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Yin Y, Jiang J, Hu Y, Chen Y, Wei Z, Chen H. Discovery of the rich diversity of Mesomycoplasma hyopneumoniae through high-throughput sequencing. Vet Microbiol 2024; 297:110213. [PMID: 39116641 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Pneumonia caused by Mesomycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) is a respiratory disease with high morbidity and low mortality that typically presents in growing pigs. Although often subclinical, the disease can significantly affect the pig farming industry economically due to decreased growth rates and inefficient feed conversion. Effective control of Mhp depends on the detection of dominant strains prevalent in infected animals, which vary in virulence. However, traditional culture methods for diagnosing Mhp are laborious and slow, whereas multi-locus sequence typing, another possible method, requires identifying several genes. This study introduces a novel pair of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for the rapid detection and genetic evolution analysis of Mhp strains to facilitate improved vaccine selection. The genetic evolutionary tree established using the PCR amplification fragment was highly similar to the genetic evolutionary tree established using whole-genome sequences. Analysis of 131 samples from Guangxi and Hunan slaughterhouses revealed a 30.53 % prevalence of Mhp. High-throughput sequencing has shown that Mhp has a diverse bacterial population in clinically collected samples. The prevalence of major strains may vary among regions. Additionally, the strains of Mhp vaccines sold may differ significantly from the strains prevalent on farms. In summary, this work has designed a pair of primers that will be useful for detecting the diversity of Mhp and for targeted prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshi Yin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
| | - Jianzhao Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Yunfei Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No.1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Ying Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue East Road, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Huahai Chen
- GuangxiAcademy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, No. 98 Daling Road, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
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2
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Cauwels BM, Magtoto RL, Clavijo MJ, Poeta Silva APS, Arruda BL, Zimmerman JJ, Baum DH, Giménez-Lirola LG. Comparative assessment of the performance of a commercial fluorescent microsphere immunoassay and three commercial ELISAs for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae serum antibody detection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 276:110826. [PMID: 39243492 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is a significant porcine respiratory disease complex pathogen, prompting many swine farms and production systems to pursue M. hyopneumoniae elimination strategies. Antibody testing is cost-effective in demonstrating sustained freedom from M. hyopneumoniae, often replacing PCR testing on deep tracheal swabs. The process typically involves testing a subpopulation of the herd using an M. hyopneumoniae screening antibody ELISA, with non-negative results further assessed through confirmatory testing, such as PCR. Recently, a commercial (Biovet) fluorescent microsphere immunoassay (FMIA) for detecting M. hyopneumoniae antibodies has been introduced as an alternative to ELISA. Its performance was compared to three commercial ELISAs (Idexx, Hipra, and Biochek) using experimental serum samples from pigs inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis, M. hyosynoviae, M. flocculare, or mock-inoculated with Friis medium. FMIA consistently detected M. hyopneumoniae at earlier time points than the ELISAs, although two false-positive results were encountered using the manufacturer's recommended cutoff. ROC analysis allowed for the evaluation of various cutoffs depending on testing objectives. Poisson regression of misclassification error counts detected no difference in the Biovet FMIA and Hipra ELISA but significantly fewer misclassification errors than Idexx and Biocheck ELISAs. This study showed FMIA as a suitable alternative to traditional ELISAs for screening purposes due to its superior antibody detection rate at early stages. Alternatively, adopting a more stringent cutoff to improve diagnostic specificity could position the FMIA as a viable confirmatory test option. Overall, FMIA is an optimal choice for M. hyopneumoniae antibody surveillance testing, offering versatility in testing strategies (e.g., triplex FMIA M. hyopneumoniae/PRRSV types 1 and 2) and contributing to improved diagnostic capabilities in porcine health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooklyn M Cauwels
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ronaldo L Magtoto
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Maria J Clavijo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ana Paula S Poeta Silva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - David H Baum
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
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3
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Sousa KRS, de Melo Ferreira Dantas W, de Oliveira LL, Cardoso SA, Dos Santos Araújo R, Guimarães SEF. Effect of vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on divergent pig genetic groups. Res Vet Sci 2024; 180:105417. [PMID: 39288683 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The bacterium Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) causes a chronic infectious respiratory disease in pigs, leading to important economic losses. This study aimed to compare the immune response of the local Piau breed and a commercial line to Mhp vaccination. For this, two phases were carried out. In the first, gene expression of toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, and TLR10) and cytokines (IL2, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12, IL13, TNFα, and TGFβ) was assessed in porcine blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from the two genetic groups before and after vaccination. In the second experiment, nitric oxide production, specific antibodies, and gene expression of toll-like receptors and cytokines were evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells of vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs. After vaccination against Mhp, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR10, IL6, TNFα, and TGFβ expression levels were elevated in PBMC from commercial animals, and TLR6, TLR10, and TGFβ expression levels were elevated in PBMC from the Piau group. Vaccination also increased the production of Mhp-specific IgG antibodies in BALF cells in the Piau breed. Comparison of the two genetic groups revealed differences in TNFα and IL10 expression in BALF cells. These results show that Piau pigs have different immune responses to vaccination compared with commercial animals. It is worth noting that these genetic differences between both genetic groups may be related to phenotypic differences in Mhp resistance or susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiene Regia Silva Sousa
- Departamento de Oceanografia e Limnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-000, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Silvia Almeida Cardoso
- Departamento de Enfermagem e Medicina, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-000, Brazil.
| | - Renan Dos Santos Araújo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 78698-000, Pontal do Araguaia, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Jiang B, Zhang Y, Li G, Quan Y, Shu J, Feng H, He Y. Research Progress on Immune Evasion of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1439. [PMID: 39065207 PMCID: PMC11279058 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
As the main pathogen associated with enzootic pneumonia (EP), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) is globally prevalent and inflicts huge financial losses on the worldwide swine industry each year. However, the pathogenicity of Mhp has not been fully explained to date. Mhp invasion usually leads to long-term chronic infection and persistent lung colonization, suggesting that Mhp has developed effective immune evasion strategies. In this review, we offer more detailed information than was previously available about its immune evasion mechanisms through a systematic summary of the extant findings. Genetic mutation and post-translational protein processing confer Mhp the ability to alter its surface antigens. With the help of adhesins, Mhp can achieve cell invasion. And Mhp can modulate the host immune system through the induction of inflammation, incomplete autophagy, apoptosis, and the suppression of immune cell or immune effector activity. Furthermore, we offer the latest views on how we may treat Mhp infections and develop novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yulong He
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (B.J.); (Y.Z.); (G.L.); (Y.Q.); (J.S.); (H.F.)
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Mallioris P, Luiken REC, Tobias T, Vonk J, Wagenaar JA, Stegeman A, Mughini-Gras L. Risk factors for antimicrobial use in Dutch pig farms: A cross-sectional study. Res Vet Sci 2024; 174:105307. [PMID: 38781817 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial use (AMU) has decreased significantly in Dutch pig farms since 2009. However, this decrease has stagnated recently, with relatively high AMU levels persisting mainly among weaners. The aim of this study was to identify farm-level characteristics associated with: i) total AMU and ii) use of specific antimicrobial classes. METHODS In 2020, cross-sectional data from 154 Dutch pig farms were collected, including information on AMU and farm characteristics. A mixed-effects conditional Random Forest analysis was applied to select the subset of features that was best associated with AMU. RESULTS The main risk factors for total AMU in weaners were vaccination for PRRS in sucklings, being a conventional farm (vs. not), high within-farm density, and early weaning. The main protective factors for total AMU in sows/sucklings were E. coli vaccination in sows and having boars for estrus detection from own production. Regarding antimicrobial class-specific outcomes, several risk factors overlapped for weaners and sows/sucklings, such as farmer's non-tertiary education, not having free-sow systems during lactation, and conventional farming. An additional risk factor for weaners was having fully slatted floors. For fatteners, the main risk factor for total AMU was PRRS vaccination in sucklings. CONCLUSIONS Several factors found here to be associated with AMU. Some were known but others were novel, such as farmer's tertiary education, low pig aggression and free-sow systems which were all associated with lower AMU. These factors provide targets for developing tailor-made interventions, as well as an evidence-based selection of features for further causal assessment and mediation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Mallioris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Roosmarijn E C Luiken
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tijs Tobias
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Farm Animal Health unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Swine Health Department, Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - John Vonk
- John Vonk DVM, BSc Agriculture, De Varkenspraktijk, Obrechtstraat 2, 5344 AT, Oss, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Stegeman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Farm Animal Health unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Recchia M, Ghidini S, Romeo C, Scali F, Maisano AM, Guadagno F, De Luca S, Ianieri A, Alborali GL. An Integrated Analysis of Abattoir Lung Lesion Scores and Antimicrobial Use in Italian Heavy Pig Finishing Farms. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1621. [PMID: 38891668 PMCID: PMC11171393 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases significantly affect intensive pig finishing farms, causing production losses and increased antimicrobial use (AMU). Lesion scoring at slaughter has been recognized as a beneficial practice to evaluate herd management. The integrated analysis of abattoir lesion scores and AMU data could improve decision-making by providing feedback to veterinarians and farmers on the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments, thus rationalizing their use. This study compared lung and pleural lesion scores collected at Italian pig slaughterhouses with on-farm AMU, estimated through a treatment index per 100 days (TI100). Overall, 24,752 pig carcasses, belonging to 236 batches from 113 finishing farms, were inspected. Bronchopneumonia and chronic pleuritis were detected in 55% and 48% of the examined pigs, respectively. Antimicrobials were administered in 97% of the farms during the six months prior to slaughter (median TI100 = 5.2), notwithstanding compliance with the mandatory withdrawal period. EMA category B (critical) antimicrobials were administered in 15.2% of cases (median TI100 = 0.06). The lung score was not associated with the total AMU, but significant, positive associations were found with the past use of critical antimicrobials (p = 0.041) and macrolides (p = 0.044). This result highlights the potential of abattoir lung lesion monitoring to rationalize antimicrobial stewardship efforts, contributing to AMU reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Recchia
- Section Diagnostic and Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini’ (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.R.); (F.S.); (A.M.M.); (F.G.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Claudia Romeo
- Section Diagnostic and Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini’ (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.R.); (F.S.); (A.M.M.); (F.G.); (G.L.A.)
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics—Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Federico Scali
- Section Diagnostic and Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini’ (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.R.); (F.S.); (A.M.M.); (F.G.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Antonio Marco Maisano
- Section Diagnostic and Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini’ (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.R.); (F.S.); (A.M.M.); (F.G.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Federica Guadagno
- Section Diagnostic and Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini’ (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.R.); (F.S.); (A.M.M.); (F.G.); (G.L.A.)
| | | | - Adriana Ianieri
- Department of Food and Drug, Parma University, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Section Diagnostic and Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini’ (IZSLER), Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.R.); (F.S.); (A.M.M.); (F.G.); (G.L.A.)
