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Kayesh MEH, Kohara M, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants in the prevention of viral infections: an overview. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1249718. [PMID: 38179453 PMCID: PMC10764465 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1249718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Tol-like receptor (TLR) agonists, as potent adjuvants, have gained attention in vaccine research for their ability to enhance immune responses. This study focuses on their application in improving vaccine efficacy against key viral infections, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and flaviviruses, including West Nile virus, dengue virus, and chikungunya virus. Vaccines are crucial in preventing microbial infections, including viruses, and adjuvants play a vital role in modulating immune responses. However, there are still many diseases for which effective vaccines are lacking or have limited immune response, posing significant threats to human health. The use of TLR agonists as adjuvants in viral vaccine formulations holds promise in improving vaccine effectiveness. By tailoring adjuvants to specific pathogens, such as HBV, HCV, HIV, SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and flavivirus, protective immunity against chronic and emerging infectious disease can be elicited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal, Bangladesh
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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2
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Cancino-Diaz ME, Guerrero-Barajas C, Betanzos-Cabrera G, Cancino-Diaz JC. Nucleotides as Bacterial Second Messengers. Molecules 2023; 28:7996. [PMID: 38138485 PMCID: PMC10745434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28247996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to comprising monomers of nucleic acids, nucleotides have signaling functions and act as second messengers in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The most common example is cyclic AMP (cAMP). Nucleotide signaling is a focus of great interest in bacteria. Cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP), cAMP, and cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) participate in biological events such as bacterial growth, biofilm formation, sporulation, cell differentiation, motility, and virulence. Moreover, the cyclic-di-nucleotides (c-di-nucleotides) produced in pathogenic intracellular bacteria can affect eukaryotic host cells to allow for infection. On the other hand, non-cyclic nucleotide molecules pppGpp and ppGpp are alarmones involved in regulating the bacterial response to nutritional stress; they are also considered second messengers. These second messengers can potentially be used as therapeutic agents because of their immunological functions on eukaryotic cells. In this review, the role of c-di-nucleotides and cAMP as second messengers in different bacterial processes is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario E. Cancino-Diaz
- Departamentos Microbiología and Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Manuel Carpio, Plutarco Elías Calles, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11350, Mexico
| | - Claudia Guerrero-Barajas
- Departamento de Bioprocesos, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto, La Laguna Ticoman, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07340, Mexico;
| | - Gabriel Betanzos-Cabrera
- Área Académica de Nutrición y Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan Camino a Tilcuautla s/n, Pueblo San Juan Tilcuautla, Pachuca Hidalgo 42160, Mexico;
| | - Juan C. Cancino-Diaz
- Departamentos Microbiología and Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Manuel Carpio, Plutarco Elías Calles, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11350, Mexico
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3
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Ren H, Jia W, Xie Y, Yu M, Chen Y. Adjuvant physiochemistry and advanced nanotechnology for vaccine development. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5172-5254. [PMID: 37462107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00848c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines comprising innovative adjuvants are rapidly reaching advanced translational stages, such as the authorized nanotechnology adjuvants in mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 worldwide, offering new strategies to effectively combat diseases threatening human health. Adjuvants are vital ingredients in vaccines, which can augment the degree, extensiveness, and longevity of antigen specific immune response. The advances in the modulation of physicochemical properties of nanoplatforms elevate the capability of adjuvants in initiating the innate immune system and adaptive immunity, offering immense potential for developing vaccines against hard-to-target infectious diseases and cancer. In this review, we provide an essential introduction of the basic principles of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination, key roles of adjuvants in augmenting and shaping immunity to achieve desired outcomes and effectiveness, and the physiochemical properties and action mechanisms of clinically approved adjuvants for humans. We particularly focus on the preclinical and clinical progress of highly immunogenic emerging nanotechnology adjuvants formulated in vaccines for cancer treatment or infectious disease prevention. We deliberate on how the immune system can sense and respond to the physicochemical cues (e.g., chirality, deformability, solubility, topology, and chemical structures) of nanotechnology adjuvants incorporated in the vaccines. Finally, we propose possible strategies to accelerate the clinical implementation of nanotechnology adjuvanted vaccines, such as in-depth elucidation of nano-immuno interactions, antigen identification and optimization by the deployment of high-dimensional multiomics analysis approaches, encouraging close collaborations among scientists from different scientific disciplines and aggressive exploration of novel nanotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongze Ren
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wencong Jia
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Xie
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Meihua Yu
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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4
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Gao S, Khan A, Chen X, Xiao G, van der Veen S, Chen Y, Lin X. Cyclic-di-GMP stimulates keratinocyte innate immune responses and attenuates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in a murine skin wound infection model. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:176. [PMID: 35804301 PMCID: PMC9264594 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause for morbidity and mortality associated with skin and burn wound infections. Therapeutic options for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) have dwindled and therefore alternative treatments are urgently needed. In this study, the immuno-stimulating and anti-MRSA effects of cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), a uniquely bacterial second messenger and immuno-modulator, were investigated in HaCaT human epidermal keratinocytes and a murine skin wound infection model. Results Stimulation of HaCaT cells with 125 μM c-di-GMP for 12 h prior to MRSA challenge resulted in a 20-fold reduction in bacterial colonization compared with untreated control cells, which was not the result of a direct c-di-GMP toxic effect, since bacterial viability was not affected by this dose in the absence of HaCaT cells. C-di-GMP-stimulated or MRSA-challenged HaCaT cells displayed enhanced secretion of the antimicrobial peptides human β-defensin 1 (hBD-1), hBD-2, hBD-3 and LL-37, but for hBD1 and LL-37 the responses were additive in a c-di-GMP-dose-dependent manner. Secretion of the chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL8 was also elevated after stimulation of HaCaT cells with lower c-di-GMP doses and peaked at a dose of 5 μM. Finally, pre-treatment of mice with a 200 nmol dose of c-di-GMP 24 h before a challenge with MRSA in skin wound infection model resulted in a major reduction (up to 1,100-fold by day 2) in bacterial CFU counts recovered from challenged skin tissue sections compared PBS-treated control animals. Tissue sections displayed inflammatory cell infiltration and enhanced neutrophil influx in the c-di-GMP pre-treated animals, which might account for the reduced ability of MRSA to colonize c-di-GMP pre-treated mice. Conclusions These results demonstrate that c-di-GMP is a potent immuno-modulator that can stimulate anti-MRSA immune responses in vivo and might therefore be a suitable alternative prophylactic or therapeutic agent for MRSA skin or burn wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, and Department of Infection of the Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Abidullah Khan
- Department of Burns, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuhong Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, and Department of Infection of the Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guohui Xiao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, and Department of Infection of the Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Stijn van der Veen
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Emergency Detection for Public Health of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
| | - Xu'ai Lin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, and Department of Infection of the Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866Yuhangtang Road, West Lake District, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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5
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Jiang Z, Zhou R, Leung PHM, Deng Z, Li S. An attenuated multiple genetic mutant of Mycoplasma pneumoniae imparts good immuno-protection against M. pneumoniae pneumonia in BALB/c mice. Microb Pathog 2022; 165:105463. [PMID: 35240287 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is the causative agent of both upper and lower respiratory infections that can lead to pneumonia, extrapulmonary complications and devastating sequela. With the increasing rate of macrolide-resistant strains, the severe clinical consequence of refractory mycoplasma pneumonia in children health calls for the need of vaccine research for this pathogen. In this report, the immunomodulatory effectiveness of a live attenuated M. pneumoniae vaccine was evaluated. The vaccine strain was a mutant strain of M. pneumoniae, MUT129, obtained after multiple passages of M129 strain in PPLO broth. The SNP/InDel detection results showed that mutations were present in genes encoding the adhesion organelle-associated proteins and lipoproteins of M. pneumoniae MUT129. Upon intranasal challenge of BALB/c mice with 1 × 107 CFU of MUT129, there were very small amount of Mycoplasma antigens and almost no M. pneumoniae present in the lung tissues of BALB/c mice. Besides, there was almost no inflammatory cell infiltration in the lung tissue. Results of the M. pneumoniae challenge study showed that mice immunized with MUT129 presented with less inflammation, lower detectable number of M. pneumoniae in the lungs when compared with the unimmunized mice. These results indicated that the live attenuated vaccine can efficiently prevent the proliferation of M. pneumonia in the lungs, reduce but not completely prevent the pulmonary inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhulin Jiang
