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Mansfield KL, Schilling M, Sanders C, Holding M, Johnson N. Arthropod-Borne Viruses of Human and Animal Importance: Overwintering in Temperate Regions of Europe during an Era of Climate Change. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1307. [PMID: 39065076 PMCID: PMC11278640 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The past three decades have seen an increasing number of emerging arthropod-borne viruses in temperate regions This process is ongoing, driven by human activities such as inter-continental travel, combined with the parallel emergence of invasive arthropods and an underlying change in climate that can increase the risk of virus transmission and persistence. In addition, natural events such as bird migration can introduce viruses to new regions. Despite the apparent regularity of virus emergence, arthropod-borne viruses circulating in temperate regions face the challenge of the late autumn and winter months where the arthropod vector is inactive. Viruses therefore need mechanisms to overwinter or they will fail to establish in temperate zones. Prolonged survival of arthropod-borne viruses within the environment, outside of both vertebrate host and arthropod vector, is not thought to occur and therefore is unlikely to contribute to overwintering in temperate zones. One potential mechanism is continued infection of a vertebrate host. However, infection is generally acute, with the host either dying or producing an effective immune response that rapidly clears the virus. There are few exceptions to this, although prolonged infection associated with orbiviruses such as bluetongue virus occurs in certain mammals, and viraemic vertebrate hosts therefore can, in certain circumstances, provide a route for long-term viral persistence in the absence of active vectors. Alternatively, a virus can persist in the arthropod vector as a mechanism for overwintering. However, this is entirely dependent on the ecology of the vector itself and can be influenced by changes in the climate during the winter months. This review considers the mechanisms for virus overwintering in several key arthropod vectors in temperate areas. We also consider how this will be influenced in a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Mansfield
- Vector Borne Diseases, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (K.L.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Mirjam Schilling
- Vector Borne Diseases, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (K.L.M.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Maya Holding
- Virology and Pathogenesis Group, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK;
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Vector Borne Diseases, Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (K.L.M.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
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Zhang X, Gerry AC. Host-seeking activity of adult Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) during winter in southern California, USA, and assessment of bluetongue virus overwintering. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023:7133973. [PMID: 37080611 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In southern California, USA, annual reoccurrence of bluetongue infection in cattle (Bos taurus Linnaeus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)) suggests that bluetongue virus (BTV) persists year-round but escapes detection during cooler months, reappearing when the weather gets warmer. The persistence of the virus in the adult biting midge vector, Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), has been suggested. However, it is unknown whether adult C. sonorensis are sufficiently active during the winter months to transmit BTV throughout this period. This study captured host-seeking C. sonorensis in the Chino dairy region of southern California throughout the BTV interseasonal period (winter through early spring) over 3 years to assess adult host-seeking activity and adult survival during this period. BTV prevalence in host-seeking midges was also determined. Host-seeking nulliparous and parous C. sonorensis were consistently captured throughout the winter months, which combined with wintertime adult midge survival of ≤27 d, suggests the BTV overwintering is likely due to ongoing low-level transmission to available cattle hosts. However, BTV was not detected in midges captured during January through April in this study, suggesting that BTV transmission during the winter months may be occurring at too low a level to detect even with the substantial trapping effort applied in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmi Zhang
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- W. M. Keck Science Center, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Alec C Gerry
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Fujisawa Y, Kornmatitsuk K, Kornmatitsuk S, Kornmatitsuk B. Field evaluation of newly developed 3D-printed ultraviolet and green light-emitting diode traps for the collection of Culicoides species in Thailand. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280673. [PMID: 36662802 PMCID: PMC9858794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Culcioides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of various veterinary pathogens. Suction light traps are one of the most widely used tools for vector surveillance. The present aim was to compare the efficiency for the collection of Culicoides species between newly developed 3D-printed ultraviolet (Mahidol University (MU) UV LED) and green light-emitting diode (Mahidol University (MU) Green LED) traps baited with CO2 and UV LED Center for Disease Control (CDC) light trap (BioQuip 2770) baited with CO2. The experiment consisted of two replicates of a 3 × 3 Latin square design in each three sampling locations (Location 1, 2, 3 and 4, 5, 6), for 12 nights between 26th July and 7th August 2020 in Thailand. Results showed that efficiency of the MU UV LED light trap was equivalent to that of the BioQuip 2770 trap for the collection of Culicoides. Meanwhile, the efficiency of the MU Green LED light trap was lower than that of both UV LED light traps. In the analysis of Culicoides species composition and sex-age grading, a similar pattern was observed among three light traps except for Culicoides actoni Smith. The newly developed 3D-printed UV LED light trap demonstrated the following advantages over the commercial light trap: cost saving to obtain multiple units, ease of customization and standardization, and increased availability by end-users. Although further assessments in different environmental conditions are needed, this 3D-printed light trap design could minimize the constrains in vector surveillance programs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujisawa
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kandit Kornmatitsuk
- Chulalongkorn University Demonstration Secondary School, Faculty of Education, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sudsaijai Kornmatitsuk
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Bunlue Kornmatitsuk
