wintering site more than a month after uninfected animals. This was correlated with infected birds travelling shorter distances and fuelling and feeding at reduced rates. The data suggest that LPAI virus infections in wild migratory birds may have higher clinical and ecological impacts than previously recognised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan A van Gils
- Department of Plant-Animal Interactions, Centre for Limnology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Nieuwersluis, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|