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van Niekerk AA, Maluck S, Mag P, Kővágó C, Kerek Á, Jerzsele Á, Steinmetzer T, Pászti-Gere E. Antiviral Drug Candidate Repositioning for Streptococcus suis Infection in Non-Tumorigenic Cell Models. Biomedicines 2024; 12:783. [PMID: 38672139 PMCID: PMC11048155 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance against zoonotic bacteria, including Streptococcus (S.) suis, highlights the need for new therapeutical strategies, including the repositioning of drugs. In this study, susceptibilities of bacterial isolates were tested toward ten different 3-amidinophenyalanine (Phe(3-Am)) derivatives via determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Some of these protease inhibitors, like compounds MI-432, MI-471, and MI-476, showed excellent antibacterial effects against S. suis. Their drug interaction potential was investigated using human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP450) measurements. In our work, non-tumorigenic IPEC-J2 cells and primary porcine hepatocytes were infected with S. suis, and the putative beneficial impact of these inhibitors was investigated on cell viability (Neutral red assay), on interleukin (IL)-6 levels (ELISA technique), and on redox balance (Amplex red method). The antibacterial inhibitors prevented S. suis-induced cell death (except MI-432) and decreased proinflammatory IL-6 levels. It was also found that MI-432 and MI-476 had antioxidant effects in an intestinal cell model upon S. suis infection. Concentration-dependent suppression of CYP3A4 function was found via application of all three inhibitors. In conclusion, our study suggests that the potential antiviral Phe(3-Am) derivatives with 2',4' dichloro-biphenyl moieties can be considered as effective drug candidates against S. suis infection due to their antibacterial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Anzet van Niekerk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
| | - Sara Maluck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
| | - Patrik Mag
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Kővágó
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
| | - Ádám Kerek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Erzsébet Pászti-Gere
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary (Á.J.)
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de Oliveira Costa M, Dame MK. In Vitro Porcine (Explant) Colon Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2749:91-101. [PMID: 38133777 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3609-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Models have been extensively used to investigate disease pathogenesis. Animal models are costly and require extensive logistics for animal care, and samples are not always suitable for different analytical techniques or to answer the research question. In vitro cell culture models are generally focused on recreating a specific characteristic of an organ and are limited to a single cell population that does not display the characteristic tissue architecture of the source organ. In addition, such models do not account for the many interactions between pathogens and the diverse cell subsets that are normally present in a given organ. Conclusions based on conventional 2D cell culture methods are limited, requiring extrapolation from a reductionist model to understand in vivo events. In vitro organ culture (IVOC) offers a way to overcome some of these limitations. Explants conserve important in vivo characteristics, such as different cell types and complex tissue architecture. This in vitro (ex vivo) organ culture protocol of the swine large intestine aims at maintaining viable colonic mucosa for up to 5 days. The protocol described herein applies a combination of methods used for immortalized cell culture and stem cell stimulation to support the physiological cellular flow inherent of the intestinal mucosa. Required equipment includes a hyperoxic chamber and culture at the air-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus de Oliveira Costa
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
- Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael K Dame
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Palkovicsné Pézsa N, Kovács D, Somogyi F, Karancsi Z, Móritz AV, Jerzsele Á, Rácz B, Farkas O. Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus DSM7133 on Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3007. [PMID: 37835613 PMCID: PMC10571805 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest health challenges nowadays. Probiotics are promising candidates as feed additives contributing to the health of the gastrointestinal tract. The beneficial effect of probiotics is species/strain specific; the potential benefits need to be individually assessed for each probiotic strain or species. We established a co-culture model, in which gastrointestinal infection was modeled using Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. enterica serovar Typhimurium). Using intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2), the effects of pre-, co-, and post-treatment with Lactobacillus (L.) rhamnosus on the barrier function, intracellular (IC) reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and IL-8) response, and adhesion inhibition were tested. E. coli- and S. Typhimurium-induced barrier impairment and increased ROS production could be counteracted using L. rhamnosus (p < 0.01). S. Typhimurium-induced IL-6 production was reduced via pre-treatment (p < 0.05) and post-treatment (p < 0.01); increased IL-8 secretion was decreased via pre-, co-, and post-treatment (p < 0.01) with L. rhamnosus. L. rhamnosus demonstrated significant inhibition of adhesion for both S. Typhimurium (p < 0.001) and E. coli (p < 0.001 in both pre-treatment and post-treatment; p < 0.05 in co-treatment). This study makes a substantial contribution to the understanding of the specific benefits of L. rhamnosus. Our findings can serve as a basis for further in vivo studies carried out in pigs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Palkovicsné Pézsa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (F.S.); (Z.K.); (A.V.M.); (Á.J.); (O.F.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Kovács
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (F.S.); (Z.K.); (A.V.M.); (Á.J.); (O.F.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fanni Somogyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (F.S.); (Z.K.); (A.V.M.); (Á.J.); (O.F.)
| | - Zita Karancsi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (F.S.); (Z.K.); (A.V.M.); (Á.J.); (O.F.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alma Virág Móritz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (F.S.); (Z.K.); (A.V.M.); (Á.J.); (O.F.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (F.S.); (Z.K.); (A.V.M.); (Á.J.); (O.F.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Rácz
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Orsolya Farkas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (D.K.); (F.S.); (Z.K.); (A.V.M.); (Á.J.); (O.F.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
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Qin W, Ren Z, Xu C, Cao YN, Sun MA, Huang R, Bao W. Chromatin Accessibility and Transcriptional Landscape during Inhibition of Salmonella enterica by Lactobacillus reuteri in IPEC-J2 Cells. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060968. [PMID: 36980306 PMCID: PMC10046971 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus reuteri is a probiotic with bacteriostatic effects, which can effectively inhibit the activity of pathogens. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the inhibition of pathogens by L. reuteri in intestinal cells remains unclear. Using the porcine intestinal cell line IPEC-J2 as a model, we combined RNA-seq and ATAC-seq methods to delineate the porcine genome-wide changes in biological processes and chromatin accessibility in IPEC-J2 cells stimulated by Salmonella enterica BNCC186354, as well as L. reuteri ATCC 53608. Overall, we found that many porcine transcripts were altered after S. enterica BNCC186354 treatment, while L. reuteri ATCC 53608 treatment partially restored this alteration, such as salmonella infection and PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. Combined analysis of these two datasets revealed that 26 genes with similar trends overlapped between gene expression and chromatin accessibility. In addition, we identified potential host functional transcription factors (TFs), such as GATA1, TAL1, TBP, RUNX1, Gmeb1, Gfi1b, RARA, and RXRG, in IPEC-J2 cells that might play a critical role and are targeted by L. reuteri ATCC 53608. Moreover, we verified that PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and apoptosis pathways are potentially regulated by S. enterica BNCC186354 but restored by L. reuteri ATCC 53608. The PI3K/AKT pathway was activated by L. reuteri ATCC 53608, thereby potentially inhibiting S. enterica BNCC186354 infection. In conclusion, our data provide new insights into the expression pattern of functional genes and the epigenetic alterations in IPEC-J2 cells underlying the bacteriostatic action of L. reuteri ATCC 53608.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhanshi Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ya-Nan Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ming-An Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ruihua Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Qin W, Xie Y, Ren Z, Xu C, Sun MA, Yin Z, Bao W. Integrative ATAC-seq and RNA-seq analyses of IPEC-J2 cells reveals porcine transcription and chromatin accessibility changes associated with Escherichia coli F18ac inhibited by Lactobacillus reuteri. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1101111. [PMID: 36876070 PMCID: PMC9978113 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the main cause of postweaning diarrhea in pigs, leading to economic loss. As a probiotic, Lactobacillus reuteri has been used to inhibit E. coli in clinical applications; however, its integrative interactions with hosts remain unclear, especially in pigs. Here, we found that L. reuteri effectively inhibited E. coli F18ac adhering to porcine IPEC-J2 cells, and explored the genome-wide transcription and chromatin accessibility landscapes of IPEC-J2 cells by RNA-seq and ATAC-seq. The results showed that some key signal transduction pathways, such as PI3K-AKT and MAPK signaling pathways, were enriched in the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between E. coli F18ac treatment with and without L. reuteri groups. However, we found less overlap between RNA-seq and ATAC-seq datasets; we speculated that this might be caused by histones modification through ChIP-qPCR detection. Furthermore, we identified the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton pathway and a number of candidate genes (ARHGEF12, EGFR, and DIAPH3) that might be associated with the inhibition of E. coli F18ac adherence to IPEC-J2 cells by L. reuteri. In conclusion, we provide a valuable dataset that can be used to seek potential porcine molecular markers of E. coli F18ac pathogenesis and L. reuteri antibacterial activity, and to guide the antibacterial application of L. reuteri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yunxiao Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhanshi Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ming-An Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zongjun Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Kiššová Z, Tkáčiková Ľ, Mudroňová D, Bhide MR. Immunomodulatory Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri ( Limosilactobacillus reuteri) and Its Exopolysaccharides Investigated on Epithelial Cell Line IPEC-J2 Challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12121955. [PMID: 36556320 PMCID: PMC9788328 DOI: 10.3390/life12121955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the largest and most complex component of the immune system. Each component influences the production and regulation of cytokines secreted by intestinal epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to see how the probiotic strain Limosilactobacillus reuteri L26 and its exopolysaccharide (EPS) affect porcine intestinal-epithelial cells IPEC-J2 infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. The results revealed that Salmonella infection up-regulated all studied pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6 and TLR4, TLR5 signaling pathways, while decreasing the expression of TGF-β. An immunosuppressive activity was found in EPS-treated wells, since the transcriptional levels of the studied pro-inflammatory cytokines were not increased, and the pretreatment with EPS was even able to attenuate up-regulated pro-inflammatory genes induced by Salmonella infection. However, there was a significant increase in the expression of mRNA levels of IL-8 and TNF-α in L26-treated cells, although this up-regulation was suppressed in the case of pretreatment. The immunoregulatory function of L. reuteri was also confirmed by the increased level of mRNA expression for TGF-β, a known immunosuppressive mediator. The most relevant finding of this ex vivo study was a case of immunity modulation, where the probiotic strain L. reuteri stimulated the innate immune-cell response which displayed both anti- and pro-inflammatory activities, and modulated the expression of TLRs in the IPEC-J2 cell line. Our findings also revealed that the pretreatment of cells with either EPS or live lactobacilli prior to infection has a suppressive effect on the inflammatory response induced by Salmonella Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kiššová
- Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (Z.K.); (Ľ.T.)
