1
|
Akagami M, Fujii Y, Ouchi Y, Hayama Y. Screening for Japanese Black cattle herds at risk of bovine leukemia virus transmission based on the presence of persistent lymphocytosis. Res Vet Sci 2024; 180:105421. [PMID: 39341024 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a screening method to identify Japanese Black (JB) cattle farms at high risk of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) transmission. We introduced a recently established lymphocyte count (LC) cut-off to detect cattle with persistent lymphocytosis (PL). To identify high-risk farms, we examined the relationship between the proportion of cattle with PL and the mean blood proviral loads (PVL) per farm. The results showed a strong correlation between the proportion of cattle with high LC, higher than the LC cut-off values for JB cattle, and the mean blood PVL per farm. This indicates that the mean blood PVL on a herd basis of JB cattle can be estimated from the proportion of cattle with high LC. Specifically, the mean blood PVL on farms with >30 % cattle having high LC was estimated to be greater than 100 copies/10 ng DNA. The higher the proportion of cattle with high LC per farm, the higher the proportion of cattle at risk as sources of BLV infection. The study demonstrated that the proportion of cattle with high LC, based on the new LC cut-off, serves as a practical index for screening high-risk farms with PL cattle that have high PVL. This finding is meaningful for prioritizing farms with a high proportion of cattle with high LC, necessitating BLV infection prevention measures, such as voluntary culling and segregation, in order to develop a regional, stepwise BLV eradication strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Akagami
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki, Japan; Ibaraki Prefecture Kensei Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki, Japan; Ibaraki Prefecture Kensei Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Ouchi
- Ibaraki Prefecture Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayama
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shaukat W, de Jong E, McCubbin KD, Biesheuvel MM, van der Meer FJUM, De Buck J, Lhermie G, Hall DC, Kalbfleisch KN, Kastelic JP, Orsel K, Barkema HW. Herd-level prevalence of bovine leukemia virus, Salmonella Dublin and Neospora caninum in Alberta, Canada, dairy herds using ELISA on bulk tank milk samples. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00849-X. [PMID: 38825106 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Endemic infectious diseases remain a major challenge for dairy producers worldwide. For effective disease control programs, up-to-date prevalence estimates are of utmost importance. The objective of this study was to estimate the herd-level prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV), Salmonella Dublin, and Neospora caninum in dairy herds in Alberta, Canada using a serial cross-sectional study design. Bulk tank milk samples from all Alberta dairy farms were collected 4 times, in December 2021 (n = 489), April 2022 (n = 487), July 2022 (n = 487), and October 2022 (n = 480), and tested for antibodies against BLV, S. Dublin, and N. caninum using ELISAs. Herd-level apparent prevalence was calculated as positive samples divided by total tested samples at each time point. A mixed effect modified Poisson regression model was employed to assess the association of prevalence with region, herd size, herd type, and type of milking system. Apparent prevalence of BLV was 89.4, 88.7, 86.9 and 86.9% in December, April, July, and October, respectively, whereas for S. Dublin apparent prevalence was 11.2, 6.6, 8.6, and 8.5%, and for N. caninum apparent prevalence was 18.2, 7.4, 7.8, and 15.0%. For BLV, S. Dublin and N. caninum, a total of 91.7, 15.6, and 28.1% of herds, respectively, were positive at least once, whereas 82.5, 3.6, and 3.0% of herds were ELISA-positive at all 4 times. Compared with the north region, central Alberta had a high prevalence (prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.13) of BLV-antibody positive herds, whereas south Alberta had a high prevalence (PR = 2.56) of herds positive for S. Dublin antibodies. Furthermore, central (PR = 0.52) and south regions (PR = 0.46) had low prevalence of N. caninum-positive herds compared with the north. Hutterite colony herds were more frequently BLV-positive (PR = 1.13) but less frequently N. caninum-positive (PR = 0.47). Large herds (>7,200 L/day milk delivered ∼ > 250 cows) were 1.1 times more often BLV-positive, whereas small herds (≤3,600 L/day milk delivered ∼ ≤ 125 cows) were 3.2 times more often N. caninum-positive. For S. Dublin, Hutterite-colony herds were less frequently (PR = 0.07) positive than non-colony herds only in medium and large stratum but not in small stratum. Moreover, larger herds were more frequently (PR = 2.20) S. Dublin-positive than smaller herds only in non-colony stratum but not in colony stratum. Moreover, N. caninum prevalence was 1.6 times higher on farms with conventional milking systems compared with farms with an automated milking system. These results provide up-to-date information of the prevalence of these infections that will inform investigations of within-herd prevalence of these infections and help in devising evidence-based disease control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Shaukat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ellen de Jong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kayley D McCubbin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marit M Biesheuvel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jeroen De Buck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guillaume Lhermie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; The Simpson Centre for Food and Agricultural Policy, The School of Public Policy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David C Hall
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - John P Kastelic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karin Orsel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; One Health at UCalgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Szczotka M, Kuźmak J. Cytokine secretion in stem cells of cattle infected with bovine leukaemia virus. J Vet Res 2024; 68:19-33. [PMID: 38525233 PMCID: PMC10960261 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is a Deltaretrovirus responsible for enzootic bovine leukosis, the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. It deregulates the immune system, favouring secondary infections and changes in the blood and lymphatic tissues. Blood homeostasis depends on functional haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Bone marrow is populated by these cells, which express CD34+ and CD35+ surface antigens and produce and release cytokines involved in the maintenance of haematopoiesis. The aim of the study was determination of the profile of cytokine production by CD34+ stem cells of cattle naturally infected with BLV. Material and Methods The HSCs were generated from the blood and lymphoid organs of cows infected with BLV and healthy control cows with immunomagnetic separation and anti-CD34+ monoclonal antibodies. Isolated CD34+ cells were cultivated for two weeks with interleukin (IL)-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were determined in culture fluid by flow cytometry. Results The expression of IL-6, IL-12p70 and TNF-α in blood HSCs was higher in BLV+ cows than in the control animals. In bone marrow HSCs of infected cows, IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ were more concentrated, but in these cows' spleen HSCs only expression of IL-10 was elevated. In HSCs isolated from the lymph nodes of leukaemic cows, only TNF-α secretion was lower than in control cows, the other cytokines being more potently secreted. Conclusion Infection with BLV caused statistically significant differences in cytokine expression by HSC CD34+ cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Szczotka
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pluta A, Rola-Łuszczak M, Hoffmann FG, Donnik I, Petropavlovskiy M, Kuźmak J. Genetic Variability of Bovine Leukemia Virus: Evidence of Dual Infection, Recombination and Quasi-Species. Pathogens 2024; 13:178. [PMID: 38392916 PMCID: PMC10893129 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We have characterized the intrahost genetic variation in the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) by examining 16 BLV isolates originating from the Western Siberia-Tyumen and South Ural-Chelyabinsk regions of Russia. Our research focused on determining the genetic composition of an 804 bp fragment of the BLV env gene, encoding for the entire gp51 protein. The results provide the first indication of the quasi-species genetic nature of BLV infection and its relevance for genome-level variation. Furthermore, this is the first phylogenetic evidence for the existence of a dual infection with BLV strains belonging to different genotypes within the same host: G4 and G7. We identified eight cases of recombination between these two BLV genotypes. The detection of quasi-species with cases of dual infection and recombination indicated a higher potential of BLV for genetic variability at the intra-host level than was previously considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Pluta
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.R.-Ł.); (J.K.)
| | - Marzena Rola-Łuszczak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.R.-Ł.); (J.K.)