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Lysyk TJ, Couloigner I, Massolo A, Cork SC. Relationship Between Weather and Changes in Annual and Seasonal Abundance of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Alberta. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:90-101. [PMID: 36260077 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Factors influencing annual and seasonal abundance of Culicoides sonorensis (Wirth and Jones) (Diptera; Ceratopogonidae) were examined at 10 sites in southern Alberta using negative binomial regression. Annual abundance varied among locations with greatest abundance in a narrow geographic band between -112.17 and -112.64°W longitude and 49.32 and 50.17°N latitude. Sites were grouped depending on whether abundance was continuous and high; discontinuous and low; or sporadic and low without much loss of information. Maximum annual abundance declined with spring precipitation, increased with spring temperature, and was unrelated to spring relative humidity, suggesting that abundance is highest during years with early drought conditions. Seasonal abundance was associated with the same factors but was further influenced by temperature and relative humidity during the sample intervals. Lagged effects were apparent, suggesting abundance increased with warmer temperatures over a six-week period, and increased when relative humidity declined closer to the sampling period. Predicted values were slightly biased and tended to overestimate observed data, but this could be adjusted using calibration curves. The model can also be used to predict presence/absence of C. sonorensis and will be useful for developing risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Lysyk
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada (Retired)
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - I Couloigner
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - A Massolo
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - S C Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Haile T, Abera M, Teklemariam T, Sibhatu D, Asres F. Seroprevalence of Bluetongue Virus Antibodies in Ovine in Maji District of West Omo Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2022; 13:257-264. [PMID: 36157131 PMCID: PMC9504528 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s375482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bluetongue (BT) disease is an arthropod-transmitted viral disease of domestic and wild ruminant species caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV). It is of most importance in sheep and endemic primarily in the tropical and subtropical regions where vectors (Culicoides species) are present. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in July-November 2019 to examine the seroprevalence of BTV infection in ovine in Maji district of West Omo zone. Serum samples were examined for the presence of specific antibodies of BTV using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) test. The collected data was coded and analyzed using STATA version 13 software. Associations between sero-prevalence and its risk factors were tested in a Chi-square analysis and with a P<0.05 were considered as statistically significant. RESULTS The individual animal prevalence was revealed as 39.23% (153/390). Herd size prevalence was: small size herd (37.42%; 61/163), medium size herd (32.35%; 55/170), and large size herd (64.91%; 37/57). Species-based prevalence showed ovine (38.00%; 141/371) and caprine (63.15%; 12/19). Age-based prevalence revealed adult (39.26%; 150/382) and young (37.5%; 3/8). The cumulative sex prevalence for both ovine and caprine was male (37.95%; 52/137) and female (39.92%; 101/253). CONCLUSION The current prevalence of BTV antibodies in the area was found to be high. Lack of application of bluetongue disease control mechanisms like vaccination for the animals is a key factors for the high prevalence of the disease in the areas besides the existence of the vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamirat Haile
- Mizan Regional Veterinary Laboratory Center, Mizan-aman, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Abera
- Mizan Regional Veterinary Laboratory Center, Mizan-aman, Ethiopia
| | | | - Demeke Sibhatu
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Fasil Asres
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
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Becker M, Park JS, Gentry G, Husseneder C, Foil L. Comparison of trapping methods for use in surveys for potential Culicoides vectors of orbiviruses. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:564. [PMID: 34732239 PMCID: PMC8564964 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are orbiviruses that can cause fatal vector-borne diseases in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Trapping methods for collecting potential Culicoides vectors of orbiviruses were compared to optimize surveillance studies. METHODS The number of captured midges and the virus infection rates of midge pools were compared for dry ice-baited Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) traps with or without black light. The number of individual midges of different Culicoides species captured at different crepuscular and nocturnal periods using rotator traps also was determined. The number of species/specimens of Culicoides was measured using five different trap methods including three animal-baited methods, a CDC trap with black light, and a CDC trap with no light. RESULTS In trial one, there was no significant difference (P = 0.37) in the proportion of BTV-infected flies caught in traps with light compared to traps without light. However, there was a significant difference (P = 0.026) for EHDV-infected flies, and 89% were captured in traps with light. In trial two, more specimens of C. debilipalpis were captured in the morning hours (06:00-08:00) than in the evening hours (18:00-20:00). For trial three, the animal-baited traps did not capture any species of Culicoides that were not captured in the CDC light traps. There was no significant difference (P = 0.22) in total specimens captured among all five trap types. CONCLUSIONS Specimens of Culicoides infected with BTV were not repelled by light traps in the first trial, while the majority of the specimens positive for EHDV were caught in traps with light. For the second trial, specimens of C. debilipalpis were most abundant during early morning hours, and thus spray applications of insecticides for control of that species may be more effective at sunrise rather than sunset. For objective three, no animal-baited trapping method collected different species of midges when compared to the CDC traps with light, which is unlike certain studies conducted in other geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Becker
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 402 Life Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Jeong-Seok Park
- 1S1-5 203a, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Chengju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
| | - Glen Gentry
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Bob R Jones Idlewild Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 4419 Idlewild Road, Clinton, LA, 70722, USA
| | - Claudia Husseneder
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 402 Life Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Lane Foil
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 402 Life Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA. .,Agricultural Experiment Station, Bob R Jones Idlewild Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 4419 Idlewild Road, Clinton, LA, 70722, USA.
