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Dong J, Zhang Q, Yang J, Zhao Y, Miao Z, Pei S, Qin H, Jing C, Wen G, Zhang A, Tao P. BacScan: a novel genome-wide strategy for uncovering broadly immunogenic proteins in bacteria. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1392456. [PMID: 38779673 PMCID: PMC11109440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1392456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In response to the global threat posed by bacterial pathogens, which are the second leading cause of death worldwide, vaccine development is challenged by the diversity of bacterial serotypes and the lack of immunoprotection across serotypes. To address this, we introduce BacScan, a novel genome-wide technology for the rapid discovery of conserved highly immunogenic proteins (HIPs) across serotypes. Using bacterial-specific serum, BacScan combines phage display, immunoprecipitation, and next-generation sequencing to comprehensively identify all the HIPs in a single assay, thereby paving the way for the development of universally protective vaccines. Our validation of this technique with Streptococcus suis, a major pathogenic threat, led to the identification of 19 HIPs, eight of which conferred 20-100% protection against S. suis challenge in animal models. Remarkably, HIP 8455 induced complete immunity, making it an exemplary vaccine target. BacScan's adaptability to any bacterial pathogen positions it as a revolutionary tool that can expedite the development of vaccines with broad efficacy, thus playing a critical role in curbing bacterial transmission and slowing the march of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yacan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuangxia Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Siyang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huan Qin
- College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Changwei Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guoyuan Wen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Liedel C, Rieckmann K, Baums CG. A critical review on experimental Streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategies. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:188. [PMID: 37798634 PMCID: PMC10552360 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a major pig pathogen worldwide with zoonotic potential. Though different research groups have contributed to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of S. suis infections in recent years, there are still numerous neglected research topics requiring animal infection trials. Of note, animal experiments are crucial to develop a cross-protective vaccine which is highly needed in the field. Due to the severe clinical signs associated with S. suis pathologies such as meningitis and arthritis, implementation of refinement is very important to reduce pain and distress of experimentally infected pigs. This review highlights the great diversity of clinical signs and courses of disease after experimental S. suis pig infections. We review clinical read out parameters and refinement strategies in experimental S. suis pig infections published between 2000 and 2021. Currently, substantial differences exist in describing clinical monitoring and humane endpoints. Most of the reviewed studies set the body temperature threshold of fever as high as 40.5°C. Monitoring intervals vary mainly between daily, twice a day and three times a day. Only a few studies apply scoring systems. Published scoring systems are inconsistent in their inclusion of parameters such as body temperature, feeding behavior, and respiratory signs. Locomotion and central nervous system signs are more common clinical scoring parameters in different studies by various research groups. As the heterogenicity in clinical monitoring limits the comparability between studies we hope to initiate a discussion with this review leading to an agreement on clinical read out parameters and monitoring intervals among S. suis research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Liedel
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Karoline Rieckmann
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
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Breitfelder AK, Schrödl W, Rungelrath V, Baums CG, Alber G, Schütze N, Müller U. Immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis (Ide Ssuis ) impairs porcine B cell signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1122808. [PMID: 36875121 PMCID: PMC9980343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1122808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important porcine pathogen, causing severe disease like meningitis and septicemia primarily in piglets. Previous work showed that the IgM-degrading enzyme of S. suis (Ide Ssuis ) specifically cleaves soluble porcine IgM and is involved in complement evasion. The objective of this study was to investigate Ide Ssuis cleavage of the IgM B cell receptor and subsequent changes in B cell receptor mediated signaling. Flow cytometry analysis revealed cleavage of the IgM B cell receptor by recombinant (r) Ide Ssuis _homologue as well as Ide Ssuis derived from culture supernatants of S. suis serotype 2 on porcine PBMCs and mandibular lymph node cells. Point-mutated rIde Ssuis _homologue_C195S did not cleave the IgM B cell receptor. After receptor cleavage by rIde Ssuis _homologue, it took at least 20 h for mandibular lymph node cells to restore the IgM B cell receptor to levels comparable to cells previously treated with rIde Ssuis _homologue_C195S. B cell receptor mediated signaling after specific stimulation via the F(ab')2 portion was significantly inhibited by rIde Ssuis _homologue receptor cleavage in IgM+ B cells, but not in IgG+ B cells. Within IgM+ cells, CD21+ B2 cells and CD21- B1-like cells were equally impaired in their signaling capacity upon rIde Ssuis _homologue B cell receptor cleavage. In comparison, intracellular B cell receptor independent stimulation with tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate increased signaling in all investigated B cell types. In conclusion, this study demonstrates Ide Ssuis cleavage efficacy on the IgM B cell receptor and its consequences for B cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Katharina Breitfelder
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Viktoria Rungelrath
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Müller
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Liedel C, Mayer L, Einspanier A, Völker I, Ulrich R, Rieckmann K, Baums CG. A new S. suis serotype 3 infection model in pigs: lack of effect of buprenorphine treatment to reduce distress. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:435. [PMID: 36510249 PMCID: PMC9743652 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03532-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptoccocus suis (S. suis) is a major porcine pathogen causing meningitis, septicemia, arthritis and endocarditis. These diseases severely impair welfare of pigs. Experimental studies in pigs are important to better understand the pathogenesis and to identify protective antigens, as so far there is no vaccine available protecting against various serotypes (cps). Due to the severity of disease, application of appropriate refinement strategies in experimental S. suis infections is essential to reduce distress imposed on the piglets without jeopardizing the scientific output. The objectives of this study were to evaluate buprenorphine treatment as a refinement measure and serum cortisol levels as a distress read out parameter in a new S. suis cps3 infection model in pigs. RESULTS Intravenous application of 2 × 108 CFU of S. suis cps3 (sly+, mrp+) to 6-week-old piglets led to severe morbidity in approximately 50% of the animals. Main pathological findings included suppurative meningoencephalitis and arthritis as well as fibrinosuppurative endocarditis. Buprenorphine treatment (0.05 mg/kg every 8 h) did not prevent signs of severe pain, high clinical scores, moderate to severe pathologies or high