| | - Ľudmila Tkáčiková
- Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (Z.K.); (Ľ.T.)
| | - Dagmar Mudroňová
- Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh R. Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
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Salem GA, Mohamed AAR, Ghonimi WAM, Abdallah HM, Rhouma NR, Ali RI. The synbiotic mixture of Bacillus licheniformis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract aggravates dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis in rats. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:405. [PMID: 36384756 PMCID: PMC9667625 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncertain effects of probiotics and/or prebiotics have been reported in experimental and clinical colitis. This study aims to examine the effects of a synbiotic combination comprising Bacillus licheniformis DSM 17236 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall extract on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in Sprague Dawley rats. METHODS Acute colitis was induced in rats by oral administration of DSS 3.5% for 7 days. Fifty rats were divided equally into five groups; one control group and the other groups were induced with colitis and treated with or without the tested synbiotic, mixed with diet, for 28 days and sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg) via intragastric tube once daily for 14 days. RESULTS Symptomatically, the synbiotic administration raised the disease activity index (DAI) to comparable scores of the DSS group, specially from the 2nd to 7th days post DSS intoxication. It also induced a significant (p < 0.05) amplification of WBCs, myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) expression and proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interferon gamma (INFγ), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) while depressed the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) when compared with the DSS and control groups. The DSS intoxicated and Synbiotic+DSS groups showed desquamations of the covering epithelium, noticeable diffuse leukocytic infiltrations, sever catarrhal enteritis, ischemic colitis with diffuse coagulative necrosis of the entire colonic mucosa. Contrarily, sulfasalazine proved to be effective in the reduction of the tested inflammatory markers and the pathological degenerative changes of the DSS ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSION The examined synbiotic did not ameliorate but aggravated the DSS-induced colitis, so it should be subjected to intensive experimental and clinical testing before their use in animals and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal A Salem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44519, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Amany Abdel-Rahman Mohamed
- Departments of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Wael A M Ghonimi
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - H M Abdallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Nasreddin R Rhouma
- Department of Micobiology, Faculty of Science, Misurata University, Misurata, P.O. Box 2478, Libya
| | - Reem I Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banha University, Banha, 13518, Egypt
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Fodor CC, Fouhse J, Drouin D, Ma T, Willing BP, Guan LL, Cobo ER. Colonic innate immune defenses and microbiota alterations in acute swine dysentery. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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The Growth Medium Affects the Viability of IPEC-J2 Animal Cell Line in the Presence of Probiotic Bacteria. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The IPEC-J2 cell line is frequently used as an in vitro model to study the bioactivity of live probiotics. However, lactic acid bacteria (LB) acidify the medium, and the impact of pH and lactic acid accumulation on cell viability seem to be underestimated. Methods: IPEC-J2 viability was assessed by neutral red and flow cytometry in the presence of eight probiotics at concentrations between 106 and 109 bacteria/mL in maintenance and buffered media. Results: It was shown that a high inoculation level led to higher cytotoxic effects on IPEC-J2 cells after 22 h of incubation and that viability losses were more related to a combination of low pH and lactic acid than to the probiotics themselves. Furthermore, with LB at 106 and 107 bacteria/mL, the addition of phosphates to the media significantly reduced the drop in the pH and preserved the IPEC-J2 viability between 100% and 69%, compared to a highly variable viability between 100% and 17.5% in the unbuffered media. Conclusions: Under certain in vitro conditions, probiotics can lead to the deterioration of animal cells, and pH neutralization is an essential parameter in the cell–probiotic system in order to preserve cell viability and to better evaluate the bioactive properties of live probiotics.
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Effects of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis on Gut Barrier Function, Proinflammatory Response, ROS Production and Pathogen Inhibition Properties in IPEC-J2—Escherichia coli/Salmonella Typhimurium Co-Culture. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050936. [PMID: 35630380 PMCID: PMC9145911 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance raises serious concerns worldwide. Probiotics offer a promising alternative to enhance growth promotion in farm animals; however, their mode of action still needs to be elucidated. The IPEC-J2 cell line (porcine intestinal epithelial cells) is an appropriate tool to study the effect of probiotics on intestinal epithelial cells. In our experiments, IPEC-J2 cells were challenged by two gastrointestinal (GI) infection causing agents, Escherichia coli (E. coli) or Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). We focused on determining the effect of pre-, co-, and post-treatment with two probiotic candidates, Bacillus licheniformis or Bacillus subtilis, on the barrier function, proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and IL-8) response, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of IPEC-J2 cells, in addition to the adhesion inhibition effect. Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) proved to be anti-inflammatory and had an antioxidant effect under certain treatment combinations, and further effectively inhibited the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria. Interestingly, they had little effect on paracellular permeability. Based on our results, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis are both promising candidates to contribute to the beneficial effects of probiotic multispecies mixtures.
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Grzymajlo K. The Game for Three: Salmonella–Host–Microbiota Interaction Models. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:854112. [PMID: 35516427 PMCID: PMC9062650 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.854112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by enteric pathogens occurs in a context strongly determined by host-specific gut microbiota, which can significantly affect the outcome of infection. The complex gameplay between the trillions of microbes that inhabit the GI tract, the host, and the infecting pathogen defines a specific triangle of interaction; therefore, a complete model of infection should consider all of these elements. Many different infection models have been developed to explain the complexity of these interactions. This review sheds light on current knowledge, along with the strengths and limitations of in vitro and in vivo models utilized in the study of Salmonella–host–microbiome interactions. These models range from the simplest experiment simulating environmental conditions using dedicated growth media through in vitro interaction with cell lines and 3-D organoid structure, and sophisticated “gut on a chip” systems, ending in various animal models. Finally, the challenges facing this field of research and the important future directions are outlined.