| | - Federico G. Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA;
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Irina Donnik
- Ural State Agrarian University, Ekaterinburg 620075, Russia;
| | - Maxim Petropavlovskiy
- Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia;
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.R.-Ł.); (J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lv G, Wang J, Lian S, Wang H, Wu R. The Global Epidemiology of Bovine Leukemia Virus: Current Trends and Future Implications. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:297. [PMID: 38254466 PMCID: PMC10812804 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), which is the most significant neoplastic disease in cattle. Although EBL has been successfully eradicated in most European countries, infections continue to rise in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Japan, and the United States. BLV imposes a substantial economic burden on the cattle industry, particularly in dairy farming, as it leads to a decline in animal production performance and increases the risk of disease. Moreover, trade restrictions on diseased animals and products between countries and regions further exacerbate the problem. Recent studies have also identified fragments of BLV nucleic acid in human breast cancer tissues, raising concerns for public health. Due to the absence of an effective vaccine, controlling the disease is challenging. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately detect and diagnose BLV at an early stage to control its spread and minimize economic losses. This review provides a comprehensive examination of BLV, encompassing its genomic structure, epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical symptoms, detection methods, hazards, and control strategies. The aim is to provide strategic information for future BLV research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanxin Lv
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jianfa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Porta NG, Suarez-Archilla G, Miotti C, Molineri AI, Alvarez I, Trono K, Signorini M, Ruiz V. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine Leukemia virus infection in argentine beef cattle. Res Vet Sci 2023; 164:104999. [PMID: 37708828 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, an endemic disease in dairy cattle of Argentina. However, little is known about the seroprevalence of BLV in beef cattle. In this study, we conducted a cross-sectional study including farms from thirteen provinces of Argentina. A total of 5827 bovine serum samples were collected from 76 farms and analyzed using an in-house developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Information about herd management was collected through a questionnaire, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to detect risk factors associated with BLV infection. Herd-level seroprevalence was 71.05%, while the mean animal-level seroprevalence was 7.23% (median = 2.69%; min = 0, max = 75). Only two provinces had no positive BLV samples. The other eleven provinces showed more than 50% of their farms infected with BLV. The multivariate model revealed that BLV prevalence was significantly associated with the use of animals raised in the same farm for cattle replacement (P = 0.005), breeding cows by natural mating with a bull (P < 0.001), and weaning calves after 6 months of age (P = 0.011). This extensive study revealed that BLV seroprevalence in Argentine beef farms has increased during the last years and allowed identifying some management practices associated with BLV prevalence. These data deserve special attention because BLV infection in beef cattle seems to lead to a dissemination pattern similar to that observed during the last decades in dairy cattle, especially considering that Argentina is the sixth beef producer in the world, with about 5% of global beef production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gabriela Porta
- Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), INTA-CONICET. Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros (s/n), Hurlingham (CP1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo Suarez-Archilla
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICaL) INTA-CONICET. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Camila Miotti
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICaL) INTA-CONICET. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Ana Inés Molineri
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICaL) INTA-CONICET. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Irene Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), INTA-CONICET. Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros (s/n), Hurlingham (CP1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Trono
- Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), INTA-CONICET. Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros (s/n), Hurlingham (CP1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICaL) INTA-CONICET. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Vanesa Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Virus Adventicios, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), INTA-CONICET. Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros (s/n), Hurlingham (CP1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
LE DT, NGUYEN SV, LE TAN, NGUYEN VH, LE PD, DINH DV, DUONG HT, VU HV, FUJIMOTO Y, KUNIEDA T, HAGA T. Detection of bovine leukemia virus in beef cattle kept in the Central Coast Regions of Vietnam. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:111-116. [PMID: 36450501 PMCID: PMC9887213 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiologic agent of enzootic bovine leucosis. Our previous study showed the BLV existence in cattle kept in the Red River Delta Region of Vietnam. However, no positive samples were identified in beef cattle. Besides, information related to the BLV circulation in the remained parts of Vietnam is limited. Therefore, we tested the existence of BLV in 48 beef cattle kept in the Central Coast Regions. Nested PCR targeting the BLV-env-gp51 confirmed the prevalence of 14.6% in investigated regions. Phylogenetic analysis suggested the co-existence of genotypes 1 and 10. The close relationship between strains found in Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, and China was revealed suggesting the possibility of BLV transmission through the movement of live cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dung Thi LE
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Son Vu NGUYEN
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thu Anh Nu LE
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Van Huu NGUYEN
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Phung Dinh LE
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Dung Van DINH
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Hai Thanh DUONG
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Hai Van VU
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Yuri FUJIMOTO
- Laboratory of OSG Veterinary Science for Global Disease Management, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Tetsuo KUNIEDA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeshi HAGA
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory of OSG Veterinary Science for Global Disease Management, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,
Japan,Correspondence to: Haga T: , Division of Infection Control and Disease
Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Benavides B, Monti G. Assessment of Natural Transmission of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Dairies from Southern Chile. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1734. [PMID: 35804632 PMCID: PMC9264828 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that affects cattle worldwide. A longitudinal study was conducted with the aim to (a) estimate the incidence rate of the BLV infection of dairy farms in the regions of Los Ríos and Los Lagos (Chile), and (b) describe the frequency and epidemiological association of risk management practices related to new cases in cattle on dairy farms in Southern Chile. Infection status was based on commercial blocking ELISA results, on serum and milk. Individual information on animals and management practices was extracted from farm records, and then the most likely date of infection for new cases was estimated. The number of new infections was used to calculate the within-herd incidence rate. Adult animals had an incidence rate of 1.16 (95% CI 0.96; 1.20) cases per 100 cow-months at risk, while for young animals it was 0.64 (95% CI 0.44; 1.00) cases per 100 animal-months at risk. Rectal palpation, artificial insemination, and injections were the most common practices related to infection. Further studies are needed to determine if these are the only practices that facilitate spreading or if there are other practices that can be handled better in order to reduce the spread of BLV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Benavides
- Animal Health Department, University of Nariño, San Juan de Pasto 52001, Colombia;
| | - Gustavo Monti
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University and Research, 6702 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yamanaka MP, Saito S, Hara Y, Matsuura R, Takeshima SN, Hosomichi K, Matsumoto Y, Furuta RA, Takei M, Aida Y. No evidence of bovine leukemia virus proviral DNA and antibodies in human specimens from Japan. Retrovirology 2022; 19:7. [PMID: 35585539 PMCID: PMC9116711 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potential risk and association of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) with human remains controversial as it has been reported to be both positive and negative in human breast cancer and blood samples. Therefore, establishing the presence of BLV in comprehensive human clinical samples in different geographical locations is essential. Result In this study, we examined the presence of BLV proviral DNA in human blood and breast cancer tissue specimens from Japan. PCR analysis of BLV provirus in 97 Japanese human blood samples and 23 breast cancer tissues showed negative result for all samples tested using long-fragment PCR and highly-sensitive short-fragment PCR amplification. No IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in any of the 97 human serum samples using BLV gp51 and p24 indirect ELISA test. Western blot analysis also showed negative result for IgG and IgM antibodies in all tested human serum samples. Conclusion Our results indicate that Japanese human specimens including 97 human blood, 23 breast cancer tissues, and 97 serum samples were negative for BLV. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12977-022-00592-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meripet Polat Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Susumu Saito
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hara
- Division of Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsuura
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Takeshima
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Jumonji University, Saitama, 352-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Rika A Furuta
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, 135-8521, Japan
| | - Masami Takei
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan. .,Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khan Z, Abubakar M, Arshed MJ, Aslam R, Sattar S, Shah NA, Javed S, Tariq A, Bostan N, Manzoor S. Molecular investigation of possible relationships concerning bovine leukemia virus and breast cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4161. [PMID: 35264739 PMCID: PMC8907172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, breast cancer has an eminent morbidity and mortality rate, as it is a neoplastic disease among females. The query of the prospective danger of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) to humans is an old but exceedingly topical focus of scientific debate. The objective of the current study was to determine the possible relationship between BLV and breast cancer. A total of 2710 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) breast cancer samples were selected regardless of the age, ethnicity, or municipality origin of the subjects. The presence of BLV in human breast cancer was determined through nested PCR by amplifying tax and gag genes followed by partial sequencing. Homology was confirmed by using the online BLAST Tool. BLV genes were found to be positive in 26.8% (728/2710) of the samples from breast cancer patients and 10% (10/80) of the samples without cancer (negative control). The results indicated a correlation between the presence of the BLV gene and breast cancer (odds ratio = 0.3889; confidence interval = 1,18; p = 0.0029). The current findings suggest a possible link between BLV and human breast carcinoma. Therefore, screening cattle herds and milk products is suggested to reduce the viral transmission risk to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zanib Khan
- Biosciences Department, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Roohi Aslam
- NUTECH School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, National University of Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Sattar
- Biosciences Department, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naseer Ali Shah
- Biosciences Department, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sundus Javed
- Biosciences Department, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamira Tariq
- Biosciences Department, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Bostan
- Biosciences Department, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Molecular Characterization of Bovine Leukemia Virus with the Evidence of a New Genotype Circulating in Cattle from Kazakhstan. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020180. [PMID: 35215125 PMCID: PMC8875264 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) and has worldwide distribution. Infections with BLV have been reported in cattle from Kazakhstan but the virus has not yet been thoroughly characterized. In this study, we detect and estimate the level of BLV proviral DNA by qPCR in DNA samples from 119 cattle naturally infected with BLV, from 18 farms located in four different geographical regions of Kazakhstan. Furthermore, we conducted the phylogenetic and molecular analysis of 41 BLV env-gp51 gene sequences from BLV infected cattle. Phylogenetic analysis showed the affiliation of sequences to two already known genotypes G4 and G7 and also to a new genotype, classified as genotype G12. In addition, a multivariate method was employed for analysis of the association between proviral load and different variables such as the geographical location of the herd, cattle breeds, age of animals, and the presence of particular BLV genotypes. In summary, the results of this study provide the first evidence on molecular characterization of BLV circulating in cattle from Kazakhstan.
