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Davis SK, Jia F, Wright QG, Islam MT, Bean A, Layton D, Williams DT, Lynch SE. Defining correlates of protection for mammalian livestock vaccines against high-priority viral diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1397780. [PMID: 39100679 PMCID: PMC11294087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1397780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Enhancing livestock biosecurity is critical to safeguard the livelihoods of farmers, global and local economies, and food security. Vaccination is fundamental to the control and prevention of exotic and endemic high-priority infectious livestock diseases. Successful implementation of vaccination in a biosecurity plan is underpinned by a strong understanding of correlates of protection-those elements of the immune response that can reliably predict the level of protection from viral challenge. While correlates of protection have been successfully characterized for many human viral vaccines, for many high-priority livestock viral diseases, including African swine fever and foot and mouth disease, they remain largely uncharacterized. Current literature provides insights into potential correlates of protection that should be assessed during vaccine development for these high-priority mammalian livestock viral diseases. Establishment of correlates of protection for biosecurity purposes enables immune surveillance, rationale for vaccine development, and successful implementation of livestock vaccines as part of a biosecurity strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Davis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Kolla HB, Dutt M, Kumar A, Hebbandi Nanjunadappa R, Karakach T, Singh KP, Kelvin D, Clement Mertens PP, Umeshappa CS. Immuno-informatics study identifies conserved T cell epitopes in non-structural proteins of Bluetongue virus serotypes: formulation of a computationally optimized next-generation broad-spectrum multi-epitope vaccine. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1424307. [PMID: 39011043 PMCID: PMC11246920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1424307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bluetongue (BT) poses a significant threat to the livestock industry, affecting various animal species and resulting in substantial economic losses. The existence of numerous BT virus (BTV) serotypes has hindered control efforts, highlighting the need for broad-spectrum vaccines. Methodology In this study, we evaluated the conserved amino acid sequences within key non-structural (NS) proteins of BTV and identified numerous highly conserved murine- and bovine-specific MHC class I-restricted (MHC-I) CD8+ and MHC-II-restricted CD4+ epitopes. We then screened these conserved epitopes for antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, and solubility. Using these epitopes, we developed in silico-based broad-spectrum multiepitope vaccines with Toll-like receptor (TLR-4) agonists. The predicted proinflammatory cytokine response was assessed in silico using the C-IMMSIM server. Structural modeling and refinement were achieved using Robetta and GalaxyWEB servers. Finally, we assessed the stability of the docking complexes through extensive 100-nanosecond molecular dynamics simulations before considering the vaccines for codon optimization and in silico cloning. Results We found many epitopes that meet these criteria within NS1 and NS2 proteins and developed in silico broad-spectrum vaccines. The immune simulation studies revealed that these vaccines induce high levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 in the vaccinated groups. Protein-protein docking analysis demonstrated promising epitopes with strong binding affinities to TLR-4. The docked complexes were stable, with minimal Root Mean Square Deviation and Root Mean Square Fluctuation values. Finally, the in silico-cloned plasmids have high % of GC content with > 0.8 codon adaptation index, suggesting they are suitable for expressing the protein vaccines in prokaryotic system. Discussion These next-generation vaccine designs are promising and warrant further investigation in wet lab experiments to assess their immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy for practical application in livestock. Our findings offer a robust framework for developing a comprehensive, broad-spectrum vaccine, potentially revolutionizing BT control and prevention strategies in the livestock industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Babu Kolla
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Immunology Division, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Mansi Dutt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Immunology Division, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Immunology Division, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Roopa Hebbandi Nanjunadappa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Immunology Division, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tobias Karakach
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - David Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Immunology Division, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Channakeshava Sokke Umeshappa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Immunology Division, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Jiménez-Cabello L, Utrilla-Trigo S, Barreiro-Piñeiro N, Pose-Boirazian T, Martínez-Costas J, Marín-López A, Ortego J. Nanoparticle- and Microparticle-Based Vaccines against Orbiviruses of Veterinary Importance. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071124. [PMID: 35891288 PMCID: PMC9319458 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are widespread arboviruses that cause important economic losses in the livestock and equine industries, respectively. In addition to these, another arthropod-transmitted orbivirus known as epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) entails a major threat as there is a conducive landscape that nurtures its emergence in non-endemic countries. To date, only vaccinations with live attenuated or inactivated vaccines permit the control of these three viral diseases, although important drawbacks, e.g., low safety profile and effectiveness, and lack of DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) properties, constrain their usage as prophylactic measures. Moreover, a substantial number of serotypes of BTV, AHSV and EHDV have been described, with poor induction of cross-protective immune responses among serotypes. In the context of next-generation vaccine development, antigen delivery systems based on nano- or microparticles have gathered significant attention during the last few decades. A diversity of technologies, such as virus-like particles or self-assembled protein complexes, have been implemented for vaccine design against these viruses. In this work, we offer a comprehensive review of the nano- and microparticulated vaccine candidates against these three relevant orbiviruses. Additionally, we also review an innovative technology for antigen delivery based on the avian reovirus nonstructural protein muNS and we explore the prospective functionality of the nonstructural protein NS1 nanotubules as a BTV-based delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Jiménez-Cabello
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain; (L.J.-C.); (S.U.-T.)
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain; (L.J.-C.); (S.U.-T.)
| | - Natalia Barreiro-Piñeiro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Tomás Pose-Boirazian
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - José Martínez-Costas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Alejandro Marín-López
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA;
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain; (L.J.-C.); (S.U.-T.)