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Hui Q, Ammeter E, Liu S, Yang R, Lu P, Lahaye L, Yang C. Eugenol attenuates inflammatory response and enhances barrier function during lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in the porcine intestinal epithelial cells. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5879378. [PMID: 32735667 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is an essential oil component, possessing antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties; however, the effect of eugenol on porcine gut inflammation has not yet been investigated. In this study, an in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) has been set up. Cells were pretreated with 100 μM (16.42 mg/L) eugenol for 2 h followed by 10 μg/mL LPS stimulation for 6 h. Proinflammatory cytokine secretion; reactive oxygen species; gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines, tight junction proteins, and nutrient transporters; the expression and distribution of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1); transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER); and cell permeability were measured to investigate the effect of eugenol on inflammatory responses and gut barrier function. The results showed that eugenol pretreatment significantly suppressed the LPS-stimulated interleukin-8 level and the mRNA abundance of tumor necrosis factor-α and restored the LPS-stimulated decrease of the mRNA abundance of tight junction proteins, such as ZO-1 and occludin, and the mRNA abundance of nutrient transporters, such as B0 1 system ASC sodium-dependent neutral amino acid exchanger 2, sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1, excitatory amino acid transporter 1, and peptide transporter 1. In addition, eugenol improved the expression and even redistribution of ZO-1 and tended to increase TEER value and maintained the barrier integrity. In conclusion, a low dose of eugenol attenuated inflammatory responses and enhanced selectively permeable barrier function during LPS-induced inflammation in the IPEC-J2 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Hui
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Emily Ammeter
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shangxi Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Runqiang Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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13
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Berri M, Hogan D, Saade G, Roche S, Velge P, Virlogeux-Payant I, Meurens F. IPEC-1 variable immune response to different serovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 220:109989. [PMID: 31841890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family causing various illnesses. The ability of the different serovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica to infect a host and to induce pathology relies in part on their cellular and molecular interactions with the intestinal epithelium. In the current study, an in vitro approach using non-polarized or polarized IPEC-1 porcine intestinal epithelial cells were used in order to assess the relation between adhesion, invasion, and induction of the immune response as a function of the serotype of Salmonella. Five serovars, Choleraesuis (host-adapted), Typhimurium (ubiquitous), Typhisuis (host-restricted), which are relevant for pig infection, and Dublin and Gallinarum, which are host-restricted or host-adapted, were studied. A strong variation was observed in the percentages of adhesion and invasion amongst the S. enterica serovars used to interact with the non-polarized and polarized cells. Subsequently, differences were identified between serovars in terms of immune response induced. Serovars Typhimurium and Typhisuis induced a strong innate immune response four and half hours after the beginning of cell stimulation while Choleraesuis, Gallinarum, and Dublin did not. A strong inflammatory response could limit the spread of the porcine serovars to the gut while, with a weak response, bacteria may not be constrained by the immune response enabling severe systemic diseases. Different repertoires of adhesion factors and of secreted protein effectors between Salmonella serovars interacting with IPEC-1 cells probably explains the differences in their early pathogenic behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Berri
- ISP, INRAE, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Sylvie Roche
- ISP, INRAE, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Philippe Velge
- ISP, INRAE, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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14
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Che D, Zhao B, Fan Y, Han R, Zhang C, Qin G, Adams S, Jiang H. Eleutheroside B increase tight junction proteins and anti-inflammatory cytokines expression in intestinal porcine jejunum epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1174-1184. [PMID: 30990939 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Eleutheroside B (EB) is a phenylpropanoid glycoside with anti-inflammatory properties, neuroprotective abilities, immunomodulatory effects, antinociceptive effects, and regulation of blood glucose. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EB on the barrier function in the intestinal porcine epithelial cells J2 (IPEC-J2). The IPEC-J2 cells were inoculated into 96-well plates at a density of 5 × 103 cells per well for 100% confluence. The cells were cultured in the presence of EB at concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/ml for 48 hr. Then, 0.10 mg/ml was selected as the suitable concentration for the estimation of transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) value, alkaline phosphatase activity, proinflammatory cytokines mRNA expression, tight junction mRNA and protein expression. The results of this study indicated that the supplementation of EB in IPEC-J2 cells decreased cellular membrane permeability and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (INF-γ), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The supplementation of EB in IPEC-J2 cells increased tight junction protein expression and anti-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). In addition, the western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results indicated that EB significantly (p < 0.05) increased the mRNA and protein expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, Claudin-3, Occludin, and Zonula Occludins protein-1 (ZO-1). Therefore, dietary supplementation of EB may increase intestinal barrier function, tight junction protein expression, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and decrease proinflammatory cytokines synthesis in IPEC-J2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Che
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Bao Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yueli Fan
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Han
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Guixin Qin
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Seidu Adams
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hailong Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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15
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Qiu Y, Yang X, Wang L, Gao K, Jiang Z. L-Arginine Inhibited Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress Induced by Lipopolysaccharide via Arginase-1 Signaling in IPEC-J2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071800. [PMID: 30979040 PMCID: PMC6479672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effect of L-arginine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress in IPEC-2 cells. We found that the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), nuclear factor-kappaBp65 (NF-κBp65), chemokine-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and chemokine-6 (IL-6) mRNA were significantly increased by LPS. Exposure to LPS induced oxidative stress as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malonaldehyde (MDA) production were increased while glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were decreased in LPS-treated cells compared to those in the control. LPS administration also effectively induced cell growth inhibition through induction of G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. However, compared with the LPS group, cells co-treatment with L-arginine effectively increased cell viability and promoted the cell cycle into the S phase; L-arginine exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect in alleviating inflammation induced by LPS by reducing the abundance of TLR4, MyD88, CD14, NF-κBp65, and IL-8 transcripts. Cells treated with LPS+L-arginine significantly enhanced the content of GSH-Px, while they decreased the production of ROS and MDA compared with the LPS group. Furthermore, L-arginine increased the activity of arginase-1 (Arg-1), while Arg-1 inhibitor abolished the protection of arginine against LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. Taken together, these results suggested that L-arginine exerted its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects to protect IPEC-J2 cells from inflammatory response and oxidative stress challenged by LPS at least partly via the Arg-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xuefen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Kaiguo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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16
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Abstract
Models have been extensively used to investigate disease pathogenesis. Animal models are costly, require extensive logistics for animal care, and samples are not always suitable for different analytical techniques or to answer the research question. In vitro cell culture models are generally focused on recreating a specific characteristic of an organ, and are limited to a single cell population that does not display the characteristic tissue architecture of the source organ. In addition, such models do not account for the many interactions between pathogens and the diverse cell subsets that are normally present in a given organ. Conclusions based on conventional 2D cell culture methods are limited, requiring extrapolation from a reductionist model to understand in vivo events. In vitro organ culture (IVOC) offers a way to overcome some of these limitations. Explants conserve important in vivo characteristics, such as different cell types and complex tissue architecture. This in vitro (ex vivo) organ culture protocol of the swine large intestine aims at maintaining viable colonic mucosa for up to 5 days. The protocol described herein applies a combination of methods used for immortalized cell culture and stem cell stimulation to support the physiological cellular flow inherent of the intestinal mucosa. Required equipment includes a hyperoxic chamber and culture at the air-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus O Costa
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. .,Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Janet E Hill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michael K Dame
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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17
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Fang M, Yang Y, Wang N, Wang A, He Y, Wang J, Jiang Y, Deng Z. Genome-wide analysis of long non-coding RNA expression profile in porcine circovirus 2-infected intestinal porcine epithelial cell line by RNA sequencing. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6577. [PMID: 30863688 PMCID: PMC6408913 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), which is induced by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), is responsible for severe economic losses. Recently, the role of noncoding RNAs, and in particular microRNAs, in PCV2 infection has received great attention. However, the role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in PCV2 infection is unclear. Here, for the first time, we describe the expression profiles of lncRNAs in an intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) after PCV2 infection, and analyze the features of differently expressed lncRNAs and their potential target genes. After strict filtering of approximately 150 million reads, we identified 13,520 lncRNAs, including 199 lncRNAs that were differentially expressed in non-infected and PCV2-infected cells. Furthermore, trans analysis found lncRNA-regulated target genes enriched for specific Gene Ontology terms (P < 0.05), such as DNA binding, RNA binding, and transcription factor activity, which are closely associated with PCV2 infection. In addition, we analyzed the predicted target genes of differentially expressed lncRNAs, including SOD2, TNFAIP3, and ARG1, all of which are involved in infectious diseases. Our study identifies many candidate lncRNAs involved in PCV2 infection and provides new insight into the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PCVAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxin Fang
- Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Naidong Wang
- Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Aibing Wang
- Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanfeng He
- Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaoshun Wang
- Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - You Jiang
- Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhibang Deng
- Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Changsha, Hunan, China
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18
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Leite FL, Vasquez E, Gebhart CJ, Isaacson RE. The effects of Lawsonia intracellularis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and co-infection on IL-8 and TNFα expression in IPEC-J2 cells. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:76-79. [PMID: 30955828 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is among the most important enteric pathogens of swine and has been shown to be a risk factor for increased Salmonella enterica shedding. S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, in addition to being a significant pathogen of swine, also remains one of the most common causes of foodborne illness worldwide. Inflammation and the expression of IL8 and TNFα are an important process in the establishment of S. Typhimurium infection. Yet the effect of L. intracellularis on the expression of these cytokines by enterocytes, the niche both pathogens occupy during infection, is poorly understood. In this study we compared cytokine gene expression between singly and dually infected IPEC-J2 cells, a non-transformed porcine enterocyte cell line. Our results show that L. intracellularis leads to increased expression of IL8 and TNFα and has an additive effect on their expression in co-infection. The increase in expression of inflammatory cytokines may be one mechanism by which L. intracellularis favors S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando L Leite
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA.
