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Vicosa Bauermann F, Falkenberg S, Rudd JM, Peter CM, Merchioratto I, Ritchey JW, Gilliam J, Taylor J, Ma H, Maggioli MF. Immune Responses to Influenza D Virus in Calves Previously Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2. Viruses 2023; 15:2442. [PMID: 38140683 PMCID: PMC10747992 DOI: 10.3390/v15122442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) induces immunosuppression and thymus depletion in calves. This study explores the impact of prior BVDV-2 exposure on the subsequent immune response to influenza D virus (IDV). Twenty 3-week-old calves were divided into four groups. Calves in G1 and G3 were mock-treated on day 0, while calves in G2 and G4 received BVDV. Calves in G1 (mock) and G2 (BVDV) were necropsied on day 13 post-infection. IDV was inoculated on day 21 in G3 calves (mock + IDV) and G4 (BVDV + IDV) and necropsy was conducted on day 42. Pre-exposed BVDV calves exhibited prolonged and increased IDV shedding in nasal secretions. An approximate 50% reduction in the thymus was observed in acutely infected BVDV calves (G2) compared to controls (G1). On day 42, thymus depletion was observed in two calves in G4, while three had normal weight. BVDV-2-exposed calves had impaired CD8 T cell proliferation after IDV recall stimulation, and the α/β T cell impairment was particularly evident in those with persistent thymic atrophy. Conversely, no difference in antibody levels against IDV was noted. BVDV-induced thymus depletion varied from transient to persistent. Persistent thymus atrophy was correlated with weaker T cell proliferation, suggesting correlation between persistent thymus atrophy and impaired T cell immune response to subsequent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vicosa Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Shollie Falkenberg
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Animal Research Services, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Rudd
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Cristina Mendes Peter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Center for Medical Bioinformatics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Ingryd Merchioratto
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Jerry W. Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - John Gilliam
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jared Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Hao Ma
- Animal Research Services, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Mayara Fernanda Maggioli
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Yang N, Xu M, Ma Z, Li H, Song S, Gu X, Liu J, Yang Z, Zhu H, Ma H, Yi J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Sheng J, Chen C. Detection of emerging HoBi-like Pestivirus (BVD-3) during an epidemiological investigation of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Xinjiang: a first-of-its-kind report. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1222292. [PMID: 37492265 PMCID: PMC10365292 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1222292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Xinjiang pastoral area is the second largest pastoral area in China, accounting for 26.8% of the available grassland area in the country, and the geographical advantage of cattle breeding industry is very obvious. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has always been one of the important viral diseases that have plagued the development of cattle farming industry in the world. As one of the main pastoral areas of China's cattle farming industry, the Xinjiang pastoral area has also been deeply affected. In this study, 6,153 bovine serum samples were collected from 18 large-scale cattle farms in 13 cities in Xinjiang. The antibodies and antigens of 6,153 and 588 serum samples were detected by serological detection methods, respectively. Ten serum samples, which were antigen-positive by ELISA, were randomly selected for RT-PCR detection, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of suspected HoBi-like Pestivirus (HoBiPeV) strains. The results showed that the positive rates of BVDV antibodies and antigens were 53.68% (3,303/6,153) and 6.12% (36/588), respectively. One of the 10 randomly selected seropositive samples was infected with the HoBiPeV strain. HoBiPeV, also referred to as BVDV-3, is an emerging atypical Pestivirus that occurs in cattle and small ruminants, and its clinical signs are similar to those of BVDV infection. Based on the whole genome of the BVDV-3 reference strain (JS12/01) on the GenBank, the homology of the detected strain was 96.02%. The whole genome nucleotide sequence was submitted to the GenBank database, and the gene accession number was obtained: OP210314. The whole genome of isolate OP210314 was 12.239 nucleotides and contained a 5'-UTR of 340 nucleotides, a 3'-UTR of 199 nucleotides, and a large open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polyprotein consisting of 3,899 amino acids. In conclusion, the prevalence rate of BVDV infection in Xinjiang dairy cows is high, and the genetic diversity is