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Runjie Zhou
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Polly H M Leung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Zhongliang Deng
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Shuihong Li
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
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6
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Lu Y, Shi Y, You J. Strategy and clinical application of up-regulating cross presentation by DCs in anti-tumor therapy. J Control Release 2021; 341:184-205. [PMID: 34774890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cross presentation of exogenous antigen (Ag) by dendritic cells (DCs) facilitates a diversified mode of T-cell activation, orchestrates specific humoral and cellular immunity, and contributes to an efficient anti-tumor immune response. DCs-mediated cross presentation is subject to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including the homing and phenotype of DCs, the spatiotemporal trafficking and degradation kinetics of Ag, and multiple microenvironmental clues, with many details largely unexplored. Here, we systemically review the current mechanistic understanding and regulation strategies of cross presentation by heterogeneous DC populations. We also provide insights into the future exploitation of DCs cross presentation for a better clinical efficacy in anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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7
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Abstract
Innate immunity is regulated by a broad set of evolutionary conserved receptors to finely probe the local environment and maintain host integrity. Besides pathogen recognition through conserved motifs, several of these receptors also sense aberrant or misplaced self-molecules as a sign of perturbed homeostasis. Among them, self-nucleic acid sensing by the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway alerts on the presence of both exogenous and endogenous DNA in the cytoplasm. We review recent literature demonstrating that self-nucleic acid detection through the STING pathway is central to numerous processes, from cell physiology to sterile injury, auto-immunity and cancer. We address the role of STING in autoimmune diseases linked to dysfunctional DNAse or related to mutations in DNA sensing pathways. We expose the role of the cGAS/STING pathway in inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative conditions and cancer. Connections between STING in various cell processes including autophagy and cell death are developed. Finally, we review proposed mechanisms to explain the sources of cytoplasmic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Riteau
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics Laboratory (INEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7355 and University of Orleans, Orleans, France
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8
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Yan H, Chen W. The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:917. [PMID: 34452042 PMCID: PMC8402453 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), originally discovered as bacterial second messengers, play critical roles in bacterial signal transduction, cellular processes, biofilm formation, and virulence. The finding that CDNs can trigger the innate immune response in eukaryotic cells through the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signalling pathway has prompted the extensive research and development of CDNs as potential immunostimulators and novel molecular adjuvants for induction of systemic and mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we summarize the chemical structure, biosynthesis regulation, and the role of CDNs in enhancing the crosstalk between host innate and adaptive immune responses. We also discuss the strategies to improve the efficient delivery of CDNs and the recent advance and future challenges in the development of CDNs as potential adjuvants in prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases and in therapeutic vaccines against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- Human Health and Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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9
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Shin JH, Lee JH, Jeong SD, Noh JY, Lee HW, Song CS, Kim YC. C-di-GMP with influenza vaccine showed enhanced and shifted immune responses in microneedle vaccination in the skin. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 10:815-825. [PMID: 32141036 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A microneedle is a biomedical device which consists of multiple micron scale needles. It is widely used in various fields to deliver drugs and vaccines to the skin effectively. However, when considering improved vaccine efficacy in microneedle vaccination, it is important to find an appropriate adjuvant that is able to be used in transdermal delivery. Herein, we demonstrated the applicability of c-di-GMP, which is a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist, as an adjuvant for influenza microneedle vaccination. Thus, 2 and 10 μg of GMP with the influenza vaccine were coated onto a microneedle, and then, BALB/c mice were immunized with the coated microneedle to investigate the immunogenicity and protection efficacy of the influenza microneedle vaccination. As a result, the adjuvant groups had an enhanced IgG response, IgG subtypes and HI titer compared to the vaccine only group. In addition to the humoral immunity, the use of an adjuvant has also been shown to improve the cellular immune response. In a challenge study, adjuvant groups had a 100% survival rate and rapid weight recovery. Taken together, this study confirms that GMP is an effective adjuvant for influenza microneedle vaccination. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyung Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Dong Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Noh
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeu-Chun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Kelly SM, Larsen KR, Darling R, Petersen AC, Bellaire BH, Wannemuehler MJ, Narasimhan B. Single-dose combination nanovaccine induces both rapid and durable humoral immunity and toxin neutralizing antibody responses against Bacillus anthracis. Vaccine 2021; 39:3862-3870. [PMID: 34090702 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, continues to be a prominent biological warfare and bioterrorism threat. Vaccination is likely to remain the most effective and user-friendly public health measure to counter this threat in the foreseeable future. The commercially available AVA BioThrax vaccine has a number of shortcomings where improvement would lead to a more practical and effective vaccine for use in the case of an exposure event. Identification of more effective adjuvants and novel delivery platforms is necessary to improve not only the effectiveness of the anthrax vaccine, but also enhance its shelf stability and ease-of-use. Polyanhydride particles have proven to be an effective platform at adjuvanting the vaccine-associated adaptive immune response as well as enhancing stability of encapsulated antigens. Another class of adjuvants, the STING pathway-targeting cyclic dinucleotides, have proven to be uniquely effective at inducing a beneficial inflammatory response that leads to the rapid induction of high titer antibodies post-vaccination capable of providing protection against bacterial pathogens. In this work, we evaluate the individual contributions of cyclic di-GMP (CDG), polyanhydride nanoparticles, and a combination thereof towards inducing neutralizing antibody (nAb) against the secreted protective antigen (PA) from B. anthracis. Our results show that the combination nanovaccine elicited rapid, high titer, and neutralizing IgG anti-PA antibody following single dose immunization that persisted for at least 108 DPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kristina R Larsen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ross Darling
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Andrew C Petersen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bryan H Bellaire
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Michael J Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Nanovaccine Institute, Ames, IA, United States.
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11
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12
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Gogoi H, Mansouri S, Jin L. The Age of Cyclic Dinucleotide Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E453. [PMID: 32823563 PMCID: PMC7563944 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As prophylactic vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases, cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) induce safe, potent, long-lasting humoral and cellular memory responses in the systemic and mucosal compartments. As therapeutic cancer vaccine adjuvants, CDNs induce potent anti-tumor immunity, including cytotoxic T cells and NK cells activation that achieve durable regression in multiple mouse models of tumors. Clinical trials are ongoing to fulfill the promise of CDNs (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02675439, NCT03010176, NCT03172936, and NCT03937141). However, in October 2018, the first clinical data with Merck's CDN MK-1454 showed zero activity as a monotherapy in patients with solid tumors or lymphomas (NCT03010176). Lately, the clinical trial from Aduro's CDN ADU-S100 monotherapy was also disappointing (NCT03172936). The emerging hurdle in CDN vaccine development calls for a timely re-evaluation of our understanding on CDN vaccine adjuvants. Here, we review the status of CDN vaccine adjuvant research, including their superior adjuvant activities, in vivo mode of action, and confounding factors that affect their efficacy in humans. Lastly, we discuss the strategies to overcome the hurdle and advance promising CDN adjuvants in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lei Jin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (H.G.); (S.M.)