| | - Erika Vasquez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA.
| | - Connie J Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA.
| | - Richard E Isaacson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA.
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19
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Pearce SC, Coia HG, Karl JP, Pantoja-Feliciano IG, Zachos NC, Racicot K. Intestinal in vitro and ex vivo Models to Study Host-Microbiome Interactions and Acute Stressors. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1584. [PMID: 30483150 PMCID: PMC6240795 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is extremely important for maintaining homeostasis with host intestinal epithelial, neuronal, and immune cells and this host-microbe interaction is critical during times of stress or disease. Environmental, nutritional, and cognitive stress are just a few factors known to influence the gut microbiota and are thought to induce microbial dysbiosis. Research on this bidirectional relationship as it pertains to health and disease is extensive and rapidly expanding in both in vivo and in vitro/ex vivo models. However, far less work has been devoted to studying effects of host-microbe interactions on acute stressors and performance, the underlying mechanisms, and the modulatory effects of different stressors on both the host and the microbiome. Additionally, the use of in vitro/ex vivo models to study the gut microbiome and human performance has not been researched extensively nor reviewed. Therefore, this review aims to examine current evidence concerning the current status of in vitro and ex vivo host models, the impact of acute stressors on gut physiology/microbiota as well as potential impacts on human performance and how we can parlay this information for DoD relevance as well as the broader scientific community. Models reviewed include widely utilized intestinal cell models from human and animal models that have been applied in the past for stress or microbiology research as well as ex vivo organ/tissue culture models and new innovative models including organ-on-a-chip and co-culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Pearce
- Performance Nutrition Team, Combat Feeding Directorate, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Heidi G Coia
- National Research Council, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC, United States.,711th Human Performance Wing, Airforce Research Laboratory, Airman Systems Directorate, Human-Centered ISR Division, Molecular Mechanisms Branch, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - J P Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Ida G Pantoja-Feliciano
- Soldier Protection and Optimization Directorate, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kenneth Racicot
- Performance Nutrition Team, Combat Feeding Directorate, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
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20
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Pajarillo EAB, Kim SH, Valeriano VD, Lee JY, Kang DK. Proteomic View of the Crosstalk between Lactobacillus mucosae and Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Co-culture Revealed by Q Exactive-Based Quantitative Proteomics. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2459. [PMID: 29312173 PMCID: PMC5732961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli are bacteria that are beneficial to host health, but information on communication between Lactobacilli and host cells in the intestine is lacking. In this study, we examined the proteomes of the Lactobacillus mucosae strain LM1, as a model of beneficial bacteria, and the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) after co-culture. Label-free proteomics demonstrated the high-throughput capability of the technique, and robust characterization of the functional profiles and changes in the bacteria and intestinal cells was achieved in pure and mixed cultures. After co-culture, we identified totals of 376 and 653 differentially expressed proteins in the LM1 and IPEC-J2 proteomes, respectively. The major proteomic changes in the LM1 strain occurred in the functional categories of transcription, general function, and translation, whereas those in IPEC-J2 cells involved metabolic and cellular processes, and cellular component organization/biogenesis. Among them, elongation factor Tu, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphocarrier protein HPr, which are known to be involved in bacterial adhesion, were upregulated in LM1. In contrast, proteins involved in tight junction assembly, actin organization, and genetic information processing (i.e., histones and signaling pathways) were significantly upregulated in IPEC-J2 cells. Furthermore, we identified functional pathways that are possibly involved in host–microbe crosstalk and response. These findings will provide novel insights into host–bacteria communication and the molecular mechanism of probiotic establishment in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | | | - Ji Yoon Lee
- National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae-Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
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21
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Roselli M, Pieper R, Rogel-Gaillard C, de Vries H, Bailey M, Smidt H, Lauridsen C. Immunomodulating effects of probiotics for microbiota modulation, gut health and disease resistance in pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Kong W, Huang C, Tang Y, Zhang D, Wu Z, Chen X. Effect of Bacillus subtilis on Aeromonas hydrophila-induced intestinal mucosal barrier function damage and inflammation in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Sci Rep 2017; 7:1588. [PMID: 28484272 PMCID: PMC5431481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study explored the effect of oral intubation of Bacillus subtilis on Aeromonas hydrophila-induced intestinal mucosal barrier function damage and inflammation in grass carp. The mid-intestine mucosal tissue was collected for ATPase activity measurement. Intestinal mucosa was also ultrastructurally examined with transmission electron microscope (TEM), and its permeability was determined using Evans blue (EB) and D-lactic acid. The mid-intestine pro-inflammation cytokine, MyD88 and tight junction (TJ) protein mRNA expression levels were measured using real-time quantitative PCR. The results revealed that B. subtilis was found to prevent the decrease in the activity of Na+, K+-ATPase and Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase, as well as the increase in EB and D-lactic acid concentration and inflammation induced by A. hydrophila in grass carp. Compared with A. hydrophila groups, B. subtilis safeguarded the integrity of intestinal villi and tight junction structure and restrained A. hydrophila-induced down-regulation of TJ proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. B. subtilis also restrained up-regulation of TJ protein claudin b, pro-inflammation cytokine tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), cytokine interleukin 8 (IL-8), IL-1β, and adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) mRNA levels. Thus, oral intubation of B. subtilis could reduce A. hydrophila-induced intestinal mucosal barrier function damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Kong
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Can Huang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ding Zhang
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhixin Wu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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23
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Ayllón N, Jiménez-Marín Á, Argüello H, Zaldívar-López S, Villar M, Aguilar C, Moreno A, De La Fuente J, Garrido JJ. Comparative Proteomics Reveals Differences in Host-Pathogen Interaction between Infectious and Commensal Relationship with Campylobacter jejuni. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:145. [PMID: 28491823 PMCID: PMC5405767 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading food-borne poisoning in industrialized countries. While the bacteria causes disease in humans, it merely colonizes the gut in poultry or pigs, where seems to establish a commensal relationship. Until now, few studies have been conducted to elucidate the relationship between C. jejuni and its different hosts. In this work, a comparative proteomics approach was used to identify the underlying mechanisms involved in the divergent outcome following C. jejuni infection in human and porcine host. Human (INT-407) and porcine (IPEC-1) intestinal cell lines were infected by C. jejuni for 3 h (T3h) and 24 h (T24h). C. jejuni infection prompted an intense inflammatory response at T3h in human intestinal cells, mainly characterized by expression of proteins involved in cell spreading, cell migration and promotion of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Proteomic analysis evidenced significantly regulated biofunctions in human cells related with engulfment and endocytosis, and supported by canonical pathways associated to infection such as caveolar- and clathrin-mediated endocytosis signaling. In porcine IPEC-1 cells, inflammatory response as well as signaling pathways that control cellular functions such as cell migration, endocytosis and cell cycle progression resulted downregulated. These differences in the host response to infection were supported by the different pattern of adhesion and invasion proteins expressed by C. jejuni in human and porcine cells. No marked differences in expression of virulence factors involved in adaptive response and iron acquisition functions were observed. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that both host and pathogen factors are responsible for commensal or infectious character of C. jejuni in different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Ayllón