Collapse
|
12
|
Potential Risk Factors Associated with Infection with Bovine Leukaemia Virus in Dairy and Beef Cattle in Taiwan. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121553. [PMID: 34959508 PMCID: PMC8707763 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV), which is classified as a Deltaretrovirus, is the aetiologic agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder with a worldwide distribution. EBL is widespread in dairy herds and causes a direct economic impact due to reduced milk production and the early culling of BLV-infected cattle. The BLV infection status in Taiwan remains largely unknown; a high prevalence of BLV in dairy cows was recently revealed. The present study further investigated BLV infections in beef cattle. Surprisingly, the prevalence of BLV proviral DNA was as low as 11.8% (23/195), which is significantly lower than that noted in dairy cows, which was 42.5% (102/240) (p < 0.001). Factors associated with BLV infections were subsequently investigated. Due to the differences in herd management, an analysis of risk factors for a BLV infection was independently conducted in these two sectors. Several factors associated with a BLV infection were identified. Age was significantly associated with BLV infection status in dairy cows (p < 0.001) but not in beef cattle. A high prevalence of BLV was observed in cattle >15.5 months old (57.8%) compared with those ≤15.5 months old (11.4%). Moreover, after stratification analysis, based on the critical age of 15.5 months, as determined by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, a significantly higher BLV prevalence was demonstrated in lactating dairy cows, cattle undergoing bull breeding, heifers at older ages, and those undergoing routine rectal palpation. Due to the high prevalence of BLV in Taiwan, the development of an effective control program, based on the identified risk factors, is important for interrupting the routes of BLV transmission within herds.
Collapse
|
13
|
Takezawa S, Maezawa M, Tsuzuku S, Kawakami J, Oouci Y, Inokuma H. Abnormal clonalities of B-lymphocytes in bovine leukemia virus-infected cattle with persistent lymphocytosis. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1928-1932. [PMID: 34719608 PMCID: PMC8762424 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral B-lymphocyte clonality of 274 bovine leukemia virus-infected cattle with
lymphocytosis was analyzed using clonality PCR based on sequences of the variable region
of the bovine immunoglobulin H chain. None of the cattle showed monoclonal proliferation,
while 10, 31, and 233 showed minor-clonal, oligoclonal, and polyclonal proliferation,
respectively. A total of 163 cattle were analyzable the following year, and lymphocytosis
was maintained in 157, indicating persistent lymphocytosis (PL). B-lymphocyte clonality of
the 157 PL cattle was minor-clonal in 6 (3.8%), oligoclonal in 8 (5.1%), and polyclonal in
143 (91.1%). A higher rate of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) onset within a year was
observed in PL cattle with minor-clonal (50.0% (3/6)) and oligoclonal (25.0% (2/8))
proliferation compared to those with polyclonal (5.6% (8/143)) proliferation. Minor-clonal
and oligoclonal proliferation in PL cattle may be a prognosis factor for developing
EBL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Takezawa
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Masaki Maezawa
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Satoko Tsuzuku
- Ibaraki Prefectural Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Junko Kawakami
- Ibaraki Prefectural Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Yoshinao Oouci
- Ibaraki Prefectural Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Hisashi Inokuma
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nakada S, Fujimoto Y, Kohara J, Adachi Y, Makita K. Estimation of economic loss by carcass weight reduction of Japanese dairy cows due to infection with bovine leukemia virus. Prev Vet Med 2021; 198:105528. [PMID: 34773833 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection is endemic in Japanese dairy farms. To promote the participation of farmers in BLV infection control in Japan, it is important to provide estimates of the economic losses caused by this infection. We hypothesized that decreased immune function due to BLV infection would increase visceral abnormalities, in turn reducing carcass weight. We employed mediation analysis to estimate the annual economic loss due to carcass weight reduction caused by BLV infection. Culled Holstein cows from 12 commercial dairy farms in the Nemuro and Kushiro regions of Hokkaido, Japan, were traced. Information on age and the last delivery day were collected. A non-infected culled cow was defined as a cow from which BLV provirus was not detected. A high-proviral-load (H-PVL) cow was defined as a cow whose PVL titer was above 2465 copies/50 ng DNA or 56,765 copies/105 cells. A BLV-infected cow with PVL titer lower than the thresholds was categorized as low-proviral load (L-PVL). Post-mortem examination results for culled cows were collected from a meat inspection center. The hypothesis was tested by three models, using data from 222 culled dairy cows. Model 1, a generalized linear mixed-effects model, selected carcass weight as an outcome variable, BLV status and the potential confounders (lactation stage and age) as explanatory variables, and herd as a random effect. Model 2 additionally included the number of abnormal findings in the post-mortem examination (AFPE) as an explanatory variable. Model 3 applied a Bayesian generalized linear mixed model, which employed a mediator separately modeled for AFPE, to estimate the amount of direct, indirect, and total carcass weight loss with adjustment for known confounding factors. Compared to the mean carcass weight for the non-infected culled cows, the carcass weight for H-PVL culled cows was significantly decreased by 30.4 kg on average. For each increase of one in the number of AFPE, the mean carcass weight was decreased by 8.6 kg. Only the indirect effect of BLV H-PVL status on carcass weight loss through AFPE was significant, accounting for 21.6 % of the total effect on carcass weight reduction. In 2017, 73,650 culled dairy cows were slaughtered in Hokkaido, and the economic loss due to carcass weight loss caused by BLV infection that year was estimated to be US $1,391,649. In summary, unlike L-PVL cows, H-PVL status was associated with carcass weight reduction, which was partially mediated by an increase in the number of visceral abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakada
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan; Hokkaido Higashi Agriculture Mutual Aid Association, 109-28 Nishisyunbetsu, Betsukai, 088-2576, Japan
| | - Yuri Fujimoto
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Junko Kohara
- Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Nishi 5-39, Shintoku, 081-0038, Japan
| | - Yasumoto Adachi
- Hayakita Meat Inspection Center, Iburi Sub-Prefectural Bureau, Hokkaido Prefectural Government, 695 Toasa, Abira Town, Yufutsu-Gun, Hokkaido, 059-1433, Japan
| | - Kohei Makita
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Marawan MA, Alouffi A, El Tokhy S, Badawy S, Shirani I, Dawood A, Guo A, Almutairi MM, Alshammari FA, Selim A. Bovine Leukaemia Virus: Current Epidemiological Circumstance and Future Prospective. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112167. [PMID: 34834973 PMCID: PMC8618541 DOI: 10.3390/v13112167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus that is closely related to human T-cell leukaemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and -2). It causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most important neoplastic disease in cattle. Most BLV-infected cattle are asymptomatic, which potentiates extremely high shedding rates of the virus in many cattle populations. Approximately 30% of them show persistent lymphocytosis that has various clinical outcomes; only a small proportion of animals (less than 5%) exhibit signs of EBL. BLV causes major economic losses in the cattle industry, especially in dairy farms. Direct costs are due to a decrease in animal productivity and in cow longevity; indirect costs are caused by restrictions that are placed on the import of animals and animal products from infected areas. Most European regions have implemented an efficient eradication programme, yet BLV prevalence remains high worldwide. Control of the disease is not feasible because there is no effective vaccine against it. Therefore, detection and early diagnosis of the disease are essential in order to diminish its spreading and the economic losses it causes. This review comprises an overview of bovine leukosis, which highlights the epidemiology of the disease, diagnostic tests that are used and effective control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marawan A. Marawan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia;
- The Chair of Vaccines Research for Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Suleiman El Tokhy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt;
| | - Sara Badawy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Natural Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ihsanullah Shirani
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jalalabad 2601, Afghanistan
| | - Ali Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Infectious Diseases, Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Mashal M. Almutairi
- The Chair of Vaccines Research for Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 22334, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahdah Ayed Alshammari
- College of Sciences and Literature Microbiology, Nothern Border University, Arar 73211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bulla-Castañeda DM, Díaz-Anaya AM, Garcia-Corredor DJ, Tobón-Torreglosa JC, Ortega DO, Pulido-Medellín MO. Seropositivity and risk factors associated with the presentation of bovine leukosis virus in Sotaquirá, Colombia. Vet World 2021; 14:2212-2218. [PMID: 34566341 PMCID: PMC8448640 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2212-2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Enzootic bovine leukosis is a disease economically important to the dairy farming industry worldwide. The virus is of the Deltaretrovirus genus and is primarily transmitted iatrogenically. Most bovines infected with the virus remain asymptomatic with only 5-10% of cattle having lymphomas. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of bovine leukosis virus (BLV) in Sotaquirá, Boyacá, Colombia. Materials and Methods We conducted a descriptive, observational epidemiological cross-sectional study using the simple random sampling method with a sample size of 1000. Blood samples from random bovine were processed using the SERELISA® BLV Ab Mono Blocking indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Zoetis, USA). The assay had a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 98%. The collected data were processed using Epi Info® (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, Georgia). From the study, we could determine a high seroprevalence of BLV in Sotaquirá. Results We established a high seroprevalence on BLV in the municipality, with 31.1% apparent seroprevalence and 30.6% real seroprevalence rate. We found that male cattle more than 4 years old (39.4%) and the Ayrshire breed (45.5%) had the highest prevalence rates of the virus. In this study, we could establish statistically significant associations according to breed, age, and gender of the cattle under study. Moreover, we identified the risk factors for BLV infection. We found that in cattle aged <1 year and those older than 4 years of age and those of the Holstein breed, the presentation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, mucosal secretions, mastitis, fetal death, the presence of a corral, and the implementation of artificial insemination practices were risk factors for BLV infection. Conclusion Determining the prevalence of BLV within the herd and identifying the associated risk factors for the disease are fundamental in developing efficient programs for the control and eradication of BLV within herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Bulla-Castañeda
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (GIDIMEVETZ), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), Tunja, Colombia
| | - Adriana M Díaz-Anaya
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (GIDIMEVETZ), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), Tunja, Colombia.,Doctoral Program in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Diego J Garcia-Corredor
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (GIDIMEVETZ), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), Tunja, Colombia.,Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales (UPTC), Tunja, Colombia
| | | | - Diego Ortiz Ortega
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Martín O Pulido-Medellín
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (GIDIMEVETZ), Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), Tunja, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Inagaki Y, Kobayashi T, Suda Y, Kusama K, Imakawa K. Genetic variation in Japanese Holstein cattle for EBL development. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:407. [PMID: 33115449 PMCID: PMC7594299 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with bovine leukemia virus (BLV), the causative agent for enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), is increasing in dairy farms of Japan. The tendency of tumor development following BLV infection in certain cow families and bull lines has previously been described. We therefore hypothesized the existence of a genetic component which differentiates cattle susceptibility to the disease. RESULTS We analyzed routinely collected large-scale data including postmortem inspection data, which were combined with pedigree information and epidemiological data of BLV infection. A total of 6,022 postmortem inspection records of Holstein cattle, raised on 226 farms served by a regional abattoir over 10 years from 2004 to 2015, were analyzed for associations between sire information and EBL development. We then identified statistically the relative susceptibility to EBL development for the progeny of specific sires and paternal grandsires (PGSs). The heritability of EBL development was calculated as 0.19. Similarly, proviral loads (PVLs) of progeny from identified sires and PGSs were analyzed, but no significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that because EBL development in our Holstein population is, at least in part, influenced by genetic factors independent of PVL levels, genetic improvement for lower incidence of EBL development in cattle notwithstanding BLV infection is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Inagaki