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13
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Gogoi H, Mansouri S, Katikaneni DS, Jin L. New MoDC-Targeting TNF Fusion Proteins Enhance Cyclic Di-GMP Vaccine Adjuvanticity in Middle-Aged and Aged Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1674. [PMID: 32849581 PMCID: PMC7427090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are promising vaccine adjuvants inducing balanced, potent humoral, and cellular immune responses. How aging influences CDN efficacy is unclear. We examined the vaccine efficacy of 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (cyclic di-GMP, CDG), the founding member of CDNs, in 1-year-old (middle-aged) and 2-year-old (aged) C57BL/6J mice. We found that 1- and 2-year-old C57BL/6J mice are defective in CDG-induced memory T helper (Th)1 and Th17 responses and high-affinity serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G, mucosal IgA production. Next, we generated two novel tumor necrosis factor (TNF) fusion proteins that target soluble TNF (solTNF) and transmembrane TNF (tmTNF) to monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) to enhance CDG vaccine efficacy in 1- and 2-year-old mice. The moDC-targeting TNF fusion proteins restored CDG-induced memory Th1, Th17, and high-affinity IgG, IgA responses in the 1- and 2-year-old mice. Together, the data suggested that aging negatively impacts CDG vaccine adjuvanticity. MoDC-targeting TNF fusion proteins enhanced CDG adjuvanticity in the aging mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Gogoi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Samira Mansouri
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Divya S Katikaneni
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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14
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Wang ZB, Xu J. Better Adjuvants for Better Vaccines: Progress in Adjuvant Delivery Systems, Modifications, and Adjuvant-Antigen Codelivery. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010128. [PMID: 32183209 PMCID: PMC7157724 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional aluminum adjuvants can trigger strong humoral immunity but weak cellular immunity, limiting their application in some vaccines. Currently, various immunomodulators and delivery carriers are used as adjuvants, and the mechanisms of action of some of these adjuvants are clear. However, customizing targets of adjuvant action (cellular or humoral immunity) and action intensity (enhancement or inhibition) according to different antigens selected is time-consuming. Here, we review the adjuvant effects of some delivery systems and immune stimulants. In addition, to improve the safety, effectiveness, and accessibility of adjuvants, new trends in adjuvant development and their modification strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Xu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(10)-5224-5008
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15
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Walker MM, Kim S, Crisler WJ, Nguyen K, Lenz LL, Cambier JC, Getahun A. Selective Loss of Responsiveness to Exogenous but Not Endogenous Cyclic-Dinucleotides in Mice Expressing STING-R231H. Front Immunol 2020; 11:238. [PMID: 32153571 PMCID: PMC7049784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) plays a central role in innate immune responses to viral and intracellular bacterial infections, and cellular damage. STING is a cytosolic sensor of cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) including those produced by pathogenic bacteria and those arising endogenously as products of the DNA sensor cGAS (e.g., 2′3′ cGAMP). The two most common alternative allelic variants of STING in humans are STING-R71H-G230A-R293Q (STING-HAQ) and STING-R232H that are found in 20.4% and 13.7–17.6% of the population, respectively. To determine the biologic consequences of these genotypic variations, we generated knock-in mice containing the murine equivalents of each variant and studied their responsiveness to CDNs. Homozygous STING-HAQ (R71H-I229A-R292Q) and STING-R231H mice were found to be unresponsive to all exogenous CDNs tested (ci-di-GMP, ci-di-AMP, 3′3′ cGAMP and Rp,Rp-CDA). Responses of homozygous STING-HAQ mice to endogenous 2′3′ cGAMP was also greatly impaired. However, homozygous STING-R231H mice are fully responsive to 2′3′ cGAMP. Analysis of heterozygous mice revealed reduced responsiveness to exogenous and endogenous CDNs in mice carrying a single copy of STING-HAQ, while STING-R231H heterozygous mice exhibit reduced responsiveness to exogenous but not endogenous CDNs. These findings confirm and extend previous reports by demonstrating differing impact of allelic variation of STING on the ability to sense and respond to exogenous vs. endogenous CDNs. Finally, the STING-R231H variant mouse represents a useful tool with which to examine the relative contributions of STING sensing of exogenous and endogenous CDNs in the context of bacterial infections and CDN-based cancer immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Walker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Soojin Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - William J Crisler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kimberlie Nguyen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Laurel L Lenz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado SOM, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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16
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Wagner DA, Kelly SM, Petersen AC, Peroutka-Bigus N, Darling RJ, Bellaire BH, Wannemuehler MJ, Narasimhan B. Single-dose combination nanovaccine induces both rapid and long-lived protection against pneumonic plague. Acta Biomater 2019; 100:326-337. [PMID: 31610342 PMCID: PMC7012387 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of pneumonic plague, induces a highly lethal infection if left untreated. Currently, there is no FDA-approved vaccine against this pathogen; however, USAMRIID has developed a recombinant fusion protein, F1-V, that has been shown to induce protection against pneumonic plague. Many F1-V-based vaccine formulations require prime-boost immunization to achieve protective immunity, and there are limited reports of rapid induction of protective immunity (≤ 14 days post-immunization (DPI)). The STimulator of INterferon Genes agonists cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) have been shown to be promising vaccine adjuvants. Polyanhydride nanoparticle-based vaccines (i.e., nanovaccines) have also shown to enhance immune responses due to their dual functionality as adjuvants and delivery vehicles. In this work, a combination nanovaccine was designed that comprised F1-V-loaded nanoparticles combined with the CDN, dithio-RP,RP-cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate, to induce rapid and long-lived protective immunity against pneumonic plague. All mice immunized with a single dose combination nanovaccine were protected from Y. pestis lethal challenge within 14 DPI and demonstrated enhanced protection over F1-V adjuvanted with CDNs alone at challenge doses ≥7000 CFU Y. pestis CO92. In addition, 75% of mice receiving the single dose of the combination nanovaccine were protected from challenge at 182 DPI, while maintaining high levels of antigen-specific serum IgG. ELISPOT analysis of vaccinated animals at 218 DPI revealed F1-V-specific long-lived plasma cells in bone marrow in mice vaccinated with CDN adjuvanted F1-V or the combination nanovaccine. Microarray analysis of serum from these vaccinated mice revealed the presence of serum antibody that bound to a broad range of F1 and V linear epitopes. These results demonstrate that combining the adjuvanticity of CDNs with a nanovaccine delivery system enables induction of both rapid and long-lived protective immunity against Y. pestis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: • Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of pneumonic plague, induces a highly lethal infection if left untreated. Currently, there is no FDA-approved vaccine against this biodefense pathogen. • We designed a combination nanovaccine comprising of F1-V antigen-loaded polyanhydride nanoparticles and a cyclic dinucleotide adjuvant to induce both rapid and long-lived protective immunity against pneumonic plague. • Animals immunized with the combination nanovaccine maintained high levels of antigen-specific serum IgG and long-lived plasma cells in bone marrow and the serum antibody showed a high affinity for a broad range of F1 and V linear epitopes. • The combination nanovaccine is a promising next-generation vaccine platform against weaponized Y. pestis based on its ability to induce both rapid and long-lived protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Wagner
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sean M Kelly
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Andrew C Petersen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nathan Peroutka-Bigus
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ross J Darling
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bryan H Bellaire
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Interdepartmental Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Michael J Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States; Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
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17
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Van Dis E, Sogi KM, Rae CS, Sivick KE, Surh NH, Leong ML, Kanne DB, Metchette K, Leong JJ, Bruml JR, Chen V, Heydari K, Cadieux N, Evans T, McWhirter SM, Dubensky TW, Portnoy DA, Stanley SA. STING-Activating Adjuvants Elicit a Th17 Immune Response and Protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Cell Rep 2019; 23:1435-1447. [PMID: 29719256 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There are a limited number of adjuvants that elicit effective cell-based immunity required for protection against intracellular bacterial pathogens. Here, we report that STING-activating cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) formulated in a protein subunit vaccine elicit long-lasting protective immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the mouse model. Subcutaneous administration of this vaccine provides equivalent protection to that of the live attenuated vaccine strain Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Protection is STING dependent but type I IFN independent and correlates with an increased frequency of a recently described subset of CXCR3-expressing T cells that localize to the lung parenchyma. Intranasal delivery results in superior protection compared with BCG, significantly boosts BCG-based immunity, and elicits both Th1 and Th17 immune responses, the latter of which correlates with enhanced protection. Thus, a CDN-adjuvanted protein subunit vaccine has the capability of eliciting a multi-faceted immune response that results in protection from infection by an intracellular pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Van Dis
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kimberly M Sogi
- School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chris S Rae
- Aduro Biotech, Inc., 740 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Kelsey E Sivick
- Aduro Biotech, Inc., 740 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Natalie H Surh
- Aduro Biotech, Inc., 740 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | | | - David B Kanne
- Aduro Biotech, Inc., 740 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Ken Metchette
- Aduro Biotech, Inc., 740 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Justin J Leong
- Aduro Biotech, Inc., 740 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Jacob R Bruml
- Aduro Biotech, Inc., 740 Heinz Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Vivian Chen
- School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kartoosh Heydari
- LKS Flow Cytometry Core, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Tom Evans
- Vaccitech Limited, King Charles House, Park End Street, Oxford OX1 1JD, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel A Portnoy
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sarah A Stanley
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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18
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Espinosa DA, Beatty PR, Reiner GL, Sivick KE, Hix Glickman L, Dubensky TW, Harris E. Cyclic Dinucleotide-Adjuvanted Dengue Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 Induces Protective Antibody and T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1153-1162. [PMID: 30642979 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction and vascular leak, pathogenic hallmarks of severe dengue disease, are directly triggered by dengue virus (DENV) nonstructural protein 1 (NS1). Previous studies have shown that immunization with NS1, as well as passive transfer of NS1-immune serum or anti-NS1 mAb, prevent NS1-mediated lethality in vivo. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective capacity of recombinant DENV NS1 administered with cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), potent activators of innate immune pathways and highly immunogenic adjuvants. Using both wild-type C57BL/6 mice and IFN-α/β receptor-deficient mice, we show that NS1-CDN immunizations elicit serotype-specific and cross-reactive Ab and T cell responses. Furthermore, NS1-CDN vaccinations conferred significant homotypic and heterotypic protection from DENV2-induced morbidity and mortality. In addition, we demonstrate that high anti-NS1 Ab titers are associated with protection, supporting the role of humoral responses against DENV NS1 as correlates of protection. These findings highlight the potential of CDN-based adjuvants for inducing Ab and T cell responses and validate NS1 as an important candidate for dengue vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Espinosa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - P Robert Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | | | | | | | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720;