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM)Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jiménez-Marín
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de CórdobaCórdoba, Spain
| | - Héctor Argüello
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de CórdobaCórdoba, Spain
| | - Sara Zaldívar-López
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de CórdobaCórdoba, Spain
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM)Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de CórdobaCórdoba, Spain
| | - Angela Moreno
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de CórdobaCórdoba, Spain
| | - José De La Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM)Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OK, USA
| | - Juan J. Garrido
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de CórdobaCórdoba, Spain
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Barba-Vidal E, Roll VFB, Castillejos L, Guerra-Ordaz AA, Manteca X, Mallo JJ, Martín-Orúe SM. Response to a Salmonella Typhimurium challenge in piglets supplemented with protected sodium butyrate or Bacillus licheniformis: effects on performance, intestinal health and behavior ,2. Transl Anim Sci 2017; 1:186-200. [PMID: 32704642 PMCID: PMC7250421 DOI: 10.2527/tas2017.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is one of the worldwide leading causes of food-borne illnesses for which the inclusion of probiotics or organic acids in animal feeds can be useful control methods. Experimental models are utilized to test the efficacy of strategies against pathogens, but they exhibit limitations which may preclude finding sensible evaluation parameters. The objective of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of 2 different feed additives; a Bacillus licheniformis based probiotic and a protected sodium butyrate (SB) salt, using an experimental model of salmonellosis and, second, to explore if behavior analysis can be used as a sensible evaluation tool for additives evaluation. A total of 78 piglets weaned at 24 d, 8.3 kg BW, were used. Seventy-two were placed in 3 rooms of 8 pens (3 animals/pen) with evenly distributed treatments (n = 8): CON, control group with plain diet; PRO, plain diet with 1 kg/t of Proporc (109 cfu of B. licheniformis/kg of feed), and BUT, plain diet with 3 kg/t of Gustor BP70 (2.1 g of partially protected SB salt/kg of feed). Remaining piglets (n = 6) were separated and used as a challenge negative control. The experiment lasted 16 d. After 1 wk of adaptation, animals were challenged with 5 × 108 cfu of Salmonella Typhimurium. One pig per pen was euthanized and sampled at d 4 and 8 post-inoculation (PI). There were no significant differences among treatments for ADFI, ADG, G:F, rectal temperature, fecal consistency, pH, ammonia, short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid concentrations, cytokine TNF-α, Pig-MAP acute-phase proteins and histological parameters. However, both products were equally able to reduce colonization and shedding of Salmonella (P = 0.016 for PRO and BUT vs. CON). In addition, PRO treatment had a positive effect on behavioral displays, particularly exploring (P < 0.05 vs. CON), feeding (P < 0.05 vs. CON and BUT) and other active behaviors (P < 0.05 vs. CON and BUT) in the morning period (0830 to 1030 h). In the afternoon (1400 to 1600 h), the challenge effect was most significant. Pigs were less active after the challenge (P < 0.001), with a decrease in positive contacts (P = 0.004), exploration (P < 0.001) and feeding behaviors (P < 0.001) on d 3 PI, in comparison with before the challenge. Accordingly, many lying conducts increased at d 3 PI (P < 0.05). In conclusion, both treatments had positive effects against Salmonella, and behavior analysis appears to be a sensible tool to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Barba-Vidal
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
| | - V F B Roll
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy Eliseu Maciel, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, 96010-900 RS, Brazil- Grant holder from CNPQ Brazil
| | - L Castillejos
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
| | - A A Guerra-Ordaz
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
| | - X Manteca
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
| | - J J Mallo
- Norel SA, Jesús Aprendiz, 19, 1°A, Madrid 28007 Spain
| | - S M Martín-Orúe
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
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Protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on epithelial barrier disruption caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 172:55-63. [PMID: 27032504 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) play an important role in maintaining the mucosal barrier function and gastrointestinal health of animals. Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) was reported to protect the intestinal barrier function of early-weaned piglets against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 challenge; however, the underlying cellular mechanism of this protection was unclear. Here, an established intestinal porcine epithelia cell (IPEC-J2) model was used to investigate the protective effects and related mechanisms of L. plantarum on epithelial barrier damages induced by ETEC K88. Epithelial permeability, expression of inflammatory cytokines, and abundance of TJ proteins, were determined. Pre-treatment with L. plantarum for 6h prevented the reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) (P<0.05), inhibited the increased transcript abundances of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) (P<0.05), decreased expression of claudin-1, occludin and zonula occludens (ZO-1) (P<0.05) and protein expression of occludin (P<0.05) of IPEC-J2 cells caused by ETEC K88. Moreover, the mRNA expression of negative regulators of toll-like receptors (TLRs) [single Ig Il-1-related receptor (SIGIRR), B-cell CLL/lymphoma 3 (Bcl3), and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1)] in IPEC-J2 cells pre-treated with L. plantarum were higher (P<0.05) compared with those in cells just exposed to K88. Furthermore, L. plantarum was shown to regulate proteins of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. These results indicated that L. plantarum may improve epithelial barrier function by maintenance of TEER, inhibiting the reduction of TJ proteins, and reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines induced by ETEC K88, possibly through modulation of TLRs, NF-κB and MAPK pathways.
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Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 modulates epithelial integrity, heat shock protein, and proinflammatory cytokine response in intestinal cells. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:304149. [PMID: 25948884 PMCID: PMC4408629 DOI: 10.1155/2015/304149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have shown positive effects on gastrointestinal diseases; they have barrier-modulating effects and change the inflammatory response towards pathogens in studies in vitro. The aim of this investigation has been to examine the response of intestinal epithelial cells to Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 (E. faecium), a probiotic positively affecting diarrhea incidence in piglets, and two pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains, with specific focus on the probiotic modulation of the response to the pathogenic challenge. Porcine (IPEC-J2) and human (Caco-2) intestinal cells were incubated without bacteria (control), with E. faecium, with enteropathogenic (EPEC) or enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) each alone or in combination with E. faecium. The ETEC strain decreased transepithelial resistance (TER) and increased IL-8 mRNA and protein expression in both cell lines compared with control cells, an effect that could be prevented by pre- and coincubation with E. faecium. Similar effects were observed for the increased expression of heat shock protein 70 in Caco-2 cells. When the cells were challenged by the EPEC strain, no such pattern of changes could be observed. The reduced decrease in TER and the reduction of the proinflammatory and stress response of enterocytes following pathogenic challenge indicate the protective effect of the probiotic.