levels of serum cortisol in single severely affected piglets. Significant differences in the course of leukocytosis, induction of specific antibodies and bactericidal immunity were not recorded between groups with or w/o buprenorphine treatment. Of note, clinically unobtrusive piglets showed serum cortisol levels at 2 and 5 days post infectionem (dpi) comparable to the levels prior to infection with cps3. Cortisol levels in serum were significantly increased in piglets euthanized due to severe disease in comparison to clinically unobtrusive pigs. CONCLUSIONS Different clinical courses and pathologies are induced after intravenous challenge of piglets with 2 × 108 CFU of this S. suis cps3 strain. The chosen protocol of buprenorphine application does not prevent severe distress in this infection model. Important parameters of the humoral immune response, such as the level of IgM binding to S. suis cps3, do not appear to be affected by buprenorphine treatment. Serum cortisol is a meaningful parameter to measure distress in piglets experimentally infected with S. suis and to evaluate refinement strategies. In this intravenous model, which includes close clinical monitoring and different humane endpoints, clinics and cortisol levels suggest convalescence in surviving piglets within 5 days following experimental infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Liedel
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leonie Mayer
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Almuth Einspanier
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Iris Völker
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karoline Rieckmann
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph G. Baums
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Öhlmann S, Krieger AK, Gisch N, Meurer M, de Buhr N, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Schütze N, Baums CG. d-Alanylation of Lipoteichoic Acids in Streptococcus suis Reduces Association With Leukocytes in Porcine Blood. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:822369. [PMID: 35509315 PMCID: PMC9058155 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.822369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a common swine pathogen but also poses a threat to human health in causing meningitis and severe cases of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS). Therefore, it is crucial to understand how S. suis interacts with the host immune system during bacteremia. As S. suis has the ability to introduce d-alanine into its lipoteichoic acids (LTAs), we investigated the working hypothesis that cell wall modification by LTA d-alanylation influences the interaction of S. suis with porcine blood immune cells. We created an isogenic mutant of S. suis strain 10 by in-frame deletion of the d-alanine d-alanyl carrier ligase (DltA). d-alanylation of LTAs was associated with reduced phagocytosis of S. suis by porcine granulocytes, reduced deposition of complement factor C3 on the bacterial surface, increased hydrophobicity of streptococci, and increased resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs). At the same time, survival of S. suis was not significantly increased by LTA d-alanylation in whole blood of conventional piglets with specific IgG. However, we found a distinct cytokine pattern as IL-1β but not tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels were significantly reduced in blood infected with the ΔdltA mutant. In contrast to TNF-α, activation and secretion of IL-1β are inflammasome-dependent, suggesting a possible influence of LTA d-alanylation on inflammasome regulation. Especially in the absence of specific antibodies, the association of S. suis with porcine monocytes was reduced by d-alanylation of its LTAs. This dltA-dependent phenotype was also observed with a non-encapsulated dltA double mutant indicating that it is independent of capsular polysaccharides. High antibody levels caused high levels of S. suis—monocyte—association followed by inflammatory cell death and strong production of both IL-1β and TNF-α, while the influence of LTA d-alanylation of the streptococci became less visible. In summary, the results of this study expand previous findings on d-alanylation of LTAs in S. suis and suggest that this pathogen specifically modulates association with blood leukocytes through this modification of its surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Öhlmann
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Krieger
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Marita Meurer
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christoph Georg Baums,
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Weiße C, Dittmar D, Jakóbczak B, Florian V, Schütze N, Alber G, Klose K, Michalik S, Valentin-Weigand P, Völker U, Baums CG. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a Streptococcus suis vaccine composed of six conserved immunogens. Vet Res 2021; 52:112. [PMID: 34433500 PMCID: PMC8390293 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A vaccine protecting against different Streptococcus suis serotypes is highly needed in porcine practice to improve animal welfare and reduce the use of antibiotics. We hypothesized that immunogens prominently recognized by convalescence sera but significantly less so by sera of susceptible piglets are putative protective antigens. Accordingly, we investigated immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a multicomponent vaccine including six main conserved immunogens, namely SSU0934, SSU1869, SSU0757, SSU1950, SSU1664 and SSU0187. Flow cytometry confirmed surface expression of all six immunogens in S. suis serotypes 2, 9 and 14. Although prime-booster vaccination after weaning resulted in significantly higher specific IgG levels against all six immunogens compared to the placebo-treated group, no significant differences between bacterial survival in blood from either vaccinated or control animals were recorded for serotype 2, 9 and 14 strains. Furthermore, vaccinated piglets were not protected against morbidity elicited through intranasal challenge with S. suis serotype 14. As ~50% of animals in both groups did not develop disease, we investigated putative other correlates of protection. Induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in blood granulocytes was not associated with vaccination but correlated with protection as all piglets with >5% ROS survived the challenge. Based on these findings we discuss that the main immunogens of S. suis might actually not be a priori good candidates for protective antigens. On the contrary, expression of immunogens that evoke antibodies that do not mediate killing of this pathogen might constitute an evolutionary advantage conserved in many different S. suis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Weiße
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denise Dittmar
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Nicole Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Klose
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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Complete Genome Sequences of Streptococcus suis Pig-Pathogenic Strains 10, 13-00283-02, and 16085/3b. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:10/2/e01137-20. [PMID: 33446586 PMCID: PMC7849699 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01137-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important pathogen of pigs that, as a zoonotic agent, can also cause severe disease in humans, including meningitis, endocarditis, and septicemia. We report complete and annotated genomes of S. suis strains 10, 13-00283-02, and 16085/3b, which represent the highly prevalent serotypes cps2, cps7, and cps9, respectively. Streptococcus suis is an important pathogen of pigs that, as a zoonotic agent, can also cause severe disease in humans, including meningitis, endocarditis, and septicemia. We report complete and annotated genomes of S. suis strains 10, 13-00283-02, and 16085/3b, which represent the highly prevalent serotypes cps2, cps7, and cps9, respectively.