increasing. This study successfully identified and isolated HoBiPeV in Xinjiang for the first time, posing a potential threat to the cattle industry in Xinjiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Mingguo Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhenguo Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Honghuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Shengnan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jingnan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhonglian Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hongji Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hailong Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jihai Yi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jinliang Sheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Control and Prevention of Animal Disease, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Zoonotic Infectious Diseases in the Western Region, Shihezi, China
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3
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Non-Bovine Species and the Risk to Effective Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Cattle. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101263. [PMID: 34684212 PMCID: PMC8540666 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an economically important and highly prevalent virus of domestic cattle. Infections with BVDV may lead to both, reproductive and immunological effects that can result in widespread calf losses and increased susceptibility to diseases, such as mastitis and respiratory disease. While BVDV is generally considered to be host specific, it and other Pestivirus species, such as Border disease virus (BDV) in sheep, have been shown to be infecting species other than those from which they were originally isolated from. Recently BVDV was placed on the OIE’s list of notifiable disease and control and eradication programmes for BVDV have been developed throughout much of Europe, the United States, and the United Kingdom. While some countries, including Sweden and Ireland have successfully implemented eradication programmes, other countries such as New Zealand and Australia are still in the early stages of BVDV control. Despite effective control methods, incursions of BVDV into previously cleared herds still occur. While the cause of these incursions is often due to lapses in control methods, the ability of ruminant pestiviruses to infect species other than cattle poses the question as to whether non-bovine species could be impeding the success of BVDV eradication and control. As such, the aim of this review is to make mention of what is known about the cross-species transmission of BVDV, BDV and other pestiviruses between cattle and non-bovine ungulate species and draw conclusions as to the risk non-bovine species pose to the successful control and eradication of BVDV from cattle.
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Bauermann FV, Ridpath JF. Epidemiology of Pestivirus H in Brazil and Its Control Implications. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:693041. [PMID: 34368280 PMCID: PMC8342886 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.693041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with viruses in the Pestivirus A (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1, BVDV1) and B species (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2, BVDV2), members of the Pestivirus H are mainly cattle pathogens. Viruses belonging to the Pestivirus H group are known as HoBi-like pestiviruses (HoBiPev). Genetic and antigenic characterization suggest that HoBiPev are the most divergent pestiviruses identified in cattle to date. The phylogenetic analysis of HoBiPev results in at least five subgroups (a–e). Under natural or experimental conditions, calves infected with HoBiPev strains typically display mild upper respiratory signs, including nasal discharge and cough. Although BVDV1 and BVDV2 are widely distributed and reported in many South American countries, reports of HoBiPev in South America are mostly restricted to Brazil. Despite the endemicity and high prevalence of HoBiPev in Brazil, only HoBiPev-a was identified to date in Brazil. Unquestionably, HoBiPev strains in BVDV vaccine formulations are required to help curb HoBiPev spread in endemic regions. The current situation in Brazil, where at this point only HoBiPev-a seems present, provides a more significant opportunity to control these viruses with the use of a vaccine with a single HoBiPev subtype. Despite the lack of differentiation among bovine pestiviruses by current BVDV tests, the reduced genetic variability of HoBiPev in Brazil may allow reliable identification of cases within the region. On the other hand, introducing foreign ruminants, biologicals, and genetic material to South America, especially if it originated from other HoBiPev-endemic countries, should consider the risk of introducing divergent HoBiPev subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando V Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK, United States