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Lodemann U, Strahlendorf J, Schierack P, Klingspor S, Aschenbach JR, Martens H. Effects of the Probiotic Enterococcus faecium and Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains in a Pig and Human Epithelial Intestinal Cell Model. SCIENTIFICA 2015; 2015:235184. [PMID: 25883829 PMCID: PMC4391159 DOI: 10.1155/2015/235184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study has been to elucidate the effect of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 on epithelial integrity in intestinal epithelial cells and whether pre- and coincubation with this strain can reproducibly prevent damage induced by enterotoxigenic (ETEC) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Porcine (IPEC-J2) and human (Caco-2) intestinal epithelial cells were incubated with bacterial strains and epithelial integrity was assessed by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and mannitol flux rates. E. faecium alone increased TEER of Caco-2 cells without affecting mannitol fluxes whereas the E. coli strains decreased TEER and concomitantly increased mannitol flux rates in both cell lines. Preincubation with E. faecium had no effect on the TEER decrease induced by E. coli in preliminary experiments. However, in a second set of experiments using a slightly different protocol, E. faecium ameliorated the TEER decrease induced by ETEC at 4 h in IPEC-J2 and at 2, 4, and 6 h in Caco-2 cells. We conclude that E. faecium positively affected epithelial integrity in monoinfected Caco-2 cells and could ameliorate the damage on TEER induced by an ETEC strain. Reproducibility of the results is, however, limited when experiments are performed with living bacteria over longer periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Lodemann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Strahlendorf
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Schierack
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Shanti Klingspor
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg R. Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Martens
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Aguilar C, Jiménez-Marín Á, Martins RP, Garrido JJ. Interaction between Campylobacter and intestinal epithelial cells leads to a different proinflammatory response in human and porcine host. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 162:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Farkas O, Mátis G, Pászti-Gere E, Palócz O, Kulcsár A, Petrilla J, Csikó G, Neogrády Z, Gálfi P. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum 2142 and sodium n-butyrate in lipopolysaccharide-triggered inflammation: comparison of a porcine intestinal epithelial cell line and primary hepatocyte monocultures with a porcine enterohepatic co-culture system. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3835-45. [PMID: 24987069 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was based on our previously developed double-layered enterohepatic co-culture system, composed of nontumorigenic porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) and primary culture of porcine hepatocytes. The anti-inflammatory effect of spent culture supernatant of Lactobacillus plantarum 2142 (Lp2142; 13.3%) and sodium n-butyrate (2 mM) was tested on IPEC-J2 and hepatocyte monocultures as well as on the gut-liver co-culture. To mimic inflammation, lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 and 10 μg/mL) was applied. Production of IL-8 and IL-6 was measured as a marker of inflammatory responses. The paracellular permeability of the intestinal epithelium was also monitored by fluoresceinisothiocyanate-labeled dextran 4 assay. Significant increase of IL-8 concentration was observed in the IPEC-J2 monoculture (P < 0.01) while the level of IL-6 was not changed following LPS treatment. Concentration of IL-8 and IL-6 was grown significantly in hepatocyte monocultures (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) as well as in the co-culture after 10 μg/mL LPS treatment (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001). One microgram per milliliter LPS caused elevated IL-8 level in the co-culture (P < 0.001) and in the hepatocyte monoculture (P < 0.01), while it caused increased IL-6 level only in the hepatocytes (P < 0.001). Production of IL-8 was significantly decreased by butyrate in case of 1 μg/mL as well as 10 μg/mL LPS exposure in the co-culture (P < 0.001). Application of butyrate also reduced IL-6 level in the co-culture after 10 μg/mL LPS treatment (P < 0.01). Lactobacillus plantarum 2142 decreased IL-8 level after incubation with 1 μg/mL LPS (P < 0.001), while in case of 10 μg/mL LPS treatment only a marginal lowering in IL-8 (P = 0.064) release was measured. The IL-6 concentration was significantly reduced (P < 0.01 in case of 1 μg/mL LPS treatment) by Lp2142 in the co-culture. Contrarily, the elevated IL-8 and IL-6 level of hepatocytes has not been reduced in case of either butyrate or Lp2142 addition. The enterohepatic co-culture model offers a possibility for fast and reliable screening of new candidates against enteric inflammation, which are of special interest in porcine medicine and health management. According to our results, Lp2142 and butyrate both seem to be effective as anti-inflammatory agents in LPS-triggered inflammatory response, tested in the gut-liver co-culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Farkas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Szent István University, István u. 2, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - G Mátis
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Szent István University; István u. 2, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - E Pászti-Gere
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Szent István University, István u. 2, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - O Palócz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Szent István University, István u. 2, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - A Kulcsár
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Szent István University; István u. 2, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - J Petrilla
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Szent István University; István u. 2, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Gy Csikó
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Szent István University, István u. 2, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Zs Neogrády
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Szent István University; István u. 2, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - P Gálfi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Szent István University, István u. 2, Budapest 1078, Hungary
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Brosnahan AJ, Jones BJ, Dvorak CM, Brown DR. Morphine attenuates apically-directed cytokine secretion from intestinal epithelial cells in response to enteric pathogens. Pathogens 2014; 3:249-57. [PMID: 25437799 PMCID: PMC4243445 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells represent the first line of host immune defense at mucosal surfaces. Although opioids appear to increase host susceptibility to infection, no studies have examined opioid effects on epithelial immune functions. We tested the hypothesis that morphine alters vectorial cytokine secretion from intestinal epithelial cell (IPEC-J2) monolayers in response to enteropathogens. Both entero-adherent Escherichia coli O157:H7 and entero-invasive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium increased apically-directed IL-6 secretion and bi-directional IL-8 secretion from epithelial monolayers, but only IL-6 secretion evoked by E. coli was reduced by morphine acting through a naloxone-sensitive mechanism. Moreover, the respective type 4 and 5 Toll-like receptor agonists, lipopolysaccharide and flagellin, increased IL-8 secretion from monolayers, which was also attenuated by morphine pretreatment. These results suggest that morphine decreases cytokine secretion and potentially phagocyte migration and activation directed towards the mucosal surface; actions that could increase host susceptibility to some enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Brosnahan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108-6010, USA.
| | - Bryan J Jones
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108-6010, USA.
| | - Cheryl M Dvorak
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108-6010, USA.
| | - David R Brown
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108-6010, USA.
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Brosnahan AJ, Brown DR. Porcine IPEC-J2 intestinal epithelial cells in microbiological investigations. Vet Microbiol 2011; 156:229-37. [PMID: 22074860 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
IPEC-J2 cells are porcine intestinal columnar epithelial cells that were isolated from neonatal piglet mid-jejunum. This cell line forms polarized monolayers with high transepithelial electrical resistance when cultured on 0.4 μm pore-size filters. The cell line is unique in that it is derived from small intestinal tissue (compared to the common human colon-derived lines HT-29, T84, and Caco-2) and is not transformed (compared to the porcine small intestinal line, IPI-2I). Porcine intestinal epithelial cells more closely mimic human physiology than analogous rodent cell lines (e.g. IEC-6 or IEC-18), which is important in studies of zoonotic infections; in addition, they provide specificity to study porcine-derived infections. IPEC-J2 cells are increasingly being used in microbiological studies to examine the interactions of various animal and human pathogens, including Salmonella enterica and pathogenic Escherichia coli, with intestinal epithelial cells. The IPEC-J2 cell line has also been employed in some probiotic studies, in which the cells have been used as an initial screening tool for adhesiveness and anti-inflammatory properties of the potential probiotic microorganisms. The validity of these studies is not clear as follow-up studies to assess the efficacy of the probiotics in vivo have not been published to date. The aims of this review are to provide a comprehensive overview of the microbiological studies that have been conducted with IPEC-J2 cells and a reference guide of key cellular and immune markers that have been identified in this cell line that may prove to be useful in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Brosnahan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, 295 Animal Science/Veterinary Medicine, 1988 Fitch Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Geens MM, Niewold TA. Optimizing culture conditions of a porcine epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 through a histological and physiological characterization. Cytotechnology 2011; 63:415-23. [PMID: 21626283 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The high similarity between pigs and humans makes pigs a good gastrointestinal (GI) model for humans. Recently an epithelial cell line originating from the jejunum of pig (IPEC-J2) became available. Once validated, this model can be used to investigate the complex interactions occurring in the intestine. The advantages of using IPEC-J2 as in vitro model of the GI tract are the high resemblance between humans and pigs, and the ease of extrapolating in vitro to in vivo characteristics. In this study, the IPEC-J2 cells were functionally characterized by measuring the trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and by histological and ultrastructural studies. IPEC-J2 cells grown on six different permeable support systems, were investigated. The Transwell(®)-COL collagen-coated membrane (1.12 cm(2)) showed the best results concerning time efficiency and TEER values. The optimum seeding density of 12 × 10(5) cells/mL ensured that after 9 days of differentiation a confluent monolayer was formed. The decrease in TEER values after a maximum had been reached, coincided with the ultrastructural development of apical microvilli. We conclude that IPEC-J2 cells grown on collagen-coated membranes represent a valuable in vitro model system for the small intestinal epithelium which can be of great interest for intestinal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa M Geens
- Division of Livestock-Nutrition-Quality, Department of Biosystems, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30-bus 2456, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium,
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Devriendt B, Stuyven E, Verdonck F, Goddeeris BM, Cox E. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88) induce proinflammatory responses in porcine intestinal epithelial cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:1175-1182. [PMID: 20600278 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Infections with F4(+) enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes severe diarrhoea in piglets, resulting in morbidity and mortality. F4 fimbriae are the key virulence factors mediating the attachment of F4(+) ETEC to the intestinal epithelium. Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) are recently being recognized as important regulators of the intestinal immune system through the secretion of cytokines, however, data on how F4(+) ETEC affect this cytokine secretion are scarce. By using ETEC strains expressing either polymeric, monomeric or F4 fimbriae with a reduced polymeric stability, we demonstrated that polymeric fimbriae are essential for adhesion to porcine IEC and the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by IEC. Remarkably, this cytokine secretion was not abrogated following stimulation with an F4-negative strain. Since this strain expresses flagellin, TLR5 mediated signalling could be involved. Indeed, porcine IEC express TLR5 and purified flagellin induced IL-6 and IL-8 secretion, indicating that, as for other pathogens, flagellin is the dominant virulence factor involved in the induction of proinflammatory responses in IEC. These results indicate a potential mucosal adjuvant capacity of ETEC-derived flagellin and may improve rational vaccine design against F4(+) ETEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Tuggle CK, Bearson SMD, Uthe JJ, Huang TH, Couture OP, Wang YF, Kuhar D, Lunney JK, Honavar V. Methods for transcriptomic analyses of the porcine host immune response: application to Salmonella infection using microarrays. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 138:280-91. [PMID: 21036404 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Technological developments in both the collection and analysis of molecular genetic data over the past few years have provided new opportunities for an improved understanding of the global response to pathogen exposure. Such developments are particularly dramatic for scientists studying the pig, where tools to measure the expression of tens of thousands of transcripts, as well as unprecedented data on the porcine genome sequence, have combined to expand our abilities to elucidate the porcine immune system. In this review, we describe these recent developments in the context of our work using primarily microarrays to explore gene expression changes during infection of pigs by Salmonella. Thus while the focus is not a comprehensive review of all possible approaches, we provide links and information on both the tools we use as well as alternatives commonly available for transcriptomic data collection and analysis of porcine immune responses. Through this review, we expect readers will gain an appreciation for the necessary steps to plan, conduct, analyze and interpret the data from transcriptomic analyses directly applicable to their research interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Tuggle
- Department of Animal Science, and Center for Integrated Animal Genomics, 2255 Kildee Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, United States.