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19
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Li J, Lee RK, Chen W, Yan H. 2′-Fluoro-c-di-GMP as an oral vaccine adjuvant. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41481-41489. [PMID: 35541605 PMCID: PMC9076492 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08310c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bis-(3′–5′)-cyclic dimeric 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroguanosine monophosphate (2′-F-c-di-GMP) was synthesized through the modified H-phosphonate chemistry. Oral immunization of C57BL/6 mice with Helicobacter pylori cell-free sonicate extract adjuvanted with 2′-F-c-di-GMP led to the production of antigen-specific antibodies in feces and sera, and lowered bacterial counts in the stomach upon post-vaccination infections in immunized mice. Similarly, oral vaccination of BALB/c mice with flagillin proteins from Clostridium difficile and Listeria monocytogenes adjuvanted with 2′-F-c-di-GMP led to production of antigen-specific antibodies both systemically and mucosally. The adjuvanticity of 2′-F-c-di-GMP is associated with the enhanced induction of interferon γ. These results demonstrated the excellent oral adjuvanticity of 2′-F-c-di-GMP. 2′-F-c-di-GMP was synthesized through the modified H-phosphonate chemistry. 2′-F-c-di-GMP was found to be an effective mucosal vaccine adjuvant, both intranasally and orally.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Brock University
- St. Catharines
- Canada
| | - Rhonda Kuo Lee
- Human Health and Therapeutics Research Center
- National Research Council of Canada
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- Human Health and Therapeutics Research Center
- National Research Council of Canada
- Ottawa
- Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences
| | - Hongbin Yan
- Department of Chemistry
- Brock University
- St. Catharines
- Canada
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20
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Mansouri S, Patel S, Katikaneni DS, Blaauboer SM, Wang W, Schattgen S, Fitzgerald K, Jin L. Immature lung TNFR2 - conventional DC 2 subpopulation activates moDCs to promote cyclic di-GMP mucosal adjuvant responses in vivo. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:277-289. [PMID: 30327534 PMCID: PMC6301145 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), including cyclic di-GMP (CDG), are promising vaccine adjuvants in preclinical/clinical trials. The in vivo mechanisms of CDNs are not clear. Here we investigated the roles of lung DC subsets in promoting CDG mucosal adjuvant responses in vivo. Using genetically modified mice and adoptive cell transfer, we identified lung conventional DC 2 (cDC2) as the central player in CDG mucosal responses. We further identified two functionally distinct lung cDC2 subpopulations: TNFR2+pRelB+ and TNFR2-pRelB- cDC2. The TNFR2+ cDC2 were mature and migratory upon intranasal CDG administration while the TNFR2- cDC2 were activated but not mature. Adoptive cell transfer showed that TNFR2- cDC2 mediate the antibody responses of CDG, while the TNFR2+ cDC2 generate Th1/17 responses. Mechanistically, immature TNFR2- cDC2 activate monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), which do not take up intranasally administered CDG. moDCs promote CDG-induced generation of T follicular helper- and germinal center B cells in the lungs. Our data revealed a previously undescribed in vivo mode of DCs action, whereby an immature lung TNFR2- cDC2 subpopulation directs the non-migratory moDCs to generate CDG mucosal responses in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Mansouri
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Seema Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Divya S Katikaneni
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Steven M Blaauboer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Stefan Schattgen
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Katherine Fitzgerald
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Lei Jin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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21
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Walker MM, Crute BW, Cambier JC, Getahun A. B Cell-Intrinsic STING Signaling Triggers Cell Activation, Synergizes with B Cell Receptor Signals, and Promotes Antibody Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2641-2653. [PMID: 30282750 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Generation of protective immune responses requires coordinated stimulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. An important mediator of innate immunity is stimulator of IFN genes (STING, MPYS, MITA), a ubiquitously but differentially expressed adaptor molecule that functions in the relay of signals initiated by sensing of cytosolic DNA and bacterial cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs). Whereas systemic expression of STING is required for CDN-aided mucosal Ab responses, its function in B cells in particular is unclear. In this study, we show that B cells can be directly activated by CDNs in a STING-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. Direct activation of B cells by CDNs results in upregulation of costimulatory molecules and cytokine production and this can be accompanied by caspase-dependent cell death. CDN-induced cytokine production by B cells and other cell types also contributes to activation and immune responses. Type I IFN is primarily responsible for this indirect stimulation although other cytokines may contribute. BCR and STING signaling pathways act synergistically to promote Ab responses independent of type I IFN. B cell expression of STING is required for optimal in vivo IgG and mucosal IgA Ab responses induced by T cell-dependent Ags and cyclic-di-GMP but plays no discernable role in Ab responses in which alum is used as an adjuvant. Thus, STING functions autonomously in B cells responding to CDNs, and its activation synergizes with Ag receptor signals to promote B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Walker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - Bergren W Crute
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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22
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Vila J, Sáez-López E, Johnson JR, Römling U, Dobrindt U, Cantón R, Giske CG, Naas T, Carattoli A, Martínez-Medina M, Bosch J, Retamar P, Rodríguez-Baño J, Baquero F, Soto SM. Escherichia coli: an old friend with new tidings. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 40:437-463. [PMID: 28201713 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most-studied microorganisms worldwide but its characteristics are continually changing. Extraintestinal E. coli infections, such as urinary tract infections and neonatal sepsis, represent a huge public health problem. They are caused mainly by specialized extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains that can innocuously colonize human hosts but can also cause disease upon entering a normally sterile body site. The virulence capability of such strains is determined by a combination of distinctive accessory traits, called virulence factors, in conjunction with their distinctive phylogenetic background. It is conceivable that by developing interventions against the most successful ExPEC lineages or their key virulence/colonization factors the associated burden of disease and health care costs could foreseeably be reduced in the future. On the other hand, one important problem worldwide is the increase of antimicrobial resistance shown by bacteria. As underscored in the last WHO global report, within a wide range of infectious agents including E. coli, antimicrobial resistance has reached an extremely worrisome situation that ‘threatens the achievements of modern medicine’. In the present review, an update of the knowledge about the pathogenicity, antimicrobial resistance and clinical aspects of this ‘old friend’ was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vila
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Sáez-López
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J R Johnson
- VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA, and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - U Römling
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - R Cantón
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - C G Giske
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Naas
- Hôpital de Bicêtre, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - A Carattoli
- Department of infectious, parasitic and immune-mediated diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Martínez-Medina
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - J Bosch
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Retamar
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen Macarena y Virgen del Rocío, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - J Rodríguez-Baño
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen Macarena y Virgen del Rocío, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Baquero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - S M Soto
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Mankan AK, Müller M, Witte G, Hornung V. Cyclic Dinucleotides in the Scope of the Mammalian Immune System. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 238:269-289. [PMID: 28181006 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_5002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
First discovered in prokaryotes and more recently in eukaryotes, cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) constitute a unique branch of second messenger signaling systems. Within prokaryotes CDNs regulate a wide array of different biological processes, whereas in the vertebrate system CDN signaling is largely dedicated to activation of the innate immune system. In this book chapter we summarize the occurrence and signaling pathways of these small-molecule second messengers, most importantly in the scope of the mammalian immune system. In this regard, our main focus is the role of the cGAS-STING axis in the context of microbial infection and sterile inflammation and its implications for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Mankan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Martina Müller
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Gregor Witte
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn, 53127, Germany. .,Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, Munich, 81377, Germany. .,Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitðt Mﺰnchen, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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24
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Alyaqoub FS, Aldhamen YA, Koestler BJ, Bruger EL, Seregin SS, Pereira-Hicks C, Godbehere S, Waters CM, Amalfitano A. In Vivo Synthesis of Cyclic-di-GMP Using a Recombinant Adenovirus Preferentially Improves Adaptive Immune Responses against Extracellular Antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1741-52. [PMID: 26792800 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a compelling need for more effective vaccine adjuvants to augment induction of Ag-specific adaptive immune responses. Recent reports suggested the bacterial second messenger bis-(3'-5')-cyclic-dimeric-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) acts as an innate immune system modulator. We recently incorporated a Vibrio cholerae diguanylate cyclase into an adenovirus vaccine, fostering production of c-di-GMP as well as proinflammatory responses in mice. In this study, we recombined a more potent diguanylate cyclase gene, VCA0848, into a nonreplicating adenovirus serotype 5 (AdVCA0848) that produces elevated amounts of c-di-GMP when expressed in mammalian cells in vivo. This novel platform further improved induction of type I IFN-β and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells early after administration into mice as compared with control vectors. Coadministration of the extracellular protein OVA and the AdVCA0848 adjuvant significantly improved OVA-specific T cell responses as detected by IFN-γ and IL-2 ELISPOT, while also improving OVA-specific humoral B cell adaptive responses. In addition, we found that coadministration of AdVCA0848 with another adenovirus serotype 5 vector expressing the HIV-1-derived Gag Ag or the Clostridium difficile-derived toxin B resulted in significant inhibitory effects on the induction of Gag and toxin B-specific adaptive immune responses. As a proof of principle, these data confirm that in vivo synthesis of c-di-GMP stimulates strong innate immune responses that correlate with enhanced adaptive immune responses to concomitantly administered extracellular Ag, which can be used as an adjuvant to heighten effective immune responses for protein-based vaccine platforms against microbial infections and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadel S Alyaqoub