- Correspondence:
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Saminathan M, Singh KP, Khorajiya JH, Dinesh M, Vineetha S, Maity M, Rahman AF, Misri J, Malik YS, Gupta VK, Singh RK, Dhama K. An updated review on bluetongue virus: epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control with special reference to India. Vet Q 2021; 40:258-321. [PMID: 33003985 PMCID: PMC7655031 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1831708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an economically important, non-contagious viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. BT is caused by BT virus (BTV) and it belongs to the genus Orbivirus and family Reoviridae. BTV is transmitted by Culicoides midges and causes clinical disease in sheep, white-tailed deer, pronghorn antelope, bighorn sheep, and subclinical manifestation in cattle, goats and camelids. BT is a World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) listed multispecies disease and causes great socio-economic losses. To date, 28 serotypes of BTV have been reported worldwide and 23 serotypes have been reported from India. Transplacental transmission (TPT) and fetal abnormalities in ruminants had been reported with cell culture adopted live-attenuated vaccine strains of BTV. However, emergence of BTV-8 in Europe during 2006, confirmed TPT of wild-type/field strains of BTV. Diagnosis of BT is more important for control of disease and to ensure BTV-free trade of animals and their products. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, agar gel immunodiffusion assay and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are found to be sensitive and OIE recommended tests for diagnosis of BTV for international trade. Control measures include mass vaccination (most effective method), serological and entomological surveillance, forming restriction zones and sentinel programs. Major hindrances with control of BT in India are the presence of multiple BTV serotypes, high density of ruminant and vector populations. A pentavalent inactivated, adjuvanted vaccine is administered currently in India to control BT. Recombinant vaccines with DIVA strategies are urgently needed to combat this disease. This review is the first to summarise the seroprevalence of BTV in India for 40 years, economic impact and pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Saminathan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Murali Dinesh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sobharani Vineetha
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhulina Maity
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - At Faslu Rahman
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jyoti Misri
- Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Director, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Rodríguez-Martín D, Louloudes-Lázaro A, Avia M, Martín V, Rojas JM, Sevilla N. The Interplay between Bluetongue Virus Infections and Adaptive Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:1511. [PMID: 34452376 PMCID: PMC8402766 DOI: 10.3390/v13081511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections have long provided a platform to understand the workings of immunity. For instance, great strides towards defining basic immunology concepts, such as MHC restriction of antigen presentation or T-cell memory development and maintenance, have been achieved thanks to the study of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infections. These studies have also shaped our understanding of antiviral immunity, and in particular T-cell responses. In the present review, we discuss how bluetongue virus (BTV), an economically important arbovirus from the Reoviridae family that affects ruminants, affects adaptive immunity in the natural hosts. During the initial stages of infection, BTV triggers leucopenia in the hosts. The host then mounts an adaptive immune response that controls the disease. In this work, we discuss how BTV triggers CD8+ T-cell expansion and neutralizing antibody responses, yet in some individuals viremia remains detectable after these adaptive immune mechanisms are active. We present some unpublished data showing that BTV infection also affects other T cell populations such as CD4+ T-cells or γδ T-cells, as well as B-cell numbers in the periphery. This review also discusses how BTV evades these adaptive immune mechanisms so that it can be transmitted back to the arthropod host. Understanding the interaction of BTV with immunity could ultimately define the correlates of protection with immune mechanisms that would improve our knowledge of ruminant immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; (D.R.-M.); (A.L.-L.); (M.A.); (V.M.); (J.M.R.)
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Wu P, Rodríguez YY, Hershey BJ, Tadassa Y, Dodd KA, Jia W. Validation of a binary ethylenimine (BEI) inactivation procedure for biosafety treatment of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV), vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV), and swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV). Vet Microbiol 2020; 252:108928. [PMID: 33248402 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Binary ethylenimine (BEI) has been widely used as a virucide to inactivate viruses. For regulatory exclusion of a select agent, the United States Federal Select Agent Program (FSAP) requires an inactivation procedure that renders a select agent non-viable but allows the select agent to retain antigenic characteristics for future use must be validated, and the inactivated agent must be confirmed by a viability testing. In this curve-based validation study, we examined impacts of BEI concentration, treatment temperature, and time on our in-house inactivation procedures of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV), Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), and Swine Vesicular Disease Virus (SVDV). The inactivation efficacy was confirmed by virus titration and 3 consecutive blind passages on the monolayers of susceptible cells. A linear correlation between the virus titer reduction and BEI concentration, treatment time, and temperature was established. The results confirmed our in-house BEI inactivation procedure of two doses of 1.5 mM BEI treatment at 37 °C, 1st dose for 24 h, then 2nd dose for 6 more hours for a total of 30 h BEI contact time, can ensure complete inactivation of FMDV, VSV, and SVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, 40550 Route 25, Orient Point, NY 11957, USA.
| | - Yelitza Y Rodríguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, 40550 Route 25, Orient Point, NY 11957, USA
| | - Benjamin J Hershey
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, 40550 Route 25, Orient Point, NY 11957, USA
| | - Yadata Tadassa
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, 40550 Route 25, Orient Point, NY 11957, USA
| | - Kimberly A Dodd
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, 40550 Route 25, Orient Point, NY 11957, USA
| | - Wei Jia
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, 40550 Route 25, Orient Point, NY 11957, USA.
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Comparative Evaluation of T-Cell Immune Response to BTV Infection in Sheep Vaccinated with Pentavalent BTV Vaccine When Compared to Un-Vaccinated Animals. Vet Med Int 2019; 2019:8762780. [PMID: 31885849 PMCID: PMC6915004 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8762780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent invasion of multiple bluetongue virus serotypes (BTV) in different regions of the world necessitates urgent development of efficient vaccine that is directed against multiple BTV serotypes. In this experimental study, cell mediated immune response and protective efficacy of binary ethylenimine (BEI) inactivated Montanide™ ISA 206 adjuvanted pentavalent (BTV-1, 2, 10, 16 and 23) vaccine was evaluated in sheep and direct challenge with homologous BTV serotypes in their respective group. Significant (P < 0.05) up-regulation of mRNA transcripts of IFN-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ and TNF-α in PBMCs of vaccinated animals as compared to control (un-vaccinated) animals at certain time points was observed. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in mean ± SD percentage of CD8+ T cells after 7 days post challenge (DPC) but, the mean ± SD percentage of CD4+ T-cell population slightly declined at 7 DPC and enhanced after 14 DPC. Significant differences (P < 0.05) of CD8+ and CD4+T cells population was also observed between vaccinated and unvaccinated sheep. The vaccine also significantly (P < 0.05) reduced BTV RNA load in PBMCs of vaccinated animals than unvaccinated animals following challenge. There were no significant difference (P > 0.05) in cytokine induction, BTV RNA load and CD8+ and CD4+cell count among BTV-1, 2, 10, 16 and 23 serotype challenges except significant increase in mean ± SD percentage of CD8+ in BTV-2 group. These findings put forwarded that binary ethylenimine inactivated montanide adjuvanted pentavalent bluetongue vaccine has stimulated cell mediated immune response and most importantly reduced the severity of BTV-1, 2, 10, 16 and 23 infections following challenge in respective group.