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Guo Z, Wang L, Niu L, Shangguan H, Huang C, Yi Y, Zhang Y, Gao M, Ge J. Genetic and evolutionary analysis of emerging HoBi-like pestivirus. Res Vet Sci 2021; 137:217-225. [PMID: 34023545 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
HoBi-like pestivirus, an emerging species within the Pestivirus genus, is an important pathogen associated with a variety of clinical manifestations of ruminants, especially cattle. HoBi-like pestiviruses were identified in several countries and from different hosts, and raised concerns with regard to their acute and persistent infections, which is implicated in economic losses for cattle farmers. However, the transmission path, codon usage bias, and host adaptation of the virus has not been studied. Hence, we performed the analysis the spatio-temporal transmission based on the available 5'-UTR sequences of HoBi-like pestivirus, and then conducted codon analysis of the complete coding sequence of the virus. The results show the virus appeared in 1952 (95% HPD: 1905-1985) and may have originated in India. In addition, Italy is the hub for the spread of the virus. Moreover, six potential recombination events and two complex recombination events were discovered. Analysis of codon usage patterns revealed that the effective number of codon (ENC) values with an average of 50.85, and the codon usage bias is greatly affected by natural selection, which is different from the previous BVDV-1, 2. Finally, codon adaptation index (CAI) analysis shows that pigs may be the potential origin species of the HoBi-like pestivirus. These findings will contribute to more effective control of the spread of the virus, extend the knowledge about the genetic and evolutionary features of HoBi-like viruses and provide some information for vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lingdi Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Haikun Shangguan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chengshi Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Yi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mingchun Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Junwei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin 150030, China.
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6
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Decaro N. HoBi-Like Pestivirus and Reproductive Disorders. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:622447. [PMID: 33415134 PMCID: PMC7782308 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.622447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HoBi-like pestivirus (HoBiPeV) is an emerging group of pestiviruses that has been detected in cattle and other ruminants in South America, Europe, and Asia. Analogous to other bovine pestiviruses, namely bovine viral diarrhea (BVDV) 1 and 2, HoBiPeV is able to cause a variety of clinical forms that range from asymptomatic infections to fatal disease, having a great impact on cattle productions and causing substantial economic losses, mainly as a consequence of the occurrence of reproductive failures. The manuscript aims to provide an updated review of the currently available literature about the impact of HoBiPeV infection on cattle reproduction. The reproductive disorders observed in cattle due to natural and experimental infections caused by this virus are reported along with the few available in-vitro studies involving the reproductive tract. HoBiPeV should be considered among the bovine pathogens that impact on reproduction, but there is a need for more specific and sensitive diagnostic methods, while the cross-protection elicited by commercially available BVDV vaccines should be better investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
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7
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Ridpath JF, Fulton RW, Bauermann FV, Falkenberg SM, Welch J, Confer AW. Sequential exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine coronavirus results in increased respiratory disease lesions: clinical, immunologic, pathologic, and immunohistochemical findings. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:513-526. [PMID: 32484424 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720918561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronaviruses (BoCVs) have been found in respiratory tissues in cattle and frequently associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD); however, pathogenesis studies in calves are limited. To characterize the pathogenesis and pathogenicity of BoCV isolates, we used 5 different BoCV strains to inoculate colostrum-deprived calves, ~ 2-5 wk of age. Later, to determine if dual viral infection would potentiate pathogenicity of BoCV, calves were inoculated with BoCV alone, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) alone, or a series of dual-infection (BVDV-BoCV) schemes. A negative control group was included in all studies. Clinical signs and body temperature were monitored during the study and samples collected for lymphocyte counts, virus isolation, and serology. During autopsy, gross lesions were