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Vega-Munguía G, Vargas Sánchez A, Camacho-Medina JE, Suárez-Vélez L, Bárcenas-Morales G, Quintar Guerrero D, Ciprian-Carrasco A, Mendoza Elvira S. Effect of Live and Fragmented Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the Feed of Pigs Challenged with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Pathogens 2024; 13:322. [PMID: 38668277 PMCID: PMC11054539 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, the responsible use of antimicrobials in pigs has allowed the continuous development of alternatives to these antimicrobials. In this study, we describe the impact of treatments with two probiotics, one based on live Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and another based on fragmented S. cerevisiae (beta-glucans), that were administered to piglets at birth and at prechallenge with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Thirty-two pigs were divided into four groups of eight animals each. The animals had free access to water and food. The groups were as follows: Group A, untreated negative control; Group B, inoculated by nebulization with M. hyopneumoniae positive control; Group C, first treated with disintegrated S. cerevisiae (disintegrated Sc) and inoculated by nebulization with M. hyopneumoniae; and Group D, treated with live S. cerevisiae yeast (live Sc) and inoculated by nebulization with M. hyopneumoniae. In a previous study, we found that on Days 1 and 21 of blood sampling, nine proinflammatory cytokines were secreted, and an increase in their secretion occurred for only five of them: TNF-α, INF-α, INF-γ, IL-10, and IL-12 p40. The results of the clinical evolution, the degree of pneumonic lesions, and the productive parameters of treated Groups C and D suggest that S. cerevisiae has an immunomodulatory effect in chronic proliferative M. hyopneumoniae pneumonia characterized by delayed hypersensitivity, which depends on the alteration or modulation of the respiratory immune response. The data presented in this study showed that S. cerevisiae contributed to the innate resistance of infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susana Mendoza Elvira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuatitlan, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54720, Mexico; (G.V.-M.); (J.E.C.-M.); (L.S.-V.); (G.B.-M.); (D.Q.G.); (A.C.-C.)
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Santos MR, Toledo LT, Bassi ÊJ, Porto WJN, Bressan GC, Moreira MAS, Chang YF, Silva-Júnior A. Chimeric proteins of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae as vaccine and preclinical model for immunological evaluation. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:943-953. [PMID: 38217795 PMCID: PMC10920614 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is a primary agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, a disease that causes significant economic losses to pig farming worldwide. Commercial vaccines induce partial protection, evidencing the need for a new vaccine against M. hyopneumoniae. In our work, three chimeric proteins were constructed, composed of potentially immunogenic domains from M. hyopneumoniae proteins. We designed three chimeric proteins (Q1, Q2, and Q3) based on bioinformatics analysis that identified five potential proteins with immunogenic potential (MHP418, MHP372, MHP199, P97, and MHP0461). The chimeric proteins were inoculated in the murine model to evaluate the immune response. The mice vaccinated with the chimeras presented IgG and IgG1 against proteins of M. hyopneumoniae. There was induction of IgG in mice immunized with Q3 starting from 30 days post-vaccination, and groups Q1 and Q2 showed induction at 45 days. Mice of the group immunized with Q3 showed the production of IgA. In addition, the mice inoculated with chimeric proteins showed a proinflammatory cytokine response; Q1 demonstrated higher levels of TNF, IL-6, IL2, and IL-17. In contrast, animals immunized with Q2 showed an increase in the concentrations of TNF, IL-6, and IL-4, whereas those immunized with Q3 exhibited an increase in the concentrations of TNF, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-4. The results of the present study indicate that these three chimeric proteins can be used in future vaccine trials with swine because of the promising antigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Rebouças Santos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Teófilo Toledo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ênio José Bassi
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Costa Bressan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.
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9
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Brandalise L, Takeuti KL, Kich JD, Clavijo MJ, Simão GMR, Sato JPH, Coldebella A, Pigozzo R, Nagae R, Dezen D. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection dynamics in naïve replacement gilts introduced to positive farms. Vet Microbiol 2023; 286:109886. [PMID: 37862723 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to characterize the dynamics of infection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in naïve replacement gilts after introduction to positive systems. Ninety-eight naïve gilts were monitored in three positive commercial farms (A, B, and C). The näive gilts were housed for 21 days in pens adjacently located to older gilt cohorts (named seeders), which have been naturally exposed to the positive farms. The infection dynamics was evaluated by PCR and ELISA, from laryngeal swabs and serum samples, respectively. Samples were collected at 150 (arrival), 165, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300 days of age (doa), and pre-farrowing. Infection occurred rapidly on farms A and B, taking 25.2 and 23.9 days for 95% of gilts to be PCR positive, respectively. There was no influence on the number of seeders at the time of exposure, but their absence (farm C) could explain the extended period it took for gilts to get infected (69.4 days). On average, it took 162.2 days after the first PCR detection for 85% of gilts to stop shedding the bacterium. The serology results were consistent with the herd infection curve. At pre-farrowing, 100% of gilts seroconverted and 36.7% remained PCR positive. A total of 1.33% of piglets were positive at weaning. Fifteen variants were detected among the three farms by MLVA. The acclimation protocol was efficient and easy to perform, and the presence of seeders was likely critical for early acclimation for M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Brandalise
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Catarinense Federal Institute, Concórdia, SC, Brazil; Agroceres PIC, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Karine L Takeuti
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Feevale University, Campo Bom, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Maria J Clavijo
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Population Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Pig Improvement Company, PIC®, Hendersonville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Diogenes Dezen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Catarinense Federal Institute, Concórdia, SC, Brazil.
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10
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Zhang Y, Gan Y, Bao H, Wang R. Perturbations of gut microbiome and metabolome of pigs infected with Mycoplasma hyorhinis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:6219-6232. [PMID: 37145100 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma hyorhinis is a prevalent respiratory pathogen in swine, causing significant economic loss to pig producers. There is growing evidence that respiratory pathogen infections have a large impact on intestinal microecology. To study the effect of M. hyorhinis infection on gut microbial composition and metabolome profile, pigs were infected with M. hyorhinis. Metagenomic sequencing analysis was performed of fecal samples and a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of gut digesta was made. RESULTS Pigs infected with M. hyorhinis had enriched Sutterella and Mailhella, and depleted Dechloromonas, Succinatimonas, Campylobacter, Blastocystis, Treponema, and Megasphaera. The pigs infected with M. hyorhinis also had greater abundances of bacterium_0_1xD8_71, Ruminococcus_sp__CAG_353, Firmicutes_bacterium_CAG_194, Firmicutes_bacterium_CAG_534, bacterium_1xD42_87, and lower abundances of Chlamydia_suis, Megasphaera_elsdenii, Treponema_porcinum, Bacteroides_sp__CAG_1060, Faecalibacterium_prausnitzii. Metabolomic analysis revealed that some lipids and lipid-like molecules increased in the small intestine, whereas most lipids and lipid-like molecule metabolites decreased in the large intestine. These altered metabolites induce changes in intestinal sphingolipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and thiamine metabolism. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that infection with M. hyorhinis can alter the gut microbial composition and metabolite structure in pigs, which may further affect amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism in the intestine. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Gan
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongduo Bao
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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11
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Liu W, Jiang P, Song T, Yang K, Yuan F, Gao T, Liu Z, Li C, Guo R, Xiao S, Tian Y, Zhou D. A Recombinant Chimera Vaccine Composed of LTB and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Antigens P97R1, mhp390 and P46 Elicits Cellular Immunologic Response in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1291. [PMID: 37631860 PMCID: PMC10457768 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), leading to a mild and chronic pneumonia in swine. Relative control has been attained through active vaccination programs, but porcine enzootic pneumonia remains a significant economic challenge in the swine industry. Cellular immunity plays a key role in the prevention and control of porcine enzootic pneumonia. Therefore, the development of a more efficient vaccine that confers a strong immunity against M. hyopneumoniae is necessary. In this study, a multi-antigen chimera (L9m6) was constructed by combining the heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) with three antigens of M. hyopneumoniae (P97R1, mhp390, and P46), and its immunogenic and antigenic properties were assessed in a murine model. In addition, we compared the effect of individual administration and multiple-fusion of these antigens. The chimeric multi-fusion vaccine induced significant cellular immune responses and high production of IgG and IgM antibodies against M. hyopneumoniae. Collectively, our data suggested that rL9m6 chimera exhibits potential as a viable vaccine candidate for the prevention and control of porcine enzootic pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (P.J.); (K.Y.); (F.Y.); (T.G.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Peizhao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (P.J.); (K.Y.); (F.Y.); (T.G.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (R.G.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China;
| | - Tao Song
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China;
| | - Keli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (P.J.); (K.Y.); (F.Y.); (T.G.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (P.J.); (K.Y.); (F.Y.); (T.G.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Ting Gao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (P.J.); (K.Y.); (F.Y.); (T.G.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (P.J.); (K.Y.); (F.Y.); (T.G.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Chang Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (P.J.); (K.Y.); (F.Y.); (T.G.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (P.J.); (K.Y.); (F.Y.); (T.G.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Yongxiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (P.J.); (K.Y.); (F.Y.); (T.G.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (R.G.)
| | - Danna Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.L.); (P.J.); (K.Y.); (F.Y.); (T.G.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (R.G.)