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Yasser A Aldhamen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Benjamin J Koestler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; and
| | - Eric L Bruger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; and
| | - Sergey S Seregin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Cristiane Pereira-Hicks
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Sarah Godbehere
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Christopher M Waters
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; and
| | - Andrea Amalfitano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824; Department of Pediatrics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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25
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Raeisi J, Saifi M, Pourshafie MR, Asadi Karam MR, Mohajerani HR. Rapid Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates by Turanose Fermentation Method. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e21198. [PMID: 26495105 PMCID: PMC4609385 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.21198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Raeisi
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mahnaz Saifi
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
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26
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Elkhatib WF, Hair PS, Nyalwidhe JO, Cunnion KM. New potential role of serum apolipoprotein E mediated by its binding to clumping factor A during Staphylococcus aureus invasive infections to humans. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:335-343. [PMID: 25878259 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a crucial human pathogen expressing various immune-evasion proteins that interact with the host-cell molecules. Clumping factor A (ClfA) is a microbial surface protein that promotes S. aureus binding to fibrinogen, and is associated with septic arthritis and infective endocarditis. In order to identify the major human serum proteins that bind the ClfA, we utilized recombinant ClfA region A in a plate-based assay. SDS-PAGE analysis of the bound proteins yielded five prominent bands, which were analysed by MS yielding apolipoprotein E (ApoE) as the predominant protein. ClfA-sufficient S. aureus bound purified ApoE by more than one log greater than an isogenic ClfA-deficient mutant. An immunodot-blot assay yielded a linearity model for ClfA binding to human ApoE with a stoichiometric-binding ratio of 1.702 at maximal Pearson's correlation coefficient (0.927). These data suggest that ApoE could be a major and novel binding target for the S. aureus virulence factor ClfA. Thus, ClfA recruitment of serum ApoE to the S. aureus surface may sequester ApoE and blunt its host defence function against S. aureus-invasive infections to humans. In this context, compounds that can block or suppress ClfA binding to ApoE might be utilized as prophylactic or therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid F Elkhatib
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Kittrell Hall, Hampton, VA 23668, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, E.V. Williams Hall, 855 W. Brambleton Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity St., Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Pamela S Hair
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, E.V. Williams Hall, 855 W. Brambleton Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA
| | - Julius O Nyalwidhe
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 651 Colley Avenue, Norfolk, VA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Kenji M Cunnion
- Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters, 601 Children's Lane, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA.,Children's Specialty Group, 601 Children's Lane, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, E.V. Williams Hall, 855 W. Brambleton Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA
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27
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Modification of a bi-functional diguanylate cyclase-phosphodiesterase to efficiently produce cyclic diguanylate monophosphate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 28626712 PMCID: PMC5466042 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic-diGMP is a bacterial messenger that regulates many physiological processes, including many attributed to pathogenicity. Bacteria synthesize cyclic-diGMP from GTP using diguanylate cyclases; its hydrolysis is catalyzed by phosphodiesterases. Here we report the over-expression and purification of a bi-functional diguanylate cyclase-phosphodiesterase from Agrobacterium vitis S4. Using homology modeling and primary structure alignment, we identify several amino acids predicted to participate in the phosphodiesterase reaction. Upon altering selected residues, we obtain variants of the enzyme that efficiently and quantitatively catalyze the synthesis of cyclic-diGMP from GTP without hydrolysis to pGpG. Additionally, we identify a variant that produces cyclic-diGMP while immobilized to NiNTA beads and can catalyze the conversion of [α-32P]-GTP to [32P]-cyclic-diGMP. In short, we characterize a novel cyclic-diGMP processing enzyme and demonstrate its utility for efficient and cost-effective production of cyclic-diGMP, as well as modified cyclic-diGMP molecules, for use as probes in studying the many important biological processes mediated by cyclic-diGMP.
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28
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Hanson MC, Crespo MP, Abraham W, Moynihan KD, Szeto GL, Chen SH, Melo MB, Mueller S, Irvine DJ. Nanoparticulate STING agonists are potent lymph node-targeted vaccine adjuvants. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2532-46. [PMID: 25938786 DOI: 10.1172/jci79915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are agonists of stimulator of IFN genes (STING) and have potential as vaccine adjuvants. However, cyclic di-GMP (cdGMP) injected s.c. shows minimal uptake into lymphatics/draining lymph nodes (dLNs) and instead is rapidly distributed to the bloodstream, leading to systemic inflammation. Here, we encapsulated cdGMP within PEGylated lipid nanoparticles (NP-cdGMP) to redirect this adjuvant to dLNs. Compared with unformulated CDNs, encapsulation blocked systemic dissemination and markedly enhanced dLN accumulation in murine models. Delivery of NP-cdGMP increased CD8+ T cell responses primed by peptide vaccines and enhanced therapeutic antitumor immunity. A combination of a poorly immunogenic liposomal HIV gp41 peptide antigen and NP-cdGMP robustly induced type I IFN in dLNs, induced a greater expansion of vaccine-specific CD4+ T cells, and greatly increased germinal center B cell differentiation in dLNs compared with a combination of liposomal HIV gp41 and soluble CDN. Further, NP-cdGMP promoted durable antibody titers that were substantially higher than those promoted by the well-studied TLR agonist monophosphoryl lipid A and comparable to a much larger dose of unformulated cdGMP, without the systemic toxicity of the latter. These results demonstrate that nanoparticulate delivery safely targets CDNs to the dLNs and enhances the efficacy of this adjuvant. Moreover, this approach can be broadly applied to other small-molecule immunomodulators of interest for vaccines and immunotherapy.
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29
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Blaauboer SM, Mansouri S, Tucker HR, Wang HL, Gabrielle VD, Jin L. The mucosal adjuvant cyclic di-GMP enhances antigen uptake and selectively activates pinocytosis-efficient cells in vivo. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25898005 PMCID: PMC4428110 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective mucosal adjuvants enhance the magnitude and quality of the vaccine response. Cyclic di-GMP (CDG) is a promising mucosal vaccine adjuvant. However, its in vivo mechanisms are unclear. Here, we showed, in mice, that CDG elicits stronger Ab and TH responses than the mammalian 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), and generated better protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection than 2'3'-cGAMP adjuvanted vaccine. We identified two in vivo mechanisms of CDG. First, intranasally administered CDG greatly enhances Ag uptake, including pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis in vivo. The enhancement depends on MPYS (STING, MITA) expression in CD11C(+) cells. Second, we found that CDG selectively activated pinocytosis-efficient-DCs, leading to T(H) polarizing cytokines IL-12p70, IFNγ, IL-5, IL-13, IL-23, and IL-6 production in vivo. Notably, CDG induces IFNλ, but not IFNβ, in vivo. Our study revealed previously unrecognized in vivo functions of MPYS and advanced our understanding of CDG as a mucosal vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Blaauboer
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, United States
| | - Samira Mansouri
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, United States
| | - Heidi R Tucker
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, United States
| | - Hatti L Wang
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, United States
| | - Vincent D Gabrielle
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, United States
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30
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Yildiz S, Alpdundar E, Gungor B, Kahraman T, Bayyurt B, Gursel I, Gursel M. Enhanced immunostimulatory activity of cyclic dinucleotides on mouse cells when complexed with a cell-penetrating peptide or combined with CpG. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1170-9. [PMID: 25581346 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-derived nucleic acids by immune cells is critical for the activation of protective innate immune responses. Bacterial cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are small nucleic acids that are directly recognized by the cytosolic DNA sensor STING (stimulator of IFN genes), initiating a response characterized by proinflammatory cytokine and type I IFN production. Strategies to improve the immune stimulatory activities of CDNs can further their potential for clinical development. Here, we demonstrate that a simple complex of cylic-di-GMP with a cell-penetrating peptide enhances both cellular delivery and biological activity of the cyclic-di-GMP in murine splenocytes. Furthermore, our findings establish that activation of the TLR-dependent and TLR-independent DNA recognition pathways through combined use of CpG oligonucleotide (ODN) and CDN results in synergistic activity, augmenting cytokine production (IFN-α/β, IL-6, TNF-α, IP-10), costimulatory molecule upregulation (MHC class II, CD86), and antigen-specific humoral and cellular immunity. Results presented herein indicate that 3'3'-cGAMP, a recently identified bacterial CDN, is a superior stimulator of IFN genes ligand than cyclic-di-GMP in human PBMCs. Collectively, these findings suggest that the immune-stimulatory properties of CDNs can be augmented through peptide complexation or synergistic use with CpG oligonucleotide and may be of interest for the development of CDN-based immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soner Yildiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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31
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Ohkuri T, Ghosh A, Kosaka A, Zhu J, Ikeura M, David M, Watkins SC, Sarkar SN, Okada H. STING contributes to antiglioma immunity via triggering type I IFN signals in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:1199-208. [PMID: 25300859 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although type I IFNs play critical roles in antiviral and antitumor activity, it remains to be elucidated how type I IFNs are produced in sterile conditions of the tumor microenvironment and directly affect tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Mouse de novo gliomas show increased expression of type I IFN messages, and in mice, CD11b(+) brain-infiltrating leukocytes (BIL) are the main source of type I IFNs that are induced partially in a STING (stimulator of IFN genes)-dependent manner. Consequently, glioma-bearing Sting(Gt) (/Gt) mice showed shorter survival and lower expression levels of Ifns compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, BILs of Sting(Gt) (/Gt) mice showed increased CD11b(+) Gr-1(+) immature myeloid suppressor and CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) and decreased IFNγ-producing CD8(+) T cells. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that received direct type I IFN signals showed lesser degrees of regulatory activity and increased levels of antitumor activity, respectively. Finally, intratumoral administration of a STING agonist (cyclic diguanylate monophosphate; c-di-GMP) improved the survival of glioma-bearing mice associated with enhanced type I IFN signaling, Cxcl10 and Ccl5, and T-cell migration into the brain. In combination with subcutaneous OVA peptide vaccination, c-di-GMP increased OVA-specific cytotoxicity of BILs and prolonged their survival. These data demonstrate significant contributions of STING to antitumor immunity via enhancement of type I IFN signaling in the tumor microenvironment and suggest a potential use of STING agonists for the development of effective immunotherapy, such as the combination with antigen-specific vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ohkuri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Brain Tumor, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Arundhati Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Cancer Virology Programs, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Akemi Kosaka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Brain Tumor, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Cancer Virology Programs, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Maki Ikeura