recorded and fixed tissues collected for histopathology and immunohistochemistry; fresh tissues were collected for virus isolation. Results suggest increased pathogenicity for isolate BoCV OK 1776. Increased body temperature was found in all virus-inoculated groups. Lung lesions were present in calves in all dual-infection groups; however, lesions were most pronounced in calves inoculated with BVDV followed by BoCV inoculation 6 d later. Lung lesions were consistent with mild-to-moderate interstitial pneumonia, and immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of BoCV antigen. Our studies demonstrated that BVDV-BoCV dual infection may play an important role in BRD pathogenesis, and timing between infections seems critical to the severity of lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Ridpath
- Ridpath Consulting, Ames, IA (Ridpath); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Bauermann, Confer, Fulton); U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Falkenberg); Zoetis Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI (Welch)
| | - Robert W Fulton
- Ridpath Consulting, Ames, IA (Ridpath); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Bauermann, Confer, Fulton); U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Falkenberg); Zoetis Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI (Welch)
| | - Fernando V Bauermann
- Ridpath Consulting, Ames, IA (Ridpath); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Bauermann, Confer, Fulton); U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Falkenberg); Zoetis Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI (Welch)
| | - Shollie M Falkenberg
- Ridpath Consulting, Ames, IA (Ridpath); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Bauermann, Confer, Fulton); U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Falkenberg); Zoetis Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI (Welch)
| | - Jenny Welch
- Ridpath Consulting, Ames, IA (Ridpath); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Bauermann, Confer, Fulton); U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Falkenberg); Zoetis Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI (Welch)
| | - Anthony W Confer
- Ridpath Consulting, Ames, IA (Ridpath); Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (Bauermann, Confer, Fulton); U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Falkenberg); Zoetis Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI (Welch)
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8
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Kalaiyarasu S, Mishra N, Rajukumar K, Behera SP, Jhade SK, Singh VP. Development and evaluation of real-time RT-PCR using ear hair for specific detection of sheep persistently infected with border disease virus (BDV). J Virol Methods 2019; 269:55-63. [PMID: 30951788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an improved border disease virus (BDV) specific real time RT-PCR and to evaluate its performance on manually plucked hairs from sheep persistently infected with BDV that may act as a non-invasive alternate sample. The BDV real time RT-PCR assay reported here showed a high analytical sensitivity (100.6 TCID50/ml), specificity (no reactivity with BVDV-1, BVDV-2, HoBi-like pestivirus and CSFV) and reproducibility. When the assay was validated on 210 samples from BDV-infected and uninfected sheep, it showed a 100% diagnostic sensitivity and specificity with virus isolation. Further evaluation of the assay on manually plucked hair follicles from ear (mid-lateral, mid-medial) and tail tip from sheep persistently infected with BDV showed that a minimum of 20 hair follicles need to be tested for correct diagnosis of BDV. The BDV load was comparatively higher in hairs from mid-medial ear than those from other tested locations. Evaluation on other samples from PI sheep demonstrated that the test performance was similar to that of pestivirus generic real-time RT-PCR, but improved than the currently available BDV specific real-time RT-PCR. Although more number of PI animals need to be evaluated, the results of the study showed that manually plucked hairs from mid-medial ear pinna is a suitable alternative sample in real-time RT-PCR for detection of BDV persistently infected sheep. Use of the non-invasive ear hair samples and the improved BDV specific real-time RT-PCR reported here may be useful for BDV surveillance in several sheep rearing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Niranjan Mishra
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Katherukamem Rajukumar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Sandeep Kumar Jhade
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vijendra Pal Singh