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Liu F, Li G, Wen K, Bui T, Cao D, Zhang Y, Yuan L. Porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) of rotavirus infection as a new model for the study of innate immune responses to rotaviruses and probiotics. Viral Immunol 2010; 23:135-49. [PMID: 20373994 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2009.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of epithelial immune responses to rotavirus infection have been conducted in transformed cell lines. In this study, we evaluated a non-transformed porcine jejunum epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) as an in-vitro model of rotavirus infection and probiotic treatment. Cell-culture-adapted porcine rotavirus (PRV) OSU strain, or human rotavirus (HRV) Wa strain, along with Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) or Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) were used to inoculate IPEC-J2 cells. LA or LGG treatment was applied pre- or post-rotavirus infection. We demonstrated that IPEC-J2 cells were productively infected by PRV. LA or LGG treatment of the cells did not reduce virus replication. PRV infection increased MUC3 mucin secretion. LGG treatment post-rotavirus infection reduced the mucin secretion response induced by PRV; LGG alone increased the production of membrane-associated MUC3 mucin. LA treatment prior to rotavirus infection significantly increased PRV replication and the IL-6 response to PRV infection, which is consistent with the adjuvant effect of LA. LGG treatment post-rotavirus infection downregulated the IL-6 response, confirming the anti-inflammatory effect of LGG. IPEC-J2 cells expressed toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR3, and TLR9 constitutively. TLR2 expression was upregulated by LGG and peptidoglycan, corresponding to the decreased IL-6 response, indicating that the protective effect of LGG is associated with upregulation of TLR2 expression on intestinal epithelial cells. The IPEC-J2 cell model of PRV infection is a completely homologous system. It is a valuable model for studying the interactions among rotavirus-host-probiotics, and the mechanisms behind the immunomodulating effect of probiotic bacteria on innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangning Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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del Rio B, Seegers JFML, Gomes-Solecki M. Immune response to Lactobacillus plantarum expressing Borrelia burgdorferi OspA is modulated by the lipid modification of the antigen. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11199. [PMID: 20585451 PMCID: PMC2887847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past decade there has been increasing interest in the use of lactic acid bacteria as mucosal delivery vehicles for vaccine antigens, microbicides and therapeutics. We investigated the mechanism by which a mucosal vaccine based in recombinant lactic acid bacteria breaks the immunological tolerance of the gut in order to elicit a protective immune response. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analyzed how the lipid modification of OspA affects the localization of the antigen in our delivery vehicle using a number of biochemistry techniques. Furthermore, we examined how OspA-expressing L. plantarum breaks the oral tolerance of the gut by stimulating human intestinal epithelial cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocyte derived dendritic cells and measuring cytokine production. We show that the leader peptide of OspA targets the protein to the cell envelope of L. plantarum, and it is responsible for protein export across the membrane. Mutation of the lipidation site in OspA redirects protein localization within the cell envelope. Further, we show that lipidated-OspA-expressing L. plantarum does not induce secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 by intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, it breaks oral tolerance of the gut via Th1/Th2 cell mediated immunity, as shown by the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by human dendritic cells, and by the production of IgG2a and IgG1 antibodies, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Lipid modification of OspA expressed in L. plantarum modulates the immune response to this antigen through a Th1/Th2 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz del Rio
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Maria Gomes-Solecki
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Biopeptides Corp., Valhalla, New York, and Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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Bridger PS, Mohr M, Stamm I, Fröhlich J, Föllmann W, Birkner S, Metcalfe H, Werling D, Baljer G, Menge C. Primary bovine colonic cells: a model to study strain-specific responses to Escherichia coli. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 137:54-63. [PMID: 20471109 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic or commensal lifestyle of bacteria in different hosts depends on specific molecular interactions with the respective host species. In vitro models to study intestinal bacteria-host interactions in cattle are not available. Bovine primary colonocyte (PC) cultures were generated from colon crypt explants. Up to day 4 of culture, the vast majority of cells were of epithelial phenotype (i.e., expressed cytokeratin but not vimentin). PCs harboured mRNA specific for Toll-like receptors (TLR) 1, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR6 but not for TLR2, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9 and TLR10. Six hours after inoculation of PC cultures with Escherichia coli (E. coli) prototype strains representing different pathovars (enterohaemorrhagic E. coli [EHEC], enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC], enterotoxic E. coli [ETEC]), bacteria were found attached to the cells. EPEC adhesion was accompanied by intracellular actin accumulation. An attenuated laboratory strain (E. coli K12 C600) and a bovine commensal E. coli strain (P391) both did not adhere. Bacterial or LPS challenge of PC cultures resulted in specific increases in mRNA transcripts for IL-8, GRO-alpha, MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-10. The level of mRNA transcripts for TGF-beta stayed constant, while IL-12 mRNA was not detectable. Short-term cultures of PCs, maintaining epithelial cell properties, interacted with commensal and pathogenic bacteria in a strain-specific manner and have proven to be a useful in vitro model to study the interaction of bacteria with the bovine intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Simon Bridger
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Arce C, Ramírez-Boo M, Lucena C, Garrido J. Innate immune activation of swine intestinal epithelial cell lines (IPEC-J2 and IPI-2I) in response to LPS from Salmonella typhimurium. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 33:161-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Aperce CC, Burkey TE, KuKanich B, Crozier-Dodson BA, Dritz SS, Minton JE. Interaction of Bacillus species and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in immune or inflammatory signaling from swine intestinal epithelial cells. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:1649-56. [PMID: 20081082 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research evaluated a laboratory strain of Bacillus licheniformis (BL) in a model swine epithelium and found it exerted antiinflammatory effects on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Sal)-induced secretion of IL-8. The current investigation evaluated the antiinflammatory actions of Bacillus bacteria available commercially as feed additives for the swine industry. Three isolates were obtained from the product, 2 Bacillus subtilis (BS1 and BS3) and 1 BL (BL2). Swine jejunal epithelial IPEC-J2 cells were seeded into wells on permeable membrane supports and allowed to form confluent monolayers. Treatments included apical pretreatment with BL, BS1, BL2, or BS3 for 17 h without Sal, and the same Bacillus treatments but with 10(8) cfu of Sal added in the final hour of Bacillus incubation. Two additional treatments included negative control wells receiving no bacteria (control) and positive control wells receiving only Sal (10 total treatments). After bacterial incubation, wells were washed and fresh medium containing gentamicin was added. Cells were incubated for an additional 5 h, after which apical and basolateral media were recovered for determination of IL-8 and bacitracin. In addition, inserts with epithelial cells that had received Sal were lysed and lysates were cultured to determine treatment effects on Sal invasion. Exposure to Sal alone provoked an increase in IL-8 secretion from IPEC-J2 cells compared with control wells (P < 0.001 for both the apical and basolateral directions). Pretreatment with each Bacillus isolate followed by challenge with Sal reduced Sal-induced IL-8 secretion in both the apical and basolateral compartments compared with wells receiving only Sal (P < 0.001; except for BS3 apical, P < 0.01). The residual presence of bacitracin could be detected only in BL2 and BL2+Sal. Fewer Sal colonies could be cultured from lysates of BL2+Sal than from the Sal, BS1+Sal, and BS3+Sal treatments (P < 0.001). Results indicate that B. subtilis and BL have the ability to intervene in secretion of the neutrophil chemoattractant IL-8 from swine intestinal epithelial cells. This effect on chemokine secretion by gastrointestinal epithelial cells in vitro could not be explained solely by reduced invasion of epithelial cells by Sal.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Aperce