- Department of Brain Tumor, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael David
- Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Saumendra N Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Cancer Virology Programs, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Brain Tumor, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Cancer Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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32
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Nakane A. [Host responses to bacterial infections]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2014; 69:479-89. [PMID: 25186639 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.69.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria and host defense system have been evolved by their offense and defense. In vivo research is crucial for elucidation of interactions between them. I have investigated their offence and defense by various standpoints using mouse models of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus infections. Herein, the results of my research including the roles of endogenous cytokines in host defense, the attenuation of host defense mechanism in obesity and diabetes, the development of vaccines against S. aureus infection by staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) family molecules, and the emesis-inducing mechanism of SEA are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
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33
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Koch G, Yepes A, Förstner KU, Wermser C, Stengel ST, Modamio J, Ohlsen K, Foster KR, Lopez D. Evolution of resistance to a last-resort antibiotic in Staphylococcus aureus via bacterial competition. Cell 2014; 158:1060-1071. [PMID: 25171407 PMCID: PMC4163622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a key medical concern, with antibiotic use likely being an important cause. However, here we describe an alternative route to clinically relevant antibiotic resistance that occurs solely due to competitive interactions among bacterial cells. We consistently observe that isolates of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus diversify spontaneously into two distinct, sequentially arising strains. The first evolved strain outgrows the parent strain via secretion of surfactants and a toxic bacteriocin. The second is resistant to the bacteriocin. Importantly, this second strain is also resistant to intermediate levels of vancomycin. This so-called VISA (vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus) phenotype is seen in many hard-to-treat clinical isolates. This strain diversification also occurs during in vivo infection in a mouse model, which is consistent with the fact that both coevolved phenotypes resemble strains commonly found in clinic. Our study shows how competition between coevolving bacterial strains can generate antibiotic resistance and recapitulate key clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Koch
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Ana Yepes
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Konrad U Förstner
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Charlotte Wermser
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Stephanie T Stengel
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Jennifer Modamio
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Knut Ohlsen
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Kevin R Foster
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Daniel Lopez
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany; Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany.
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34
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Dubensky TW, Kanne DB, Leong ML. Rationale, progress and development of vaccines utilizing STING-activating cyclic dinucleotide adjuvants. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN VACCINES 2014; 1:131-43. [PMID: 24757520 DOI: 10.1177/2051013613501988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A principal barrier to the development of effective vaccines is the availability of adjuvants and formulations that can elicit both effector and long-lived memory CD4 and CD8 T cells. Cellular immunity is the presumptive immune correlate of protection against intracellular pathogens: a group composed of bacteria, viruses and protozoans that is responsible for a staggering level of morbidity and mortality on a global scale. T-cell immunity is also correlated with clinical benefit in cancer, and the development of therapeutic strategies to harness the immune system to treat diverse malignancies is currently undergoing a renaissance. Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are ubiquitous small molecule second messengers synthesized by bacteria that regulate diverse processes and are a relatively new class of adjuvants that have been shown to increase vaccine potency. CDNs activate innate immunity by directly binding the endoplasmic reticulum-resident receptor STING (stimulator of interferon genes), activating a signaling pathway that induces the expression of interferon-β (IFN-β) and also nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) dependent inflammatory cytokines. The STING signaling pathway has emerged as a central Toll-like receptor (TLR) independent mediator of host innate defense in response to sensing cytosolic nucleic acids, either through direct binding of CDNs secreted by bacteria, or, as shown recently, through binding of a structurally distinct CDN produced by a host cell receptor in response to binding cytosolic double-stranded (ds)DNA. Although this relatively new class of adjuvants has to date only been evaluated in mice, newly available CDN-STING cocrystal structures will likely intensify efforts in this field towards further development and evaluation in human trials both in preventive vaccine and immunotherapy settings.
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35
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Diarra MS, Malouin F. Antibiotics in Canadian poultry productions and anticipated alternatives. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:282. [PMID: 24987390 PMCID: PMC4060556 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals has significantly increased animal health by lowering mortality and the incidence of diseases. Antibiotics also have largely contributed to increase productivity of farms. However, antibiotic usage in general and relevance of non-therapeutic antibiotics (growth promoters) in feed need to be reevaluated especially because bacterial pathogens of humans and animals have developed and shared a variety of antibiotic resistance mechanisms that can easily be spread within microbial communities. In Canada, poultry production involves more than 2600 regulated chicken producers who have access to several antibiotics approved as feed additives for poultry. Feed recipes and mixtures vary greatly geographically and from one farm to another, making links between use of a specific antibiotic feed additive and production yields or selection of specific antibiotic-resistant bacteria difficult to establish. Many on-farm studies have revealed the widespread presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in broiler chickens. While some reports linked the presence of antibiotic-resistant organisms to the use of feed supplemented with antibiotics, no recent studies could clearly demonstrate the benefit of antimicrobial growth promoters on performance and production yields. With modern biosecurity and hygienic practices, there is a genuine concern that intensive utilization of antibiotics or use of antimicrobial growth promoters in feed might no longer be useful. Public pressure and concerns about food and environmental safety (antibiotic residues, antibiotic-resistant pathogens) have driven researchers to actively look for alternatives to antibiotics. Some of the alternatives include pre- and probiotics, organic acids and essential oils. We will describe here the properties of some bioactive molecules, like those found in cranberry, which have shown interesting polyvalent antibacterial and immuno-stimulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa S. Diarra
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaAgassiz, BC, Canada
| | - François Malouin
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne, Université de SherbrookeSherbrooke, QC, Canada
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36
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Škrnjug I, Rueckert C, Libanova R, Lienenklaus S, Weiss S, Guzmán CA. The mucosal adjuvant cyclic di-AMP exerts immune stimulatory effects on dendritic cells and macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95728. [PMID: 24755640 PMCID: PMC3996008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic di-nucleotide bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) is a candidate mucosal adjuvant with proven efficacy in preclinical models. It was shown to promote specific humoral and cellular immune responses following mucosal administration. To date, there is only fragmentary knowledge on the cellular and molecular mode of action of c-di-AMP. Here, we report on the identification of dendritic cells and macrophages as target cells of c-di-AMP. We show that c-di-AMP induces the cell surface up-regulation of T cell co-stimulatory molecules as well as the production of interferon-β. Those responses were characterized by in vitro experiments with murine and human immune cells and in vivo studies in mice. Analyses of dendritic cell subsets revealed conventional dendritic cells as principal responders to stimulation by c-di-AMP. We discuss the impact of the reported antigen presenting cell activation on the previously observed adjuvant effects of c-di-AMP in mouse immunization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Škrnjug
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christine Rueckert
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rimma Libanova
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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37
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A new adjuvant delivery system 'cyclic di-GMP/YSK05 liposome' for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2014; 184:20-7. [PMID: 24727060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides are of importance in the field of microbiology and immunology. They function as second messengers and are thought to participate in the signal transduction of cytosolic DNA immune responses. One such dinucleotide, cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), stimulates the immune system. It is thought that c-di-GMP is recognized by ATP dependent RNA helicase (DDX41) in the cytosol, forms a complex with the Stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING), triggers a signal via the tank binding kinase 1-interferon regulatory factor 3 (TBK1-IRF3) pathway and induces the production of type I interferons. Therefore c-di-GMP can be thought of as a new class of adjuvant. However, because c-di-GMP contains two phosphate groups, this prevents its use as an adjuvant because it cannot pass through the cell membrane, even though the target molecule of c-di-GMP is located in the cytoplasm. Our group has been developing a series of liposomal drug delivery systems and recently investigated YSK05 which is a synthetic, pH sensitive lipid that has a high fusogenicity. We utilized this lipid as a carrier to transport c-di-GMP into the cytosol to then use c-di-GMP as an adjuvant. Based on screening experiments, YSK05/POPE/cholesterol=40/25/35 was found to induce IFN-β in Raw264.7 cells. The induction of IFN-β from c-di-GMP liposomes was inhibited by adding BX795, a TBK1 inhibitor, indicating that the production of IFN-β caused the activation of the STING-TBK1 pathway. C-di-GMP liposomes also showed significantly higher levels of expression of CD80, CD86 and MHC class I. The c-di-GMP/YSK05 liposome facilitated antigen specific cytotoxic T cell activity and the inhibition of tumor growth in a mouse model. These findings indicate that c-di-GMP/YSK05 liposomes could be used, not only to transfer c-di-GMP to the cytosol and induce an innate immune system but also as a platform for investigating the mechanism of immune sensing with cyclic dinucleotides in vitro and in vivo.