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Hilke J, Strobel H, Woelke S, Stoeter M, Voigt K, Grimm L, Meilwes J, Punsmann T, Blaha I, Salditt A, Rohn K, Bastian M, Ganter M. A comparison of different vaccination schemes used in sheep combining inactivated bluetongue vaccines against serotypes 4 and 8. Vaccine 2019; 37:5844-5853. [PMID: 31431410 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Eight different vaccination schemes using four commercially available inactivated Bluetongue vaccines against serotypes 4 and 8 in three different combinations (setting 1-3) were tested under field conditions for their ability to generate a measurable immune response in sheep. Animals of setting 1 (groups A-D) were simultaneously vaccinated using either individual injections at different locations (groups A & D) or double injection by a twin-syringe (groups B & C). For both application methods, a one-shot vaccination (groups C & D) was compared to a boosted vaccination (groups A & B). Sheep of setting 2 (groups E-G) were vaccinated in an alternating, boosted pattern at fortnightly intervals starting with serotype 4 (groups E & F) or vice versa (group G). Group H of setting 3 was vaccinated simultaneously and vaccines were injected individually as a one-shot application. Each group consisted of 30 sheep. The immunogenic response was tested in all sheep (n = 240) by ELISA (IDScreen®Bluetongue Competition), while serum neutralisation tests were performed in five to six sheep from each group (n = 45). All vaccine combinations were well tolerated by all sheep. Of all vaccines and schemes described, the simultaneous double injected boosted vaccination of setting 1 (group B) yielded the highest median serotype-specific titres 26 weeks after the first vaccination (afv) and 100% seropositive animals (ELISA) one year afv. In setting 1, there were no relevant significant differences in the immunogenic response between simultaneously applied vaccines at different sites or at the same injection site. Importantly, a one-shot vaccination induced comparable immunogenicity to a boosted injection half a year afv. Low serotype-specific neutralising antibody levels were detected in settings 2 and 3 and are attributed to diverse factors which may have influenced the measured immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Hilke
- Sheep Veterinary Practice Strobel, Am Hopfenberg 8, 89352 Stoffenried, Germany; Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Heinz Strobel
- Sheep Veterinary Practice Strobel, Am Hopfenberg 8, 89352 Stoffenried, Germany
| | - Soeren Woelke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Riems, Germany
| | - Melanie Stoeter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katja Voigt
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Lucie Grimm
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johanna Meilwes
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Teresa Punsmann
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Irena Blaha
- State Veterinary Investigation Centre Aulendorf, Loewenbreitestr. 20, 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Salditt
- State Veterinary Investigation Centre Aulendorf, Loewenbreitestr. 20, 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Max Bastian
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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Presence of Antibodies against Bluetongue Virus (BTV) in Sheep 5 to 7.5 Years after Vaccination with Inactivated BTV-8 Vaccines. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060533. [PMID: 31181733 PMCID: PMC6630684 DOI: 10.3390/v11060533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-six female sheep, previously vaccinated against Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) using inactivated vaccines, were included in this field study. In Germany, vaccination was compulsory in 2008 and 2009, voluntary in 2010 and early 2011, and later, was prohibited in 2011. Due to their age, eighteen sheep had been vaccinated for two or more consecutive years, while a further eighteen animals had only been vaccinated once or not at all. The sheep were blood sampled five (n = 31) to 7.5 years (n = 5) after their last vaccination. All serum samples (n = 36) were tested for BTV group-specific antibodies by an ELISA (IDScreen® Bluetongue Competition assay, ID Vet). In five of the animals, the BTV-8 serotype-specific antibody titers were measured by serum neutralization (SN). The majority of sheep that were vaccinated annually for two or more years showed a positive ELISA (14/18 sheep) and a SN (two of two sheep) result 5 years after their last vaccination. Most of the sheep vaccinated fewer than twice showed a negative ELISA result 5 to 7.5 years after their last vaccination (13/18 animals). The three animals in this group tested by SN showed one negative and two positive results. This short communication is the first to describe the presence of BTV antibodies in sheep 5 to 7.5 years after vaccination with inactivated BTV-8 vaccines.
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Thema N, Tshilwane S, Pretorius A, Son L, Smith R, Steyn H, Liebenberg J, van Kleef M. Identification and characterisation of conserved epitopes of E. ruminantium that activate Th1 CD4+ T cells: Towards the development of a multi-epitope vaccine. Mol Immunol 2019; 107:106-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Martinelle L, Dal Pozzo F, Thys C, De Leeuw I, Van Campe W, De Clercq K, Thiry E, Saegerman C. Assessment of cross-protection induced by a bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 8 vaccine towards other BTV serotypes in experimental conditions. Vet Res 2018; 49:63. [PMID: 30012223 PMCID: PMC6048908 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue disease is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) and BTV serotype 8 (BTV8) caused great economic damage in Europe during the last decade. From 1998 to 2007, in addition to BTV8, Europe had to face the emergence of BTV1, 2, 4, 9, and 16, spreading in countries where the virus has never been detected before. These unprecedented outbreaks trigger the need to evaluate and compare the clinical, virological and serological features of the European BTV serotypes in the local epidemiological context. In this study groups of calves were infected with one of the following European BTV serotypes, namely BTV1, 2, 4, 9 and 16. For each tested serotype, two groups of three male Holstein calves were used: one group vaccinated against BTV8, the other non-vaccinated. Clinical signs were quantified, viral RNA was detected in blood and organs and serological relationship was assessed. Calves were euthanized 35 days post-infection and necropsied. Most of the infected animals showed mild clinical signs. A partial serological cross reactivity has been reported between BTV8 and BTV4, and between BTV1 and BTV8. BTV2 and BTV4 viral RNA only reached low levels in blood, when compared to other serotypes, whereas in vitro growth assays could not highlight significant differences. Altogether the results of this study support the hypothesis of higher adaptation of some BTV strains to specific hosts, in this case calves. Furthermore, cross-protection resulting from a prior vaccination with BTV8 was highlighted based on cross-neutralization. However, the development of neutralizing antibodies is probably not totally explaining the mild protection induced by the heterologous vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Martinelle
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Fabiana Dal Pozzo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Christine Thys
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Etienne Thiry
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
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12
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Anjaneya A, Singh KP, Cherian S, Saminathan M, Singh R, Ramakrishnan MA, Maan S, Maan NS, Hemadri D, Rao PP, Putty K, Krishnajyothi Y, Mertens PP. Comparative Neuropathology of Major Indian Bluetongue Virus Serotypes in a Neonatal BALB/c Mouse Model. J Comp Pathol 2018; 162:18-28. [PMID: 30060839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is neurotropic in nature, especially in ruminant fetuses and in-utero infection results in abortion and congenital brain malformations. The aim of the present study was to compare the neuropathogenicity of major Indian BTV serotypes 1, 2, 10, 16 and 23 by gross and histopathological lesions and virus distribution in experimentally infected neonatal BALB/c mice. Each BTV serotype (20 μl of inoculum containing 1 × 105 tissue culture infectious dose [TCID]50/ml of virus) was inoculated intracerebrally into 3-day-old mice, while a control group was inoculated with mock-infected cell culture medium. Infection with BTV serotypes 1, 2 and 23 led to 65-70% mortality at 7-9 days post infection (dpi) and caused severe necrotizing encephalitis with neurodegenerative changes in neurons, swelling and proliferation of vascular endothelial cells in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, midbrain and brainstem. In contrast, infection with BTV serotypes 10 and 16 led to 25-30% mortality at 9-11 dpi and caused mild neuropathological lesions. BTV antigen was detected by immunohistochemistry, direct fluorescence antibody technique and confocal microscopy in the cytoplasm of neuronal cells of the hippocampus, grey matter of the cerebral cortex and vascular endothelial cells in the midbrain and brainstem of BTV-1, -2, -10, -16 and -23 infected groups from 3 to 20 dpi. BTV nucleic acid was detected in the infected brain tissues from as early as 24 h up to 20 dpi by VP7 gene segment-based one-step reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. This study of the relative neurovirulence of BTV serotypes is likely to help design suitable vaccination and control strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anjaneya
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, India
| | - K P Singh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, India.