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 243-0034, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 243-0034, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Suda
- Department of Food, Agriculture and Environment, Miyagi University, 982-0215, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kusama
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 192-0392, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Reproduction, Research Institute of Agriculture, Tokai University, 862-8652, Kumamoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sero-Prevalence of Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection in Kosovo Cattle. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/macvetrev-2020-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Kosovo to determine the presence and prevalence of bovine leukemia virus antibodies in cattle. A total of 5,051 serum samples from 315 villages were collected during 2016. Samples were tested using commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At least one sero-positive animal was found in 55 (17.5%) of the villages sampled, of which 23 had more than one sero-positive detected. Overall individual sero-prevalence, corrected for geographic distribution of samples, was found to be 2.26% (95% c.i. 1.62% to 3.04%). There were no statistically significant associations between serological status and herd size or age of animal, although sero-prevalence in 5-year-old cattle was higher than in the other ages. There was a statistical significant heterogeneity in sero-prevalence between different geographic zones of Kosovo (chi-square value = 20.68 (4 d.f.); (p=0.0004). Pairwise comparisons showed that sero-prevalence in the south was significantly higher than in the east and in the north and sero-prevalence in the west was significantly higher than in the north. The 3.11% aggregated sero-prevalence for the two highest sero-prevalence zones, south and west, was significantly higher than the 1.57% aggregated sero-prevalence for the remaining zones, centre, east and north (Fisher exact p-value (2-tail) = 0.0004). The reason for higher prevalence in the south and west of Kosovo is uncertain. These results may serve to enrich the information of bovine leukemia virus distribution in the region, as well as a starting point for the future control and eradication strategy in Kosovo.
Collapse
|
19
|
Pluta A, Willems L, Douville RN, Kuźmak J. Effects of Naturally Occurring Mutations in Bovine Leukemia Virus 5'-LTR and Tax Gene on Viral Transcriptional Activity. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100836. [PMID: 33066207 PMCID: PMC7656303 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus infecting bovine B cells and causing enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL). The long terminal repeat (LTR) plays an indispensable role in viral gene expression. The BLV Tax protein acts as the main transactivator of LTR-driven transcription of BLV viral genes. The aim of this study was to analyze mutations in the BLV LTR region and tax gene to determine their association with transcriptional activity. LTRs were obtained from one hundred and six BLV isolates and analyzed for their genetic variability. Fifteen variants were selected and characterized based on mutations in LTR regulatory elements, and further used for in vitro transcription assays. Reporter vectors containing the luciferase gene under the control of each variant BLV promoter sequence, in addition to variant Tax expression vectors, were constructed. Both types of plasmids were used for cotransfection of HeLa cells and the level of luciferase activity was measured as a proxy of transcriptional activity. Marked differences in LTR promoter activity and Tax transactivation activity were observed amongst BLV variants. These results demonstrate that mutations in both the BLV LTR and tax gene can affect the promoter activity, which may have important consequences on proviral load, viral fitness, and transmissibility in BLV-infected cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Pluta
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Luc Willems
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics, GIGA) and Molecular Biology (TERRA), University of Liège (ULiège), 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Renée N. Douville
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada;
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Phylogenetic Analysis of South African Bovine Leukaemia Virus (BLV) Isolates. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080898. [PMID: 32824449 PMCID: PMC7472093 DOI: 10.3390/v12080898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) causes chronic lymphoproliferative disorder and fatal lymphosarcoma in cattle, leading to significant economic losses in the beef and dairy industries. BLV is endemic globally and eleven genotypes have been identified. To date, only Zambian isolates have been genotyped from Africa. Although high BLV prevalence has been reported in South Africa, there has been no molecular characterisation of South African BLV isolates. To characterise BLV isolates in South Africa for the first time, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships and compared the genetic variability of eight South African BLV isolates with BLV isolates representing the eleven known genotypes from different geographical regions worldwide. Phylogenetic analyses based on full-length and partial env sequences as well as full-length gag sequences revealed that at least two genotypes, genotypes 1 (G1) and 4 (G4), are present in cattle in South Africa, which is consistent with studies from Zambia. However, our analysis revealed that the G1 South African isolate is more similar to other G1 isolates than the G1 Zambian isolates whereas, the G4 South African isolates are more divergent from other G4 isolates but closely related to the G4 Zambian isolate. Lastly, amino acid sequence alignment identified genotype-specific as well as novel amino acid substitutions in the South African isolates. The detection of two genotypes (G1 and G4) in southern Africa highlights the urgent need for disease management and the development of an efficacious vaccine against local strains.
Collapse
|
21
|
LE DT, Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Okamoto M, Nguyen SV, Nguyen NH, Sugiura K, Miura T, Haga T. Detection and genotyping of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in Vietnamese cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1042-1050. [PMID: 32475959 PMCID: PMC7399327 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) belongs to the genus, Deltaretrovirus of the family, Retroviridae and it is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis. The prevalence of BLV in three provinces in the Red River Delta Region in the North of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vinhphuc and Bacninh was studied from April 2017 to June 2018. A total of 275 blood samples collected from cattle were used for serum isolation and DNA extraction. Of these samples, 266 sera were subjected to ELISA test for detecting antibody against BLV gp51 protein and 152 DNA samples were used to detect the 444 bp fragment corresponding to a part of the gp51 region of the env by nested PCR. The results showed that 16.5% (n=44) and 21.1% (n=32) of samples were positive for BLV gp51 antibody and BLV proviral DNA, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial (423 bp) and complete (913 bp) BLV env-gp51 gene indicated that Vietnamese strains were clustered into genotypes 1, 6 and 10 (G1, G6 and G10). Of those genotypes, G1 genotype was dominant; G6 strains were designated as G6e and G6f subgenotypes; the existence of genotype 10 was confirmed for the first time in Vietnam. The present study provides important information regarding the prevalence of BLV infection and genetic characteristics of BLV strains identified in Vietnam, contributing to promote the establishment of disease control and eradication strategies in Vietnam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dung Thi LE
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nanako Yamashita-Kawanishi
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mari Okamoto
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Son Vu Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi100000, Vietnam
| | - Nam Huu Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi100000, Vietnam
| | - Katsuaki Sugiura
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miura
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Forletti A, Lützelschwab CM, Cepeda R, Esteban EN, Gutiérrez SE. Early events following bovine leukaemia virus infection in calves with different alleles of the major histocompatibility complex DRB3 gene. Vet Res 2020; 51:4. [PMID: 31931875 PMCID: PMC6958566 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle maintaining a low proviral load (LPL) status after bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) infection have been recognized as BLV controllers and non-transmitters to uninfected cattle in experimental and natural conditions. LPL has been associated with host genetics, mainly with the BoLA class II DRB3 gene. The aim of this work was to study the kinetics of BLV and the host response in Holstein calves carrying different BoLA-DRB3 alleles. Twenty BLV-free calves were inoculated with infected lymphocytes. Two calves were maintained uninfected as controls. Proviral load, total leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, anti-BLVgp51 titres and BLVp24 expression levels were determined in blood samples at various times post-inoculation. The viral load peaked at 30 days post-inoculation (dpi) in all animals. The viral load decreased steadily from seroconversion (38 dpi) to the end of the study (178 dpi) in calves carrying a resistance-associated allele (*0902), while it was maintained at elevated levels in calves with *1501 or neutral alleles after seroconversion. Leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and BLVp24 expression did not significantly differ between genetic groups. Animals with < 20 proviral copies/30 ng of DNA at 178 dpi or < 200 proviral copies at 88 dpi were classified as LPL, while calves with levels above these limits were considered to have high proviral load (HPL) profiles. All six calves with the *1501 allele progressed to HPL, while LPL was attained by 6/7 (86%) and 2/6 (33%) of the calves with the *0902 and neutral alleles, respectively. One calf with both *0902 and *1501 developed LPL. This is the first report of experimental induction of the LPL profile in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Forletti
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CIC), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, 7000, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia María Lützelschwab
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CIC), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, 7000, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosana Cepeda
- Area de Bioestadística, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, 7000, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo N Esteban
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CIC), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, 7000, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Elena Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CIC), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, 7000, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gulyukin A, Kuzmin V, Fogel L, Tsyganov A. Epizootic situation with bovine leukemia in the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation in 2012–2016. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20202700097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is a chronic infectious viral disease of a tumor nature. The disease is widespread in different countries of the world and is relevant for most regions of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the work is to study the epizootic situation of leukemia in cattle in livestock farms of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation. A complex epizootological method and evidence-based epizootology methods were used in the work. Objects of research are dysfunctional points, sick cattle. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the epizootic situation for the period 2012–2016. In the analyzed period, a total of 470 dysfunctional points for leukemia were identified, which amounted to 29.59 % of the total number of dysfunctional points in the Russian Federation and 62908 animals with leukemia were registered, which amounted to 36.90 % of the total number of diseased animals in Russia. Despite the decrease in the number of cattle infected with leukemia in five subjects, and the absence of animals that died from leukemia in all 18 subjects of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation during 2012–2016, the epizootic situation of leukemia in the whole region remains quite tense, which is explained by the failure to comply with the basic requirements of the state veterinary service regarding sanitary anti-leukemia measures, according to the “Rules for the Prevention and Control of Leukemia of Large R gatogo cattle “ (1999.).