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12
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Przyborowska-Zhalniarovich P, Maes D, Otrocka-Domagała I, Paździor-Czapula K, Wiszniewska-Łaszczych A, Sołtysiuk M. Association between Enzootic Pneumonia-like Lung Lesions and Carcass Quality and Meat pH Value in Slaughter Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2210. [PMID: 37444007 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the prevalence of respiratory diseases in slaughter pigs ranges from 19% to 74% and continues to be an important concern for swine herds worldwide, only a few studies have investigated the relationship between respiratory disease and pork quality. The general aim of this study was to investigate associations between the prevalence and severity of enzootic pneumonia-like lesions in Polish slaughter pigs on different carcass and meat-quality characteristics at the animal and herd levels. The average prevalence of bronchopneumonic lungs with different degrees of lesions was 94.57%. The majority of lesions indicated the acute stage of enzootic pneumonia. Our results indicate a statistically significant interaction between the mean weight of carcasses depending on the extent of the lesions (p = 0.04) at the animal level. The correlation between meatiness and severity of lung lesions was r = -0.25 (p = 0.00). The correlation between the extent of lung lesions and pH45 value was r = -0.17 (p = 0.005) on the animal level and r = -0.63 (p = 0.017) at the herd level. This implies that lung lesions in slaughter pigs negatively influence not only animal health and welfare, but also carcass quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Przyborowska-Zhalniarovich
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicie, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Iwona Otrocka-Domagała
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Paździor-Czapula
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wiszniewska-Łaszczych
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicie, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marta Sołtysiuk
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicie, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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13
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Burgos R, Garcia-Ramallo E, Shaw D, Lluch-Senar M, Serrano L. Development of a Serum-Free Medium To Aid Large-Scale Production of Mycoplasma-Based Therapies. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0485922. [PMID: 37097155 PMCID: PMC10269708 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04859-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To assist in the advancement of the large-scale production of safe Mycoplasma vaccines and other Mycoplasma-based therapies, we developed a culture medium free of animal serum and other animal components for Mycoplasma pneumoniae growth. By establishing a workflow method to systematically test different compounds and concentrations, we provide optimized formulations capable of supporting serial passaging and robust growth reaching 60 to 70% of the biomass obtained in rich medium. Global transcriptomic and proteomic analysis showed minor physiological changes upon cell culture in the animal component-free medium, supporting its suitability for the production of M. pneumoniae-based therapies. The major contributors to growth performance were found to be glucose as a carbon source, glycerol, cholesterol, and phospholipids as a source of fatty acids. Bovine serum albumin or cyclodextrin (in the animal component-free medium) were required as lipid carriers to prevent lipid toxicity. Connaught Medical Research Laboratories medium (CMRL) used to simplify medium preparation as a source of amino acids, nucleotide precursors, vitamins, and other cofactors could be substituted by cysteine. In fact, the presence of protein hydrolysates such as yeastolate or peptones was found to be essential and preferred over free amino acids, except for the cysteine. Supplementation of nucleotide precursors and vitamins is not strictly necessary in the presence of yeastolate, suggesting that this animal origin-free hydrolysate serves as an efficient source for these compounds. Finally, we adapted the serum-free medium formulation to support growth of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, a swine pathogen for which inactivated whole-cell vaccines are available. IMPORTANCE Mycoplasma infections have a significant negative impact on both livestock production and human health. Vaccination is often the first option to control disease and alleviate the economic impact that some Mycoplasma infections cause on milk production, weight gain, and animal health. The fastidious nutrient requirements of these bacteria, however, challenges the industrial production of attenuated or inactivated whole-cell vaccines, which depends on the use of animal serum and other animal raw materials. Apart from their clinical relevance, some Mycoplasma species have become cellular models for systems and synthetic biology, owing to the small size of their genomes and the absence of a cell wall, which offers unique opportunities for the secretion and delivery of biotherapeutics. This study proposes medium formulations free of serum and animal components with the potential of supporting large-scale production upon industrial optimization, thus contributing to the development of safe vaccines and other Mycoplasma-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Burgos
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Garcia-Ramallo
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Shaw
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Lluch-Senar
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Pulmobiotics Ltd., Barcelona, Spain
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Luis Serrano
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Moura P, Sandberg M, Høg BB, Niza-Ribeiro J, Nielsen EO, Alban L. Characterisation of antimicrobial usage in Danish pigs in 2020. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1155811. [PMID: 37180070 PMCID: PMC10167271 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1155811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Denmark is one of the world's largest exporters of pigs and pig meat, so the sector plays an important role in the national antimicrobial use (AMU). The Danish government has run antimicrobial stewardship programs in collaboration with the pig industry for more than 25 years. These have resulted in substantial overall reductions in total AMU and limiting the use of fluoroquinolones, the 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporines and the polymyxin colistin. To understand where further reductions in AMU could take place, it is necessary to investigate which antimicrobials are being used, how, and for which reasons. Materials and methods We characterized the AMU in the Danish pig sector in 2020, providing new analytical insights based on data retrieved from the VetStat database. The AMU data were segmented into classes, routes of administration, treatment indications and age groups, and interpreted as an outcome of the interventions taken. We evaluated the current AMU regarding choice of antimicrobial class. Moreover, we discussed how to further improve the antimicrobial stewardship in Danish pig production to achieve additional reductions without jeopardizing animal welfare. Where relevant, two pig veterinary specialists were consulted. Results In 2020, 43.3 mg antimicrobials per population correction unit (PCU) were ascribed to the Danish pig sector. There was practically no use of fluoroquinolones, 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins and polymyxins. Weaners related to 45% of the total AMU in pigs when measured in tonnes and 81% when measured in defined animal daily doses, of these 76% were ascribed to gastrointestinal indications and overall, 83% were administered perorally. Conclusion To enable further reductions in AMU, it should be investigated how and when to replace group treatments (e.g., all animals in section or a pen) with individual treatments. Moreover, prevention of disease and promotion of animal health should be prioritized, e.g., through focus on feed, vaccination, biosecurity, and disease eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Moura
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marianne Sandberg
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Borck Høg
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - João Niza-Ribeiro
- Departamento de Estudo de Populações, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Lis Alban
- Department for Food Safety, Veterinary Issues and Risk Analysis, Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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15
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Canelli E, Ferrari L, Borghetti P, Candela F, Abiakam NS, Bianchera A, Buttini F, Magi GE, Sonvico F, Martelli P, Bettini R. Nano-adjuvanted dry powder vaccine for the mucosal immunization against airways pathogens. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1116722. [PMID: 36998637 PMCID: PMC10043307 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1116722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal vaccination has been shown to provide optimal protection against respiratory pathogens. However, mucosal vaccination requires the implementation of specific immunization strategies to improve its effectiveness. Nanotechnology appears a key approach to improve the effectiveness of mucosal vaccines, since several nanomaterials provide mucoadhesion, enhance mucosal permeability, control antigen release and possess adjuvant properties. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the main causative agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs, a respiratory disease responsible for considerable economic losses in the pig farming worldwide. The present work developed, characterized, and tested in vivo an innovative dry powder nasal vaccine, obtained from the deposition on a solid carrier of an inactivated antigen and a chitosan-coated nanoemulsion, as an adjuvant. The nanoemulsion was obtained through a low-energy emulsification technique, a method that allowed to achieve nano droplets in the order of 200 nm. The oil phase selected was alpha-tocopherol, sunflower oil, and poly(ethylene glycol) hydroxystearate used as non-ionic tensioactive. The aqueous phase contained chitosan, which provides a positive charge to the emulsion, conferring mucoadhesive properties and favoring interactions with inactivated M. hyopneumoniae. Finally, the nanoemulsion was layered with a mild and scalable process onto a suitable solid carrier (i.e., lactose, mannitol, or calcium carbonate) to be transformed into a solid dosage form for administration as dry powder. In the experimental study, the nasal vaccine formulation with calcium carbonate was administered to piglets and compared to intramuscular administration of a commercial vaccine and of the dry powder without antigen, aimed at evaluating the ability of IN vaccination to elicit an in vivo local immune response and a systemic immune response. Intranasal vaccination was characterized by a significantly higher immune response in the nasal mucosa at 7 days post-vaccination, elicited comparable levels of Mycoplasma-specific IFN-γ secreting cells and comparable, if not higher, responsiveness of B cells expressing IgA and IgG in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, with those detected upon a conventional intramuscular immunization. In conclusion, this study illustrates a simple and effective strategy for the development of a dry powder vaccine formulation for nasal administration which could be used as alternative to current parenteral commercial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Candela
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nkemjika Sopuru Abiakam
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bianchera
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Buttini
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gian Enrico Magi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Sonvico
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- *Correspondence: Fabio Sonvico
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ruggero Bettini
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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16
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Biebaut E, Beuckelaere L, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Gomez-Duran CO, Devriendt B, Maes D. Long-term follow-up of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-specific immunity in vaccinated pigs. Vet Res 2023; 54:16. [PMID: 36859402 PMCID: PMC9979462 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the primary agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs. To minimize the economic losses caused by this disease, M. hyopneumoniae vaccination is commonly practiced. However, the persistence of M. hyopneumoniae vaccine-induced immunity, especially the cell-mediated immunity, till the moment of slaughter has not been investigated yet. Therefore, on two commercial farms, 25 pigs (n = 50) received a commercial bacterin intramuscularly at 16 days of age. Each month, the presence of M. hyopneumoniae-specific serum antibodies was analyzed and the proliferation of and TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17A production by different T cell subsets in blood was assessed using recall assays. Natural infection with M. hyopneumoniae was assumed in both farms. However, the studied pigs remained M. hyopneumoniae negative for almost the entire trial. Seroconversion was not observed after vaccination and all pigs became seronegative at two months of age. The kinetics of the T cell subset frequencies was similar on both farms. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-specific cytokine-producing CD4+CD8+ T cells were found in blood of pigs from both farms at one month of age but decreased significantly with increasing age. On the other hand, T cell proliferation after in vitro M. hyopneumoniae stimulation was observed until the end of the fattening period. Furthermore, differences in humoral and cell-mediated immune responses after M. hyopneumoniae vaccination were not seen between pigs with and without maternally derived antibodies. This study documents the long-term M. hyopneumoniae vaccine-induced immune responses in fattening pigs under field conditions. Further research is warranted to investigate the influence of a natural infection on these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Biebaut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lisa Beuckelaere
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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17
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Rodríguez F, Rosales RS, Ramírez AS, Poveda JB. Vaccination Upregulates Th1 Cytokines in the Lung of Pigs Experimentally Infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030520. [PMID: 36766408 PMCID: PMC9913433 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhy) is the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia, characterized by high morbidity and low mortality rates in intensive swine production systems. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the protection of an inactivated whole cell vaccine, we investigated the immunohistochemical differences in the cytokine expression in vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs experimentally infected with Mhy. Four-week-old Mhy-negative pigs (n = 24) were allocated to negative control (n = 8), or one of two Mhy-infected groups: vaccinated (n = 8) and non-vaccinated (n = 8). Infection was carried out by a combination of trans-tracheal and aerosol route. Lung samples were processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies, by using antibodies against Mhy, IL1-α, IL1-β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, Il-8, IL-10, IL-12p35, IL-13, IL-17A, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and CD-4 lymphocytes. Although all cytokines increased in both infected groups, IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ were significantly overexpressed in vaccinated pigs. These findings, in conjunction with the decrease of macroscopic and histological lesions in vaccinated animals, indicate the importance to enhance Th1 response in the immunization strategies to control Mhy infection.