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Blaauboer SM, Gabrielle VD, Jin L. MPYS/STING-mediated TNF-α, not type I IFN, is essential for the mucosal adjuvant activity of (3'-5')-cyclic-di-guanosine-monophosphate in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:492-502. [PMID: 24307739 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial second messenger (3'-5')-cyclic-di-guanosine-monophosphate (CDG) is a promising mucosal adjuvant candidate that activates balanced Th1/Th2/Th17 responses. We showed previously that CDG activates stimulator of IFN genes (STING)-dependent IFN-I production in vitro. However, it is unknown whether STING or IFN-I is required for the CDG adjuvant activity in vivo. In this study, we show that STING(-/-) mice (Tmem173(<tm1Camb>)) do not produce Ag-specific Abs or Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines during CDG/Ag immunization. Intranasal administration of CDG did not induce TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, or MCP-1 production in STING(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, we found that the cytokine and Ab responses were unaltered in CDG/Ag-immunized IFNAR(-/-) mice. Instead, we found that CDG activates STING-dependent, IFN-I-independent TNF-α production in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, using a TNFR1(-/-) mouse, we demonstrate that TNF-α signaling is critical for CDG-induced Ag-specific Ab and Th1/Th2 cytokine production. This is distinct from STING-mediated DNA adjuvant activity, which requires IFN-I, but not TNF-α, production. Finally, we found that CDG activates STING-dependent, but IRF3 stimulation-independent, NF-κB signaling. Our results established an essential role for STING-mediated TNF-α production in the mucosal adjuvant activity of CDG in vivo and revealed a novel IFN-I stimulation-independent STING-NF-κB-TNF-α pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Blaauboer
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208
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Fatima M, Rempel H, Kuang XT, Allen KJ, Cheng KM, Malouin F, Diarra MS. Effect of 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid in a broiler Clostridium perfringens infection model. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2644-50. [PMID: 24046411 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to explore strategies to control Clostridium perfringens, we investigated the synergistic effect of a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) with penicillin G in a broiler challenge model. All chicks were inoculated in the crop by gavage on d 14, 15, and 16 with a mixture of 4 C. perfringens strains. Birds were treated with saline (control group) or 20 nmol of c-di-GMP by gavage or intramuscularly (IM) on d 24, all in conjunction with penicillin G in water for 5 d. Weekly samplings of ceca and ileum were performed on d 21 to 35 for C. perfringens and Lactobacillus enumeration. On d 35 of age, the IM treatment significantly (P < 0.05) reduced C. perfringens in the ceca, suggesting possible synergistic activity between penicillin G and c-di-GMP against C. perfringens in broiler ceca. Moreover, analysis of ceca DNA for the presence of a series of C. perfringens virulence genes showed a prevalence of 30% for the Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin gene (cpa) from d 21 to 35 in the IM-treated group, whereas the occurrence of the cpa gene increased from 10 to 60% in the other 2 groups (control and gavage) from d 21 to 35. Detection of β-lactamase genes (blaCMY-2, blaSHV, and blaTEM) indicative of gram-negative bacteria in the same samples from d 21 to 35 did not show significant treatment effects. Amplified fragment-length polymorphism showed a predominant 92% similarity between the ceca of 21-d-old control birds and the 35-d-old IM-treated c-di-GMP group. This suggests that c-di-GMP IM treatment might be effective at restoring the normal microflora of the host on d 35 after being challenged by C. perfringens. Our results suggest that c-di-GMP can reduce the colonization of C. perfringens in the gut without increasing the selection pressure for some β-lactamase genes or altering the commensal bacterial population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussarat Fatima
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 1000, 6947 Highway 7, Agassiz, BC, Canada V0M 1A0
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Cyclic di-GMP: the first 25 years of a universal bacterial second messenger. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2013; 77:1-52. [PMID: 23471616 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00043-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1196] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-five years have passed since the discovery of cyclic dimeric (3'→5') GMP (cyclic di-GMP or c-di-GMP). From the relative obscurity of an allosteric activator of a bacterial cellulose synthase, c-di-GMP has emerged as one of the most common and important bacterial second messengers. Cyclic di-GMP has been shown to regulate biofilm formation, motility, virulence, the cell cycle, differentiation, and other processes. Most c-di-GMP-dependent signaling pathways control the ability of bacteria to interact with abiotic surfaces or with other bacterial and eukaryotic cells. Cyclic di-GMP plays key roles in lifestyle changes of many bacteria, including transition from the motile to the sessile state, which aids in the establishment of multicellular biofilm communities, and from the virulent state in acute infections to the less virulent but more resilient state characteristic of chronic infectious diseases. From a practical standpoint, modulating c-di-GMP signaling pathways in bacteria could represent a new way of controlling formation and dispersal of biofilms in medical and industrial settings. Cyclic di-GMP participates in interkingdom signaling. It is recognized by mammalian immune systems as a uniquely bacterial molecule and therefore is considered a promising vaccine adjuvant. The purpose of this review is not to overview the whole body of data in the burgeoning field of c-di-GMP-dependent signaling. Instead, we provide a historic perspective on the development of the field, emphasize common trends, and illustrate them with the best available examples. We also identify unresolved questions and highlight new directions in c-di-GMP research that will give us a deeper understanding of this truly universal bacterial second messenger.
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Newly described pattern recognition receptors team up against intracellular pathogens. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:551-65. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Biofilm switch and immune response determinants at early stages of infection. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:364-71. [PMID: 23816497 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm development is recognized as a major virulence factor underlying most chronic bacterial infections. When a biofilm community is established, planktonic cells growing in the surroundings of a tissue switch to a sessile lifestyle and start producing a biofilm matrix. The initial steps of in vivo biofilm development are poorly characterized and difficult to assess experimentally. A great amount of in vitro evidence has shown that accumulation of high levels of cyclic dinucleotides (c-di-NMPs) is the most prevalent hallmark governing the initiation of biofilm development by bacteria. As mentioned above, recent studies also link detection of c-di-NMPs by host cells with the activation of a type I interferon immune response against bacterial infections. We discuss here c-di-NMP signaling and the host immune response in the context of the initial steps of in vivo biofilm development.
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Immunogenicity analysis of Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor A genetic variants. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1338-40. [PMID: 23803901 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00275-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The staphylococcal adhesin clumping factor A (ClfA) has a variant amino acid sequence, generating the potential for alterations in epitope structure and immunogenicity of this vaccine candidate. We demonstrated for two recombinant ClfA(40-531) (a slightly truncated version of the fibrinogen-binding domain of ClfA containing amino acids 40 to 531) genetic variants that strain-specific epitopes are immunodominant. This work indicates that immune responses elicited by ClfA may, at least in part, be dependent on the strain of origin of the ClfA.