Collapse
|
24
|
Hsieh JC, Li CY, Hsu WL, Chuang ST. Molecular Epidemiological and Serological Studies of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Taiwan Dairy Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:427. [PMID: 31867344 PMCID: PMC6908947 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection results in a decrease in milk yield and quality, a compromise in immunity, and shortening in the longevity of cows. The current status of BLV infection of dairy cattle in Taiwan remains unclear. To evaluate BLV infection, anti-BLV gp51 antibody and proviral DNA were detected. Surprisingly, the seroprevalence of BLV at the animal and herd level was as high as 81.8% (540/660 cattle) and 99.1% (109/110 herds), respectively. Among 152 blood samples analyzed, 132 (86.8%) were detected as positive for BLV-proviral DNA. When the complete blood count (CBC) was taken into account, the white blood cell (WBC) number appears to be the factor with the highest predicted potential for BLV infection. Moreover, based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the sensitivity and specificity are 72.0 and 75.0%, respectively, when the cut-off value of the WBC was set at 10.215 K/μL. Despite the co-circulation of genotype 1 and 3 in Taiwan, genotype 1 was much more prevalent (29/30). Taken together, due to the high prevalence of BLV, the identification of risk factors for interrupting the routes of transmission of BLV are critical for the control and prevention of further BLV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chun Hsieh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Te Chuang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
WATANABE A, MURAKAMI H, KAKINUMA S, MURAO K, OHMAE K, ISOBE N, AKAMATSU H, SETO T, HASHIMURA S, KONDA K, SHINOZUKA Y, KAWAI K. Association between bovine leukemia virus proviral load and severity of clinical mastitis. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1431-1437. [PMID: 31406037 PMCID: PMC6863728 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection on natural immunity in the bovine mammary gland and on the severity of clinical mastitis. We classified milk samples from clinical mastitic cows into BLV-positive (n=76) and BLV-negative (n=12). BLV-positive cows were further divided into cows with High BLV proviral load (H-PVL) (n=23) and Low BLV proviral load (L-PVL) (n=53). Severity of clinical mastitis was classified as MILD, MODERATE, or SEVERE. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed on the host factors and environmental factors with severity of clinical mastitis as the objective variable. BLV proviral load (PVL) and season at onset of mastitis showed significant correlation with the severity of clinical mastitis. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed on natural immunity factors lactoferrin and lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) concentration in milk, with PVL as the objective variable. Of these natural immunity factors, LAP concentration in milk showed significant correlation with PVL. The results of the present study suggested that PVL and season are associated with severity of clinical mastitis, and that the immune function in the mammary gland is decreased in cows with H-PVL compared to that in cows with L-PVL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiko WATANABE
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71,
Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
- Kakinuma Veterinary Hospital, Honjo, 200-1, Kodama,
Kodama-cho, Honjo, Saitama 367-0212, Japan
| | - Hironobu MURAKAMI
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71,
Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Seiichi KAKINUMA
- Kakinuma Veterinary Hospital, Honjo, 200-1, Kodama,
Kodama-cho, Honjo, Saitama 367-0212, Japan
| | - Koki MURAO
- Kakinuma Veterinary Hospital, Honjo, 200-1, Kodama,
Kodama-cho, Honjo, Saitama 367-0212, Japan
| | - Kaori OHMAE
- Kakinuma Veterinary Hospital, Honjo, 200-1, Kodama,
Kodama-cho, Honjo, Saitama 367-0212, Japan
| | - Naoki ISOBE
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University,
Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Hirohisa AKAMATSU
- Akamatsu Farm Clinic, 857-11, Miyahara, Fujinomiya, Shizuoka
418-0005, Japan
| | - Takahiro SETO
- Shizuoka Prefecture Livestock Research Institute, 1945,
Inokashira, Fujinomiya, Shizuoka 418-0108, Japan
| | - Shinji HASHIMURA
- Kanagawa Prefectural Livestock Industry Technology Center,
3750, Hongo, Ebina, Kanagawa 243-0417, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi KONDA
- Kanagawa Prefectural Livestock Industry Technology Center,
3750, Hongo, Ebina, Kanagawa 243-0417, Japan
| | - Yasunori SHINOZUKA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71,
Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro KAWAI
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71,
Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Murakami H, Todaka H, Uchiyama J, Sato R, Sogawa K, Sakaguchi M, Tsukamoto K. A point mutation to the long terminal repeat of bovine leukemia virus related to viral productivity and transmissibility. Virology 2019; 537:45-52. [PMID: 31445323 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is important to establish the molecular basis of the high transmissibility of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) to develop new methods of preventing viral transmission. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine whether some strains had transmission advantages. First, we determined the whole BLV genome sequences of all 34 BLV-infected cows from one farm. Phylogenetic analysis divided strains into 26 major and 8 minor strains. The major strains dominantly spread independent of host factor, bovine leucocyte antigen. Further analysis, with molecular clones, associated transmissibility with viral productivity in vitro. In addition, the two groups could be classified by group-specific mutations. The reverse genetic approach demonstrated that a spontaneous mutation at nucleotide 175 of the BLV genome, which is located in the viral promoter region, could alter viral productivity by changing viral transactivation, suggesting that BLV transmissibility is affected by a spontaneous mutation associated with viral productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Murakami
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
| | - Haruna Todaka
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Jumpei Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology Ⅰ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Reiichiro Sato
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine for Large Animal, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sogawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology Ⅰ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kazemimanesh M, Madadgar O, Steinbach F, Choudhury B, Azadmanesh K. Detection and molecular characterization of bovine leukemia virus in various regions of Iran. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1315-1327. [PMID: 31348000 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infects cattle worldwide, imposing an economic impact on the dairy cattle industry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the molecular epidemiology of BLV in Iran.Methodology. Blood samples taken from 280 cows aged over 2 years old from 13 provinces of Iran were used for leukocyte count and blocking ELISA. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood leukocytes of BLV-infected samples and fetal lamb kidney cells to perform PCR of partial env, rex and tax genes and long-terminal-repeat region. The PCR products were sequenced, the phylogenetic tree of each gene was constructed, and nucleotide and amino acid sequence pair distances were calculated.Results. The frequency of BLV infection was 32.8 % among animals and was 80 % among provinces. In BLV seropositive animals, the rate of persistent lymphocytosis was 36.9 %. The constructed phylogenetic trees showed the presence of two BLV genotypes (1 and 4) in Iranian strains. As previous studies, our results showed that the env gene was more variable than previously thought, the Rex protein could withstand more amino acid changes compared to the Tax protein, and no significant differences were observed in average changes of the nucleotide of these genes between clinical stages.Conclusions. Our data indicates an increase in the frequency of this infection in Iran. This is the first study report of the presence of BLV genotype 4 in Iranian farms. These findings may have an important role in the control and prevention of BLV infection in Iran and other countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Omid Madadgar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Bhudipa Choudhury
- OIE Reference Laboratory for EBL, Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - Kayhan Azadmanesh
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kobayashi T, Inagaki Y, Ohnuki N, Sato R, Murakami S, Imakawa K. Increasing Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) proviral load is a risk factor for progression of Enzootic bovine leucosis: A prospective study in Japan. Prev Vet Med 2019; 178:S0167-5877(18)30795-5. [PMID: 31079891 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) belongs to the genus Deltaretrovirus in the family Retroviridae, and is etiologically associated with Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL). The majority of BLV-infected cattle remain asymptomatic throughout their productive lives, whereas approximately 5%-10% of infected cattle develop EBL. Data accumulated recently indicate that whole blood proviral load (PVL) levels of BLV-infected cattle could be an indicator of disease progression in the field. However, a few cross-sectional studies have been reported. Here, we prospectively evaluated 866 cattle enrolled between August 2015 and December 2015, and followed until November 2018, identifying 407 asymptomatic BLV-infected cattle. There were no significant differences in the median PVL level among the category of herd seroprevalence (p = 0.57), herd size (p = 0.19), nor among the category of past EBL history in the herd (p = 0.31). During the study period, 12 cattle developed EBL. The PVL levels of EBL cattle at the time of enrollment were significantly higher than that of cattle that did not progress to EBL (median, 90,695 vs 39,139 copies/105 cells, p = 0.0005). Moreover, the adjusted hazard ratio for the increase in PVL was 2.61 (95% CI, 1.51-4.53) as estimated by the Cox proportional hazards frailty model. These results indicate that a high PVL level is a significant risk factor for progression to EBL, and could potentially be used as an indicator for the identification of cattle to be culled from the herd long before the progression of EBL. This knowledge might be useful to design a strategy for decreasing economic loss from EBL or even eradicating it from herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan
| | - Yasuko Inagaki
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan
| | - Nagaki Ohnuki
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan
| | - Rina Sato
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan
| | - Satoshi Murakami
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Research Institute of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Toroku, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nagao K, Makino R, Apego FV, Mekata H, Yamazaki W. Development of a fluorescent loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and simple diagnosis of bovine leukemia virus infection. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:787-792. [PMID: 30918136 PMCID: PMC6541838 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), a condition that threatens the sustainability of the livestock industry. A fluorescent loop-mediated isothermal