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18
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Zhang Y, Liu B, Said A, Xie J, Tian F, Cao Z, Chao Z, Li F, Li X, Li S, Liu H, Wang W. Regulatory functional role of NLRP3 inflammasome during Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in swine. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad216. [PMID: 37351955 PMCID: PMC10406421 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes enzootic pneumonia, a highly contagious respiratory disease in swine that causes significant economic losses worldwide. It is unknown whether the nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome regulates the immune response in swine during M. hyopneumoniae infection. The current study utilized an in vivo swine model of M. hyopneumoniae infection to investigate the regulatory functional role of the NLRP3 inflammasome during M. hyopneumoniae infection. Notable histopathological alterations were observed in M. hyopneumoniae-infected swine tissues, which were associated with an inflammatory response and disease progression. Swine M. hyopneumoniae infection was associated with an increase in the expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 18, and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). The impact of the NLRP3 inhibitor, MCC950 on NLRP3 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in M. hyopneumoniae-infected swine was examined to investigate the relationship between the NLRP3 inflammasome and M. hyopneumoniae infection. Taken together, our findings provide strong evidence that the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a critical regulatory functional role in M. hyopneumoniae infection in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou 256600, China
- Lvdu Bio-Sciences &Technology Co. Ltd., Binzhou 256600, Shandong, China
| | - Abdelrahman Said
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Jinwen Xie
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Fengrong Tian
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Zongxi Cao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Zhe Chao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Feng Li
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou 256600, China
- Shandong Academician Workstation, Binzhou 256600, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Li
- Xinjiang Agricultural University, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuguang Li
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Hailong Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou 256600, China
- Shandong Academician Workstation, Binzhou 256600, Shandong, China
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Lim SW, Jeon JH, Lim B, Jang MJ, Kim DH, Kim CH, Kim JM. Blood transcriptomic differences in the immune response under stressful environmental according to stocking density in pigs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad336. [PMID: 37798138 PMCID: PMC10655785 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The implementation of animal welfare in the pig industry is becoming a global trend, and welfare can be improved through livestock management. In modern and intensive farming systems, it has become important to find a reasonable compromise between stocking density and productivity. The simultaneous detection of behavioral and physiological parameters is helpful when considering welfare levels for stocking density. This study aimed to confirm the effect of stocking density through transcriptome linkage. A comparison of three groups according to stocking density (low density, eight pigs and 1.0 m2 per head; normal density, eight pigs and 0.8 m2 per head; and high density, eight pigs and 0.6 m2 per head) was performed, and their transcriptomic changes were observed using the RNA-Seq method. Differentially expressed genes were identified for each comparison group (low density vs. normal density, 95 upregulated genes and 112 downregulated genes; high density vs. normal density, 133 upregulated genes and 217 downregulated genes; and high density vs. low density, 245 upregulated genes and 237 downregulated genes). Biological mechanisms according to stocking density were identified through functional annotation. T-cell differentiation and immune disease pathway enriched in the high-density group caused immune imbalance through dysregulated T-cell signaling. Moreover, oxidative stress, together with DNA damage, can lead to high susceptibility to disease. Our study confirmed the biological mechanisms through immunological expression patterns according to stocking density. The study results are expected to provide comprehensive insight into systematic operation strategies considering stocking density and biomarkers for use in welfare evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Won Lim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Jeon
- Animal Welfare Research Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Agriculture, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghwi Lim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jae Jang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Hwan Kim
- Division of Animal Science, Agri-Food Bio Convergence Institute, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Ho Kim
- Animal Welfare Research Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Agriculture, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
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20
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Andrade MR, Daniel AG, Zarate JB, Sato JP, Santos LF, Guedes RM. Genetic diversity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in finishing pigs in Minas Gerais. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-7155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is one of the most challenging respiratory pathogens involved with swine pneumonia worldwide, responsible for a chronic infection with high morbidity, which predisposes secondary bacterial infections in growing and finishing pigs. Advances in diagnostic techniques allowed identification of genetic characteristics associated with high antigenic and proteomic variability among bacterial strains. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of M. hyopneumoniae strains in lungs with pneumonic lesions obtained from 52 pig farms located in Minas Gerais, one of the largest swine production states in Brazil. Genotyping was performed using multilocus variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA), targeting two loci encoding P97 and P146 adhesins VNTR. The results showed that this agent is widely disseminated in pig farms and there is a high polymorphism of M. hyopneumoniae variants circulating in the state of Minas Gerais. Different M. hyopneumoniae genotypes are randomly distributed in several regions of the state, with no specific geographic population structure pattern. M. hyopneumoniae association with viral agents was sporadic (3.17% with Influenza A and 1.9% with PCV2).
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21
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De Leon H, Royalty K, Mingione L, Jaekel D, Periyasamy S, Wilson D, Laeseke P, Stoffregen WC, Muench T, Matonick JP, Kaluza GL, Cipolla G. Device safety assessment of bronchoscopic microwave ablation of normal swine peripheral lung using robotic-assisted bronchoscopy. Int J Hyperthermia 2023; 40:2187743. [PMID: 36944369 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2023.2187743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess the safety of bronchoscopic microwave ablation (MWA) of peripheral lung parenchyma using the NEUWAVE™ FLEX Microwave Ablation System, and robotic-assisted bronchoscopy (RAB) using the MONARCH™ Platform in a swine model. METHODS Computed tomography (CT)-guided RAB MWA was performed in the peripheral lung parenchyma of 17 Yorkshire swine (40-50 kg) and procedural adverse events (AEs) documented. The acute group (day 0, n = 5) received 4 MWAs at 100 W for 1, 3, 5, and 10 min in 4 different lung lobes. Subacute and chronic groups (days 3 and 30, n = 6 each) received one MWA (100 W, 10 min) per animal. RESULTS The study was completed without major procedural complications. No postprocedural AEs including death, pneumothorax, bronchopleural fistula, hemothorax, or pleural effusions were observed. No gross or histological findings suggestive of thromboembolism were found in any organ. One 3-Day and one 30-Day swine exhibited coughing that required no medication (minor AEs), and one 30-Day animal required antibiotic medication (major AE) for a suspected lower respiratory tract infection that subsided after two weeks. CT-based volumetric estimates of ablation zones in the acute group increased in an ablation time-dependent (1-10 min) manner, whereas macroscopy-based estimates showed an increasing trend in ablation zone size. CONCLUSION The NEUWAVE FLEX and MONARCH devices were safely used to perform single or multiple RAB MWAs. The preclinical procedural safety profile of RAB MWA supports clinical research of both devices to investigate efficacy in select patients with oligometastatic disease or primary NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sarvesh Periyasamy
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David Wilson
- Schneck Pulmonology, Schneck Medical Center, Seymour, IN, USA
| | - Paul Laeseke
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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22
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Lisgara M, Poulaki K, Kalogeropoulos L, Skampardonis V, Katsafadou AI. Frequency and severity of enzootic pneumonia-like lesions in Greek swine herds and their association with different vaccination protocols against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2110499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vassilis Skampardonis
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
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23
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Zhou G, Tian Y, Tian J, Ma Q, Huang S, Li Q, Wang S, Shi H. Oral Immunization with Attenuated Salmonella Choleraesuis Expressing the P42 and P97 Antigens Protects Mice against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Challenge. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0236122. [PMID: 36377878 PMCID: PMC9769600 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02361-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae, Mhp) is the etiological agent of swine enzootic pneumonia (EP), which has been associated with considerable economic losses due to reduced daily weight gain and feed efficiency. Adhesion to the cilia is important for Mhp to colonize the respiratory epithelium. Therefore, a successful vaccine must induce broad Mhp-specific immune responses at the mucosal surface. Recombinant attenuated Salmonella strains are believed to act as powerful live vaccine vectors that are able to elicit mucosal immune responses against various pathogens. To develop efficacious and inexpensive vaccines against Mhp, the immune responses and protection induced by recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines based on the P42 and P97 antigens of Mhp were evaluated. In general, the oral inoculation of recombinant rSC0016(pS-P42) or rSC0016(pS-P97) resulted in strong mucosal immunity, cell-mediated immunity, and humoral immunity, which was a mixed Th1/Th2-type response. In addition, the levels of specific IL-4 and IFN-γ in the immunized mice were increased, and the proliferation of lymphocytes was also enhanced, confirming the production of a good cellular immune response. Finally, both vaccine candidate strains were able to improve the weight loss of mice after a challenge and reduce clinical symptoms, lung pathological damage, and the inflammatory cell infiltration. These results suggest that the delivery of protective antigens with recombinant attenuated Salmonella vectors may be an effective means by which to combat Mhp infection. IMPORTANCE Mhp is the main pathogen of porcine enzootic pneumonia, a highly infectious and economically significant respiratory disease that affects pigs of all ages. As the target tissue of Mhp infections are the mucosal sites of the respiratory tract, the induction of protective immunity at the mucosal tissues is the most efficient strategy by which to block disease transmission. Because the stimulation of mucosal immune responses is efficient, Salmonella-vector oral vaccines are expected to be especially useful against mucosal-invading pathogens. In this study, we expressed the immunogenic proteins of P42 and P97 with the attenuated Salmonella Choleraesuis vector rSC0016, thereby generating a low-cost and more effective vaccine candidate against Mhp by inducing significant mucosal, humoral and cellular immunity. Furthermore, rSC0016(pS-P42) effectively prevents Mhp-induced weight loss and the pulmonary inflammation of mice. Because of the effectiveness of rSC0016(pS-P42) against Mhp infection in mice, this novel vaccine candidate strain shows great potential for its use in the pig breeding industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yichen Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiashuo Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shan Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou, China
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24
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Ning Y, Yang Y, Tian Y, Zhang Y, Luo W, Wen Y, Zhou Y, Ding H. Porcine antibody profiles of 33 Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae fusion proteins from M. hyopneumoniae natural infection but not vaccination. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:203-216. [PMID: 36520664 PMCID: PMC9857121 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the primary pathogen responsible for porcine enzootic pneumonia, reduces average daily weight gain and causes substantial economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Vaccination is the most common strategy to control this disease but offers partial protection. Therefore, developing next-generation vaccines by screening protective antigens is crucial. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibody response to 33 recombinant proteins in pigs naturally infected with M. hyopneumoniae. METHODS The genes encoding 33 (hypothetical) membrane proteins or secretory proteins were ligated into pGEX-6P-1, pGEX-6P-2, pGEX-5X-3 or pGEX-4T-3 vectors and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) or E. coli XL-1 Blue to construct recombinant bacteria and to express the recombinant proteins. The recombinant bacteria expressing the target proteins reacted with porcine convalescent sera and negative sera to screen immunodominant proteins by ELISA. Then, recombinant bacteria expressing immunodominant proteins were used to identify the discriminating immunodominant proteins that were recognised by convalescent sera nut not hyperimmune sera. RESULTS All recombinant bacteria could express the target recombinant proteins in soluble form. Twenty-one proteins were shown to present immunodominant antigens, and four proteins were not recognised by convalescent sera. Moreover, six proteins were considered discriminating and reacted with convalescent sera but not with hyperimmune sera. CONCLUSIONS The identified immunodominant proteins were antigenic and expressed during bacterial infection, suggesting that these proteins, especially those capable of discriminating between sera, can be used to identify protective antigens with the view to develop more effective vaccines against M. hyopneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Ning
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yujiao Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yaqin Tian
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yun Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Wenyi Luo
- The 181st Group of the Tenth DivisionXinjiang Production and Construction CorpsBeitunXinjiangChina
| | - Yukang Wen
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yaoqin Zhou
- College of Optoelectronic EngineeringChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Honglei Ding
- Laboratory of Veterinary Mycoplasmology, College of Veterinary MedicineSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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25