| | - S Cherian
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M Saminathan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M A Ramakrishnan
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Mukteswar, Uttarkhand, India
| | - S Maan
- LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - N S Maan
- LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - D Hemadri
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - P P Rao
- Ella Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - K Putty
- SPVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Y Krishnajyothi
- Veterinary Biological and Research Institute, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - P P Mertens
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, UK
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13
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Bitew M, Nandi S, Ravishanka C, Sharma A. Humoral Immune Response and Protective Efficacy of Binary Ethylenimine (BEI) Inactivated Pentavalent Bluetongue Vaccine after Challenge with Homologous Virus in Sheep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ijv.2017.43.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Tang L, Kang H, Duan K, Guo M, Lian G, Wu Y, Li Y, Gao S, Jiang Y, Yin J, Liu M. Effects of Three Types of Inactivation Agents on the Antibody Response and Immune Protection of Inactivated IHNV Vaccine in Rainbow Trout. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:430-5. [PMID: 27548006 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) infects salmonid fish, resulting in high mortality and serious economic losses to salmonid aquaculture. Therefore, an effective IHNV vaccine is urgently needed. To select an inactivation agent for the preparation of an effective IHNV vaccine, rainbow trout were immunized with mineral oil emulsions of IHNV vaccines inactivated by formaldehyde, binary ethylenimine (BEI), or β-propiolactone (BPL). The fish were challenged 8 weeks after vaccination, and their IgM antibody response and relative percent survival (RPS) were evaluated. The results show that formaldehyde, BEI, and BPL abolished IHNV HLJ-09 infectivity within 24, 48, and 24 h at final concentrations of 0.2%, 0.02%, and 0.01%, respectively. The mean levels of specific IgM, both in serum and mucus (collected from the skin surface and gills), for the three immunized groups (from high to low) ranked as follows: the BPL group, BEI group, and formaldehyde group. From weeks 5 to 9, the mean log2 serum titers of IgM in the BPL group were significantly higher compared with those of the other groups (p < 0.05) during the 9 weeks of observation after vaccination (immunized at weeks 0 and6). Mucus OD490 values of the BPL group were significantly higher compared with those of the other groups (p < 0.05) when reaching their peak at weeks 5 and 8, but the difference between the formaldehyde and BEI groups was not significant (p > 0.05). The BPL-inactivated whole-virus vaccine had the greatest protective effect on the rainbow trout after challenge by an intraperitoneal injection of live IHNV, with an RPS rate of 91.67%, which was significantly higher compared with the BEI (83.33%) and formaldehyde (79.17%) groups. These results indicate that the BPL-inactivated IHNV oil-adjuvant vaccine was more effective than the formaldehyde- or BEI-inactivated vaccines. The results of this study provide an important foundation for further studies on inactivated IHNV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Tang
- Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Haiyan Kang
- Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kexin Duan
- Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mengting Guo
- Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Gaihong Lian
- Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yijing Li
- Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Min Liu
- Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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15
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Faber F, van Kleef M, Tshilwane S, Pretorius A. African horse sickness virus serotype 4 antigens, VP1-1, VP2-2, VP4, VP7 and NS3, induce cytotoxic T cell responses in vitro. Virus Res 2016; 220:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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16
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Martín V, Pascual E, Avia M, Peña L, Valcárcel F, Sevilla N. Protective Efficacy in Sheep of Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccines against Bluetongue Virus Is Associated with Specific T Cell Responses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143273. [PMID: 26619062 PMCID: PMC4664254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an economically important Orbivirus of the Reoviridae family that causes a hemorrhagic disease in ruminants. Its control has been achieved by inactivated-vaccines that have proven to protect against homologous BTV challenge although unable to induce long-term immunity. Therefore, a more efficient control strategy needs to be developed. Recombinant adenovirus vectors are lead vaccine candidates for protection of several diseases, mainly because of their potency to induce potent T cell immunity. Here we report the induction of humoral and T-cell mediated responses able to protect animals against BTV challenge by recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) expressing either VP7, VP2 or NS3 BTV proteins. First we used the IFNAR(-/-) mouse model system to establish a proof of principle, and afterwards we assayed the protective efficacy in sheep, the natural host of BTV. Mice were completely protected against BTV challenge, developing humoral and BTV-specific CD8+- and CD4+-T cell responses by vaccination with the different rAd5. Sheep vaccinated with Ad5-BTV-VP2 and Ad5-BTV-VP7 or only with Ad5-BTV-VP7 and challenged with BTV showed mild disease symptoms and reduced viremia. This partial protection was achieved in the absence of neutralizing antibodies but strong BTV-specific CD8+ T cell responses in those sheep vaccinated with Ad5-BTV-VP7. These data indicate that rAd5 is a suitable vaccine vector to induce T cell immunity during BTV vaccination and provide new data regarding the relevance of T cell responses in protection during BTV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Pascual
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Avia
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Peña
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Valcárcel
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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17
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Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Pérez de Diego AC, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Pleguezuelos FJ, Garfia B, del Carmen P, Pedrera M. Comparative analysis of cellular immune responses and cytokine levels in sheep experimentally infected with bluetongue virus serotype 1 and 8. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:95-105. [PMID: 25769647 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protective immunity in sheep with bluetongue virus (BTV) infection as well as the role of BTV-induced cytokines during immune response remains unclear. Understanding the basis immunological mechanisms in sheep experimentally infected with serotypes 1 and 8 (BTV-1 and -8) was the aim of this study. A time-course study was carried out in order to evaluate cell-mediated immune response and serum concentrations of cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα, IL-12, IFNγ, IL-4 and IL-10) with inflammatory and immunological functions. Depletion of T cell subsets (mainly CD4(+), γδ and CD25(+)) together with the absence of cytokines (IFNγ and IL-12) involved in the regulation of cell-mediated antiviral immunity at the first stage of the disease suggested that both BTV-1 and BTV-8 might impair host's capability against primary infections which would favor viral replication and spreading. However, cellular immune response and cytokines elicited an immune response in sheep that efficiently reduced viremia in the final stage of the experiment. Recovery of T cell subsets (CD4(+) and CD25(+)) together with a significant increase of CD8(+) T lymphocytes in both infected groups were observed in parallel with the decrease of viremia. Additionally, the recovery of CD4(+) T lymphocytes together with the significant increase of IL-4 serum levels at the final stage of the experiment might contribute to humoral immune response activation and neutralizing antibodies production against BTV previously described in the course of this experiment. These results suggested that both cellular and humoral immune response may contribute to protective immunity against BTV-1 and BTV-8 in sheep. The possible role played by IL-10 and CD25(+) cells in controlling inflammatory and immune response in the final stage of the experiment has also been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Sánchez-Cordón
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Edificio Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - A C Pérez de Diego
- VISAVET Center and Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J C Gómez-Villamandos
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Edificio Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - J M Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Center and Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F J Pleguezuelos