amplification (fLAMP) assay targeting BLV env sequences was developed and used to evaluate 100 bovine blood samples. Compared with a conventional real-time PCR (rPCR) assay,
the fLAMP assay achieved 87.3% (62/71) sensitivity and 100% (29/29) specificity. The rPCR assay took 65 min, while the fLAMP assay took 8 min to 30 min from the beginning of DNA
amplification to final judgement with a comparable limit of detection. The fLAMP is a potential tool for the rapid and simple diagnosis of BLV infection to supplement ELISA testing and can
be used by local laboratories and slaughterhouses without special equipment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konomu Nagao
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ryohei Makino
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Francis Victor Apego
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Mekata
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamazaki
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
LaDronka RM, Ainsworth S, Wilkins MJ, Norby B, Byrem TM, Bartlett PC. Prevalence of Bovine Leukemia Virus Antibodies in US Dairy Cattle. Vet Med Int 2018; 2018:5831278. [PMID: 30534354 PMCID: PMC6252197 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5831278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate current US herd-level and animal-level prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in dairy cows and characterize epidemiologic features. DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study design and survey. ANIMALS 4120 dairy cows from 103 commercial dairy herds in 11 states across the US. PROCEDURES Milk samples were collected from dairy cows through routine commercial sampling and tested for anti-BLV antibodies by antibody capture ELISA. Based on the ELISA results of a sample of an average of 40 cows per herd, within-herd apparent prevalence (AP) was estimated by a directly standardized method and by a lactation-weighted method for each herd. Within-herd AP estimates were summarized to give estimates of US herd-level and animal-level AP. Differences in AP by lactation, region, state, breed, and herd size were examined to characterize basic epidemiologic features of BLV infection. RESULTS 94.2% of herds had at least one BLV antibody positive cow detected. The average within-herd standardized AP was 46.5%. Lactation-specific AP increased with increasing lactation number, from 29.7% in first lactation cows to 58.9% in 4th and greater lactation cows. Significant differences were not observed based on region, state, breed, or herd size. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results are consistent with a historical trend of increasing prevalence of BLV among US dairy cattle. Given the findings of other studies on the negative impacts of BLV infection on milk production and cow longevity, these findings are clinically relevant for veterinarians counseling dairy clients on the risks of BLV to their herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. LaDronka
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Samantha Ainsworth
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Melinda J. Wilkins
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Todd M. Byrem
- North Star Cooperative, 4200 Forest Rd., Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - Paul C. Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bai L, Yokoyama K, Watanuki S, Ishizaki H, Takeshima SN, Aida Y. Development of a new recombinant p24 ELISA system for diagnosis of bovine leukemia virus in serum and milk. Arch Virol 2018; 164:201-211. [PMID: 30311076 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leucosis. Here, we designed a p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies specific for BLV capsid protein p24 (encoded by the gag gene) in bovine serum samples. The p24 gene was inserted into an Escherichia coli expression system, and recombinant proteins (GST-p24, p24, and His-p24) were purified. His-p24 was the most suitable antigen for using in the ELISA. The cut-off point was calculated from a receiver operating characteristic curve derived from a set of 582 field samples that previously tested positive or negative by BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR-2, which detects BLV provirus. The new p24 ELISA showed almost the same specificity and sensitivity as a commercial gp51 ELISA kit when used to test field serum samples, and allowed monitoring of p24 antibodies in raw milk and whey. Comparing the results for the p24 ELISA and gp51 ELISA revealed that p24 antibodies were detected earlier than gp51 antibodies in three out of eight calves experimentally infected with BLV, indicating improved detection without diminishing BLV serodiagnosis. Thus, the p24 ELISA is a robust and reliable assay for detecting BLV antibodies in serum or milk, making it is a useful tool for large-scale BLV screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Bai
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirowasa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan.,Viral Infectious Disease Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan
| | - Kana Yokoyama
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirowasa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan.,Viral Infectious Disease Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan
| | - Sonoko Watanuki
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirowasa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan.,Viral Infectious Disease Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan.,Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Department of Global Agriculture Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138657, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishizaki
- Grazing Animal Unit, Division of Grassland Farming, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Sciences, NARO, 768 Senbonmatsu, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, 3292793, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Takeshima
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirowasa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan.,Viral Infectious Disease Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan.,Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138657, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirowasa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan. .,Viral Infectious Disease Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 3510198, Japan. .,Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Department of Global Agriculture Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138657, Japan. .,Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138657, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Okagawa T, Konnai S, Nishimori A, Maekawa N, Goto S, Ikebuchi R, Kohara J, Suzuki Y, Yamada S, Kato Y, Murata S, Ohashi K. Cooperation of PD-1 and LAG-3 in the exhaustion of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells during bovine leukemia virus infection. Vet Res 2018; 49:50. [PMID: 29914540 PMCID: PMC6006750 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that infects B cells in cattle and causes bovine leukosis after a long latent period. Progressive exhaustion of T cell functions is considered to facilitate disease progression of BLV infection. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) are immunoinhibitory receptors that contribute to T-cell exhaustion caused by BLV infection in cattle. However, it is unclear whether the cooperation of PD-1 and LAG-3 accelerates disease progression of BLV infection. In this study, multi-color flow cytometric analyses of PD-1- and LAG-3-expressing T cells were performed in BLV-infected cattle at different stages of the disease. The frequencies of PD-1+LAG-3+ heavily exhausted T cells among CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was higher in the blood of cattle with B-cell lymphoma over that of BLV-uninfected and BLV-infected cattle without lymphoma. In addition, blockade assays of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were performed to examine whether inhibition of the interactions between PD-1 and LAG-3 and their ligands by blocking antibodies could restore T-cell function during BLV infection. Single or dual blockade of the PD-1 and LAG-3 pathways reactivated the production of Th1 cytokines, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α, from BLV-specific T cells of the infected cattle. Taken together, these results indicate that PD-1 and LAG-3 cooperatively mediate the functional exhaustion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and are associated with the development of B-cell lymphoma in BLV-infected cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818 Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818 Japan
| | - Asami Nishimori
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818 Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818 Japan
| | - Shinya Goto
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818 Japan
| | - Ryoyo Ikebuchi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818 Japan
- Present Address: Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, 584-8540 Japan
| | - Junko Kohara
- Animal Research Center, Agriculture Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, 081-0038 Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020 Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020 Japan
| | - Shinji Yamada
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575 Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mekata H, Yamamoto M, Kirino Y, Sekiguchi S, Konnai S, Horii Y, Norimine J. New hematological key for bovine leukemia virus-infected Japanese Black cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:316-319. [PMID: 29353857 PMCID: PMC5836770 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Community’s (EC) Key, which is also called Bendixen’s Key, is a
well-established bovine leukemia virus (BLV) diagnostic method that classifies cattle
according to the absolute lymphocyte count and age. The EC Key was originally designed for
dairy cattle and is not necessarily suitable for Japanese Black (JB) beef cattle. This
study revealed the lymphocyte counts in the BLV-free and -infected JB cattle were
significantly lower than those in the Holstein cattle. Therefore, applying the EC Key to
JB cattle could result in a large number of undetected BLV-infected cattle. Our proposed
hematological key, which was designed for JB cattle, improves the detection of
BLV-infected cattle by approximately 20%. We believe that this study could help promote
BLV control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Mekata
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mari Yamamoto
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yumi Kirino
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sekiguchi
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Horii
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Junzo Norimine
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sajiki Y, Konnai S, Nishimori A, Okagawa T, Maekawa N, Goto S, Nagano M, Kohara J, Kitano N, Takahashi T, Tajima M, Mekata H, Horii Y, Murata S, Ohashi K. Intrauterine infection with bovine leukemia virus in pregnant dam with high viral load. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:2036-2039. [PMID: 29109356 PMCID: PMC5745186 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzootic bovine leukemia is caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV). BLV is transmitted vertically or horizontally through the transfer of infected cells via direct contact, through milk, insect bites and contaminated iatrogenic procedures. However, we lacked direct evidence of intrauterine infection. The purpose of this study was to confirm intrauterine BLV infection in two pregnant dams with high viral load by cesarean delivery. BLV was detected in cord and placental blood, and the BLV in the newborns showed 100% nucleotide identity with the BLV-env sequence from the dams. Notably, a newborn was seropositive for BLV but had no colostral antibodies. In this study, we presented a direct evidence of intrauterine BLV transmission in pregnant dam with a high proviral load. These results could aid the development of BLV control measures targeting viral load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yamato Sajiki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Asami Nishimori