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, 462022, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Araujo Pereira D, Brigolin Peron J, de Souza Almeida HM, Gasparini Baraldi T, Honorato Gatto IR, Coelho Kasmanas T, Pituco EM, Montassier HJ, de Oliveira LG. Experimental inoculation of gilts with bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVDV-2) does not induce transplacental infection. Vet Microbiol 2018; 225:25-30. [PMID: 30322528 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus and can cause reproductive problems in cattle. However, there is still a lack of research to clarify its pathogenicity in different gestational periods of sows and its effects in neonates. In this study, 12 gilts divided into groups (G) were experimentally inoculated with the strain BVDV-2 (SV-253) oronasally at a dose of 106·85 TCID50; one group was inoculated 30 days before insemination (G0; n = 2), three groups were inoculated during gestation (first (G1; n = 2), second (G2; n = 3), third (G3; n = 3)), and a fourth was the control group (G4; n = 2). Samples of blood and nasal swabs from the gilts were collected every three days until delivery for a virus neutralization (VN) test, qRT-PCR, and blood count. On the day of delivery, 40% of the neonates were euthanized to obtain tissue and blood samples at necropsy for histopathology and qRT-PCR. The sows were seroconverted between 12 and 33 days after inoculation, and the virus was detected in the blood between 3 and 12 days and on the nasal swab between 6 and 24 days in the G0, G1, G2 and G3 sows but was not detected in piglet tissues, and no significant alterations were found through histopathology. The mean and standard deviation of the mean cycles (Cq) from blood (Cq = 34.87 ± 0.60) and nasal swab (Cq = 34.61 ± 0.87) samples were between 107 and 490 TCID50/ml. Transient infection was demonstrated with a low viral load, but transplacental infection was not possible in gilts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Araujo Pereira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Brigolin Peron
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Henrique Meiroz de Souza Almeida
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Thaís Gasparini Baraldi
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Igor Renan Honorato Gatto
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Thaiane Coelho Kasmanas
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Edviges Maristela Pituco
- Biological Institute of São Paulo, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1252 - Vila Mariana, São Paulo, SP, 04014-002, Brazil
| | - Hélio José Montassier
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil.
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Lee KH, Han DG, Kim S, Choi EJ, Choi KS. Experimental infection of mice with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 increases the number of megakaryocytes in bone marrow. Virol J 2018; 15:115. [PMID: 30055639 PMCID: PMC6064063 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes significant economic losses worldwide in the cattle industry through decrease in productive performance and immunosuppression of animals in herds. Recent studies conducted by our group showed that mice can be infected with BVDV-1 by the oral route. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical signs, hematological changes, histopathological lesions in lymphoid tissues, and the distribution of the viral antigen after oral inoculation with a Korean noncytopathic (ncp) BVDV-2 field isolate in mice. Methods Mice were orally administered a low or high dose of BVDV-2; blood and tissue samples were collected on days 2, 5, and 9 postinfection (pi). We monitored clinical signs, hematological changes, histopathological lesions, and tissue distribution of a viral antigen by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) and then compared these parameters with those in ncp BVDV-1 infections. Results None of the infected mice developed any clinical signs of the illness. Significant thrombocytopenia was found in both low- and high-dose-inoculated mice on day 2 pi. Leukopenia was apparent only in low-dose-inoculated mice on day 2 pi, whereas lymphopenia was not observed in any ncp BVDV-2-infected animal. Viral RNA was found in the spleen in of low- and high-dose-inoculated mice by RT-PCR. According to the results of IHC, the viral antigen was consistently detected in lymphocytes of bone marrow and spleen and less frequently in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), mesenteric lymph nodes, and Peyer’s patches. Despite the antigen detection in BALT and mesenteric lymph nodes, histopathological lesions were not observed in these tissues. Lympholysis, infiltration by inflammatory cells, and increased numbers of megakaryocytes were seen in Peyer’s patches, spleens, and bone marrow, respectively. In contrast to ncp BVDV-1 infection, lympholysis was found in the spleen of ncp BVDV-2-infected mice. These histopathological lesions were more severe in high-dose-inoculated mice than in low-dose-inoculated mice. Conclusions Our results provide insight into the pathogenesis of ncp BVDV-2 infection in mice. Collectively, these results highlight significant differences in pathogenesis between ncp BVDV-1 and ncp BVDV-2 infections in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hyun Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Gyeong Han
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhee Kim