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Zheng C, Wei M, Jia M, Cao M. Involvement of Various Enzymes in the Physiology and Pathogenesis of Streptococcus suis. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040143. [PMID: 32977655 PMCID: PMC7712317 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis causes severe infections in both swine and humans, making it a serious threat to the swine industry and public health. Insight into the physiology and pathogenesis of S. suis undoubtedly contributes to the control of its infection. During the infection process, a wide variety of virulence factors enable S. suis to colonize, invade, and spread in the host, thus causing localized infections and/or systemic diseases. Enzymes catalyze almost all aspects of metabolism in living organisms. Numerous enzymes have been characterized in extensive detail in S. suis, and have shown to be involved in the pathogenesis and/or physiology of this pathogen. In this review, we describe the progress in the study of some representative enzymes in S. suis, such as ATPases, immunoglobulin-degrading enzymes, and eukaryote-like serine/threonine kinase and phosphatase, and we highlight the important role of various enzymes in the physiology and pathogenesis of this pathogen. The controversies about the current understanding of certain enzymes are also discussed here. Additionally, we provide suggestions about future directions in the study of enzymes in S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Zheng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (M.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-152-0527-9658
| | - Man Wei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (M.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mengdie Jia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (M.W.); (M.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - ManMan Cao
- Guangdong Maoming Agriculture & Forestry Techical College, Maoming 525000, China;
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Li Q, Lv Y, Li YA, Du Y, Guo W, Chu D, Wang X, Wang S, Shi H. Live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis vector delivering a conserved surface protein enolase induces high and broad protection against Streptococcus suis serotypes 2, 7, and 9 in mice. Vaccine 2020; 38:6904-6913. [PMID: 32907758 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, a major zoonotic pathogen in swine, can be classified into 35 serotypes. However, no universal vaccine against the multiple serotypes of S. suis is available, though some studies have shown homologous protection. Hence, developing an effective universal vaccine to protect pigs against multiple S. suis serotypes is necessary, or at the very least, to protect pigs against diseases caused by the dominant pathogenic serotypes. Enolase, a highly conserved surface protein, is present in all of the described S. suis serotypes. rSC0016 is an improved recombinant attenuated S. Choleraesuis vaccine vector, combining a sopB mutation with regulated delayed systems, achieving an adequate balance between host safety and immunogenicity. In order to develop a universal vaccine against the multiple serotypes of S. suis, a novel recombinant vaccine strain rSC0016 that carries a heterologous antigen enolase was developed in this study. According, it was found that the recombinant vaccine strain rSC0016(pS-Enolase) exhibited better colonization compared to the vaccine control strain rSC0018(pYA3493). In addition, a mouse model immunized with the strain rSC0016(pS-Enolase) elicited significant IgG antibody responses against both enolase and Salmonella antigens, while inducing good mucosal, humoral, and cellular immune responses against enolase. Finally, immunization with rSC0016(pS-Enolase) was shown to confer 100%, 80%, and 100% protection against the serotypes of SS2, SS7, and SS9, respectively, and significantly reduced histopathological lesions in mice. Overall, this study provides a promising universal vaccine candidate for use against the multiple serotypes of S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Yifan Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yu-An Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuanzhao Du
- Yebio Bioengineering Co., Ltd of Qingdao, Qingdao 266114, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Yebio Bioengineering Co., Ltd of Qingdao, Qingdao 266114, China
| | - Dianfeng Chu
- Yebio Bioengineering Co., Ltd of Qingdao, Qingdao 266114, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA.
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, China.
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10
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Role of Bacterial and Host DNases on Host-Pathogen Interaction during Streptococcus suis Meningitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155289. [PMID: 32722502 PMCID: PMC7432635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic agent causing meningitis in pigs and humans. Neutrophils, as the first line of defense against S. suis infections, release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to entrap pathogens. In this study, we investigated the role of the secreted nuclease A of S. suis (SsnA) as a NET-evasion factor in vivo and in vitro. Piglets were intranasally infected with S. suis strain 10 or an isogenic ssnA mutant. DNase and NET-formation were analyzed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissue. Animals infected with S. suis strain 10 or S. suis 10ΔssnA showed the presence of NETs in CSF and developed similar clinical signs. Therefore, SsnA does not seem to be a crucial virulence factor that contributes to the development of meningitis in pigs. Importantly, DNase activity was detectable in the CSF of both infection groups, indicating that host nucleases, in contrast to bacterial nuclease SsnA, may play a major role during the onset of meningitis. The effect of DNase 1 on neutrophil functions was further analyzed in a 3D-cell culture model of the porcine blood–CSF barrier. We found that DNase 1 partially contributes to enhanced killing of S. suis by neutrophils, especially when plasma is present. In summary, host nucleases may partially contribute to efficient innate immune response in the CSF.