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shinya Goto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masashi Nagano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Junko Kohara
- Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido 081-0038, Japan
| | - Nana Kitano
- Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | | | - Motoshi Tajima
- Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Mekata
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Horii
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Polat M, Takeshima SN, Aida Y. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of bovine leukemia virus. Virol J 2017; 14:209. [PMID: 29096657 PMCID: PMC5669023 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), an oncogenic member of the Deltaretrovirus genus, is closely related to human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I and II). BLV infects cattle worldwide and causes important economic losses. In this review, we provide a summary of available information about commonly used diagnostic approaches for the detection of BLV infection, including both serological and viral genome-based methods. We also outline genotyping methods used for the phylogenetic analysis of BLV, including PCR restriction length polymorphism and modern DNA sequencing-based methods. In addition, detailed epidemiological information on the prevalence of BLV in cattle worldwide is presented. Finally, we summarize the various BLV genotypes identified by the phylogenetic analyses of the whole genome and env gp51 sequences of BLV strains in different countries and discuss the distribution of BLV genotypes worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meripet Polat
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Shin-nosuke Takeshima
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Bovine Leukemia Virus Vaccine Laboratory RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Bovine Leukemia Virus Vaccine Laboratory RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kim EJ, Cheong KM, Joung HK, Kim BH, Song JY, Cho IS, Lee KK, Shin YK. Development and evaluation of an immunochromatographic assay using a gp51 monoclonal antibody for the detection of antibodies against the bovine leukemia virus. J Vet Sci 2017; 17:479-487. [PMID: 27030192 PMCID: PMC5204025 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.4.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of cattle with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has been observed and reported worldwide, including in Korea. The onsite identification of infected cattle would help decreasing and eradicating BLV infections on farms. Here, we present a new immunochromatographic assay that employs monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for the detection of antibodies against BLV in the field. BLV envelope glycoprotein (gp)51 was expressed in E. coli, and MAbs against recombinant BLV gp51 were generated for the development of an immunochromatographic assay to detect BLV antibodies in cattle. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were determined by comparing these results with those obtained from a standard enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 160 bovine sera were used to evaluate the new immunochromatographic assay. Using ELISA as a reference standard, the relative specificity and sensitivity of this assay were determined to be 94.7% and 98%, respectively. Because of its high sensitivity and specificity, this BLV antibody detection assay would be suitable for the onsite identification of BLV infection in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Kim
- Division of Viral Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 14086, Korea
| | - Kwang-Myun Cheong
- Research Institution, MEDIAN Diagnostics Inc., Chuncheon 24399, Korea
| | - Ha-Kyung Joung
- Division of Viral Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 14086, Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Kim
- Division of Viral Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 14086, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Song
- Division of Veterinary Drugs and Biologics, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 14086, Korea
| | - In-Soo Cho
- Division of Viral Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 14086, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Division of Animal Disease Diagnostic, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 14086, Korea
| | - Yeun-Kyung Shin
- Division of Viral Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 14086, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Marawan MA, Mekata H, Hayashi T, Sekiguchi S, Kirino Y, Horii Y, Moustafa AMM, Arnaout FK, Galila ESM, Norimine J. Phylogenetic analysis of env gene of bovine leukemia virus strains spread in Miyazaki prefecture, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:912-916. [PMID: 28331116 PMCID: PMC5447981 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how the latest dominant bovine leukemia virus (BLV) strains were introduced and spread in the Miyazaki prefecture, we collected blood samples from 3 geographic areas (north, central and south) and carried out
sequence analysis of the BLV env gene. Two genotypes, genotype I, and III, were identified and the majority of the strains belonged to genotype I (71/74). To clarify a route of BLV introduction, we divided the
strains into 20 subgenotypes based on their nucleotide sequences and performed phylogenetic analysis. Our study indicated that common BLV strains were comparatively evenly distributed even in the area, where the farmers have not
introduced cattle from other areas and the cattle have limited exposure to BLV infection in grazing fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marawan A Marawan
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Prevention, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Al Qalyubia Governorate 13511, Egypt
| | - Hirohisa Mekata
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takumi Hayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Prevention, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sekiguchi
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Prevention, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yumi Kirino
- Project for Zoonoses Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Horii
- Division of International Cooperation and Education, Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Abdel-Moneim M Moustafa
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Al Qalyubia Governorate 13511, Egypt
| | - Faysal K Arnaout
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Al Qalyubia Governorate 13511, Egypt
| | - El Sayed M Galila
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Al Qalyubia Governorate 13511, Egypt
| | - Junzo Norimine
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Prevention, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Division of International Cooperation and Education, Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lützelschwab CM, Forletti A, Cepeda R, Esteban EN, Confalonieri O, Gutiérrez SE. Co-infection with Mycobacterium bovis does not alter the response to bovine leukemia virus in BoLA DRB3*0902, genetically resistant cattle. Res Vet Sci 2016; 109:10-16. [PMID: 27892856 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High proviral load (HPL) profile in bovine leukemia virus infected animals poses increased risk of transmission, and development of HPL or low proviral load (LPL) profile may be attributed to host genetics. Genetic resistance and susceptibility has been mapped to the Major Histocompatibility Complex class II DRB3 gene (BoLA DRB3). The aim of this work was to determine the effect of Mycobacterium bovis infection on certain virological and host immunological parameters of BLV experimental infection. Twenty-six Argentinian Holstein calves carrying the resistance-associated marker allele BoLA DRB3*0902, susceptibility-associated marker allele BoLA DRB3*1501, or neutral BoLA DRB3 alleles, exposed to M. bovis were used. Twenty calves were inoculated with BLV, three were naturally infected and other three were BLV-negative. Seven from twenty six (27%) of the animals resulted positive to the PPD test. The proviral load, absolute leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, time to seroconversion, antibody titer against BLV, and viral antigen expression in vitro at various times post inoculation were determined and compared between PPD+ and PPD- animals. From a total of 23 BLV positive animals (naturally and experimentally infected), 13 (56.5%) developed HPL, and 10 (43.5%) developed LPL. None of the investigated parameters were affected by infection with M. bovis. We concluded that the ability of cattle carrying resistance-associated marker to control BLV and to progress towards a LPL phenotype was not altered by M. bovis co-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Lützelschwab
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CIC), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, Tandil 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Agustina Forletti
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CIC), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, Tandil 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Rosana Cepeda
- Area de Bioestadística, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, Tandil 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Eduardo N Esteban
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CIC), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, Tandil 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Omar Confalonieri
- Departamento de Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, Tandil 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Silvina E Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CIC), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, Tandil 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
First Report of Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection in Yaks (Bos mutus) in China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9170167. [PMID: 27340671 PMCID: PMC4909904 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9170167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a chronic lymphosarcoma disease of cattle caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV). No information is available concerning the epidemiology of BLV infection in yaks (Bos mutus). One thousand five hundred and eighty-four serum samples from 610 black yaks and 974 white yaks from Gansu province, northwest China, were collected between April 2013 and March 2014 and tested for BLV antibodies using a commercially available ELISA kit. The overall BLV seroprevalence in yaks was 21.09% (334/1584), with 24.26% (148/610) black yaks and 19.10% (186/974) white yaks yielding positive results. Risk factor analysis indicated that with the exception of breed (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.06–1.73, P < 0.05), the age, region, gender, farm, and the numbers of pregnancies were not considered as risk factors for the presence of BLV in yaks included in this study. This is the first report of BLV infection in yaks in China, which provides information for controlling BLV infection in yaks.