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Pleguezuelos P, Sibila M, Ramírez C, López-Jiménez R, Pérez D, Huerta E, Llorens AM, Pérez M, Correa-Fiz F, Mancera Gracia JC, Taylor LP, Smith J, Bandrick M, Borowski S, Saunders G, Segalés J, López-Soria S, Fort M, Balasch M. Efficacy Studies against PCV-2 of a New Trivalent Vaccine including PCV-2a and PCV-2b Genotypes and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae When Administered at 3 Weeks of Age. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122108. [PMID: 36560518 PMCID: PMC9784864 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a new trivalent vaccine containing inactivated Porcine Circovirus 1-2a and 1-2b chimeras and a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterin administered to pigs around 3 weeks of age. This trivalent vaccine has already been proved as efficacious in a split-dose regimen but has not been tested in a single-dose scenario. For this purpose, a total of four studies including two pre-clinical and two clinical studies were performed. Globally, a significant reduction in PCV-2 viraemia and faecal excretion was detected in vaccinated pigs compared to non-vaccinated animals, as well as lower histopathological lymphoid lesion plus PCV-2 immunohistochemistry scorings, and incidence of PCV-2-subclinical infection. Moreover, in field trial B, a significant increase in body weight and in average daily weight gain were detected in vaccinated animals compared to the non-vaccinated ones. Circulation of PCV-2b in field trial A and PCV-2a plus PCV-2d in field trial B was confirmed by virus sequencing. Hence, the efficacy of this new trivalent vaccine against a natural PCV-2a, PCV-2b or PCV-2d challenge was demonstrated in terms of reduction of histopathological lymphoid lesions and PCV-2 detection in tissues, serum and faeces, as well as improvement of production parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pleguezuelos
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Marina Sibila
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Ramírez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa López-Jiménez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Pérez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Huerta
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Maria Llorens
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Pérez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lucas P. Taylor
- Zoetis Inc., 333 Portage Street 300-504SW, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Jennifer Smith
- Zoetis Inc., 333 Portage Street 300-504SW, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Meggan Bandrick
- Zoetis Inc., 333 Portage Street 300-504SW, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Stasia Borowski
- Zoetis Belgium S.A., 20 Mercuriusstraat, 1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | | | - Joaquim Segalés
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio López-Soria
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Fort
- Zoetis Manufacturing & Research Spain S.L., Ctra Camprodon s/n Finca “La Riba”, Vall de Bianya, 17813 Girona, Spain
| | - Mónica Balasch
- Zoetis Manufacturing & Research Spain S.L., Ctra Camprodon s/n Finca “La Riba”, Vall de Bianya, 17813 Girona, Spain
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Beuckelaere L, Haspeslagh M, Biebaut E, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Krejci R, Meyer E, Gleerup D, De Spiegelaere W, Devriendt B, Maes D. Different local, innate and adaptive immune responses are induced by two commercial Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae bacterins and an adjuvant alone. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1015525. [PMID: 36569943 PMCID: PMC9768447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enzootic pneumonia still causes major economic losses to the intensive pig production. Vaccination against its primary pathogen, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, is carried out worldwide to control the disease and minimize clinical signs and performance losses. Nonetheless, the effects of both infection with, and vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on the innate and adaptive immune responses remain largely unknown. Therefore, we conducted a study in which piglets were injected once with a commercial bacterin V1 or V2, or the adjuvant of V1 (A) to investigate their effect on local, innate and adaptive immune responses. Methods Three weeks after vaccination, piglets were challenge infected with M. hyopneumoniae and euthanized four weeks later to assess vaccine efficacy via macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of lung lesions. Blood and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BAL) samples were collected to measure antibody responses, cellular immunity, BAL cytokine levels and BAL M. hyopneumoniae DNA load as well as cytokine secretion by monocytes. Results After vaccination, proliferation of antigen-specific CD3+ T cells and a higher percentage of TNF-α+ CD8+, and TNF-α+ and TNF-α+IFN-γ+ CD4+CD8+ T cells was seen in V1, while proliferation of or a significant increase in cytokine production by different T cell subsets could not be observed for animals from V2. Interestingly, LPS-stimulated blood monocytes from V1 and A secreted less IL-10 on D7. After challenge, higher levels of IgA, more IL-10 and less IL-1β was detected in BAL from V1, which was not observed in V2. Animals from A had significantly more IL-17A in BAL. The macroscopic lung lesion score and the M. hyopneumoniae DNA load at euthanasia was lower in V1, but the microscopic lung lesion score was lower in both vaccinated groups. Discussion In conclusion, these results indicate that the two commercial bacterins induced different local and adaptive immune responses, that the adjuvant alone can reduce anti-inflammatory innate immune responses, and that both vaccines had a different efficacy to reduce Mycoplasma-like lung lesions and M. hyopneumoniae DNA load in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Beuckelaere
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium,*Correspondence: Lisa Beuckelaere,
| | - Maarten Haspeslagh
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelien Biebaut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Evelyne Meyer
- Deparment of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - David Gleerup
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ward De Spiegelaere
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Huber N, Andraud M, Sassu EL, Prigge C, Zoche-Golob V, Käsbohrer A, D'Angelantonio D, Viltrop A, Żmudzki J, Jones H, Smith RP, Tobias T, Burow E. What is a biosecurity measure? A definition proposal for animal production and linked processing operations. One Health 2022; 15:100433. [PMID: 36277103 PMCID: PMC9582555 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
While biosecurity, a central component of the One Health concept, is clearly defined, a harmonized definition of the term ´biosecurity measure´ (BSM) is missing. In turn, particularly at the farm and policy level, this leads to misunderstandings, low acceptance, poor implementation, and thus suboptimal biosecurity along the food animal production chain. Moreover, different views on BSMs affects making comparisons both at the policy level as well as in the scientific community. Therefore, as part of the One Health EJP BIOPIGEE project, a work group i) collected and discussed relevant inclusion and exclusion criteria for measures to be considered in the context of biosecurity and ii) conducted a systematic literature review for potentially existing definitions for the term BSM. This exercise confirmed the lack of a definition of BSM, underlining the importance of the topic. In the pool of articles considered relevant to defining the term BSM, specific research themes were identified. Based on these outcomes, we propose a definition of the term BSM: “A biosecurity measure (BSM) – is the implementation of a segregation, hygiene, or management procedure (excluding medically effective feed additives and preventive/curative treatment of animals) that specifically aims at reducing the probability of the introduction, establishment, survival, or spread of any potential pathogen to, within, or from a farm, operation or geographical area.” The definition provides a basis for policymakers to identify factual BSMs, highlights the point of implementation and supports to achieve the necessary quality standards of biosecurity in food animal production. It also enables clear, harmonized, cross-sectoral communication of best biosecurity practices to and from relevant stakeholders and thus contribute to improving biosecurity and thereby strengthen the One Health approach. We propose a harmonized definition for the term “biosecurity measure”. Policy makers can use this definition to identify factual BSMs. The definition promotes communication of biosecurity practices between stakeholders.
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Assavacheep P, Thanawongnuwech R. Porcine respiratory disease complex: Dynamics of polymicrobial infections and management strategies after the introduction of the African swine fever. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1048861. [PMID: 36504860 PMCID: PMC9732666 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1048861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A few decades ago, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) exerted a major economic impact on the global swine industry, particularly due to the adoption of intensive farming by the latter during the 1980's. Since then, the emerging of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as major immunosuppressive viruses led to an interaction with other endemic pathogens (e.g., Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, etc.) in swine farms, thereby exacerbating the endemic clinical diseases. We herein, review and discuss various dynamic polymicrobial infections among selected swine pathogens. Traditional biosecurity management strategies through multisite production, parity segregation, batch production, the adoption of all-in all-out production systems, specific vaccination and medication protocols for the prevention and control (or even eradication) of swine diseases are also recommended. After the introduction of the African swine fever (ASF), particularly in Asian countries, new normal management strategies minimizing pig contact by employing automatic feeding systems, artificial intelligence, and robotic farming and reducing the numbers of vaccines are suggested. Re-emergence of existing swine pathogens such as PRRSV or PCV2, or elimination of some pathogens may occur after the ASF-induced depopulation. ASF-associated repopulating strategies are, therefore, essential for the establishment of food security. The "repopulate swine farm" policy and the strict biosecurity management (without the use of ASF vaccines) are, herein, discussed for the sustainable management of small-to-medium pig farms, as these happen to be the most potential sources of an ASF re-occurrence. Finally, the ASF disruption has caused the swine industry to rapidly transform itself. Artificial intelligence and smart farming have gained tremendous attention as promising tools capable of resolving challenges in intensive swine farming and enhancing the farms' productivity and efficiency without compromising the strict biosecurity required during the ongoing ASF era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornchalit Assavacheep
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,*Correspondence: Pornchalit Assavacheep
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Center of Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
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Virulence Comparison of Four Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Genotypes (2a, 2b, 2d and 2e) in Pigs Single-Infected with PCV2 and Pigs Dual-Infected with PCV2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. J Comp Pathol 2022; 199:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Scollo A, Levallois P, Fourichon C, Motta A, Mannelli A, Lombardo F, Ferrari P. Monitoring Means and Results of Biosecurity in Pig Fattening Farms: Systematic Assessment of Measures in Place and Exploration of Biomarkers of Interest. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192655. [PMID: 36230396 PMCID: PMC9558513 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited data are available regarding animal-based biomarkers over time as outcomes of biosecurity in pig farms. The aim of this study was to gain an insight into the biosecurity implementation in a convenience sample of 15 swine herds, and to describe potential biomarkers of interest; inputs from a systematic evaluation of biosecurity implementation were used to develop tailor-made biosecurity protocols monitored over a 12-month period. The farms' implementation was then described, and animal-based biomarkers were explored as output parameters. A significative biosecurity improvement was observed at the end of the study (p = 0.047), in particular in the professional zone (p = 0.012). Four clusters of farms were identified for their progress on biosecurity implementation by means of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA): 4/15 farms improved their biosecurity only in the professional zone, 8/15 showed scarce/null improvement of total biosecurity, 2/15 worsened their biosecurity, and 1/15 greatly improved biosecurity. The farm biosecurity profiles showing an improvement included farms with a reduction in lung lesions and scars at slaughter at the end of the study. The results suggest that a systematic evaluation of biosecurity is a useful approach to formulate tailor-made biosecurity plans and monitor their implementation; biomarkers might bring insight into the outcomes of biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Scollo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | | | - Ambra Motta
- CRPA Research Centre for Animal Production, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mannelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Ferrari
- CRPA Research Centre for Animal Production, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Xu L, Hao F, Wang J, Feng Z, Zhang L, Yuan T, Chen R, Zhang Z, Shao G, Xiong Q, Lin J, Xie X, Liu Y. Th1 and Th17 mucosal immune responses elicited by nasally inoculation in mice with virulence factors of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105779. [PMID: 36116609 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Dependent (NADH) flavin oxidoreductase and NADH oxidase (NOX) are important virulence factors of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp), which are devoted to the function of adhesion, oxidative stress damage and apoptosis to host cells in our previous studies. Here, immune responses of NADH flavin oxidoreductase (NFOR) and NOX in mice and immune efficacy inoculated with intramuscular (IM), intranasal (IN), intramuscular unite intranasal (IM + IN) approaches were evaluated and compared. Cellular immunity levels, systemic immune and local mucosal immune responses were investigated by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Mice inoculated with NFOR and NOX by IM and IN or IM + IN could induce obvious secretion of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies (sIgA) compared to those in negative control group. IM + IN inoculation resulted in systemic and local mucosal immune responses that were strongly produced. Moreover, Mhp NFOR and NOX could activate local mucosal immune responses mediated by Th1 and Th17 cells by IN. Our finding supported the notion that IM + IN was an effective immunization route for Mhp, which lays a foundation for more effective prevention of Mhp, and provides theoretical basis for the development of new subunit vaccines of Mhp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China; Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X 54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Johnson Lin
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X 54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Xing Xie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China.