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11
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Li YA, Chen Y, Du YZ, Guo W, Chu D, Fan J, Wang X, Bellefleur M, Wang S, Shi H. Live-attenuated Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis vaccine with regulated delayed fur mutation confer protection against Streptococcus suis in mice. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:129. [PMID: 32381017 PMCID: PMC7203871 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) vaccine vector could be used to deliver heterologous antigens to prevent and control pig diseases. We have previously shown that a live-attenuated S. Choleraesuis vaccine candidate strain rSC0011 (ΔPcrp527::TT araC PBADcrp Δpmi-2426 ΔrelA199::araC PBADlacI TT ΔasdA33, Δ, deletion, TT, terminator) delivering SaoA, a conserved surface protein in most of S. suis serotypes, provided excellent protection against S. suis challenge, but occasionally lead to morbidity (enteritidis) in vaccinated mice (approximately 1 in every 10 mice). Thus, alternated attenuation method was sought to reduce the reactogenicity of strain rSC0011. Herein, we described another recombinant attenuated S. Choleraesuis vector, rSC0012 (ΔPfur88:: TT araC PBADfur Δpmi-2426 ΔrelA199:: araC PBADlacI TT ΔasdA33) with regulated delayed fur mutation to avoid inducing disease symptoms while exhibiting a high degree of immunogenicity. Results The strain rSC0012 strain with the ΔPfur88::TT araC PBADfur mutation induced less production of inflammatory cytokines than strain rSC0011 with the ΔPcrp527::TT araC PBADcrp mutation in mice. When delivering the same pS-SaoA plasmid, the intraperitoneal LD50 of rSC0012 was 18.2 times higher than that of rSC0011 in 3-week-old BALB/C mice. rSC0012 with either pS-SaoA or pYA3493 was cleared from spleen and liver tissues 7 days earlier than rSC0011 with same vectors after oral inoculation. The strain rSC0012 synthesizing SaoA induced high titers of anti-SaoA antibodies in both systemic (IgG in serum) and mucosal (IgA in vaginal washes) sites, as well as increased level of IL-4, the facilitator of Th2-type T cell immune response in mice. The recombinant vaccine rSC0012(pS-SaoA) conferred high percentage of protection against S. suis or S. Choleraesuis challenge in BALB/C mice. Conclusions The live-attenuated Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis vaccine rSC0012(pS-SaoA) with regulated delayed fur mutation provides a foundation for the development of a safe and effective vaccine against S. Choleraesuis and S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yunyun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhao Du
- Yebio Bioengineering Co., Ltd of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266114, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- Yebio Bioengineering Co., Ltd of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266114, China
| | - Dianfeng Chu
- Yebio Bioengineering Co., Ltd of Qingdao, Qingdao, 266114, China
| | - Juan Fan
- Yangzhou Uni-Bio Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Matthew Bellefleur
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0880, USA
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0880, USA
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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12
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Rieckmann K, Pendzialek SM, Vahlenkamp T, Baums CG. A critical review speculating on the protective efficacies of autogenous Streptococcus suis bacterins as used in Europe. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:12. [PMID: 32391166 PMCID: PMC7201539 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus (S.) suis is a major porcine pathogen causing high morbidity worldwide. This includes well-managed herds with high hygiene standards. In Europe, no licensed vaccine is available. As practitioners are obliged to reduce the use of antibiotics, autogenous S. suis vaccines have become very popular in Europe. Main body Autogenous vaccines (AV) are generally neither tested for safety, immunogenicity nor protective efficacy, which leads to substantial uncertainties regarding control of disease and return on investment. Here, S. suis publications are reviewed that include important data on epidemiology, pathologies and bacterin vaccination relevant for the use of AV in the field. Differences between herds such as the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection status and the impact of specific S. suis pathotypes are probably highly relevant for the outcome of immunoprophylaxis using autogenous S. suis bacterins. Thus, a profound diagnosis of the herd status is crucial for management of expectations and successful implementation of AV as a tool to control S. suis disease. Induction of opsonizing antibodies is an in vitro correlate of protective immunity elicited by S. suis bacterins. However, opsonophagocytosis assays are difficult to include in the portfolio of diagnostic services. Conclusion Autogenous S. suis bacterins are associated with limitations and risks of failure, which can partly be managed through improvement of diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Rieckmann
- 1Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sophia-Mareike Pendzialek
- 1Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Vahlenkamp
- 2Institute of Virology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- 1Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Survival of Streptococcus suis in Porcine Blood Is Limited by the Antibody- and Complement-Dependent Oxidative Burst Response of Granulocytes. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00598-19. [PMID: 31843967 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00598-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteremia is a hallmark of invasive Streptococcus suis infections of pigs, often leading to septicemia, meningitis, or arthritis. An important defense mechanism of neutrophils is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we report high levels of ROS production by blood granulocytes after intravenous infection of a pig with high levels of S. suis-specific antibodies and comparatively low levels of bacteremia. This prompted us to investigate the working hypothesis that the immunoglobulin-mediated oxidative burst contributes to the killing of S. suis in porcine blood. Several S. suis strains representing serotypes 2, 7, and 9 proved to be highly susceptible to the oxidative burst intermediate hydrogen peroxide, already at concentrations of 0.001%. The induction of ROS in granulocytes in ex vivo-infected reconstituted blood showed an association with pathogen-specific antibody levels. Importantly, inhibition of ROS production by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin led to significantly increased bacterial survival in the presence of high specific antibody levels. The oxidative burst rate of granulocytes partially depended on complement activation, as shown by specific inhibition. Furthermore, treatment of IgG-depleted serum with a specific IgM protease or heat to inactivate complement resulted in >3-fold decreased oxidative burst activity and increased bacterial survival in reconstituted porcine blood in accordance with an IgM-complement-oxidative burst axis. In conclusion, this study highlights an important control mechanism of S. suis bacteremia in the natural host: the induction of ROS in blood granulocytes via specific immunoglobulins such as IgM.
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14
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Hennig-Pauka I, Imker R, Mayer L, Brügmann M, Werckenthin C, Weber H, Menrath A, de Buhr N. From Stable to Lab-Investigating Key Factors for Sudden Deaths Caused by Streptococcus suis. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040249. [PMID: 31756894 PMCID: PMC6963698 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine stocks are endemically infected with the major porcine pathogen Streptococcus (S.) suis. The factors governing the transition from colonizing S. suis residing in the tonsils and the exacerbation of disease have not yet been elucidated. We analyzed the sudden death of fattening pigs kept under extensive husbandry conditions in a zoo. The animals died suddenly of septic shock and showed disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Genotypic and phenotypic characterizations of the isolated S. suis strains, a tonsillar isolate and an invasive cps type 2 strain, were conducted. Isolated S. suis from dead pigs belonged to cps type 2 strain ST28, whereas one tonsillar S. suis isolate harvested from a healthy animal belonged to ST1173. Neither S. suis growth, induction of neutrophil extracellular traps, nor survival in blood could explain the sudden deaths. Reconstituted blood assays with serum samples from pigs of different age groups from the zoo stock suggested varying protection of individuals against pathogenic cps type 2 strains especially in younger pigs. These findings highlight the benefit of further characterization of the causative strains in each case by sequence typing before autologous vaccine candidate selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.H.-P.); (A.M.)
| | - Rabea Imker
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Leonie Mayer
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Michael Brügmann
- Food and Veterinary Institute Oldenburg, Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 26029 Oldenburg, Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Christiane Werckenthin
- Food and Veterinary Institute Oldenburg, Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 26029 Oldenburg, Germany; (M.B.); (C.W.)
| | | | - Andrea Menrath
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (I.H.-P.); (A.M.)