Collapse
|
40
|
Diego OO, Alfredo SAN, Julio TON, Yanira C, Sandra CES, Mar iacute a FGER. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine leukemia virus in Colombia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/jvmah2016.0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
41
|
Detection of bovine leukemia virus and identification of its genotype in Mongolian cattle. Arch Virol 2015; 161:985-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2676-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
42
|
Ohno A, Takeshima SN, Matsumoto Y, Aida Y. Risk factors associated with increased bovine leukemia virus proviral load in infected cattle in Japan from 2012 to 2014. Virus Res 2015; 210:283-90. [PMID: 26321160 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, a malignant B cell lymphoma. BLV has spread worldwide and causes serious problems. After infection, the BLV genome is integrated into the host DNA and can be amplified during periods of latency. We previously designed degenerate primers using the Coordination of Common Motifs (CoCoMo) algorithm to establish a new quantitative real-time PCR method (BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR-2) of measuring the proviral load of both known and novel BLV variants. Here, we aimed to examine the correlation between proviral load and risk factors for BLV infection, such as breeding systems, parousity, and colostrum feeding. Blood and serum samples were collected from 83 BLV-positive farms in 22 prefectures of Japan, and the BLV proviral load and anti-BLV antibody levels were measured. BLV was detected in 73.3% (1039/1,417) of cattle by BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR-2 and the provirus was detected in 93 of 1039 antibody-negative samples. The results showed that the proviral load increased with progression of lymphocytosis. Next, the risk factors associated with increasing BLV infection rate were examined along with any association with proviral load. The proviral load was higher in cattle with lymphocytosis than in healthy cattle, and higher in multiparous cows than in nulliparous cows. Finally, proviral loads were higher in contact breeding systems than in non-contact breeding systems. Taken together, these findings may help to formulate a plan for eliminating BLV from contaminated farms. This is the first nationwide study to estimate BLV proviral load in Japanese cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Ohno
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Matsumoto
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nekouei O, VanLeeuwen J, Sanchez J, Kelton D, Tiwari A, Keefe G. Herd-level risk factors for infection with bovine leukemia virus in Canadian dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2015; 119:105-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
44
|
Mekata H, Sekiguchi S, Konnai S, Kirino Y, Horii Y, Norimine J. Horizontal transmission and phylogenetic analysis of bovine leukemia virus in two districts of Miyazaki, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1115-20. [PMID: 25892699 PMCID: PMC4591153 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal transmission is recognized as a major infection route for bovine leukemia
virus (BLV), and cattle with high viral loads are considered to be a major infectious
source in a herd. However, a correlation between viral loads and the risk of infection has
been insufficient to use as a foundation for BLV control strategies. In this report, we
examined the epidemiology of BLV infection and the infectious source in a local area. In
2013–2014, BLV infection was investigated in 1,823 cattle from 117 farms in two adjacent
districts, Miyazaki, Japan. Seropositive samples for BLV were detected with 88 cattle and
in 14 farms. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 94% of the isolates clustered into
genotype I and the remaining isolate into genotype III. Among genotype I, genetically
distinct strains were spread at each farm, and cattle infected with less than 3 copies/100
cells did not transmit BLV to other cattle for more than thirty months. This is the first
report of concrete data of viral load in relation to viral horizontal transmission under
the field condition. The data facilitate farmers and veterinarians understanding the
status of BLV infected cattle. This research contributes to BLV infection control and the
development of effective BLV eradication programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Mekata
- Project for Zoonoses Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lee E, Kim EJ, Joung HK, Kim BH, Song JY, Cho IS, Lee KK, Shin YK. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the gp51 gene from Korean bovine leukemia virus isolates. Virol J 2015; 12:64. [PMID: 25879943 PMCID: PMC4405874 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine Leukemia virus (BLV) infection of cattle has been reported in Korea for more than three decades. However, to date, there have been few studies regarding Korean BLV since 1980s. Thus, the purpose of this study is to perform a diagnosis and molecular characterization of BLV strains circulating in Korea and to estimate genetic diversity of different genotypes of BLV. METHOD To investigate the distribution of BLV variants in the world and assess the evolutionary history of Korean BLV isolates, a comprehensive molecular analysis of the BLV env gp51 gene was conducted using recent worldwide BLV isolates. The isolates included 50 samples obtained from two cattle farms in southeastern Korea in 2014. RESULTS Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of partial 444-nt fragment sequences and complete gp51 sequences of BLV revealed eight distinct genotypes of BLV showing geographic distribution of the world. Most Korean BLV isolates were found to belong to genotype 1 which is a major genotype prevailed throughout the world, and only four isolates from one farm were classified as genotype 3 related to the US and Japan isolates. Analysis of amino acids of Korean BLV isolates showed several sequence substitutions in the leader peptide, conformational epitope, and neutralizing domain regions. The observations suggest the possibility of affecting on viral infectivity and formation. CONCLUSION Korean BLV isolates showed the close relationship to genotype 1 and 3. Further study to identify the diversity of BLV circulating in Korea is necessary with samples collected nationwide because this study is the first report of BLV genotype 3 being in circulation in Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- EunJung Lee
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyang, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Ju Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyang, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ha-Kyung Joung
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyang, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bo-Hye Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyang, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Young Song
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Anyang, 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Soo Cho
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyang, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeun-Kyung Shin
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyang, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Şevik M, Avcı O, İnce ÖB. An 8-year longitudinal sero-epidemiological study of bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) infection in dairy cattle in Turkey and analysis of risk factors associated with BLV seropositivity. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:715-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
47
|
Mekata H, Sekiguchi S, Konnai S, Kirino Y, Honkawa K, Nonaka N, Horii Y, Norimine J. Evaluation of the natural perinatal transmission of bovine leukaemia virus. Vet Rec 2014; 176:254. [PMID: 25510867 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The perinatal transmission of bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) plays a critical role in the spread and persistence of BLV infection in cattle herds. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency of perinatal infections in an area in Japan and investigate some risk factors associated with infection. Altogether, 129 calves born to BLV-infected cows in a herd in Japan were tested for infection immediately after birth and again at one month of age using nested PCR. Twenty-four calves (18.6 per cent) were infected with BLV, of which 14 (10.8 per cent) and 10 (7.7 per cent) calves were infected via the transplacental and the birth canal routes, respectively. Maternal viral loads, breed, the presence or absence of assistance during parturition and the number of births per dam were evaluated to investigate risk factors associated with infection. Maternal viral load was significantly correlated with the frequency of perinatal infection, and more than 40 per cent of newborn calves born to dams with high viral loads were infected with BLV. The results of this study could contribute towards developing effective eradication programmes by providing necessary data for replacement of breeding cow in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Mekata
- Project for Zoonoses Education and Research, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sekiguchi
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yumi Kirino
- Project for Zoonoses Education and Research, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Honkawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Nariaki Nonaka
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Horii
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Junzo Norimine
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Distribution and characteristics of bovine leukemia virus integration sites in the host genome at three different clinical stages of infection. Arch Virol 2014; 160:39-46. [PMID: 25240623 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic retrovirus closely related to human T-cell lymphotropic virus. BLV-infected cattle are categorized as asymptomatic carriers or as having persistent lymphocytosis or enzootic bovine leukemia, depending on the clinical stage. We investigated the BLV integration site distribution at three BLV clinical stages and examined genome sequence features around the integration sites. In all, 264 BLV integration sites, at various locations on each chromosome, were identified in 28 cattle by inverse PCR and BLAST searches. Approximately one-third of BLV proviruses were independently integrated within transcriptional units, and approximately 10 % were integrated near transcription start sites. Moreover, less than 7 % of BLV integration sites were located near CpG islands. BLV did not preferentially integrate into transcriptionally active regions during any of the clinical stages. At the nucleotide level, regions around BLV integration points were significantly A/T rich with weak sequence consensus. BLV preferentially integrated within long interspersed nuclear repeat elements. Although BLV integration sites may not be associated with disease progression, integration is selective at the nucleotide level.
Collapse
|
49
|
Nikbakht G, Tabatabaei S, Lotfollahzadeh S, Nayeri Fasaei B, Bahonar A, Khormali M. Seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus, bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine leukaemia virus in Iranian cattle and associations among studied agents. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2014.883995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
50
|
Lairmore MD. Animal models of bovine leukemia virus and human T-lymphotrophic virus type-1: insights in transmission and pathogenesis. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2013; 2:189-208. [PMID: 25384140 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and human T-lymphotrophic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) are related retroviruses associated with persistent and lifelong infections and a low incidence of lymphomas within their hosts. Both viruses can be spread through contact with bodily fluids containing infected cells, most often from mother to offspring through breast milk. Each of these complex retroviruses contains typical gag, pol, and env genes but also unique, nonstructural proteins encoded from the pX region. These nonstructural genes encode the Tax and Rex regulatory proteins, as well as novel proteins essential for viral spread in vivo. Improvements in the molecular tools to test these viral determinants in cellular and animal models have provided new insights into the pathogenesis of each virus. Comparisons of BLV and HTLV-1 provide insights into mechanisms of spread and tumor formation, as well as potential approaches to therapeutic intervention against the infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lairmore
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, 95616;
| |
Collapse
|