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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Madapong A, Saeng-chuto K, Tantituvanont A, Nilubol D. Using a concurrent challenge with porcine circovirus 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus to compare swine vaccination programs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15524. [PMID: 36109529 PMCID: PMC9477171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the immune response of six commercial vaccines against PRRSV-2 and PCV2, administered as monovalent or combined products via intramuscular (IM) or intradermal (ID) routes. Seventy-two, 3-week-old pigs were randomly allocated into 8 treatments with 9 pigs each: IMPP0/PCVMH7, IDPP0/PCVMH7, IMING0/PCVMH7, IMPP0/PCVMH0, IDPP0/PCVMH0, IMTRF0, NV/CH, and NV/NC. IMPP0/PCVMH0 and IMPP0/PCVMH7 groups were IM vaccinated once with Prime Pac PRRS (MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands) at 0 days post-vaccination (DPV), followed by single IM vaccination with Porcilis PCV M Hyo (MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands) either at 0 or 7 DPV, respectively. IDPP0/PCVMH0 and IDPP0/PCVMH7 groups were ID vaccinated once with Prime Pac PRRS (MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands) at 0 DPV, followed by a single concurrent ID injection of Porcilis PCV ID (MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands) and Porcilis M Hyo ID ONCE (MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands) either at 0 or 7 DPV, respectively. The IMING0/PCVMH7 group was IM vaccinated once with Ingelvac PRRS MLV (Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany) at 0 DPV, and subsequently IM vaccinated with Ingelvac CircoFLEX (Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany) and Ingelvac MycoFLEX (Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany) at 7 DPV. The IMTRF0 group was IM vaccinated once with combined products of Ingelvac PRRS MLV (Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany), Ingelvac CircoFLEX (Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany), and Ingelvac MycoFLEX (Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany) at 0 DPV. The NV/CH and NV/NC groups were left unvaccinated. At 28 DPV (0 days post-challenge, DPC), pigs were intranasally inoculated with a 4 ml of mixed cell culture inoculum containing HP-PRRSV-2 (105.6 TCID50/ml) and PCV2d (105.0 TCID50/ml). Antibody response, IFN-γ-secreting cells (SC), and IL-10 secretion in supernatants of stimulated PBMC were monitored. Sera were collected and quantified for the PRRSV RNA and PCV2 DNA using qPCR. Three pigs from each group were necropsied at 7 DPC, lung lesions were evaluated. Tissues were collected and performed immunohistochemistry (IHC). Our study demonstrated that concurrent vaccination via the ID or the IM route did not introduce additional reactogenicity. We found no interference with the induction of immune response between vaccination timing. In terms of an immune response, ID vaccination resulted in significantly lower IL-10 levels and higher IFN-γ-SC values compared to the IM-vaccinated groups. In terms of clinical outcomes, only one IM-vaccinated group showed significantly better efficacy when antigens were injected separately compared with concurrently. While the vaccines were ID delivered, these effects disappeared. Our findings confirm that concurrent vaccination of PRRSV-2 MLV and PCV2 via either the IM or the ID routes could be a viable immunization strategy to assist with the control of PRDC. In situations where maximal efficacy is required, over all other factors, concurrent vaccination is possible with the ID route but might not be an ideal strategy if using the IM route.
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Development of a Multi-Epitope Vaccine for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Evaluation of Its Immune Responses in Mice and Piglets. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147899. [PMID: 35887246 PMCID: PMC9318870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp), the primary pathogen causing Mycoplasma pneumonia of swine (MPS), brings massive economic losses worldwide. Genomic variability and post-translational protein modification can enhance the immune evasion of Mhp, which makes MPS prone to recurrent outbreaks on farms, even with vaccination or other treatments. The reverse vaccinology pipeline has been developed as an attractive potential method for vaccine development due to its high efficiency and applicability. In this study, a multi-epitope vaccine for Mhp was developed, and its immune responses were evaluated in mice and piglets. Genomic core proteins of Mhp were retrieved through pan-genome analysis, and four immunodominant antigens were screened by host homologous protein removal, membrane protein screening, and virulence factor identification. One immunodominant antigen, AAV27984.1 (membrane nuclease), was expressed by E. coli and named rMhp597. For epitope prioritization, 35 B-cell-derived epitopes were identified from the four immunodominant antigens, and 10 MHC-I and 6 MHC-II binding epitopes were further identified. The MHC-I/II binding epitopes were merged and combined to produce recombinant proteins MhpMEV and MhpMEVC6His, which were used for animal immunization and structural analysis, respectively. Immunization of mice and piglets demonstrated that MhpMEV could induce humoral and cellular immune responses. The mouse serum antibodies could detect all 11 synthetic epitopes, and the piglet antiserum suppressed the nuclease activity of rMhp597. Moreover, piglet serum antibodies could also detect cultured Mhp strain 168. In summary, this study provides immunoassay results for a multi-epitope vaccine derived from the reverse vaccinology pipeline, and offers an alternative vaccine for MPS.
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Chemotherapeutic Strategies with Valnemulin, Tilmicosin, and Tulathromycin to Control Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Infection in Pigs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070893. [PMID: 35884148 PMCID: PMC9311983 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the primary agent of Swine Enzootic Pneumonia (SEP). Vaccines reduce the clinical manifestation of the disease but do not prevent infection. The present study aimed to evaluate the use of antimicrobial drugs to minimize the impact of M. hyopneumoniae. For this, 32 pregnant female pigs and their litters were selected and then followed from birth to slaughter. The study involved three experimental groups that received metaphylactic treatment with different protocols involving tilmicosin, valnemulin, tulathromycin, and a control group to compare the effect of treatments against M. hyopneumoniae infection throughout the phases. Performance data were recorded, and the piglets were evaluated for the occurrence of cough. Nasal swab and blood collection was conducted periodically to detect M. hyopneumoniae shedding and anti-M. hyopneumoniae IgG, respectively. At slaughter, the lungs of animals from all groups were evaluated, and samples were collected for histopathological examination and qPCR for M. hyopneumoniae detection. All protocols promoted a reduction in consolidation lung lesions when compared to the control group. Individuals treated with valnemulin showed increased performance results, lower mortality, and low bacterial load in the lung. The results are promising and may indicate an alternative in the strategic control of M. hyopneumoniae infection in pigs.
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Scalisi N, Kuhnert P, Amado MEV, Overesch G, Stärk KD, Ruggli N, Jores J. Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in sows fifteen years after implementation of a control programme for enzootic pneumonia in Switzerland. Vet Microbiol 2022; 270:109455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zong B, Zhu Y, Liu M, Wang X, Chen H, Zhang Y, Tan C. Characteristics of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Strain ES-2 Isolated From Chinese Native Black Pig Lungs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:883416. [PMID: 35847655 PMCID: PMC9280346 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.883416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the primary pathogen of swine enzootic pneumonia and causes great economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. In China, M. hyopneumoniae seriously hinders the healthy development of the native black pigs. To prevent and treat porcine respiratory disease caused by M. hyopneumoniae, the characteristics of M. hyopneumoniae strain ES-2 isolated from Chinese native black pig lungs with gross lesions at post-mortem were studied for the first time in this study. Strain ES-2 cell was round or oval cells and most sensitive to kanamycin. The diameters of most strain ES-2 cells ranged from 0.4 to 1.0 μm with maximum viability of 1010 CCU/ml. Experimental challenge of animals with strain ES-2 showed respiratory disease could be reproduced, with pneumonic lung lesions evident. Comparative genomics analysis identified that 2 genes are specific to pathogenic M. hyopneumoniae strains, which may be predicted to be a molecular marker. These findings suggest that the study on the characteristics of M. hyopneumoniae strain ES-2 will guide the rapid and accurate drug use in the clinic, and develop a theoretical foundation for accurately diagnosing and treating the infection caused by pathogenic M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Zong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Manli Liu
- Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Centre, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
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Cho H, Oh T, Suh J, Chae C. A Comparative Field Evaluation of the Effect of Growth Performance Between Porcine Circovirus Type 2a (PCV2a)- and PCV2b-Based Bivalent Vaccines Containing PCV2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:859344. [PMID: 35812885 PMCID: PMC9263624 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.859344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare two different bivalent vaccines containing porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. One vaccine contained PCV2a and the other contained PCV2b, and both were administered on a farm suffering from subclinical PCV2d infection and enzootic pneumonia. A total of 180 pigs were randomly divided into 3 groups (60 pigs per group; male pigs = 30 and female pigs = 30). Bivalent vaccination significantly improved growth performance in both vaccinated groups as compared to the unvaccinated (UnVac) group. Growth performance measured by body weight and average daily weight gain (ADWG) was not significantly different between the two bivalent-vaccinated groups (VacA and VacB). Both bivalent vaccines elicited high levels of neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC) against PCV2d, leading to a reduction in the levels of PCV2d blood viral load as compared to unvaccinated animals. Similarly, both bivalent vaccines elicited high levels of IFN-γ-SC against M. hyopneumoniae that reduced the level of M. hyopneumoniae laryngeal viral loads as compared to unvaccinated animals. Significant differences in severity of lung and lymphoid lesions were observed in both vaccinated groups as compared to the UnVac group. These comparative field data demonstrated that both bivalent vaccines are good candidates for controlling subclinical PCV2d infection and enzootic pneumonia in swine farms suffering from an existing infection.
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Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Pigs with Pulmonary Inflammation Induced by Mycoplasma hyorhinis Infection. mSystems 2022; 7:e0028222. [PMID: 35699454 PMCID: PMC9426446 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00282-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung inflammation induced by Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection accounts for significant economic losses in the swine industry. Increasing evidence suggests that there is cross talk between the lungs and the gut, but little is known about the effect of the lung inflammation caused by M. hyorhinis infection on gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function. Here, we investigated changes in the fecal microbiotas of pigs with M. hyorhinis infection and the microbial regulatory role of such infection in intestinal barrier function. We infected pigs with M. hyorhinis and performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses of fecal samples, data-independent acquisition (DIA) quantitative proteomic analyses of intestinal mucosa, and analyses of barrier dysfunction indicators in serum. We found that pigs with M. hyorhinis infection exhibit lung and systemic inflammation, as reflected by the histopathological changes and activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway in lung tissue, as well as the increased concentrations of serum inflammatory cytokines. Gut microbiotas tended to become disturbed, as evidenced by the enrichment of opportunistic pathogens. The increased diamine oxidase activities and d-lactate concentrations in serum and the decreased relative mRNA expression of Occludin, ZO-1, and Mucin2 indicated the impairment of intestinal barrier function. Quantitative proteomic analyses showed a variety of altered proteins involved in immunomodulatory and inflammatory functions. There was a positive correlation between the abundance of opportunistic pathogens and inflammatory-cytokine concentrations, as well as intestinal immunomodulatory proteins. Our results suggest that lung inflammation induced by M. hyorhinis infection can contribute to the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and intestinal barrier dysfunction, and dysbiosis of gut microbiota was associated with systemic inflammation and intestinal immune status. IMPORTANCE Cumulative evidence suggests that bacterial pneumonia may contribute to the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Our experiment has demonstrated that lung inflammation induced by M. hyorhinis infection was associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction, which may provide a theoretical basis for exploring the gut-lung axis based on M. hyorhinis infection.