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-953-6119
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15
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Rieckmann K, Seydel A, Klose K, Alber G, Baums CG, Schütze N. Vaccination with the immunoglobulin M-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis, Ide Ssuis, leads to protection against a highly virulent serotype 9 strain. Vaccine X 2019; 3:100046. [PMID: 31709420 PMCID: PMC6831886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IdeSsuis vaccination of piglets significantly reduced survival of S. suis cps9 in blood. IdeSsuis reactive T helper cells producing TNF-α, IL-17A or IFN-ɣ were detectable. Vaccination resulted in protection against mortality induced by cps9 challenge.
Vaccination of weaning piglets with the recombinant IgM degrading enzyme of Streptococcus suis (S. suis), rIdeSsuis, elicits protection against disease caused by serotype (cps) 2 infection. In Europe, S. suis cps9 is at least as important as cps2 in causing severe herd problems associated with meningitis, septicemia and arthritis. The objective of this study was to determine humoral and cellular immunogenicities of rIdeSsuis suckling piglet vaccination and to investigate protection against a virulent cps9 strain. Vaccination in the 2nd and 4th week of life with rIdeSsuis and an oil-in-water adjuvant induced seroconversion against IdeSsuis in 13 of 20 vaccinated piglets. In the 5th week, survival of the S. suis cps9 strain was significantly reduced in the blood of prime-booster vaccinated piglets. After a 2nd booster vaccination IdeSsuis-reactive T helper (Th) cells partially producing TNF-α, IL-17A or IFN-ɣ were detectable in rIdeSsuis-vaccinated but not in placebo-treated piglets and frequencies of IdeSsuis-reactive Th cells correlated with α-IdeSsuis–IgG levels. An intravenous challenge, conducted with a cps9 strain of sequence type (ST) 94, led to 89% mortality in placebo-treated piglets due to septicemia and meningitis. In contrast, all rIdeSsuis prime-booster-booster vaccinated littermates survived the challenge despite signs of disease such as fever and lameness. In conclusion, the described rIdeSsuis vaccination induces humoral and detectable IdeSsuis-reactive Th cell responses and leads to protection against a highly virulent cps9 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Rieckmann
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Seydel
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Klose
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Rungelrath V, Weiße C, Schütze N, Müller U, Meurer M, Rohde M, Seele J, Valentin-Weigand P, Kirschfink M, Beineke A, Schrödl W, Bergmann R, Baums CG. IgM cleavage by Streptococcus suis reduces IgM bound to the bacterial surface and is a novel complement evasion mechanism. Virulence 2019; 9:1314-1337. [PMID: 30001174 PMCID: PMC6177247 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1496778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) causes meningitis, arthritis and endocarditis in piglets. The aim of this study was to characterize the IgM degrading enzyme of S. suis (IdeSsuis) and to investigate the role of IgM cleavage in evasion of the classical complement pathway and pathogenesis. Targeted mutagenesis of a cysteine in the putative active center of IdeSsuis abrogated IgM cleavage completely. In contrast to wt rIdeSsuis, point mutated rIdeSsuis_C195S did not reduce complement-mediated hemolysis indicating that complement inhibition by rIdeSsuis depends on the IgM proteolytic activity. A S. suis mutant expressing IdeSsuis_C195S did not reduce IgM labeling, whereas the wt and complemented mutant showed less IgM F(ab’)2 and IgM Fc antigen on the surface. IgM cleavage increased survival of S. suis in porcine blood ex vivo and mediated complement evasion as demonstrated by blood survival and C3 deposition assays including the comparative addition of rIdeSsuis and rIdeSsuis_C195S. However, experimental infection of piglets disclosed no significant differences in virulence between S. suis wt and isogenic mutants without IgM cleavage activity. This work revealed for the first time in vivo labeling of S. suis with IgM in the cerebrospinal fluid of piglets with meningitis. In conclusion, this study classifies IdeSsuis as a cysteine protease and emphasizes the role of IgM cleavage for bacterial survival in porcine blood and complement evasion though IgM cleavage is not crucial for the pathogenesis of serotype 2 meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Rungelrath
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Christine Weiße
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Nicole Schütze
- b Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Uwe Müller
- b Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Marita Meurer
- c Department of Physiological Chemistry and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ) , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- d Central Facility for Microscopy , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Jana Seele
- e Department of Neuropathology , University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany.,f Department of Geriatrics , Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- g Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hanover , Germany
| | - Michael Kirschfink
- h Institute of Immunology , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- i Department of Pathology , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - René Bergmann
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- a Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
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17
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Zhao F, Yang N, Wang X, Mao R, Hao Y, Li Z, Wang X, Teng D, Fan H, Wang J. In vitro/ vivo Mechanism of Action of MP1102 With Low/Nonresistance Against Streptococcus suis Type 2 Strain CVCC 3928. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:48. [PMID: 30863725 PMCID: PMC6399382 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcosis is recognized as a leading infectious disease in the swine industry. Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is regarded as the most virulent species, which threatens human and pig health and causes serious economic losses. In this study, multiple in vitro and in vivo effects of MP1102 on multidrug resistant S. suis was studied for the first time. MP1102 exhibited significant antibacterial activity against S. suis (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 0.028–0.228 μM), rapid bacteriocidal action, a longer postantibiotic effect than ceftriaxone, and a synergistic or additive effect with lincomycin, penicillin, and ceftriaxone (FICI = 0.29–0.96). No resistant mutants appeared after 30 serial passages of S. suis in the presence of MP1102. Flow cytometric analysis and electron microscopy observations showed that MP1102 destroyed S. suis cell membrane integrity and affected S. suis cell ultrastructure and membrane morphology. Specifically, a significantly wrinkled surface, intracellular content leakage, and cell lysis were noted, establishing a cyto-basis of nonresistance to this pathogen. DNA gel retardation and circular dichroism analysis indicated that MP1102 interacted with DNA by binding to DNA and changing the DNA conformation, even leading to the disappearance of the helical structure. This result further supported the mechanistic basis of nonresistance via interaction with an intracellular target, which could serve as a means of secondary injury after MP1102 is transported across the membrane. Upon treatment with 2.5–5.0 mg/kg MP1102, the survival of mice challenged with S. suis was 83.3–100%. MP1102 decreased bacterial translocation in liver, lung, spleen, and blood; inhibited the release of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α; and relieved the lung, liver, and spleen from acute injury induced by S. suis. These results suggest that MP1102 is a potent novel antibacterial agent for the treatment of porcine streptococcal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China.,Tianjin Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Yang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Hao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanzhan Li