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Wang A, Du J, Feng H, Zhou J, Chen Y, Liu Y, Jiang M, Jia R, Tian Y, Zhang G. Identification of a novel bluetongue virus 1 specific B cell epitope using monoclonal antibodies against the VP2 protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:1393-1401. [PMID: 33984384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contact infectious disease caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV), which can be transmitted by vector insects such as Culicoides and Aedes mosquitoes. The BTV VP2 protein encoded by the L2 gene is located at the outermost layer of the virus particle, plays a key role on mediating the adsorption and entry of virus, and it is also a main antigenic protein widely used for vaccine development. In this study, the BTV1 VP2 gene was cloned into pFastBac™Dual vector, and expressed in insect Sf21 cells. Immunized mice with purified recombinant VP2 protein can induce higher levels of antibodies. Three anti BTV1 VP2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated (17E9C6, 17E9C8, 17E9H12), and showed high specific reactivity with recombinant VP2 protein and inactivated BTV1 virus. Finally, a novel linear B-cell epitope 296-KEPAD-300 on recombinant VP2 protein was identified by using three mAbs react with a series of continue-truncated peptides. The results of this study may provide new information on the structure and function of BTV1 VP2 protein and lay a foundation for the development of BTV1 diagnostic and prophylactic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jinran Du
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jingming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yankai Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Min Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Rui Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Shults P, Cohnstaedt LW, Adelman ZN, Brelsfoard C. Next-generation tools to control biting midge populations and reduce pathogen transmission. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:31. [PMID: 33413518 PMCID: PMC7788963 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides transmit disease-causing agents resulting in a significant economic impact on livestock industries in many parts of the world. Localized control efforts, such as removal of larval habitat or pesticide application, can be logistically difficult, expensive and ineffective if not instituted and maintained properly. With these limitations, a population-level approach to the management of Culicoides midges should be investigated as a means to replace or supplement existing control strategies. Next-generation control methods such as Wolbachia- and genetic-based population suppression and replacement are being investigated in several vector species. Here we assess the feasibility and applicability of these approaches for use against biting midges. We also discuss the technical and logistical hurdles needing to be addressed for each method to be successful, as well as emphasize the importance of addressing community engagement and involving stakeholders in the investigation and development of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Shults
- Texas A&M University, 370 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Lee W Cohnstaedt
- USDA-ARS Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, 1515 College Ave, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Zach N Adelman
- Texas A&M University, 370 Olsen Blvd, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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McDermott EG, Lysyk TJ. Sampling Considerations for Adult and Immature Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5948078. [PMID: 33135756 PMCID: PMC7604845 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Developing sampling programs for Culicoides can be challenging due to variation in ecology and behavior of the numerous species as well as their broad distributions and habitats. In this paper, we emphasize the need to clearly define research goals to select appropriate sampling methods. This includes not just the choice of sampling device, but also choice of attractant, site, number of traps per site, the duration and frequency of sampling, and the number of traps per unit area. Animal-baited trapping using enclosure traps and direct animal aspiration is more labor-intensive but yields information on species attracted to specific hosts as well as their biting rates. Sampling immatures is discussed with respect to choosing collection sites in semiaquatic mud, soil, and rich organic habitats. Sorting and extracting larvae using emergence traps, flotation, and Berlese funnels is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G McDermott
- Vector Control and Surveillance, Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
| | - T J Lysyk
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Becker ME, Roberts J, Schroeder ME, Gentry G, Foil LD. Prospective Study of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus and Bluetongue Virus Transmission in Captive Ruminants. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1277-1285. [PMID: 32083292 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) cause hemorrhagic disease (HD) in wild ruminants and bluetongue disease (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) in livestock. These viruses are transmitted by biting midges in the genus Culicoides (family Ceratopogonidae). Mortality from this disease can reach 90% in certain breeds of sheep and in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). From January until December of 2012, we conducted a prospective study to determine the origin and routes of transmission of BTV and EHDV in captive deer and cattle. The objective was to determine the abundance of Culicoides spp. and BTV/EHDV infection prevalence in midges, cattle, and deer in an area experiencing an outbreak of BT and EHD. Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests to detect for EHDV and BTV antibodies were conducted on serum collected from cattle and deer, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was utilized for BTV/EHDV RNA detection in tissues from dead deer, and CDC miniature black light traps baited with dry ice were deployed to capture insects. The AGID results showed 19 out of 29 cattle and 18 out of 58 white-tailed deer seroconverted for these viruses during the vector season. Tradition gel-based reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was utilized to determine serotype. Sixteen cows were positive for EHDV-2, EHDV-6, or BTV-12 and 15 deer positive for EHDV-1, EHDV-6, or BTV-12. Specimens from 14 species of Culicoides (Dptera: Ceratopogonidae) (Culicoides arboricola Root and Hoffman, Culicoides biguttatus Coquillett, Culicoides crepuscularis Malloch, Culicoides debilipalpis Lutz, Culicoides furens Poey, Culicoides haematopotus Malloch, Culicoides hinmani Khalaf, Culicoides nanus Root and Hoffman, Culicoides neopulicaris Wirth, Culicoides paraensis Goeldi, Culicoides stellifer Coquillet, Culicoides variipennis Coquillet, Culicoides villosipennis Root and Hoffman, and Culicoides venustus Hoffman) were captured and tested for BTV and EHDV using RT-qPCR assays. BTV viral nucleic acid was detected in three pools from three different species of midges: C. crepuscularis, C. debilipalpis, and C. stellifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Becker
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Agricultural Experiment Station, Life Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Jonathan Roberts
- Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry, LSU Union Square, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Megan E Schroeder
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX
| | - Glen Gentry
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bob R. Jones Idlewild Research Station, Idlewild Drive, Clinton, LA
| | - Lane D Foil
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Agricultural Experiment Station, Life Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA
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Mayo C, McDermott E, Kopanke J, Stenglein M, Lee J, Mathiason C, Carpenter M, Reed K, Perkins TA. Ecological Dynamics Impacting Bluetongue Virus Transmission in North America. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:186. [PMID: 32426376 PMCID: PMC7212442 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted to domestic and wild ruminants by certain species of Culicoides midges. The disease resulting from infection with BTV is economically important and can influence international trade and movement of livestock, the economics of livestock production, and animal welfare. Recent changes in the epidemiology of Culicoides-transmitted viruses, notably the emergence of exotic BTV genotypes in Europe, have demonstrated the devastating economic consequences of BTV epizootics and the complex nature of transmission across host-vector landscapes. Incursions of novel BTV serotypes into historically enzootic countries or regions, including the southeastern United States (US), Israel, Australia, and South America, have also occurred, suggesting diverse pathways for the transmission of these viruses. The abundance of BTV strains and multiple reassortant viruses circulating in Europe and the US in recent years demonstrates considerable genetic diversity of BTV strains and implies a history of reassortment events within the respective regions. While a great deal of emphasis is rightly placed on understanding the epidemiology and emergence of BTV beyond its natural ecosystem, the ecological contexts in which BTV maintains an enzootic cycle may also be of great significance. This review focuses on describing our current knowledge of ecological factors driving BTV transmission in North America. Information presented in this review can help inform future studies that may elucidate factors that are relevant to longstanding and emerging challenges associated with prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Emily McDermott
- Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer Kopanke
- Office of the Campus Veterinarian, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Candace Mathiason
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Molly Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kirsten Reed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - T. Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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Hwang JM, Kim JG, Yeh JY. Serological evidence of bluetongue virus infection and serotype distribution in dairy cattle in South Korea. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:255. [PMID: 31337392 PMCID: PMC6651986 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bluetongue is a vector-borne viral disease, and bluetongue virus (BTV) outbreaks can cause substantial economic losses. Even subclinical infection may carry significant associated costs, including a loss of condition, reduced milk yield, and infertility and abortion, and indirect costs, largely due to the export restrictions and surveillance requirements imposed to limit the spread of the virus. However, the BTV epidemiology in the Far East remains incompletely understood, especially in the cattle population in South Korea. In this study, the seroprevalence of BTV antibodies and distribution of BTV serotypes in dairy cattle in South Korea were evaluated to improve the understanding of the BTV epidemiological situation in the Asia-Pacific region. Results Between 2012 and 2013, a total of 37 out of 171 dairy cattle herds (21.6%) and 85 out of 466 dairy cattle heads (18.2%) showed antibodies against BTV. Neutralizing antibodies to BTV-1, − 2, − 3, − 4, − 7, − 15, and − 16 serotypes were identified, and the RNAs of the BTV-1, − 2, − 3, − 15, and − 16 serotypes were detected, indicating that BTV was circulating in the dairy cattle population in South Korea. Conclusions These findings indicate that BTV is widespread and has circulated in dairy cattle in South Korea. This is the first report presenting evidence of circulating antibodies against BTV and the serotype distribution in bovine populations in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Min Hwang
- Veterinary Research Center, Green Cross Veterinary Products Co., Ltd, Kugal-dong 227-5, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17066, South Korea
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Academy-ro 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Jung-Yong Yeh
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Academy-ro 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea. .,Emerging & Exotic Diseases Research Laboratory, Foreign Animal Diseases Division, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang-ro 175, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, South Korea.