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Sonalio K, Almeida HMS, Mechler-Dreibi ML, Storino GY, Haesebrouck F, Maes D, de Oliveira LG. Influence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae natural infection on the respiratory microbiome diversity of finishing pigs. Vet Res 2022; 53:20. [PMID: 35303928 PMCID: PMC8932171 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae interacts with the respiratory microbiota and facilitates colonization of other pathogens. The present study investigated the pulmonary and nasal microbiota of M. hyopneumoniae-infected and M. hyopneumoniae-free pigs. Sixty-six pigs from three commercial herds were selected at the end of the finishing phase: 44 originated from two M. hyopneumoniae-positive herds and 22 from a M. hyopneumoniae-negative farm. At the slaughterhouse, samples of nasal turbinate (NT) and bronchus-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected. DNA was extracted with a commercial kit and the infection status was confirmed by qPCR. All samples from the same herd were pooled, and next-generation sequencing based on the hypervariable region V3-V4 of the 16 s bacterial rDNA was performed. Data analysis included the taxonomic analysis, Alpha diversity indexes, and Principal coordinates analysis (Pcoa) using Jaccard, Bray-Curtis, Weighted Unifrac, and Unweighted Unifrac distances. All pigs from the infected herds tested PCR positive for M. hyopneumoniae, whereas all pigs from the negative farm were negative. There was a greater diversity of microorganisms in BALF when compared to NT samples in all the farms. BALF samples from infected animals showed higher abundance of M. hyopneumoniae than NT samples and a predominance of Pasteurella multocida among the main species identified, which was also abundant in the M. hyopneumoniae-free herd. PCoa diagrams indicated that for most of the samples, dissimilarity on bacterial composition was observed, regardless of infection status and sample type. Therefore, the lung microbiota was modulated by M. hyopneumoniae infection, which could play a role in the pathogenesis of M. hyopneumoniae-disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sonalio
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Henrique M S Almeida
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Marina L Mechler-Dreibi
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Y Storino
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil.
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Tameling A, Könighoff P, Beilage EG, Menrath A, Heimann M, Köhrmann A, Hennig-Pauka I. [Performance parameters and pathogen detection in pig groups differently vaccinated with respect to Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2022; 50:21-29. [PMID: 35235980 DOI: 10.1055/a-1696-1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Respiratory diseases, mostly multifactorial, cause problems in pig farms worldwide. Next to infectious agents, such as Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) management, housing, and environmental factors are decisive for the development of disease. In a conventional, closed swine farm in Lower Saxony, Germany, which did not vaccinate against PCV2, the effect of an implementation of PCV2 vaccination (Suvaxyn® Circo + MH RTU) onto animal health was evaluated. In addition, the effect of this combination vaccine was assessed in comparison to simultaneous administration of mono-vaccines against PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In a two-phase trial, 524 (phase 1) or 521 (phase 2) clinically healthy piglets were included at the first week of life. In the first phase, performance parameters were compared in animals vaccinated against M. hyopneumoniae only (group A) or vaccinated against PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae (group B). In phase 2, vaccination against PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae with different vaccines were compared (groups C and D). Performance parameters included lifetime animal losses, daily weight gains during suckling, weaning and fattening, and randomly sampled pathogen loads in serum (PCV2) or tracheobronchial secretions (M. hyopneumoniae). In addition, an assessment of the lungs was performed after slaughter. RESULTS In the first phase, it was shown that the group vaccinated against PCV2 (Group B: Suvaxyn® Circo + MH RTU) had higher daily growth rates during the fattening period (+ 37 g, p = 0.012) as well as during the complete period (+ 16 g, p = 0.013) in comparison to the group without PCV2 vaccination (Group A). In group A a significantly higher proportion of animals showed a PCV2 viremia. In the second phase, it was shown that group D was not inferior to the established vaccination regiment of group C. In fattening pigs in week 22 of life, detection rates for M. hyopneumoniae in tracheobronchial secretions were in the range of 27-80 % irrespective of the vaccination group. CONCLUSION Vaccination against PCV2 leads to improved animal health and higher daily weight gains. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The combined vaccine studied here provides farmers and veterinarians with an additional option for the improvement of animal health in pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tameling
- Außenstelle für Epidemiologie, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
| | - Philipp Könighoff
- Außenstelle für Epidemiologie, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
| | | | - Andrea Menrath
- Außenstelle für Epidemiologie, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
| | - Marcus Heimann
- Außenstelle für Epidemiologie, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
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Xia X, Yang L, Ling Y, Yu J, Ding H. Emergence and Mechanism of Resistance of Tulathromycin Against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in a PK/PD Model and the Fitness Costs of 23S rRNA Mutants. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:801800. [PMID: 35224081 PMCID: PMC8873822 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.801800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides are widely used in diseases caused by Mycoplasma spp. The new semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic tulathromycin is currently in wide use for the treatment of respiratory diseases of livestock. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of tulathromycin against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae using an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model to reveal mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and to evaluate the fitness of drug-resistant strains. In this study, high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine drug concentrations for the in vitro model after dosing. The peak concentrations were in the range 0.3125–20 μg/mL (1 × MIC-64 × MIC). The ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) over 72 h divided by the MIC (AUC72h/MIC) had the highest correlation with the antibacterial effect of tulathromycin against M. hyopneumoniae. Tulathromycin also showed concentration-dependent antimicrobial effects and promoted the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria after being cultured for 168 h and most were mutations in 23S rRNA at site A2058G (E.coli numbering) and only a single isolate was an A2058T (E.coli numbering) mutant. In the presence of reserpine, we determined the MIC of tulathromycin, tilmicosin, tiamulin and tylosin against these drug-resistant bacteria and the strains with efflux pump mechanisms were found among the strains resistant to tilmicosin. Gene expression analysis indicated that the ABC and MATE transporter efflux pump genes RS01935, RS02670, RS01115, RS01970, RS02395 and RS03540 (MATE family efflux transporter) were up-regulated in the three strains (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). These investigations provide guidance for clinical administration of tulathromycin and elucidate the mechanism and fitness cost of drug resistance in M. hyopneumoniae.
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Assessment of Lung Disease in Finishing Pigs at Slaughter: Pulmonary Lesions and Implications on Productivity Parameters. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123604. [PMID: 34944380 PMCID: PMC8698171 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Examination of lung lesions at slaughterhouses provides important information regarding swine respiratory disease presence in farms worldwide. This study evaluated pulmonary lesions in pigs at slaughter and assessed their effect on productive parameters. We observed a high occurrence (73.1%) of lung lesions in a cohort of 108 pigs; these lesions were associated with primary bacterial disease or a combination of bacterial and viral pathogens. The animals with more severe lesions had lower weight gain, remained at the farm longer, and were exposed to reinfection. Through laboratory tests, we demonstrated coinfections between Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, porcine circovirus type 2, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in affected lungs. We suggest that pigs that do not reach the desired weight at slaughter age should be sent to slaughter regardless, thus avoiding economic losses due to suboptimal productive parameters and aggravated respiratory disease by reinfection. Abstract Swine respiratory disease is associated with productive losses. We evaluated the prevalence of lung lesions with an emphasis on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), as well as the impact on productive parameters in 108 finishing pigs at slaughter. Pathologic, immunohistochemical (IHC) and serologic analyses were performed. Pneumonic processes were observed in 73.1% of the animals. They mainly consisted of cranioventral bronchopneumonia (CBP) (46.3%) and pleuritis (17.6%). Microscopically, bronchointerstitial pneumonia (67.4%) was common and was occasionally combined (27.9%) with interstitial pneumonia (IP). Mh and PCV2-antigens were detected in bronchointerstitial pneumonia (70.7%) and IP cases (33.3%). There were low titers against Mh (18%) and high titers against PRRSV (100%) and PCV2 (65%). Animals with CBP remained at the farm longer; those with >10% of lung parenchyma involvement were sent later (208.8 days old) and had a lower average carcass weight (74.1 kg) and a lower daily weight gain (500.8 gr/day) compared with animals without lesions (567.2 gr/day, 77.7 kg, 200.8 days old). We suggest that animals that do not reach the weight at slaughter should be sent to slaughter regardless to avoid further negative impacts of respiratory disease in productive parameters.
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Nueangphuet P, Suwanruengsri M, Fuke N, Uemura R, Hirai T, Yamaguchi R. Neutrophil and M2-polarized Macrophage Infiltration, Expression of IL-8 and Apoptosis in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Pneumonia in Swine. J Comp Pathol 2021; 189:31-44. [PMID: 34886984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) is the primary pathogen of porcine enzootic pneumonia (PEP). Consolidated lung tissue from the cranioventral lung lobes of 15 pigs with PEP was collected for quantitative polymerase chain reaction, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Histopathology revealed the co-existence of bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue hyperplasia with intra-alveolar neutrophils and macrophage infiltration in lesions of suppurative bronchopneumonia. Immunolabelling of infiltrated macrophages with CD163/CD204 indicated the presence of M2-polarized macrophages. Mhp antigen was detected on respiratory epithelial cells and in phagocytosed neutrophils. The intensity of Mhp immunolabelling and number of CD163/CD204-positive macrophages were correlated with the Mhp load in lung tissue (r = 0.87, 0.56, P <0.05). IL-8 immunolabelling was mainly found in neutrophils and correlated with Mhp load, Mhp immunolabelling and histological lesion score (r = 0.70, 0.66, 0.64, P <0.05), respectively. Apoptosis was seen in intra-alveolar cells and was correlated with Mhp load (r = 0.62, P <0.05). It is postulated that IL-8 attracts neutrophils to the lesions, while M2-polarized macrophages are a major source of IL-10 and promote a Th2-type immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phawut Nueangphuet
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mathurot Suwanruengsri
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Fuke
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryoko Uemura
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takuya Hirai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yamaguchi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Gao L, Wang Y, Wei R. Genotype diversity of Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae in Chinese swine herds based on multilocus sequence typing. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:347. [PMID: 34749727 PMCID: PMC8574025 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Between 2018 and 2020, 989 clinical specimens from pigs showing clinical signs of a variety of swine diseases in 27 provinces in China were sampled and submitted for further testing. Nested PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and subsequent sequencing were used to analyse these specimens. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-positive samples were assayed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The aim of the study was to reveal the distribution of M. hyopneumoniae and determine the genotypes of M. hyopneumoniae in pig herds in China based on MLST. RESULTS Among these 989 samples, 199 samples were M. hyopneumoniae-positive. The M. hyopneumoniae positivity rate was 7.2% (35/494) in 2018, 18.4% (38/207) in 2019, and 43.8% (126/288) in 2020. In total, 47 samples were successfully assayed by MLST. Sixteen new M. hyopneumoniae sequence types from 9 provinces were recorded in the present study. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on sample positivity rates and molecular typing results for M. hyopneumoniae in swine herds in China. MLST has revealed high genotype diversity among M. hyopneumoniae from different provinces of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No 369 Road, Qingdao, 266032, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No 369 Road, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Lu Gao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No 369 Road, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Yan Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No 369 Road, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Rong Wei
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No 369 Road, Qingdao, 266032, China.