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Edificio Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - B Garfia
- Garfia Veterinary Medicine Laboratory S.L., Polígono Industrial Tecnocórdoba, C/Varsovia, 53, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - P del Carmen
- VISAVET Center and Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pedrera
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Edificio Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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18
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Breard E, Belbis G, Viarouge C, Nomikou K, Haegeman A, De Clercq K, Hudelet P, Hamers C, Moreau F, Lilin T, Durand B, Mertens P, Vitour D, Sailleau C, Zientara S. Evaluation of adaptive immune responses and heterologous protection induced by inactivated bluetongue virus vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 33:512-8. [PMID: 25500308 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eradication of bluetongue virus is possible, as has been shown in several European countries. New serotypes have emerged, however, for which there are no specific commercial vaccines. This study addressed whether heterologous vaccines would help protect against 2 serotypes. Thirty-seven sheep were randomly allocated to 7 groups of 5 or 6 animals. Four groups were vaccinated with commercial vaccines against BTV strains 2, 4, and 9. A fifth positive control group was given a vaccine against BTV-8. The other 2 groups were unvaccinated controls. Sheep were then challenged by subcutaneous injection of either BTV-16 (2 groups) or BTV-8 (5 groups). Taken together, 24/25 sheep from the 4 experimental groups developed detectable antibodies against the vaccinated viruses. Furthermore, sheep that received heterologous vaccines showed significantly reduced viraemia and clinical scores for BTV-16 when compared to unvaccinated controls. Reductions in clinical signs and viraemia among heterologously vaccinated sheep were not as common after challenge with BTV-8. This study shows that heterologous protection can occur, but that it is difficult to predict if partial or complete protection will be achieved following inactivated-BTV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Breard
- ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Guillaume Belbis
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Pathologie du Bétail, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pascal Hudelet
- MERIAL S.A.S., 254 Rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Claude Hamers
- MERIAL S.A.S., P.I. Plaine de l'Ain, Allée des Cyprès, 01150 Saint-Vulbas, France
| | - Francis Moreau
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre de recherche biomédicale, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thomas Lilin
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre de recherche biomédicale, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- ANSES, unité Epidémiologie, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Peter Mertens
- Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Vitour
- ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES-INRA-ENVA, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
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19
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Bouet-Cararo C, Contreras V, Caruso A, Top S, Szelechowski M, Bergeron C, Viarouge C, Desprat A, Relmy A, Guibert JM, Dubois E, Thiery R, Bréard E, Bertagnoli S, Richardson J, Foucras G, Meyer G, Schwartz-Cornil I, Zientara S, Klonjkowski B. Expression of VP7, a Bluetongue virus group specific antigen by viral vectors: analysis of the induced immune responses and evaluation of protective potential in sheep. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111605. [PMID: 25364822 PMCID: PMC4218782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an economically important Orbivirus transmitted by biting midges to domestic and wild ruminants. The need for new vaccines has been highlighted by the occurrence of repeated outbreaks caused by different BTV serotypes since 1998. The major group-reactive antigen of BTV, VP7, is conserved in the 26 serotypes described so far, and its role in the induction of protective immunity has been proposed. Viral-based vectors as antigen delivery systems display considerable promise as veterinary vaccine candidates. In this paper we have evaluated the capacity of the BTV-2 serotype VP7 core protein expressed by either a non-replicative canine adenovirus type 2 (Cav-VP7 R0) or a leporipoxvirus (SG33-VP7), to induce immune responses in sheep. Humoral responses were elicited against VP7 in almost all animals that received the recombinant vectors. Both Cav-VP7 R0 and SG33-VP7 stimulated an antigen-specific CD4+ response and Cav-VP7 R0 stimulated substantial proliferation of antigen-specific CD8+ lymphocytes. Encouraged by the results obtained with the Cav-VP7 R0 vaccine vector, immunized animals were challenged with either the homologous BTV-2 or the heterologous BTV-8 serotype and viral burden in plasma was followed by real-time RT-PCR. The immune responses triggered by Cav-VP7 R0 were insufficient to afford protective immunity against BTV infection, despite partial protection obtained against homologous challenge. This work underscores the need to further characterize the role of BTV proteins in cross-protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR 892 INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Agathe Caruso
- INRA, UMR1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Sokunthea Top
- INRA, UMR1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Szelechowski
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U1043, CNRS U5282, Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Bergeron
- UPE, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- UPE, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alexandra Desprat
- UPE, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Anthony Relmy
- UPE, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Eric Dubois
- Unité de pathologie des petits ruminants, ANSES, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Richard Thiery
- Unité de pathologie des petits ruminants, ANSES, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- UPE, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Gilles Foucras
- INRA, UMR1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Meyer
- INRA, UMR1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Stephan Zientara
- UPE, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bernard Klonjkowski
- UPE, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
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20
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Mohd Jaafar F, Belhouchet M, Vitour D, Adam M, Breard E, Zientara S, Mertens PPC, Attoui H. Immunisation with bacterial expressed VP2 and VP5 of bluetongue virus (BTV) protect α/β interferon-receptor knock-out (IFNAR(-/-)) mice from homologous lethal challenge. Vaccine 2014; 32:4059-67. [PMID: 24886956 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BTV-4 structural proteins VP2 (as two domains: VP2D1 and VP2D2), VP5 (lacking the first 100 amino acids: VP5Δ1-100) and full-length VP7, expressed in bacteria as soluble glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion-proteins, were used to immunise Balb/c and α/β interferon receptor knock-out (IFNAR(-/-)) mice. Neutralising antibody (NAbs) titres (expressed as log10 of the reciprocal of the last dilution of mouse serum which reduced plaque number by ≥50%) induced by the VP2 domains ranged from 1.806 to 2.408 in Balb/c and IFNAR(-/-) mice. The immunised IFNAR(-/-) mice challenged with a homologous live BTV-4 survived and failed to develop signs of infection (ocular discharge and apathy). Although subsequent attempts to isolate virus were unsuccessful (possibly reflecting presence of neutralising antibodies), a transient/low level viraemia was detected by real time RT-PCR. In contrast, mice immunised with the two VP2 domains with or without VP5Δ1-100 and VP7, then challenged with the heterologous serotype, BTV-8, all died by day 7 post-infection. We conclude that immunisation with bacterially-expressed VP2 domains can induce strong serotype-specific NAb responses. Bacterial expression could represent a cost effective and risk-free alternative to the use of live or inactivated vaccines, particularly if viruses prove to be difficult to propagate in cell culture (like BTV-25). A vaccine based on bacterially expressed VP2 and VP5 of BTV is also DIVA-compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU240NF, United Kingdom
| | - Mourad Belhouchet
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU240NF, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Vitour
- Anses, INRA, ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, 94703 France
| | - Micheline Adam
- Anses, INRA, ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, 94703 France
| | - Emmanuel Breard
- Anses, INRA, ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, 94703 France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- Anses, INRA, ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, 94703 France
| | - Peter P C Mertens
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU240NF, United Kingdom
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU240NF, United Kingdom.