- Animal Disease & Biosecurity Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-Gun, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Choi
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Jardim JC, Amaral BP, Martins M, Sebastian P, Heinemann MB, Cortez A, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Respiratory signs, fever and lymphopenia in calves inoculated with Brazilian HoBi-like pestiviruses. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:264-268. [PMID: 30040999 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hobi-like viruses (HobiPeV) comprise a novel, recently classified species of bovine pestiviruses, originally identified in commercial fetal bovine serum of Brazilian origin and, subsequently, isolated from diseased animals in several countries. Although frequently isolated from clinical cases, most HobiPeV isolates failed to reproduce overt disease in cattle upon experimental inoculation. Herein, we describe the outcome of experimental infection of four to six months-old seronegative calves with two Brazilian HobiPeV isolates. Calves inoculated intranasally with isolate SV478/07 developed viremia between days 2 and 9 post-inoculation (pi) and shed virus in nasal secretions up to day 11pi. These animals presented hyperthermia (day 7 to 10-11 pi) and lymphopenia from days 4 to 8pi. Clinically, all four calves developed varied degrees of apathy, anorexia, mild to moderate respiratory signs (nasal secretion, hyperemia), ocular discharge and pasty diarrhea in the days following virus inoculation. In contrast, calves inoculated with isolate SV757/15 presented only hyperthermia (days 3 to 10-11 pi) and lymphopenia (days 4-8 pi), without other apparent clinical signs. In these animals, viremia was detected up to day 9 pi and virus shedding in nasal secretions lasted up to day 12-14 pi. Both groups seroconverted to the inoculated viruses, developing virus neutralizing (VN) titers from 320 to 5120 at day 28pi. These results extend previous findings that experimental infections of calves with HobiPeV are predominantly mild, yet they also indicate that field isolates may differ in their ability to cause disease in susceptible animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Jardim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - B P Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - M Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - P Sebastian
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Brazil
| | - A Cortez
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Weiblen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - E F Flores
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil.
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12
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Shi H, Leng C, Xu Q, Jiao Z, Shi H, Sun S, Qiu R, Kan Y, Yao L. Experimental infection of BALB/c mice with a caprine Pestivirus H isolate. Vet Microbiol 2018; 221:1-7. [PMID: 29981694 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
To data, small animal Pestivirus H infection models have not been established. In order to develop a new infection model, BALB/c mice were inoculated with Pestivirus H strain HN1507. The virus-inoculated mice displayed nasal discharge and fever clinical signs. Histopathological changes in Pestivirus H-infected mice included alveolar septa thickening and alveolar atrophy in the lungs from 1 to 11 days post-inoculation (PI). Furthermore, we observed tracheal epithelial cell abscission and inflammatory cell infiltration in the tracheas from 1 to 9 days PI, infiltration of eosinophils in the spleens from 1 to 9 days PI, intestinal villi abscission and lysis of epithelial cells in the intestines from 1 to 11 days PI. The results of virus isolation showed that Pestivirus H replicated well in the lungs, tracheas, spleens, and intestines of infected BALB/c mice, and peak viral titers were observed 3 days PI. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence results were in agreement with the virus isolation results; however, the hearts of infected mice from 1 to 3 days PI were positive while virus isolation results were negative. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting Pestivirus H detection in BALB/c mice. Our findings indicated that Pestivirus H strain HN1507 was pathogenic to BALB/c mice and caused clinical signs and histopathological lesions in Pestivirus H-infected BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Shi
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, PR China
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, PR China
| | - Qian Xu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, PR China
| | - Zhujin Jiao
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, PR China
| | - Hongling Shi
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, PR China
| | - Shiyu Sun
- Liaoning Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Reng Qiu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, PR China
| | - Yunchao Kan
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, PR China.
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Libratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, PR China.