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Da Teng
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Fan
- Tianjin Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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18
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Seele J, Tauber SC, Bunkowski S, Baums CG, Valentin-Weigand P, de Buhr N, Beineke A, Iliev AI, Brück W, Nau R. The inflammatory response and neuronal injury in Streptococcus suis meningitis. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:297. [PMID: 29970011 PMCID: PMC6029386 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many of the currently used models of bacterial meningitis have limitations due to direct inoculation of pathogens into the cerebrospinal fluid or brain and a relatively insensitive assessment of long-term sequelae. The present study evaluates the utility of a Streptococcus (S.) suis intranasal infection model for the investigation of experimental therapies in meningitis. METHODS We examined the brains of 10 piglets with S. suis meningitis as well as 14 control piglets by histology, immunohistochemistry and in-situ tailing for morphological alterations in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and microglial activation in the neocortex. RESULTS In piglets with meningitis, the density of apoptotic neurons was significantly higher than in control piglets. Moreover, scoring of microglial morphology revealed a significant activation of these cells during meningitis. The slight increase in the density of dividing cells, young neurons and microglia observed in piglets suffering from meningitis was not statistically significant, probably because of the short time frame between onset of clinical signs and organ sampling. CONCLUSIONS The morphological changes found during S. suis meningitis are in accordance with abnormalities in other animal models and human autopsy cases. Therefore, the pig should be considered as a model for evaluating effects of experimental therapeutic approaches on neurological function in bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Seele
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Simone C Tauber
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bunkowski
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Brück
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland Nau
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Unterweger C, Ruczizka U, Spergser J, Baums CG, Hennig-Pauka I. Effect of Early-Life Treatment of Piglets with Long-Acting Ceftiofur on Colonization of Streptococcus suis Serotype 7 and Elicitation of Specific Humoral Immunity in a Farm Dealing with Streptococcal Diseases. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7020034. [PMID: 29596395 PMCID: PMC6027279 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In newborn piglets treatment with long-acting ceftiofur is a common approach to reduce losses due to streptococcal diseases on farms, even if problems start after weaning. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a single early-life treatment on Streptococcus (S.) suis colonization, transmission, immunoreaction, and drug resistance over an observation period of 14 weeks. In a farm with a history of streptococcal disease and isolation of a S. suis cps 7 mrp+, arcA+ isolate from diseased piglets, half of each litter was treated with a long-acting ceftiofur on day 1. S. suis-isolates were profiled and serum samples were tested for opsonizing antibodies. Treated and untreated pigs did not differ according to average daily weight gains, S. suis-isolation rates and level of opsonizing antibodies. Although the invasive cps 7 strain was not detected in a single piglet over 14 weeks, all animals developed bactericidal activity. No resistance to ceftiofur, but resistance to tetracyclins (100%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (53%) was shown. Our results indicate that early treatment with ceftiofur does not prevent colonization and transmission of S. suis or the induction of bactericidal humoral immunity in nursery and fattening pigs. The necessity of continuous usage should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Unterweger
- University Clinics for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ursula Ruczizka
- University Clinics for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christoph Georg Baums
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- University Clinics for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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20
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Li YA, Ji Z, Wang X, Wang S, Shi H. Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis vector delivering SaoA antigen confers protection against Streptococcus suis serotypes 2 and 7 in mice and pigs. Vet Res 2017; 48:89. [PMID: 29268787 PMCID: PMC5740921 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the major pathogens that cause economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. However, current bacterins only provide limited prophylactic protection in the field. An ideal vaccine against S. suis should protect pigs against the clinical diseases caused by multiple serotypes, or at least protect against the dominant serotype in a given geographic region. A new recombinant Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis vaccine vector, rSC0011, that is based on the regulated delayed attenuation system and regulated delayed antigen synthesis system, was developed recently. In this study, an improved recombinant attenuated Salmonella Choleraesuis vector, rSC0016, was developed by incorporating a sopB mutation to ensure adequate safety and maximal immunogenicity. In the spleens of mice, rSC0016 colonized less than rSC0011. rSC0016 and rSC0011 colonized similarly in Peyer's patches of mice. The recombinant vaccine rSC0016(pS-SaoA) induced stronger cellular, humoral, and mucosal immune responses in mice and swine against SaoA, a conserved surface protein that is present in many S. suis serotypes, than did rSC0011(pS-SaoA) without sopB or rSC0018(pS-SaoA), which is an avirulent, chemically attenuated vaccine strain. rSC0016(pS-SaoA) provided 100% protection against S. suis serotype 2 in mice and pigs, and full cross-protection against SS7 in pigs. This new vaccine vector provides a foundation for the development of a universal vaccine against multiple serotypes of S. suis in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhenying Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0880, USA
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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21