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21
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Crafford J, Lourens C, Smit T, Gardner I, MacLachlan N, Guthrie A. Serological response of foals to polyvalent and monovalent live-attenuated African horse sickness virus vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 32:3611-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Rojas JM, Peña L, Martín V, Sevilla N. Ovine and murine T cell epitopes from the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) are shared among viral serotypes. Vet Res 2014; 45:30. [PMID: 24621015 PMCID: PMC3995764 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a non-enveloped dsRNA virus that causes a haemorrhagic disease mainly in sheep. It is an economically important Orbivirus of the Reoviridae family. In order to estimate the importance of T cell responses during BTV infection, it is essential to identify the epitopes targeted by the immune system. In the present work, we selected potential T cell epitopes (3 MHC-class II-binding and 8 MHC-class I binding peptides) for the C57BL/6 mouse strain from the BTV-8 non-structural protein NS1, using H2b-binding predictive algorithms. Peptide binding assays confirmed all MHC-class I predicted peptides bound MHC-class I molecules. The immunogenicity of these 11 predicted peptides was then determined using splenocytes from BTV-8-inoculated C57BL/6 mice. Four MHC-class I binding peptides elicited specific IFN-γ production and generated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in BTV-8 infected mice. CTL specific for 2 of these peptides were also able to recognise target cells infected with different BTV serotypes. Similarly, using a combination of IFN-γ ELISPOT, intracellular cytokine staining and proliferation assays, two MHC-class II peptides were identified as CD4+ T cell epitopes in BTV-8 infected mice. Importantly, two peptides were also consistently immunogenic in sheep infected with BTV-8 using IFN-γ ELISPOT assays. Both of these peptides stimulated CD4+ T cells that cross-reacted with other BTV serotypes. The characterisation of these T cell epitopes can help develop vaccines protecting against a broad spectrum of BTV serotypes and differentiate infected from vaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Purification, stability, and immunogenicity analyses of five bluetongue virus proteins for use in development of a subunit vaccine that allows differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:443-52. [PMID: 24451327 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00776-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes bluetongue disease, a vector-borne disease of ruminants. The recent northerly spread of BTV serotype 8 in Europe resulted in outbreaks characterized by clinical signs in cattle, including unusual teratogenic effects. Vaccination has been shown to be crucial for controlling the spread of vector-borne diseases such as BTV. With the aim of developing a novel subunit vaccine targeting BTV-8 that allows differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals, five His-tagged recombinant proteins, VP2 and VP5 of BTV-8 and NS1, NS2, and NS3 of BTV-2, were expressed in baculovirus or Escherichia coli expression systems for further study. Optimized purification protocols were determined for VP2, NS1, NS2, and NS3, which remained stable for detection for at least 560 to 610 days of storage at +4°C or -80°C, and Western blotting using sera from vaccinated or experimentally infected cattle indicated that VP2 and NS2 were recognized by BTV-specific antibodies. To characterize murine immune responses to the four proteins, mice were subcutaneously immunized twice at a 4-week interval with one of three protein combinations plus immunostimulating complex ISCOM-Matrix adjuvant or with ISCOM-Matrix alone (n = 6 per group). Significantly higher serum IgG antibody titers specific for VP2 and NS2 were detected in immunized mice than were detected in controls. VP2, NS1, and NS2 but not NS3 induced specific lymphocyte proliferative responses upon restimulation of spleen cells from immunized mice. The data suggest that these recombinant purified proteins, VP2, NS1, and NS2, could be an important part of a novel vaccine design against BTV-8.
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24
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Ortego J, de la Poza F, Marín-López A. Interferon α/β receptor knockout mice as a model to study bluetongue virus infection. Virus Res 2013; 182:35-42. [PMID: 24100234 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue is an arthropod-borne disease caused by a virus of the genus Orbivirus, the bluetongue virus (BTV), which affects ruminant livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats and wild ruminants such as deer, and camelids. Recently, adult mice with gene knockouts of the interferon α/β receptor (IFNAR-/-) have been described as a model of lethal BTV infection. IFNAR(-/-) mice are highly susceptible to BTV-1, BTV-4 and BTV-8 infection when the virus is administered intravenously or subcutaneosuly. Disease progression and pathogenesis closely mimics signs of bluetongue disease in ruminants. In the present paper we review the studies where IFNAR(-/-) mice have been used as an animal model to study BTV transmission, pathogenesis, virulence, and protective efficacy of inactivated and new recombinant marker BTV vaccines. Furthermore, we report new data on protective efficacy of different strategies of BTV vaccination and also on induction of interferon α/β and proinflammatory immune responses in IFNAR(-/-) mice infected with BTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Dhanasekaran S, Vignesh AR, Raj GD, Reddy YKM, Raja A, Tirumurugaan KG. Comparative analysis of innate immune response following in vitro stimulation of sheep and goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells with bluetongue virus - serotype 23. Vet Res Commun 2013; 37:319-27. [PMID: 24057859 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue is an infectious disease caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), which affects sheep, goat, cattle and certain wild ruminants. However severe clinical signs are usually seen with significant mortality in sheep than cattle and goat. To date, comparative studies on innate immune responses of sheep and goat infected with BTV is lacking. In this study, we compared the innate immune response of sheep and goat by infecting the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with BTV serotype 23. In our study, we observed that sheep PBMCs supports higher virus replication than goat PBMCs. To delineate the role of innate immune response in differential viral replication observed in this study, we examined TLR3 (Receptor for dsRNA virus) mRNA expression and cytokine profiles (IL-1β, Il-6, IL-8, Il-10, IL-12p40, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IFN-α) following Poly I:C (TLR3 ligand) stimulation and BTV 23 infection. In our present study, sheep PBMCs had significantly higher TLR3 mRNA levels, TLR3 specific ligand (Poly I:C) stimulation resulted in increased levels of IFN-γ at transcriptional and translational levels along with IL-8 and IL-10 at transcriptional levels. Whereas, the levels of TNF-α was higher in goat PBMCs at transcriptional levels. BTV infected sheep PBMCs expressed significantly higher levels of IFN-γ at transcriptional and translational levels along with IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 at transcriptional levels. Whereas the expression levels of TNF-α and IFN-α at transcriptional and translational levels were significantly high in goat PBMCs. To examine the potential factor for consistent increase in the expression of TNF-α, we sequenced the promoter region of TNF-α and identified a total of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and one indel in goat TNF-α promoter region. Luciferase assay for transcriptional activity of the promoter showed that goat TNF-α has significantly enhanced transcriptional activity in comparison with sheep TNF-α promoter. Altogether, our data suggests that the expression levels of TNF-α and IFN-α and/or IL-10 plays crucial role in replication of BTV 23.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dhanasekaran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600007, Tamil Nadu, India
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26
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Martinelle L, Dal Pozzo F, Sarradin P, De Leeuw I, De Clercq K, Thys C, Thiry E, Saegerman C. Pulmonary artery haemorrhage in newborn calves following bluetongue virus serotype 8 experimental infections of pregnant heifers. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:250-9. [PMID: 24035481 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of bluetongue disease (BT) among livestock in Europe in 2006 raised many questions including the occurrence and epidemiological significance of foetal infections in cattle. To clarify these aspects, vaccinated and unvaccinated pregnant heifers were sequentially infected twice in an isolation facility (biosafety level 3) with a northern European outbreak strain of Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8). The study was terminated 2 months after calving with necropsy of the dams and their offspring. The cattle were monitored throughout the study by clinical scoring and for the presence of circulating neutralising antibodies, and after calving for the presence of infectious virus and viral RNA in blood and milk. Four calves, one born from a vaccinated dam and three from non-vaccinated ones, that were infected at 120 days of gestation had obvious haemorrhage of the pulmonary artery at necropsy. Although haemorrhage of the pulmonary artery is highly characteristic of BT, viral RNA was not detected in any of these calves. Furthermore, although none of the calves born from heifers infected prior to mid-gestation had teratogenic BTV typical brain lesions, some had lesions at birth suggestive of in utero BTV infection. Despite the lack of viral RNA detection, the presence of haemorrhage of the pulmonary artery deserves to be reported as a new observation in the context of the multiple investigations having as main subject the BTV placental crossing in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Martinelle