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13
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Riitho V, Larska M, Strong R, La Rocca SA, Locker N, Alenius S, Steinbach F, Liu L, Uttenthal Å, Graham SP. Comparative analysis of adaptive immune responses following experimental infections of cattle with bovine viral diarrhoea virus-1 and an Asiatic atypical ruminant pestivirus. Vaccine 2018; 36:4494-4500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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14
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Falkenberg SM, Dassanayake RP, Neill JD, Ridpath JF. Evaluation of bovine viral diarrhea virus transmission potential to naïve calves by direct and indirect exposure routes. Vet Microbiol 2018; 217:144-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Dias RK, Cargnelutti JF, Weber MN, Canal CW, Bauermann FV, Ridpath JF, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Antigenic diversity of Brazilian isolates of HoBi-like pestiviruses. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:221-228. [PMID: 28619148 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hobi-like viruses comprise an unclassified group of bovine pestiviruses related to bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) and 2 (BVDV-2). These viruses were originally identified in fetal bovine serum from Brazilian origin and, subsequently, isolated from diseased animals in several countries. Herein we performed an antigenic characterization of eight Brazilian HoBi-like viruses isolated from persistently infected (PI) animals and from gastroenteric disease (2007-2015). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 5' unstranslated region (UTR) clustered these viruses with other HoBi-like viruses from European and Asiatic origin. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) binding indicated variability in the Hobi-like virus glycoprotein E2 and significant differences from the homologous BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 glycoprotein. Analysis of antigenic relatedness based on virus-neutralizing titers using virus-specific antisera revealed that HoBi-like viruses are antigenically very different from BVDV-1 and, to a lesser extent, from BVDV-2. Cross-neutralizing assays between pairs of HoBi-like viruses and their respective antisera indicated the existence of antigenic variability among these viruses, even for viruses isolated from the same herd in different occasions. Moreover, the identification of a HoBi-like isolate with low antigenic similarity with the other isolates indicates the potential existence of antigenic subgroups among HoBi-like virus isolates. Finally, sera of lambs immunized with commercial BVDV vaccines showed low or undetectable neutralizing activity against HoBi-like isolates. These results indicate significant antigenic differences between BVDV genotypes and Brazilian HoBi-like viruses and the existence of antigenic variability within this atypical group of pestiviruses. These findings extend the knowledge about the antigenic diversity of HoBi-like viruses and reinforce the need for their inclusion in current BVDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Dias
- Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - J F Cargnelutti
- Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - M N Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - F V Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States of America
| | - J F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, United States of America.
| | - R Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - E F Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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16
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Weber MN, Bauermann FV, Gómez-Romero N, Herring AD, Canal CW, Neill JD, Ridpath JF. Variation in pestivirus growth in testicle primary cell culture is more dependent on the individual cell donor than cattle breed. Vet Res Commun 2016; 41:1-7. [PMID: 27864728 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-016-9666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The causes of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) are multifactorial and include infection with both viral and bacterial pathogens. Host factors are also involved as different breeds of cattle appear to have different susceptibilities to BRDC. Infection with bovine pestiviruses, including bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV1), BVDV2 and 'HoBi'-like viruses, is linked to the development of BRDC. The aim of the present study was to compare the growth of different bovine pestiviruses in primary testicle cell cultures obtained from taurine, indicine and mixed taurine and indicine cattle breeds. Primary cells strains, derived from testicular tissue, were generated from three animals from each breed. Bovine pestivirus strains used were from BVDV-1a, BVDV-1b, BVDV-2a and 'HoBi'-like virus. Growth was compared by determining virus titers after one passage in primary cells. All tests were run in triplicate. Virus titers were determined by endpoint dilution and RT-qPCR. Statistical analysis was performed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey's Multiple Comparison Test (P˂0.05). Significant differences in virus growth did not correlate with cattle breed. However, significant differences were observed between cells derived from different individuals regardless of breed. Variation in the replication of virus in primary cell strains may reflect a genetic predisposition that favors virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus N Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando V Bauermann
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1920 Dayton Avenue, PO Box 70, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Ninnet Gómez-Romero
- Laboratorio de Vacunología y Constatación, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de Mexico, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Andy D Herring