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-0201, USA
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Mariani V, Palermo S, Fiorentini S, Lanubile A, Giuffra E. Gene expression study of two widely used pig intestinal epithelial cell lines: IPEC-J2 and IPI-2I. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 131:278-84. [PMID: 19446887 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) play an important role in the immune system of swine, protecting against infectious and non-infectious environmental insults. The IEC participate in the innate immune response of the intestine through different mechanisms such as barrier function, mucus secretion, antibacterial peptide synthesis and participation in the cytokine/chemokine networks. Most of the current knowledge of intestinal cell functions has come from studies conducted on cell cultures generated from human cancers or from classical animal models. However, because the molecular and cellular elements of the immune system have been selected over evolutionary time in response to the species-specific environment, models of immune function based on mouse and human need to be applied cautiously in pig. Few models of swine small intestine epithelium exist and these are poorly characterised. In the present study we characterised the basal expression of epithelial and immune-related genes of two pig small intestine cell lines, IPEC-J2 and IPI-2I, under different culture conditions. These data represent essential background information for future studies on pig-intestinal pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mariani
- Parco Tecnologico Padano-CERSA-Centro Ricerche e Studi Agroalimentari, Lodi, Italy.
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Burkey TE, Skjolaas KA, Dritz SS, Minton JE. Expression of porcine Toll-like receptor 2, 4 and 9 gene transcripts in the presence of lipopolysaccharide and Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Choleraesuis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 130:96-101. [PMID: 19200608 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) and Choleraesuis (SC) are among the most frequently isolated salmonellae serovars causing enteric disease in swine. Enteric disease in young pigs is of major concern in modern production systems due to the negative implications on animal health, food safety and economic return. Epithelial cells express Toll-like receptors (TLR) that recognize conserved microbial structures and act as mediators of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, little is known about the expression of TLR gene transcripts in swine. The objective of the current study was to characterize the relative abundance of porcine TLR2, 4 and 9 gene transcripts in vitro in a porcine jejunal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) and in porcine mononuclear phagocytes (pMP) in the presence of ST or SC, as well as in vivo in the distal ileum of pigs orally challenged with ST. Our results indicate that TLR2, 4 and 9 are constitutively expressed in vitro in IPEC-J2 cells and pMP and in vivo in the distal ileum. Additionally, transient modulation of porcine TLR was observed in vitro and in vivo in the presence of ST and SC. Further investigation is warranted to determine the effects of ST and SC on functional TLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Burkey
- Animal Science Department, University of Nebraska, C206F Animal Science, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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Pisal DS, Yellepeddi VK, Kumar A, Palakurthi S. Transport of Surface Engineered Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) Dendrimers Across IPEC-J2 Cell Monolayers. Drug Deliv 2008; 15:515-22. [DOI: 10.1080/10717540802321826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Brown DR, Price LD. Catecholamines and sympathomimetic drugs decrease early Salmonella Typhimurium uptake into porcine Peyer's patches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 52:29-35. [PMID: 18031537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peyer's patches of the small intestine serve as inductive sites for mucosal immunity as well as targets for invasive enteropathogens, including Salmonella. Because they are innervated by catecholamine-containing enteric nerves, the hypothesis that the endogenous catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine or sympathomimetic drugs alter Salmonella Typhimurium uptake into Peyer's patches was tested. Porcine jejunal Peyer's patch explants were mounted in Ussing chambers and inoculated with a porcine field isolate of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Salmonella recovery from gentamicin-treated tissues increased significantly between 30 and 90 min of bacterial exposure to the mucosal surface. Addition of the neuronal conduction blocker saxitoxin (0.1 micromol L(-1)) or dopamine (30 micromol L(-1)) to the contraluminal aspect of explants decreased bacterial recovery after 60 min of Salmonella exposure. The effects of dopamine were mimicked by cocaine and methamphetamine (30 micromol L(-1)), which act on catecholaminergic nerve terminals to increase synaptic neurotransmitter concentrations. These results suggest that enteric catecholaminergic nerves modulate Salmonella colonization of Peyer's patches at the earliest stages of infection, in part by altering epithelial uptake of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Brown
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108-6010, USA.
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Paulin SM, Jagannathan A, Campbell J, Wallis TS, Stevens MP. Net replication of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Choleraesuis in porcine intestinal mucosa and nodes is associated with their differential virulence. Infect Immun 2007; 75:3950-60. [PMID: 17548482 PMCID: PMC1952012 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00366-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a facultative intracellular pathogen of worldwide importance and causes a spectrum of diseases depending on serovar- and host-specific factors. Oral infection of pigs with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain 4/74 produces acute enteritis but is rarely fatal, whereas serovar Choleraesuis strain A50 causes systemic disease with a high mortality rate. With a porcine ligated ileal loop model, we observed that systemic virulence of serovar Choleraesuis A50 is not associated with enhanced intestinal invasion, secretory responses, or neutrophil recruitment compared to serovar Typhimurium 4/74. The net growth in vivo of serovar Choleraesuis A50 and serovar Typhimurium 4/74 was monitored following oral inoculation of pigs with strains harboring pHSG422, which exhibits temperature-sensitive replication. Analysis of plasmid partitioning revealed that the enteric virulence of serovar Typhimurium 4/74 relative to that of serovar Choleraesuis A50 is associated with rapid replication in the intestinal wall, whereas systemic virulence of serovar Choleraesuis A50 is associated with enhanced persistence in intestinal mesenteric lymph nodes. Faster replication of serovar Typhimurium, compared to that of serovar Choleraesuis, in the intestinal mucosa was associated with greater induction of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-8 (IL-8), and IL-18 as detected by reverse transcriptase PCR analysis of transcripts from infected mucosa. During replication in batch culture and porcine alveolar macrophages, transcription of genes encoding components of type III secretion systems 1 (sipC) and 2 (sseC) was observed to be significantly higher in serovar Typhimurium 4/74 than in serovar Choleraesuis A50, and this may contribute to the differences in epithelial invasion and intracellular proliferation. The rapid induction of proinflammatory responses by strain 4/74 may explain why pigs confine serovar Typhimurium infection to the intestines, whereas slow replication of serovar Choleraesuis may enable it to evade host innate immunity and thus disseminate by stealth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Paulin
- Enteric Bacterial Pathogens Laboratory, Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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Brown EA, Kaushik RS, Hardwidge PR. Susceptibility of human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates to growth inhibition by porcine intestinal epithelial cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 274:95-101. [PMID: 17590226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of human, but not porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolates is inhibited during incubation with porcine intestinal epithelial cells and by a constitutively produced factor(s) present in unstimulated cell supernatants. The inhibitory factor(s) is heat stable, not produced by serum-starved cells, and is present in a diverse number of cultured epithelial cell lines of animal, but not of human origin. Susceptibility to porcine intestinal epithelial cells appears to be restricted to ETEC and not E. coli O157:H7 disease isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Brown
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Vaccinology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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