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to the Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Boulevard de Colonster 20, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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27
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Larruskain A, Bernales I, Luján L, de Andrés D, Amorena B, Jugo BM. Expression analysis of 13 ovine immune response candidate genes in Visna/Maedi disease progression. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:405-13. [PMID: 23582860 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Visna/Maedi virus (VMV) is a lentivirus that infects cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage in sheep. Infection with VMV may lead to Visna/Maedi (VM) disease, which causes a multisystemic inflammatory disorder causing pneumonia, encephalitis, mastitis and arthritis. The role of ovine immune response genes in the development of VM disease is not fully understood. In this work, sheep of the Rasa Aragonesa breed were divided into two groups depending on the presence/absence of VM-characteristic clinical lesions in the aforementioned organs and the relative levels of candidate gene expression, including cytokines and innate immunity loci were measured by qPCR in the lung and udder. Sheep with lung lesions showed differential expression in five target genes: CCR5, TLR7, and TLR8 were up regulated and IL2 and TNFα down regulated. TNFα up regulation was detected in the udder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Larruskain
- Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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28
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Galindo RC, Falconi C, López-Olvera JR, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Fernández-Pacheco P, Fernández-Pinero J, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Gortázar C, de la Fuente J. Global gene expression analysis in skin biopsies of European red deer experimentally infected with bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8. Vet Microbiol 2012; 161:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Umeshappa CS, Singh KP, Nanjundappa RH, Channappanavar R, Maan S, Maan NS. Bluetongue virus - 23 stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production in mononuclear cells of blood and/or regional lymphoid organs. Vet Res Commun 2012; 36:245-50. [PMID: 23007876 PMCID: PMC7088732 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-012-9538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear leukocytes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and regional lymphoid organs (RLOs) play a critical role in primary BTV replication and subsequent viral dissemination to distant systemic organs. The lesions in animals develop primarily as a result of vascular insult, presumably induced by the activity of viral and/or proinflammatory vasoactive mediators. Hence, the current study was designed in sheep to investigate the responses of potent vasoactivators, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and/or nitric oxide (NO) in mononuclear leukocytes of PBMCs and RLOs. The results show that BTV infection of sheep led to enhanced transcription of iNOS in PBMCs and in particular RLOs. The BTV RNAs and/or antigens were readily demonstrable in these mononuclear leukocytes, suggesting the possible role of BTV in iNOS induction. Moreover, upon in vitro infection of PBMCs with BTV-23, iNOS was up-regulated in time-dependent fashion and correlated with increased NO production. The results from these in vivo and in vitro studies thus suggest iNOS and NO produced by mononuclear leukocytes may potentially contribute to vascular-related pathology of BT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channakeshava Sokke Umeshappa
- Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Bareilly, U.P. India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Bareilly, U.P. India
| | - Roopa Hebbandi Nanjundappa
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Technology, P.G. Centre, Kuvempu University, Shimoga, Karnataka 577 002 India
| | - Rudragouda Channappanavar
- Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Bareilly, U.P. India
| | - Sushila Maan
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004 India
| | - Narender S. Maan
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004 India
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30
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Lorca-Oró C, Pujols J, García-Bocanegra I, Mentaberre G, Granados JE, Solanes D, Fandos P, Galindo I, Domingo M, Lavín S, López-Olvera JR. Protection of Spanish Ibex (Capra pyrenaica) against Bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8 in a subclinical experimental infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36380. [PMID: 22666321 PMCID: PMC3364256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many wild ruminants such as Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) are susceptible to Bluetongue virus (BTV) infection, which causes disease mainly in domestic sheep and cattle. Outbreaks involving either BTV serotypes 1 (BTV-1) and 8 (BTV-8) are currently challenging Europe. Inclusion of wildlife vaccination among BTV control measures should be considered in certain species. In the present study, four out of fifteen seronegative Spanish ibexes were immunized with a single dose of inactivated vaccine against BTV-1, four against BTV-8 and seven ibexes were non vaccinated controls. Seven ibexes (four vaccinated and three controls) were inoculated with each BTV serotype. Antibody and IFN-gamma responses were evaluated until 28 days after inoculation (dpi). The vaccinated ibexes showed significant (P<0.05) neutralizing antibody levels after vaccination compared to non vaccinated ibexes. The non vaccinated ibexes remained seronegative until challenge and showed neutralizing antibodies from 7 dpi. BTV RNA was detected in the blood of non vaccinated ibexes from 2 to the end of the study (28 dpi) and in target tissue samples obtained at necropsy (8 and 28 dpi). BTV-1 was successfully isolated on cell culture from blood and target tissues of non vaccinated ibexes. Clinical signs were unapparent and no gross lesions were found at necropsy. Our results show for the first time that Spanish ibex is susceptible and asymptomatic to BTV infection and also that a single dose of vaccine prevents viraemia against BTV-1 and BTV-8 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lorca-Oró
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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31
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Pérez de Diego AC, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, de las Heras AI, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Characterization of the immune response induced by a commercially available inactivated bluetongue virus serotype 1 vaccine in sheep. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:147158. [PMID: 22619592 PMCID: PMC3349316 DOI: 10.1100/2012/147158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective immune response generated by a commercial monovalent inactivated vaccine against bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV1) was studied. Five sheep were vaccinated, boost-vaccinated, and then challenged against BTV1 ALG/2006. RT-PCR did not detect viremia at any time during the experiment. Except a temperature increase observed after the initial and boost vaccinations, no clinical signs or lesions were observed. A specific and protective antibody response checked by ELISA was induced after vaccination and boost vaccination. This specific antibody response was associated with a significant increase in B lymphocytes confirmed by flow cytometry, while significant increases were not observed in T lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4+, CD8+, and WC1+), CD25+ regulatory cells, or CD14+ monocytes. After challenge with BTV1, the antibody response was much higher than during the boost vaccination period, and it was associated with a significant increase in B lymphocytes, CD14+ monocytes, CD25+ regulatory cells, and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Pérez de Diego
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre and Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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32
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Multiserotype protection elicited by a combinatorial prime-boost vaccination strategy against bluetongue virus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34735. [PMID: 22514660 PMCID: PMC3326038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) belongs to the genus Orbivirus within the family Reoviridae. The development of vector-based vaccines expressing conserved protective antigens results in increased immune activation and could reduce the number of multiserotype vaccinations required, therefore providing a cost-effective product. Recent recombinant DNA technology has allowed the development of novel strategies to develop marker and safe vaccines against BTV. We have now engineered naked DNAs and recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) expressing VP2, VP7 and NS1 proteins from BTV-4. IFNAR(−/−) mice inoculated with DNA/rMVA-VP2,-VP7-NS1 in an heterologous prime boost vaccination strategy generated significant levels of antibodies specific of VP2, VP7, and NS1, including those with neutralizing activity against BTV-4. In addition, vaccination stimulated specific CD8+ T cell responses against these three BTV proteins. Importantly, the vaccine combination expressing NS1, VP2 and VP7 proteins of BTV-4, elicited sterile protection against a lethal dose of homologous BTV-4 infection. Remarkably, the vaccine induced cross-protection against lethal doses of heterologous BTV-8 and BTV-1 suggesting that the DNA/rMVA-VP2,-VP7,-NS1 marker vaccine is a promising multiserotype vaccine against BTV.