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13
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Sloyer KE, Wisely SM, Burkett-Cadena ND. Effects of ultraviolet LED versus incandescent bulb and carbon dioxide for sampling abundance and diversity of Culicoides in Florida. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:353-361. [PMID: 30383275 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides) are vectors of bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus which cause significant morbidity and mortality in ruminants. Recently, ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV/LEDs) in conjunction with suction traps have been widely utilized for Culicoides spp. collections. Despite the use of these traps, limited work has been done comparing sampling variability associated with these light types with and without CO2. For this objective, mini-CDC light traps with four different attractant combinations were operated at eight sites across Florida between April and October 2017. Trap attractants included white-incandescent lights and UV/LEDs with and without CO2 to determine optimum combinations of light type and attractant for species richness, diversity, and abundance of Culicoides spp. in Florida. The results of the study demonstrate that traps with UV/LED light collect greater richness, diversity, and abundance of Culicoides species than traps with white-incandescent light. Addition of CO2 resulted in greater diversity in traps with UV/LED lights, but lower diversity in traps with white-incandescent light. Therefore, CO2 may be used to increase the abundance of Culicoides spp. collected by traps, regardless of light type, but the ability for CO2 to attract a higher number and diversity of species to traps varies by the light type used. Therefore, we suggest using CO2 primarily in conjunction with UV/LED light. When CO2 is not available, UV/LED light used alone can be substituted without a significant loss in species richness or diversity, although abundance of most Culicoides species will be significantly lower in the absence of CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Sloyer
- University of Florida IFAS, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Vero Beach, FL
| | - Samantha M Wisely
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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14
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William W, Bülent A, Thomas B, Eduardo B, Marieta B, Olivier B, Celine G, Jolyon M, Dusan P, Francis S, Ducheyne E. The importance of vector abundance and seasonality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.en-1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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McDermott EG, Mullens BA. The Dark Side of Light Traps. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:251-261. [PMID: 29211869 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Light-baited suction traps are one of the most widely used tools for vector surveillance. Their popularity stems from ease of use even in remote locations, range and abundance of species caught, and low cost. The availability of smaller, portable models, like the CDC miniature light trap, have further increased their ubiquity in entomological field studies. However, when researchers have looked, light trap collections are usually biased in ways that may affect data interpretation for epidemiological studies. If used alone, light traps may fail to collect important or infected vectors, and light traps are inefficient or ineffective when competing ambient light is present. In this article, we discuss these biases and limitations in terms of their effect on collection efficiency, population data, and pathogen detection. While light trap data certainly have a purpose, an over-reliance on light trapping risks drawing false conclusions about vector populations and vector-borne disease epidemiology. These concerns are especially troubling when light trap data are used to inform policy decisions meant to protect human and animal health. Particularly when a species' response to light is unknown or poorly characterized, light traps should be used in conjunction with supplemental sampling methods. Researchers conducting vector surveillance field studies should carefully consider their study design and objectives when deciding on a trapping method or methods, and specifically endeavor to understand the limitations of their data. Only then can researchers take advantage of the best attributes of light traps while avoiding their dark side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G McDermott
- Vector and Parasite Biology, Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
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16
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Gaudreault NN, Mayo CE, Jasperson DC, Crossley BM, Breitmeyer RE, Johnson DJ, Ostlund EN, MacLachlan NJ, Wilson WC. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Bluetongue virus serotype 2 strains isolated in the Americas including a novel strain from the western United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 26:553-557. [PMID: 24916442 DOI: 10.1177/1040638714536902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is a potentially fatal arboviral disease of domestic and wild ruminants that is characterized by widespread edema and tissue necrosis. Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17 occur throughout much of the United States, whereas serotype 2 (BTV-2) was previously only detected in the southeastern United States. Since 1998, 10 other BTV serotypes have also been isolated from ruminants in the southeastern United States. In 2010, BTV-2 was identified in California for the first time, and preliminary sequence analysis indicated that the virus isolate was closely related to BTV strains circulating in the southeastern United States. In the current study, the whole genome sequence of the California strain of BTV-2 was compared with those of other BTV-2 strains in the Americas. The results of the analysis suggest co-circulation of genetically distinct viruses in the southeastern United States, and further suggest that the 2010 western isolate is closely related to southeastern strains of BTV. Although it remains uncertain as to how this novel virus was translocated to California, the findings of the current study underscore the need for ongoing surveillance of this economically important livestock disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N Gaudreault
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - Christie E Mayo
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - Dane C Jasperson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - Beate M Crossley
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - Richard E Breitmeyer
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - Donna J Johnson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - Eileen N Ostlund
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - N James MacLachlan
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
| | - William C Wilson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS (Gaudreault, Jasperson, Wilson).,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (Mayo, MacLachlan), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (Crossley, Breitmeyer), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA (Johnson, Ostlund)
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17
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More S, Bicout D, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Mertens P, Savini G, Zientara S, Broglia A, Baldinelli F, Gogin A, Kohnle L, Calistri P. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): bluetongue. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04957. [PMID: 32625623 PMCID: PMC7010010 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A specific concept of strain was developed in order to classify the BTV serotypes ever reported in Europe based on their properties of animal health impact: the genotype, morbidity, mortality, speed of spread, period and geographical area of occurrence were considered as classification parameters. According to this methodology the strain groups identified were (i) the BTV strains belonging to serotypes BTV-1-24, (ii) some strains of serotypes BTV-16 and (iii) small ruminant-adapted strains belonging to serotypes BTV-25, -27, -30. Those strain groups were assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7, Article 5 on the eligibility of bluetongue to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to bluetongue. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection, expert judgement at individual and collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. The strain group BTV (1-24) can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL, while the strain group BTV-25-30 and BTV-16 cannot. The strain group BTV-1-24 meets the criteria as in Sections 2 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (b) and (e) of Article 9(1) of the AHL. The animal species that can be considered to be listed for BTV-1-24 according to Article 8(3) are several species of Bovidae, Cervidae and Camelidae as susceptible species; domestic cattle, sheep and red deer as reservoir hosts, midges insect of genus Culicoides spp. as vector species.