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University (TAMU), College Station, TX, USA
| | - Cláudio W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - John D Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1920 Dayton Avenue, PO Box 70, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Julia F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1920 Dayton Avenue, PO Box 70, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
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17
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Weber MN, Bauermann FV, Canal CW, Bayles DO, Neill JD, Ridpath JF. Temporal dynamics of 'HoBi'-like pestivirus quasispecies in persistently infected calves generated under experimental conditions. Virus Res 2016; 227:23-33. [PMID: 27693289 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
'HoBi'-like virus is an atypical group within the Pestivirus genus that is implicated in economic losses for cattle producers due to both acute and persistent infections. Pestivirus strains exist as quasispecies (swarms of individual viruses) in infected animals and the viral populations making up the quasispecies differ widely in size and diversity in each animal. In the present study the viral quasispecies circulating in persistently infected (PI) calves, generated and maintained under experimental conditions using two different 'HoBi'-like strains, was observed over time. An increase in genetic variability and the development of certain mutations was observed over time. Mutations observed included the loss of a putative N-linked glycosylation site in the E2 region and the change of specific residues in E1/E2. It is hypothesized that these changes may be the results on continued adaption of the pestivirus to individual hosts. This is the first study characterizing variation in the viral swarms of animals persistently infected with HoBi-like viruses over time. Studies of the shifts in PI viral swarms will contribute to our understanding of the host and viral mechanisms that function in the maintenance of pestivirus persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus N Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando V Bauermann
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1920 Dayton Av., Zip Code 50010, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Cláudio W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, CEP 91-540-000, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1920 Dayton Av., Zip Code 50010, Ames, IA, United States
| | - John D Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1920 Dayton Av., Zip Code 50010, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Julia F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center (NADC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1920 Dayton Av., Zip Code 50010, Ames, IA, United States.
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Bauermann FV, Falkenberg SM, Ridpath JF. HoBi-Like Virus RNA Detected in Foetuses Following Challenge of Pregnant Cows that had Previously Given Birth to Calves Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1624-1632. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. V. Bauermann
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit; National Animal Disease Center; USDA; Agricultural Research Service; Ames IA USA
| | - S. M. Falkenberg
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit; National Animal Disease Center; USDA; Agricultural Research Service; Ames IA USA
| | - J. F. Ridpath
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit; National Animal Disease Center; USDA; Agricultural Research Service; Ames IA USA
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Experimental infection with non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 in mice induces inflammatory cell infiltration in the spleen. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2527-35. [PMID: 27376375 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously, our study showed that oral inoculation of mice with cytopathic (cp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) led to lymphocyte depletion and increased numbers of megakaryocytes in the spleen as well as thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia. In the present study, to investigate the possible differences in the detection of viral antigen, histopathological lesions, and hematologic changes between non-cytopathic (ncp) BVDV1 and cp BVDV1, mice were orally administered low and high doses of ncp BVDV1 and were necropsied at days 0, 2, 5, and 9 postinfection (pi). None of the ncp BVDV1-infected mice exhibited clinical signs of illness, unlike those infected with cp BVDV1. Statistically significant thrombocytopenia was observed during ncp BVDV1 infection, and lymphopenia was found only in mice infected with a high dose at day 9 pi. Interestingly, ncp BVDV1 infection increased the numbers of basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes in some infected mice. Viral antigen was detected in the lymphocytes of the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and bone marrow by immunohistochemistry. Lymphoid depletion was evident in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice infected with a high dose and also found in the Peyer's patches of some infected mice. Infiltration of inflammatory cells, including neutrophils and monocytes, and an increased number of megakaryocytes were seen in the spleen. These results suggest that the distribution of viral antigens is not associated with the presence of histopathological lesions. Inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the spleens as a result of viral replication and may be attributable to the host reaction to ncp BVDV1 infection. Together, these findings support the possibility that mice can be used as an animal model for BVDV infection.
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