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Ebner F, Schwiertz P, Steinfelder S, Pieper R, Zentek J, Schütze N, Baums CG, Alber G, Geldhof P, Hartmann S. Pathogen-Reactive T Helper Cell Analysis in the Pig. Front Immunol 2017; 8:565. [PMID: 28567041 PMCID: PMC5434156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in studying host–pathogen interactions in human-relevant large animal models such as the pig. Despite the progress in developing immunological reagents for porcine T cell research, there is an urgent need to directly assess pathogen-specific T cells—an extremely rare population of cells, but of upmost importance in orchestrating the host immune response to a given pathogen. Here, we established that the activation marker CD154 (CD40L), known from human and mouse studies, identifies also porcine antigen-reactive CD4+ T lymphocytes. CD154 expression was upregulated early after antigen encounter and CD4+CD154+ antigen-reactive T cells coexpressed cytokines. Antigen-induced expansion and autologous restimulation enabled a time- and dose-resolved analysis of CD154 regulation and a significantly increased resolution in phenotypic profiling of antigen-responsive cells. CD154 expression identified T cells responding to staphylococcal Enterotoxin B superantigen stimulation as well as T cells responding to the fungus Candida albicans and T cells specific for a highly prevalent intestinal parasite, the nematode Ascaris suum during acute and trickle infection. Antigen-reactive T cells were further detected after immunization of pigs with a single recombinant bacterial antigen of Streptococcus suis only. Thus, our study offers new ways to study antigen-specific T lymphocytes in the pig and their contribution to host–pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Ebner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrycja Schwiertz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svenja Steinfelder
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Schütze
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Rieckmann K, Müller K, Moter A, Baums CG, Seydel A. Streptococcus suis serotype 9 endocarditis and subsequent severe meningitis in a growing pig despite specific bactericidal humoral immunity. JMM Case Rep 2017; 4:e005093. [PMID: 29026620 PMCID: PMC5630962 DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.005093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION . Meningitis and endocarditis are common pathologies of Streptococcussuis infections in pigs and humans. S. suis serotype 9 strains contribute substantially to health problems in European pig production, and immune prophylaxis against this serotype is very difficult. CASE PRESENTATION . We report the clinical course and histopathological picture of a 10-week-old growing pig following experimental intravenous infection with S. suis serotype 9. The piglet showed rapid onset of severe clinical signs of meningitis 11 days post-intravenous challenge following prime-booster vaccination. Histopathological findings revealed a diffuse fibrinosuppurative leptomeningitis. Additionally, a polyphasic endocarditis valvularis thromboticans with numerous bacterial colonies was diagnosed. Bacteriological culture of the brain and the mitral valve confirmed association with the challenge strain. However, virulent serotype 2 and 9 strains were killed in the blood of this piglet ex vivo prior experimental infection. CONCLUSION . Endocarditis induced by S. suis infection might develop and persist despite the presence of high specific bactericidal activity in the blood. Severe leptomeningitis is a putative sequela of such an endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Rieckmann
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Müller
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette Moter
- Biofilmcenter, German Heart Institute Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Seydel
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Germany
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23
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Xiao G, Wu Z, Zhang S, Tang H, Wang F, Lu C. Mac Protein is not an Essential Virulence Factor for the Virulent Reference Strain Streptococcus suis P1/7. Curr Microbiol 2016; 74:90-96. [PMID: 27847975 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a major pathogen of pigs and also an important zoonotic agent for humans. A S. suis protein containing Mac-1 domain (designated Mac) is a protective antigen, exclusively cleaves porcine IgM, and contributes to complement evasion with the presence of high titers of specific porcine anti-S. suis IgM, but its role in S. suis virulence has not been investigated in natural healthy host without specific IgM. In this study, a mac deletion mutant was constructed by homologous recombination in S. suis serotype 2 virulent reference strain P1/7. Deletion of mac did not significantly influence phagocytosis or intracellular survival within murine macrophages RAW264.7, or the oxidative-burst induction of RAW264.7 and murine neutrophils. Furthermore, the mutant is as virulent as the wild-type strain in pig, mouse, and zebrafish infection models. Our data suggest that Mac is not essential for S. suis virulence in strain P1/7 in natural healthy host without specific IgM, and the immunogenicity of Mac does not appear to correlate with its significance for virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genhui Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shouming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huanyu Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fengqiu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chengping Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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24
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Spoerry C, Hessle P, Lewis MJ, Paton L, Woof JM, von Pawel-Rammingen U. Novel IgG-Degrading Enzymes of the IgdE Protease Family Link Substrate Specificity to Host Tropism of Streptococcus Species. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164809. [PMID: 27749921 PMCID: PMC5066943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we have discovered an IgG degrading enzyme of the endemic pig pathogen S. suis designated IgdE that is highly specific for porcine IgG. This protease is the founding member of a novel cysteine protease family assigned C113 in the MEROPS peptidase database. Bioinformatical analyses revealed putative members of the IgdE protease family in eight other Streptococcus species. The genes of the putative IgdE family proteases of S. agalactiae, S. porcinus, S. pseudoporcinus and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus were cloned for production of recombinant protein into expression vectors. Recombinant proteins of all four IgdE family proteases were proteolytically active against IgG of the respective Streptococcus species hosts, but not against IgG from other tested species or other classes of immunoglobulins, thereby linking the substrate specificity to the known host tropism. The novel IgdE family proteases of S. agalactiae, S. pseudoporcinus and S. equi showed IgG subtype specificity, i.e. IgdE from S. agalactiae and S. pseudoporcinus cleaved human IgG1, while IgdE from S. equi was subtype specific for equine IgG7. Porcine IgG subtype specificities of the IgdE family proteases of S. porcinus and S. pseudoporcinus remain to be determined. Cleavage of porcine IgG by IgdE of S. pseudoporcinus is suggested to be an evolutionary remaining activity reflecting ancestry of the human pathogen to the porcine pathogen S. porcinus. The IgG subtype specificity of bacterial proteases indicates the special importance of these IgG subtypes in counteracting infection or colonization and opportunistic streptococci neutralize such antibodies through expression of IgdE family proteases as putative immune evasion factors. We suggest that IgdE family proteases might be valid vaccine targets against streptococci of both human and veterinary medical concerns and could also be of therapeutic as well as biotechnological use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Spoerry
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pontus Hessle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Melanie J. Lewis
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Wellcome Trust Building, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Lois Paton