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18
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A Deterministic Model to Quantify Risk and Guide Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Bluetongue Virus Transmission in California Dairy Cattle. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165806. [PMID: 27812161 PMCID: PMC5094782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The global distribution of bluetongue virus (BTV) has been changing recently, perhaps as a result of climate change. To evaluate the risk of BTV infection and transmission in a BTV-endemic region of California, sentinel dairy cows were evaluated for BTV infection, and populations of Culicoides vectors were collected at different sites using carbon dioxide. A deterministic model was developed to quantify risk and guide future mitigation strategies to reduce BTV infection in California dairy cattle. The greatest risk of BTV transmission was predicted within the warm Central Valley of California that contains the highest density of dairy cattle in the United States. Temperature and parameters associated with Culicoides vectors (transmission probabilities, carrying capacity, and survivorship) had the greatest effect on BTV's basic reproduction number, R0. Based on these analyses, optimal control strategies for reducing BTV infection risk in dairy cattle will be highly reliant upon early efforts to reduce vector abundance during the months prior to peak transmission.
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19
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Development and Evaluation of Real Time RT-PCR Assays for Detection and Typing of Bluetongue Virus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163014. [PMID: 27661614 PMCID: PMC5035095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus is the type species of the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. Bluetongue viruses (BTV) are transmitted between their vertebrate hosts primarily by biting midges (Culicoides spp.) in which they also replicate. Consequently BTV distribution is dependent on the activity, geographic distribution, and seasonal abundance of Culicoides spp. The virus can also be transmitted vertically in vertebrate hosts, and some strains/serotypes can be transmitted horizontally in the absence of insect vectors. The BTV genome is composed of ten linear segments of double-stranded (ds) RNA, numbered in order of decreasing size (Seg-1 to Seg-10). Genome segment 2 (Seg-2) encodes outer-capsid protein VP2, the most variable BTV protein and the primary target for neutralising antibodies. Consequently VP2 (and Seg-2) determine the identity of the twenty seven serotypes and two additional putative BTV serotypes that have been recognised so far. Current BTV vaccines are serotype specific and typing of outbreak strains is required in order to deploy appropriate vaccines. We report development and evaluation of multiple 'TaqMan' fluorescence-probe based quantitative real-time type-specific RT-PCR assays targeting Seg-2 of the 27+1 BTV types. The assays were evaluated using orbivirus isolates from the 'Orbivirus Reference Collection' (ORC) held at The Pirbright Institute. The assays are BTV-type specific and can be used for rapid, sensitive and reliable detection / identification (typing) of BTV RNA from samples of infected blood, tissues, homogenised Culicoides, or tissue culture supernatants. None of the assays amplified cDNAs from closely related but heterologous orbiviruses, or from uninfected host animals or cell cultures.
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20
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McDermott EG, Mayo CE, Gerry AC, Laudier D, MacLachlan NJ, Mullens BA. Bluetongue virus infection creates light averse Culicoides vectors and serious errors in transmission risk estimates. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:460. [PMID: 26382938 PMCID: PMC4573699 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogen manipulation of host behavior can greatly impact vector-borne disease transmission, but almost no attention has been paid to how it affects disease surveillance. Bluetongue virus (BTV), transmitted by Culicoides biting midges, is a serious disease of ruminant livestock that can cause high morbidity and mortality and significant economic losses. Worldwide, the majority of surveillance for Culicoides to assess BTV transmission risk is done using UV-light traps. Here we show that field infection rates of BTV are significantly lower in midge vectors collected using traps baited with UV light versus a host cue (CO2). METHODS We collected Culicoides sonorensis midges in suction traps baited with CO2, UV-light, or CO2 + UV on three dairies in southern California to assess differences in the resulting estimated infection rates from these collections. Pools of midges were tested for BTV by qRT-PCR, and maximum likelihood estimates of infection rate were calculated by trap. Infection rate estimates were also calculated by trapping site within a dairy. Colonized C. sonorensis were orally infected with BTV, and infection of the structures of the compound eye was examined using structured illumination microscopy. RESULTS UV traps failed entirely to detect virus both early and late in the transmission season, and underestimated virus prevalence by as much as 8.5-fold. CO2 + UV traps also had significantly lower infection rates than CO2-only traps, suggesting that light may repel infected vectors. We found very high virus levels in the eyes of infected midges, possibly causing altered vision or light perception. Collecting location also greatly impacts our perception of virus activity. CONCLUSIONS Because the majority of global vector surveillance for bluetongue uses only light-trapping, transmission risk estimates based on these collections are likely severely understated. Where national surveillance programs exist, alternatives to light-trapping should be considered. More broadly, disseminated infections of many arboviruses include infections in vectors' eyes and nervous tissues, and this may be causing unanticipated behavioral effects. Field demonstrations of pathogen-induced changes in vector behavior are quite rare, but should be studied in more systems to accurately predict vector-borne disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G McDermott
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Christie E Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Alec C Gerry
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | | | - N James MacLachlan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Bradley A Mullens
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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21