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33
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Pretorius A, Van Kleef M, Van Wyngaardt W, Heath J. Virus-specific CD8+ T-cells detected in PBMC from horses vaccinated against African horse sickness virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 146:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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34
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Channappanavar R, Singh K, Singh R, Umeshappa C, Ingale S, Pandey A. Enhanced proinflammatory cytokine activity during experimental bluetongue virus-1 infection in Indian native sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 145:485-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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35
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Evaluation of the efficacy of commercial vaccines against bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8 in experimentally infected red deer (Cervus elaphus). Vet Microbiol 2012; 154:240-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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A two year BTV-8 vaccination follow up: Molecular diagnostics and assessment of humoral and cellular immune reactions. Vet Microbiol 2012; 154:247-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Characterization of protection afforded by a bivalent virus-like particle vaccine against bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 4 in sheep. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26666. [PMID: 22046324 PMCID: PMC3202233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an economically important, arthropod borne, emerging pathogen in Europe, causing disease mainly in sheep and cattle. Routine vaccination for bluetongue would require the ability to distinguish between vaccinated and infected individuals (DIVA). Current vaccines are effective but are not DIVA. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are highly immunogenic structural mimics of virus particles, that only contain a subset of the proteins present in a natural infection. VLPs therefore offer the potential for the development of DIVA compatible bluetongue vaccines. Methodology/Principal Findings Merino sheep were vaccinated with either monovalent BTV-1 VLPs or a bivalent mixture of BTV-1 VLPs and BTV-4 VLPs, and challenged with virulent BTV-1 or BTV-4. Animals were monitored for clinical signs, antibody responses, and viral RNA. 19/20 animals vaccinated with BTV-1 VLPs either alone or in combination with BTV-4 VLPs developed neutralizing antibodies to BTV-1, and group specific antibodies to BTV VP7. The one animal that showed no detectable neutralizing antibodies, or group specific antibodies, had detectable viral RNA following challenge but did not display any clinical signs on challenge with virulent BTV-1. In contrast, all control animals' demonstrated classical clinical signs for bluetongue on challenge with the same virus. Six animals were vaccinated with bivalent vaccine and challenged with virulent BTV-4, two of these animals had detectable viral levels of viral RNA, and one of these showed clinical signs consistent with BTV infection and died. Conclusions There is good evidence that BTV-1 VLPs delivered as monovalent or bivalent immunogen protect from bluetongue disease on challenge with virulent BTV-1. However, it is possible that there is some interference in protective response for BTV-4 in the bivalent BTV-1 and BTV-4 VLP vaccine. This raises the question of whether all combinations of bivalent BTV vaccines are possible, or if immunodominance of particular serotypes could interfere with vaccine efficacy.
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Rojas JM, Rodríguez-Calvo T, Peña L, Sevilla N. T cell responses to bluetongue virus are directed against multiple and identical CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes from the VP7 core protein in mouse and sheep. Vaccine 2011; 29:6848-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Umeshappa CS, Singh KP, Ahmed KA, Pandey AB, Nanjundappa RH. The measurement of three cytokine transcripts in naïve and sensitized ovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells following in vitro stimulation with bluetongue virus serotype-23. Res Vet Sci 2011; 90:212-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Umeshappa CS, Singh KP, Channappanavar R, Sharma K, Nanjundappa RH, Saxena M, Singh R, Sharma AK. A comparison of intradermal and intravenous inoculation of bluetongue virus serotype 23 in sheep for clinico-pathology, and viral and immune responses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 141:230-8. [PMID: 21511346 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of bluetongue (BT) could vary with route of inoculation. Using laboratory-passaged moderately virulent bluetongue virus serotype 23 (BTV-23), one of the most prevalent Indian serotype, we investigated the pathogenesis of BT in intradermally (ID) and intravenously (IV) inoculated native sheep. The ID inoculation resulted in relatively increased clinical signs and lesions in many organs as compared to IV inoculation. BTV-23 detection by real-time RT-PCR and isolation studies revealed that ID inoculation can be more efficient than IV ones in disseminating and spreading virus to systemic organs, including pre-scapular draining lymph node, spleen, lungs and pulmonary artery. Furthermore, the ID inoculation resulted in early onset and increased humoral response with significant increase (P<0.01) in antibody titre at various intervals. Taken together, these data suggest that ID inoculation can be more potent in reproducing many aspects of natural infection, including clinical disease, viral and immune responses, and may be useful route in setting up experimental infections for challenge or pathogenesis studies using laboratory passaged BTVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channakeshava Sokke Umeshappa
- Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.
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Umeshappa CS, Singh KP, Nanjundappa RH, Pandey AB. Apoptosis and immuno-suppression in sheep infected with bluetongue virus serotype-23. Vet Microbiol 2010; 144:310-8. [PMID: 20347236 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of apoptosis in pathogenesis of bluetongue (BT) has been suggested from various in vitro studies. However, to date, no clear data are available regarding BTV-induced apoptosis and its consequences in natural host, sheep. In the present study, bluetongue virus (BTV)-induced apoptosis was studied in sheep blood and splenic mononuclear cells by analyzing annexin(+)-propidium iodide(-) early apoptotic cells, DNA ladder pattern, and caspase-3 gene expression. The onset of apoptosis and lymphocyte depletion in viraemic phase and IFN-alpha response indicated the involvement of BTV and IFN-alpha in the pathogenesis of BT. The development of Pasteurella pneumonia in 4 of 7 infected sheep during the experiment pointed to possible BTV-induced immuno-suppression and predisposition to secondary microbial infections. These results have significant implications not only in understanding immuno-pathological consequences but also in studying interactions of BTV with host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channakeshava Sokke Umeshappa
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Pathology Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.
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