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Brady RA, Mocca CP, Prabhakara R, Plaut RD, Shirtliff ME, Merkel TJ, Burns DL. Evaluation of genetically inactivated alpha toxin for protection in multiple mouse models of Staphylococcus aureus infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63040. [PMID: 23658662 PMCID: PMC3639205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen and a leading cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Development of a vaccine against this pathogen is an important goal. While S. aureus protective antigens have been identified in the literature, the majority have only been tested in a single animal model of disease. We wished to evaluate the ability of one S. aureus vaccine antigen to protect in multiple mouse models, thus assessing whether protection in one model translates to protection in other models encompassing the full breadth of infections the pathogen can cause. We chose to focus on genetically inactivated alpha toxin mutant HlaH35L. We evaluated the protection afforded by this antigen in three models of infection using the same vaccine dose, regimen, route of immunization, adjuvant, and challenge strain. When mice were immunized with HlaH35L and challenged via a skin and soft tissue infection model, HlaH35L immunization led to a less severe infection and decreased S. aureus levels at the challenge site when compared to controls. Challenge of HlaH35L-immunized mice using a systemic infection model resulted in a limited, but statistically significant decrease in bacterial colonization as compared to that observed with control mice. In contrast, in a prosthetic implant model of chronic biofilm infection, there was no significant difference in bacterial levels when compared to controls. These results demonstrate that vaccines may confer protection against one form of S. aureus disease without conferring protection against other disease presentations and thus underscore a significant challenge in S. aureus vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Brady
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Mocca
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ranjani Prabhakara
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roger D. Plaut
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Shirtliff
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tod J. Merkel
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Drusilla L. Burns
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Grajkowski A, Cieślak J, Schindler C, Beaucage SL. Biotinylation of a propargylated cyclic (3'-5') diguanylic acid and of its mono-6-thioated analog under "click" conditions. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NUCLEIC ACID CHEMISTRY 2013; Chapter 14:14.9.1-14.9.20. [PMID: 23512694 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc1409s52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Commercial N(2)-isobutyryl-5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-2'-O-(propargyl)guanosine is converted to its 3'-O-levulinyl ester in a yield of 91%. The reaction of commercial N(2)-isobutyryl-5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-2'-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-3'-O-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphinyl]guanosine with N(2)-isobutyryl-2'-O-propargyl-3'-O-(levulinyl)guanosine provides, after P(III) oxidation, 3'-/5'-deprotection, and purification, the 2'-O-propargylated guanylyl(3'-5')guanosine 2-cyanoethyl phosphate triester in a yield of 88%. Phosphitylation of this dinucleoside phosphate triester with 2-cyanoethyl tetraisopropylphosphordiamidite and 1H-tetrazole, followed by an in situ intramolecular cyclization, gives the propargylated cyclic dinucleoside phosphate triester, which is isolated in a yield of 40% after P(III) oxidation and purification. Complete removal of the nucleobases, phosphates, and 2'-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl protecting groups leads to the desired propargylated c-di-GMP diester. Cycloaddition of a biotinylated azide with the propargylated c-di-GMP diester under click conditions provides the biotinylated c-di-GMP conjugate in an isolated yield of 62%. Replacement of the 6-oxo function of N(2)-isobutyryl-5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-3'-O-levulinyl-2'-O-(propargyl)guanosine with a 2-cyanoethylthio group is effected by treatment with 2,4,6-triisopropybenzenesulfonyl chloride and triethylamine to give a 6-(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonic acid) ester intermediate. Reaction of this key intermediate with 3-mercaptoproprionitrile and triethylamine, followed by 5'-dedimethoxytritylation, affords the 6-(2-cyanoethylthio)guanosine derivative in a yield of 70%. The 5'-hydroxy function of this derivative is reacted with commercial N(2)-isobutyryl-5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-2'-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-3'-O-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylaminophosphinyl]guanosine. The reaction product is then converted to the mono-6-thioated c-di- GMP biotinylated conjugate under conditions highly similar to those described above for the preparation of the biotinylated c-di-GMP conjugate, and isolated in similar yields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Schindler
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Römling U, Balsalobre C. Biofilm infections, their resilience to therapy and innovative treatment strategies. J Intern Med 2012; 272:541-61. [PMID: 23025745 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation of microorganisms causes persistent tissue and foreign body infections resistant to treatment with antimicrobial agents. Up to 80% of human bacterial infections are biofilm associated; such infections are most frequently caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteria such as Escherichia coli. The accurate diagnosis of biofilm infections is often difficult, which prevents the appropriate choice of treatment. As biofilm infections significantly contribute to patient morbidity and substantial healthcare costs, novel strategies to treat these infections are urgently required. Nucleotide second messengers, c-di-GMP, (p)ppGpp and potentially c-di-AMP, are major regulators of biofilm formation and associated antibiotic tolerance. Consequently, different components of these signalling networks might be appropriate targets for antibiofilm therapy in combination with antibiotic treatment strategies. In addition, cyclic di-nucleotides are microbial-associated molecular patterns with an almost universal presence. Their conserved structures sensed by the eukaryotic host have a widespread effect on the immune system. Thus, cyclic di-nucleotides are also potential immunotherapeutic agents to treat antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kalia D, Merey G, Nakayama S, Zheng Y, Zhou J, Luo Y, Guo M, Roembke BT, Sintim HO. Nucleotide, c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, cGMP, cAMP, (p)ppGpp signaling in bacteria and implications in pathogenesis. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 42:305-41. [PMID: 23023210 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35206k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
For an organism to survive, it must be able to sense its environment and regulate physiological processes accordingly. Understanding how bacteria integrate signals from various environmental factors and quorum sensing autoinducers to regulate the metabolism of various nucleotide second messengers c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, cGMP, cAMP and ppGpp, which control several key processes required for adaptation is key for efforts to develop agents to curb bacterial infections. In this review, we provide an update of nucleotide signaling in bacteria and show how these signals intersect or integrate to regulate the bacterial phenotype. The intracellular concentrations of nucleotide second messengers in bacteria are regulated by synthases and phosphodiesterases and a significant number of these metabolism enzymes had been biochemically characterized but it is only in the last few years that the effector proteins and RNA riboswitches, which regulate bacterial physiology upon binding to nucleotides, have been identified and characterized by biochemical and structural methods. C-di-GMP, in particular, has attracted immense interest because it is found in many bacteria and regulate both biofilm formation and virulence factors production. In this review, we discuss how the activities of various c-di-GMP effector proteins and riboswitches are modulated upon c-di-GMP binding. Using V. cholerae, E. coli and B. subtilis as models, we discuss how both environmental factors and quorum sensing autoinducers regulate the metabolism and/or processing of nucleotide second messengers. The chemical syntheses of the various nucleotide second messengers and the use of analogs thereof as antibiofilm or immune modulators are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimpy Kalia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Evidence for cyclic diguanylate as a vaccine adjuvant with novel immunostimulatory activities. Cell Immunol 2012; 278:113-9. [PMID: 23121983 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP), a bacterial signaling molecule, possesses protective immunostimulatory activity in bacterial challenge models. This study explored the potential of c-di-GMP as a vaccine adjuvant comparing it with LPS, CpG oligonucleotides, and a conventional aluminum salt based adjuvant. In this evaluation, c-di-GMP was a more potent activator of both humoral and Th1-like immune responses as evidenced by the robust IgG2a antibody response it induced in mice and the strong IFN-γ, TNF-α and IP-10 responses, it elicited in mice and in vitro in non-human primate peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Further, compared to LPS or CpG, c-di-GMP demonstrated a more pronounced ability to induce germinal center formation, a hallmark of long-term memory, in immunized mice. Together, these data add to the growing body of evidence supporting the utility of c-di-GMP as an adjuvant in vaccination for sustained and robust immune responses and provide a rationale for further evaluation in appropriate models of immunization.
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Witte CE, Archer KA, Rae CS, Sauer JD, Woodward JJ, Portnoy DA. Innate immune pathways triggered by Listeria monocytogenes and their role in the induction of cell-mediated immunity. Adv Immunol 2012; 113:135-56. [PMID: 22244582 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394590-7.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acquired cell-mediated immunity to Listeria monocytogenes is induced by infection with live, replicating bacteria that grow in the host cell cytosol, whereas killed bacteria, or those trapped in a phagosome, fail to induce protective immunity. In this chapter, we focus on how L. monocytogenes is sensed by the innate immune system, with the presumption that innate immunity affects the development of acquired immunity. Infection by L. monocytogenes induces three innate immune pathways: an MyD88-dependent pathway emanating from a phagosome leading to expression of inflammatory cytokines; a STING/IRF3-dependent pathway emanating from the cytosol leading to the expression of IFN-β and coregulated genes; and very low levels of a Caspase-1-dependent, AIM2-dependent inflammasome pathway resulting in proteolytic activation and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 and pyroptotic cell death. Using a combination of genetics and biochemistry, we identified the listerial ligand that activates the STING/IRF3 pathway as secreted cyclic diadenosine monophosphate, a newly discovered conserved bacterial signaling molecule. We also identified L. monocytogenes mutants that caused robust inflammasome activation due to bacteriolysis in the cytosol, release of DNA, and activation of the AIM2 inflammasome. A strain was constructed that ectopically expressed and secreted a fusion protein containing Legionella pneumophila flagellin that robustly activated the Nlrc4-dependent inflammasome and was highly attenuated in mice, also in an Nlrc4-dependent manner. Surprisingly, this strain was a poor inducer of adaptive immunity, suggesting that inflammasome activation is not necessary to induce cell-mediated immunity and may even be detrimental under some conditions. To the best of our knowledge, no single innate immune pathway is necessary to mount a robust acquired immune response to L. monocytogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Witte
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Abstract
The implementation of vaccination as an empiric strategy to protect against infectious diseases was introduced even before the advent of hygiene and antimicrobials in the medical practice. Nevertheless, it was not until a few decades ago that we really started understanding the underlying mechanisms of protection triggered by vaccination. Vaccines were initially based on attenuated or inactivated organisms. Subunit vaccines were then introduced as more refined formulations, exhibiting improved safety profiles. However, purified antigens tend to be poorly immunogenic and often require the use of adjuvants to achieve adequate stimulation of the immune system. Vaccination strategies, such as mucosal administration, also require potent adjuvants to improve performance. In the 1990s, immunologists found that pathogens could be sensed as ‘danger signals’ by receptors recognizing conserved motifs. Although our knowledge is still limited, tremendous advances were made in the understanding of host defence mechanisms regulated by these evolutionary conserved receptors, and the molecular structures which are recognized by them. This opened a new era in adjuvant development. Some of the latest players arrived to this field are the cyclic di‐nucleotides, which are ubiquitous prokaryotic intracellular signalling molecules. This review is focused on their potential for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimma Libanova
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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