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Sedda L, Morley D, Brown HE. Characteristics of Wind-Infective Farms of the 2006 Bluetongue Serotype 8 Epidemic in Northern Europe. ECOHEALTH 2015; 12:461-467. [PMID: 25552249 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-1008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue is a Culicoides-borne viral disease of livestock. In 2006, northern Europe experienced a major outbreak of this disease with devastating effects on the livestock industry. The outbreak quickly spread over the region, primarily affecting cattle and sheep. A previous analysis of the role of vector flight and wind in the spread of this virus across northern Europe indicated that infection at 1,326 (65%) of the reported infected farms could be traced back to just 599 (29%) farms (wind-infective farms). Rather than focusing on presence or absence of vectors or difference between infected and non-infected farms, we investigate the zoological and environmental characteristics of these 599 wind-infective farms (which can be thought of as super-spreaders) in order to characterize what makes them distinct from non-infective farms. Differences in temperature, precipitation, and the density of sheep at individual farms were identified between these two groups. These environmental and zoological factors are known to affect vector abundance and may have promoted bluetongue virus transmission. Identifying such ecological differences can help in the description and quantification of relative risk in affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Sedda
- Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - David Morley
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Heidi E Brown
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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22
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Purse BV, Carpenter S, Venter GJ, Bellis G, Mullens BA. Bionomics of temperate and tropical Culicoides midges: knowledge gaps and consequences for transmission of Culicoides-borne viruses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:373-92. [PMID: 25386725 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Culicoides midges are abundant hematophagous flies that vector arboviruses of veterinary and medical importance. Dramatic changes in the epidemiology of Culicoides-borne arboviruses have occurred since 1998, including the emergence of exotic viruses in northern temperate regions, increases in global disease incidence, and enhanced virus diversity in tropical zones. Drivers may include changes in climate, land use, trade, and animal husbandry. New Culicoides species and new wild reservoir hosts have been implicated in transmission, highlighting the dynamic nature of pathogen-vector-host interactions. Focusing on potential vector species worldwide and key elements of vectorial capacity, we review the sensitivity of Culicoides life cycles to abiotic and biotic factors. We consider implications for designing control measures and understanding impacts of environmental change in different ecological contexts. Critical geographical, biological, and taxonomic knowledge gaps are prioritized. Recent developments in genomics and mathematical modeling may enhance ecological understanding of these complex arbovirus systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Purse
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom;
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23
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Hartemink N, Vanwambeke SO, Purse BV, Gilbert M, Van Dyck H. Towards a resource-based habitat approach for spatial modelling of vector-borne disease risks. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:1151-62. [PMID: 25335785 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Given the veterinary and public health impact of vector-borne diseases, there is a clear need to assess the suitability of landscapes for the emergence and spread of these diseases. Current approaches for predicting disease risks neglect key features of the landscape as components of the functional habitat of vectors or hosts, and hence of the pathogen. Empirical-statistical methods do not explicitly incorporate biological mechanisms, whereas current mechanistic models are rarely spatially explicit; both methods ignore the way animals use the landscape (i.e. movement ecology). We argue that applying a functional concept for habitat, i.e. the resource-based habitat concept (RBHC), can solve these issues. The RBHC offers a framework to identify systematically the different ecological resources that are necessary for the completion of the transmission cycle and to relate these resources to (combinations of) landscape features and other environmental factors. The potential of the RBHC as a framework for identifying suitable habitats for vector-borne pathogens is explored and illustrated with the case of bluetongue virus, a midge-transmitted virus affecting ruminants. The concept facilitates the study of functional habitats of the interacting species (vectors as well as hosts) and provides new insight into spatial and temporal variation in transmission opportunities and exposure that ultimately determine disease risks. It may help to identify knowledge gaps and control options arising from changes in the spatial configuration of key resources across the landscape. The RBHC framework may act as a bridge between existing mechanistic and statistical modelling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Hartemink
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie O Vanwambeke
- Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research (TECLIM), Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 3 bte L4.03.07, B 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bethan V Purse
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, U.K
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, ULB CP160/12, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.,Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, F.R.S.-FNRS rue d'Egmont 5, B 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Dyck
- Behavioural Ecology and Conservation Group, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5 L7.07.04, B 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Mayo CE, Mullens BA, Reisen WK, Osborne CJ, Gibbs EPJ, Gardner IA, MacLachlan NJ. Seasonal and interseasonal dynamics of bluetongue virus infection of dairy cattle and Culicoides sonorensis midges in northern California--implications for virus overwintering in temperate zones. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106975. [PMID: 25215598 PMCID: PMC4162562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the cause of an economically important arboviral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. The occurrence of BTV infection of livestock is distinctly seasonal in temperate regions of the world, thus we determined the dynamics of BTV infection (using BTV-specific real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) among sentinel cattle and vector Culicoides sonorensis (C. sonorensis) midges on a dairy farm in northern California throughout both the seasonal and interseasonal (overwintering) periods of BTV activity from August 2012 until March 2014. The data confirmed widespread infection of both sentinel cattle and vector midges during the August-November period of seasonal BTV transmission, however BTV infection of parous female midges captured in traps set during daylight hours also was detected in February of both 2013 and 2014, during the interseasonal period. The finding of BTV-infected vector midges during mid-winter suggests that BTV may overwinter in northern California by infection of long-lived female C. sonorensis midges that were infected during the prior seasonal period of virus transmission, and reemerged sporadically during the overwintering period; however the data do not definitively preclude other potential mechanisms of BTV overwintering that are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie E. Mayo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bradley A. Mullens