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Wellcome Trust Building, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny M. Woof
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Wellcome Trust Building, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich von Pawel-Rammingen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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25
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Segura M, Calzas C, Grenier D, Gottschalk M. Initial steps of the pathogenesis of the infection caused by Streptococcus suis: fighting against nonspecific defenses. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3772-3799. [PMID: 27539145 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between a bacterial pathogen and its potentially susceptible host are initiated with the colonization step. During respiratory/oral infection, the pathogens must compete with the normal microflora, resist defense mechanisms of the local mucosal immunity, and finally reach, adhere, and breach the mucosal epithelial cell barrier in order to induce invasive disease. This is the case during infection by the swine and zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis, which is able to counteract mucosal barriers to induce severe meningitis and sepsis in swine and in humans. The initial steps of the pathogenesis of S. suis infection has been a neglected area of research, overshadowed by studies on the systemic and central nervous phases of the disease. In this Review article, we provide for the first time, an exclusive focus on S. suis colonization and the potential mechanisms involved in S. suis establishment at the mucosa, as well as the mechanisms regulating mucosal barrier breakdown. The role of mucosal immunity is also addressed. Finally, we demystify the extensive list of putative adhesins and virulence factors reported to be involved in the initial steps of pathogenesis by S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Segura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Calzas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Laboratory of Streptococcus suis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Laboratory of Streptococcus suis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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26
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de Buhr N, Reuner F, Neumann A, Stump-Guthier C, Tenenbaum T, Schroten H, Ishikawa H, Müller K, Beineke A, Hennig-Pauka I, Gutsmann T, Valentin-Weigand P, Baums CG, von Köckritz-Blickwede M. Neutrophil extracellular trap formation in the Streptococcus suis-infected cerebrospinal fluid compartment. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27450700 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important meningitis-causing pathogen in pigs and humans. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been identified as host defense mechanism against different pathogens. Here, NETs were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of S. suis-infected piglets despite the presence of active nucleases. To study NET-formation and NET-degradation after transmigration of S. suis and neutrophils through the choroid plexus epithelial cell barrier, a previously described model of the human blood-CSF barrier was used. NETs and respective entrapment of streptococci were recorded in the "CSF compartment" despite the presence of active nucleases. Comparative analysis of S. suis wildtype and different S. suis nuclease mutants did not reveal significant differences in NET-formation or bacterial survival. Interestingly, transcript expression of the human cathelicidin LL-37, a NET-stabilizing factor, increased after transmigration of neutrophils through the choroid plexus epithelial cell barrier. In good accordance, the porcine cathelicidin PR-39 was significantly increased in CSF of piglets with meningitis. Furthermore, we confirmed that PR-39 is associated with NETs in infected CSF and inhibits neutrophil DNA degradation by bacterial nucleases. In conclusion, neutrophils form NETs after breaching the infected choroid plexus epithelium, and those NETs may be protected by antimicrobial peptides against bacterial nucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Reuner
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ariane Neumann
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carolin Stump-Guthier
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Tenenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of NDU Life Sciences, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kristin Müller
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Research group Biophysics, Research Centre Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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27
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Clearance of Streptococcus suis in Stomach Contents of Differently Fed Growing Pigs. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5030056. [PMID: 27509526 PMCID: PMC5039436 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus (S.) suis translocates across the intestinal barrier of piglets after intraintestinal application. Based on these findings, an oro-gastrointestinal infection route has been proposed. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the survival of S. suis in the porcine stomach. Whereas surviving bacteria of S. suis serotypes 2 and 9 were not detectable after 60 min of incubation in stomach contents with a comparatively high gastric pH of 5 due to feeding of fine pellets, the number of Salmonella Derby bacteria increased under these conditions. Further experiments confirmed the clearance of S. suis serotypes 2 and 9 within 30 min in stomach contents with a pH of 4.7 independently of the bacterial growth phase. Finally, an oral infection experiment was conducted, feeding each of 18 piglets a diet mixed with 1010 CFU of S. suis serotype 2 or 9. Thorough bacteriological screenings of various mesenteric-intestinal lymph nodes and internal organs after different times of exposure did not lead to any detection of the orally applied challenge strains. In conclusion, the porcine stomach constitutes a very efficient barrier against oro-gastrointenstinal S. suis infections. Conditions leading to the passage of S. suis through the stomach remain to be identified.
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28
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Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a major swine pathogen and an emerging zoonotic agent of human meningitis and streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. S. suis is a well-encapsulated pathogen and multiple serotypes have been described based on the capsular polysaccharide antigenic diversity. In addition, high genotypic, phenotypic and geographic variability exits among strains within the same serotype. Besides, S. suis uses an arsenal of virulence factors to evade the host immune system. Together, these characteristics have challenged the development of efficacious vaccines to fight this important pathogen. In this careful and comprehensive review, clinical field information and experimental data have been compiled and compared for the first time to give a precise overview of the current status of vaccine development against S. suis. The candidate antigens and vaccine formulations under research are examined and the feasibility of reaching the goal of a "universal" cross-protective S. suis vaccine discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Segura
- a Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Montreal , Saint-Hyacinthe , Quebec , J2S 2M2 Canada
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