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Lee SI, Jeong CG, Ul Salam Mattoo S, Nazki S, Prasad Aganja R, Kim SC, Khatun A, Oh Y, Noh SH, Lee SM, Kim WI. Protective immunity induced by concurrent intradermal injection of porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae inactivated vaccines in pigs. Vaccine 2021; 39:6691-6699. [PMID: 34538524 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) are routinely used by intramuscular injection. However, since intramuscular vaccination causes stress and increases the risk of cross-contamination among pigs, research on intradermal vaccination is currently being actively conducted. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of intradermally administered inactivated vaccines against PCV2 and Mhp in pigs. Three-week-old specific pathogen-free pigs were divided into three groups (5 pigs per group). Pigs in the two groups were intradermally vaccinated with the PCV2 or Mhp vaccine using a needle-free injector. Pigs in the third group were kept as nonvaccinated controls. At 21 days post-vaccination, pigs in one of these vaccinated groups and the nonvaccinated group were intranasally challenged with PCV2b and Mhp, while the other vaccinated group pigs were maintained as vaccine controls. Vaccine efficacy was evaluated by observing weight gain, pathogen load, pathological changes, and humoral or cellular immune responses. As a result, vaccinated pigs revealed significantly higher body weight gain, with lower clinical scores. Vaccinated pigs also showed higher antibody responses but lower PCV2b or Mhp loads in sera, nasal swabs, or lungs than nonvaccinated pigs. Intriguingly, vaccinated pigs upregulated cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), helper T type 1 cells (Th1 cells), and helper T type 17 cells (Th17 cells) after immunization and showed significantly higher levels of CTLs, Th1 and Th17 cells at 14 days post-challenge than nonvaccinated and challenged pigs. This study demonstrated that protective immune responses against PCV2 and Mhp could be efficiently induced in pigs using a relatively small volume of intradermal vaccines, probably due to effective antigen delivery to antigen-presenting cells in the dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sim-In Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Salik Nazki
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright-GU24 0NF, Woking, United Kingdom.
| | - Ram Prasad Aganja
- Division of Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Amina Khatun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Yeonsu Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hyun Noh
- MSD Animal Health Korea Ltd., Seoul 04637, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
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Oba P, Dione MM, Wieland B, Mwiine FN, Erume J. Correlations between lung pneumonic lesions and serologic status for key respiratory pathogens in slaughtered pigs in northern Uganda. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:53. [PMID: 34607613 PMCID: PMC8489042 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A cross-sectional study of slaughtered pigs was conducted in Lira district, Uganda, to (1) determine the prevalence and severity of pneumonia and (2) establish relationships between pneumonia types and the serological status for key respiratory pathogens. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), sera were screened for antibodies against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Postmortem, lungs were grossly scored for pneumonia types and pneumonic lesions. Pneumonia types were characterized as catarrhal purulent bronchopneumonia (CPBP), pleuropneumonia (PLP) and pleuritis. The percent of lung surface affected by pneumonia was determined by estimating the affected surface area of each lung lobe. Each lobe was assigned scores based on the approximate volume represented and the total percentage of lung surface affected obtained as a sum of individual lobe scores. Metastrongylus spp. helminth infection was determined by examining lungs for gross presence or absence. RStudio was used for data analysis and presentation. Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare median pneumonia lesion scores and serostatus for each studied pathogen. An ordinal logistic regression model was fitted to evaluate the odds of multiple pneumonia, with pathogen serostatus and Metastrongylus spp. infection as predictors.
Results One hundred sixty-seven (n = 167) lungs were examined for pneumonic lesions. The prevalences of CPBP, PLP and pleuritis were 29.9% (95% CI 22.9–36.9), 74.2% (95% CI 67.5–80.9) and 17.3% (95% CI 22.4–36.3), respectively. The true prevalence of PCV2 was 9.7% (95% CI 4.5–16.8), that of PRRSv was 7.5% (95% CI 2.7–14.2), that of M. hyo was 11.5% (95% CI 7.2–18.0), that of App was 25.1% (95% CI 18.5–38.0), and that of Metastrongylus spp. was 29.3% (95% CI 22.9–36.6). The odds of multiple pneumonia forms increased in pigs with multiple pathogens (ORs 2.6, p = 0.01) and Metastrongylus spp. infestation (OR 2.5, p = 0.003), suggesting synergistic effects of coinfections in the induction of lesions. Conclusions This study revealed a high prevalence and severity of pneumonic lesions in slaughtered pigs. It provides baseline information and evidence for the magnitude of pneumonia associated with the studied pathogens and justifies future studies on their potential economic impacts on Ugandan pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Oba
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda. .,National Agricultural Research Organization, Abi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (Abi ZARDI), P. O. Box 219, Arua, Uganda.
| | - Michel M Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o AfricaRice Sahel Station, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Barbara Wieland
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frank N Mwiine
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolaboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Erume
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolaboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Betlach AM, Baumert D, Utrera V, Galina Pantoja L, Pieters M. Effect of antibiotic treatment on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae detection and infectious potential. Vet Microbiol 2021; 262:109222. [PMID: 34544009 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) causes significant economic losses in the swine industry. Antibiotics with activity against Mycoplasma spp. are employed for disease mitigation and pathogen elimination. However, veterinarians are often challenged with the detection of M. hyopneumoniae by PCR after antibiotic treatment, thus raising the question whether the bacterium is still infectious. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of tulathromycin treatment on M. hyopneumoniae detection and infectious potential during the acute and chronic phases of infection. For each infection phase, one age-matched naïve gilt was placed in contact with one M. hyopneumoniae infected gilt that was either treated with tulathromycin, treated and vaccinated, or non-treated, for 14 days. Four replicates per treatment group were performed for each infection phase. A numerical reduction in relative bacterial load was observed in acutely treated gilts compared to non-treated gilts. The rate at which naïve gilts became infected with M. hyopneumoniae was numerically reduced when co-housed with treated, acutely infected gilts compared to those housed with non-treated, infected gilts. During the chronic infection phase, M. hyopneumoniae was detected by PCR in more than 50 % of treated infected gilts and persisted for up to three months post-treatment. Transmission was not detected in all treatment groups however, the possibility that the pathogen was infectious could not be completely ruled out. Further research focused on assessing M. hyopneumoniae detection and viability post-treatment is necessary to guide control and elimination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Betlach
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA; Swine Vet Center, St. Peter, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: is the etiological agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a disease that impacts the swine industry worldwide. Pathogen-induced damage, as well as the elicited host-response, contribute to disease. Here, we provide an overview of EP epidemiology, control and prevention, and a more in-depth review of M. hyopneumoniae pathogenicity determinants, highlighting some molecular mechanisms of pathogen-host interactions relevant for pathogenesis. Based on recent functional, immunological, and comparative “omics” results, we discuss the roles of many known or putative M. hyopneumoniae virulence factors, along with host molecules involved in EP. Moreover, the known molecular bases of pathogenicity mechanisms, including M. hyopneumoniae adhesion to host respiratory epithelium, protein secretion, cell damage, host microbicidal response and its modulation, and maintenance of M. hyopneumoniae homeostasis during infection are described. Recent findings regarding M. hyopneumoniae pathogenicity determinants also contribute to the development of novel diagnostic tests, vaccines, and treatments for EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M A Leal Zimmer
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Andrade Paes
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Uemoto Y, Ichinoseki K, Matsumoto T, Oka N, Takamori H, Kadowaki H, Kojima-Shibata C, Suzuki E, Okamura T, Aso H, Kitazawa H, Satoh M, Uenishi H, Suzuki K. Genome-wide association studies for production, respiratory disease, and immune-related traits in Landrace pigs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15823. [PMID: 34349215 PMCID: PMC8338966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) related to a chronic respiratory disease such as Mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS) and immune-related traits is important for the genetic improvement of disease resistance in pigs. The objective of this study was to detect a novel QTL for a total of 22 production, respiratory disease, and immune-related traits in Landrace pigs. A total of 874 Landrace purebred pigs, which were selected based on MPS resistance, were genotyped using the Illumina PorcineSNP60 BeadChip. We performed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based and haplotype-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to detect a novel QTL and to evaluate the possibility of a pleiotropic QTL for these traits. SNP-based GWAS detected a total of six significant regions in backfat thickness, ratio of granular leucocytes to lymphatic cells, plasma concentration of cortisol at different ages, and complement alternative pathway activity in serum. The significant region detected by haplotype-based GWAS was overlapped across the region detected by SNP-based GWAS. Most of these detected QTL regions were novel regions with some candidate genes located in them. With regard to a pleiotropic QTL among traits, only three of these detected QTL regions overlapped among traits, and many detected regions independently affected the traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Uemoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Kasumi Ichinoseki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Toshimi Matsumoto
- Animal Bioregulation Unit, Division of Animal Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Nozomi Oka
- Miyagi Prefecture Animal Industry Experiment Station, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6445, Japan
| | - Hironori Takamori
- Miyagi Prefecture Animal Industry Experiment Station, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6445, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kadowaki
- Miyagi Prefecture Animal Industry Experiment Station, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6445, Japan
| | | | - Eisaku Suzuki
- Miyagi Prefecture Animal Industry Experiment Station, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6445, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Okamura
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Masahiro Satoh
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hirohide Uenishi
- Animal Bioregulation Unit, Division of Animal Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Keiichi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
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50
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Oh T, Suh J, Park KH, Yang S, Cho H, Chae C. A Comparison of Pathogenicity and Virulence of Three Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Genotypes (a, b, and d) in Pigs Singularly Inoculated with PCV2 and Dually Inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and PCV2. Pathogens 2021; 10:979. [PMID: 34451444 PMCID: PMC8400386 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the virulence of three different porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes (PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d) in pigs infected with either one of these three PCV2 genotypes versus pigs dually inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and PCV2. Pigs were inoculated intratracheally with M. hyopneumoniae at 4 weeks of age followed by another intranasal inoculation at 6 weeks of age with one of three PCV2 genotypes. Dual infection with two pathogens produced moderate and severe dyspnea, lethargy, and reduced weight gain in pigs regardless of the PCV2 genotype evaluated compared with pigs only inoculated with PCV2. The overall levels of PCV2d viremia and severity of lymphoid lesions, and PCV2-antigen within lymphoid lesions were significantly higher in pigs dually inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae/PCV2d when compared with all other dually inoculated groups. The level of PCV2 viremia and the production of PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions did not differ significantly among PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d single-inoculated pig groups. The results of this study demonstrated that M. hyopneumoniae potentiated the replication of PCV2d more than it did with the other PCV2 genotypes as measured by lymphoid lesion severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (T.O.); (J.S.); (K.H.P.); (S.Y.); (H.C.)
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