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - William K. Reisen
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Cameron J. Osborne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - E. Paul J. Gibbs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ian A. Gardner
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - N. James MacLachlan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Mayo CE, Osborne CJ, Mullens BA, Gerry AC, Gardner IA, Reisen WK, Barker CM, MacLachlan NJ. Seasonal variation and impact of waste-water lagoons as larval habitat on the population dynamics of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera:Ceratpogonidae) at two dairy farms in northern California. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89633. [PMID: 24586925 PMCID: PMC3931813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sacramento (northern Central) Valley of California (CA) has a hot Mediterranean climate and a diverse ecological landscape that is impacted extensively by human activities, which include the intensive farming of crops and livestock. Waste-water ponds, marshes, and irrigated fields associated with these agricultural activities provide abundant larval habitats for C. sonorensis midges, in addition to those sites that exist in the natural environment. Within this region, C. sonorensis is an important vector of bluetongue (BTV) and related viruses that adversely affect the international trade and movement of livestock, the economics of livestock production, and animal welfare. To characterize the seasonal dynamics of immature and adult C. sonorensis populations, abundance was monitored intensively on two dairy farms in the Sacramento Valley from August 2012- to July 2013. Adults were sampled every two weeks for 52 weeks by trapping (CDC style traps without light and baited with dry-ice) along N-S and E-W transects on each farm. One farm had large operational waste-water lagoons, whereas the lagoon on the other farm was drained and remained dry during the study. Spring emergence and seasonal abundance of adult C. sonorensis on both farms coincided with rising vernal temperature. Paradoxically, the abundance of midges on the farm without a functioning waste-water lagoon was increased as compared to abundance on the farm with a waste-water lagoon system, indicating that this infrastructure may not serve as the sole, or even the primary larval habitat. Adult midges disappeared from both farms from late November until May; however, low numbers of parous female midges were detected in traps set during daylight in the inter-seasonal winter period. This latter finding is especially critical as it provides a potential mechanism for the "overwintering" of BTV in temperate regions such as northern CA. Precise documentation of temporal changes in the annual abundance and dispersal of Culicoides midges is essential for the creation of models to predict BTV infection of livestock and to develop sound abatement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie E. Mayo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Cameron J. Osborne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bradley A. Mullens
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Alec C. Gerry
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Ian A. Gardner
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - William K. Reisen
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Barker
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - N. James MacLachlan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Maclachlan NJ, Wilson WC, Crossley BM, Mayo CE, Jasperson DC, Breitmeyer RE, Whiteford AM. Novel serotype of bluetongue virus, western North America. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:665-6. [PMID: 23750753 PMCID: PMC3647407 DOI: 10.3201/eid1904.120347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Maclachlan NJ, Mayo CE. Potential strategies for control of bluetongue, a globally emerging, Culicoides-transmitted viral disease of ruminant livestock and wildlife. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:79-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Roug A, Swift P, Torres S, Jones K, Johnson CK. Serosurveillance for livestock pathogens in free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). PLoS One 2012; 7:e50600. [PMID: 23209790 PMCID: PMC3507783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine disease surveillance has been conducted for decades in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in California for pathogens shared between wildlife and domestic ruminants that may have implications for the animal production industry and wildlife health. Deer sampled from 1990 to 2007 (n = 2,619) were tested for exposure to six pathogens: bluetongue virus (BTV), epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Leptospira spp., Anaplasma spp. and Brucella spp. We evaluated the relationship between exposure to these pathogens and demographic risk factors to identify broad patterns in seroprevalence across a large temporal and spatial scale. The overall seroprevalence for the entire study period was 13.4% for BTV, 16.8% for EHDV, 17.1% for BVDV, 6.5% for Leptospira spp., 0.2% for Brucella spp., and 17% for Anaplasma spp. Antibodies against BTV and EHDV were most prevalent in the deer populations of southern California. Antibodies against Leptospira spp. and Anaplasma spp. were most prevalent in coastal and central northern California whereas antibodies against BVDV were most prevalent in central-eastern and northeastern California. The overall seroprevalence for Anaplasma spp. was slightly lower than detected in previous studies. North and central eastern California contains large tracts of federal land grazed by livestock; therefore, possible contact between deer and livestock could explain the high BVDV seroprevalence found in these areas. Findings from this study will help to establish baseline values for future comparisons of pathogen exposure in deer, inform on long-term trends in deer population health and provide relevant information on the distribution of diseases that are shared between wildlife and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Roug
- Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Pamela Swift
- California Department of Fish and Game, Rancho Cordova, California, United States of America
| | - Steven Torres
- California Department of Fish and Game, Rancho Cordova, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Jones
- California Department of Fish and Game, Rancho Cordova, California, United States of America
| | - Christine K. Johnson
- Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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