1
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He JY, Cai YJ, Li YX, Huang W, Zhang Y, Liu KJ, Sun Z, Dai LL, Qin QW, Sun HY. Dual-specificity phosphatase 1 inhibits Singapore grouper iridovirus replication via regulating apoptosis in Epinephelus coioides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109313. [PMID: 38128678 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The dual-specificity phosphatase (DUSP) family plays key roles in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and apoptosis etc. In this study, the DUSP member DUSP1 of Epinephelus coioides was characterized: the length was 2371 bp including 281 bp 5' UTR, 911 bp 3' UTR, and a 1125 bp open reading frame encoding 374 amino acids. E. coioides DUSP1 has two conserved domains, a ROHD and DSPc along with a p38 MAPK phosphorylation site, localized at Ser308. E. coioides DUSP1 mRNA can be detected in all of the tissues examined, and the subcellular localization showed that DUSP1 was mainly distributed in the nucleus. Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection could induce the differential expression of E. coioides DUSP1. Overexpression of DUSP1 could inhibit SGIV-induced cytopathic effect (CPE), the expressions of SGIV key genes, and the viral titers. Overexpression of DUSP1 could also regulate SGIV-induced apoptosis, and the expression of apoptosis-related factor caspase 3. The results would be helpful to further study the role of DUSP1 in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yang He
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yi-Jie Cai
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yong-Xuan Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Wei Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Ke-Jian Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Li-Ling Dai
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Qi-Wei Qin
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Hong-Yan Sun
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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2
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Yeung-Luk BH, Narayanan GA, Ghosh B, Wally A, Lee E, Mokaya M, Wankhade E, Zhang R, Lee B, Park B, Resnick J, Jedlicka A, Dziedzic A, Ramanathan M, Biswal S, Pekosz A, Sidhaye VK. SARS-CoV-2 infection alters mitochondrial and cytoskeletal function in human respiratory epithelial cells mediated by expression of spike protein. mBio 2023; 14:e0082023. [PMID: 37504520 PMCID: PMC10470579 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00820-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, SCV2), which has resulted in higher morbidity and mortality rate than other respiratory viral infections, such as Influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of SCV2-host infection vs IAV is vital in exploring antiviral drug targets against SCV2. We assessed differential gene expression in human nasal cells upon SCV2 or IAV infection using RNA sequencing. Compared to IAV, we observed alterations in both metabolic and cytoskeletal pathways suggestive of epithelial remodeling in the SCV2-infected cells, reminiscent of pathways activated as a response to chronic injury. We found that spike protein interaction with the epithelium was sufficient to instigate these epithelial responses using a SCV2 spike pseudovirus. Specifically, we found downregulation of the mitochondrial markers SIRT3 and TOMM22. Moreover, SCV2 spike infection increased extracellular acidification and decreased oxygen consumption rate in the epithelium. In addition, we observed cytoskeletal rearrangements with a reduction in the actin-severing protein cofilin-1 and an increase in polymerized actin, indicating epithelial cytoskeletal rearrangements. This study revealed distinct epithelial responses to SCV2 infection, with early mitochondrial dysfunction in the host cells and evidence of cytoskeletal remodeling that could contribute to the worsened outcome in COVID-19 patients compared to IAV patients. These changes in cell structure and energetics could contribute to cellular resilience early during infection, allowing for prolonged cell survival and potentially paving the way for more chronic symptoms. IMPORTANCE COVID-19 has caused a global pandemic affecting millions of people worldwide, resulting in a higher mortality rate and concerns of more persistent symptoms compared to influenza A. To study this, we compare lung epithelial responses to both viruses. Interestingly, we found that in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, the cellular energetics changed and there were cell structural rearrangements. These changes in cell structure could lead to prolonged epithelial cell survival, even in the face of not working well, potentially contributing to the development of chronic symptoms. In summary, these findings represent strategies utilized by the cell to survive the infection but result in a fundamental shift in the epithelial phenotype, with potential long-term consequences, which could set the stage for the development of chronic lung disease or long COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie H. Yeung-Luk
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Baishakhi Ghosh
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ara Wally
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Esther Lee
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle Mokaya
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Esha Wankhade
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brianna Lee
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bongsoo Park
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Aging, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica Resnick
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne Jedlicka
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda Dziedzic
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Murugappan Ramanathan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shyam Biswal
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Venkataramana K. Sidhaye
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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Liu SY, Huang M, Fung TS, Chen RA, Liu DX. Characterization of the induction kinetics and antiviral functions of IRF1, ISG15 and ISG20 in cells infected with gammacoronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus. Virology 2023; 582:114-127. [PMID: 37058744 PMCID: PMC10072953 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus infection induces a variety of cellular antiviral responses either dependent on or independent of type I interferons (IFNs). Our previous studies using Affymetrix microarray and transcriptomic analysis revealed the differential induction of three IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), IRF1, ISG15 and ISG20, by gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection of IFN-deficient Vero cells and IFN-competent, p53-defcient H1299 cells, respectively. In this report, the induction kinetics and anti-IBV functions of these ISGs as well as mechanisms underlying their differential induction are characterized. The results confirmed that these three ISGs were indeed differentially induced in H1299 and Vero cells infected with IBV, significantly more upregulation of IRF1, ISG15 and ISG20 was elicited in IBV-infected Vero cells than that in H1299 cells. Induction of these ISGs was also detected in cells infected with human coronavirus-OC43 (HCoV-OC43) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), respectively. Manipulation of their expression by overexpression, knockdown and/or knockout demonstrated that IRF1 played an active role in suppressing IBV replication, mainly through the activation of the IFN pathway. However, a minor, if any, role in inhibiting IBV replication was played by ISG15 and ISG20. Furthermore, p53, but not IRF1, was implicated in regulating the IBV infection-induced upregulation of ISG15 and ISG20. This study provides new information on the mechanisms underlying the induction of these ISGs and their contributions to the host cell antiviral response during IBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ying Liu
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Control, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Huang
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing, 526238, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - To Sing Fung
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Control, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ai Chen
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Control, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Xiang X, Lv J, Dong M, Li N, Li Y, Wang A, Shen Y, Li S, Xu J, Cui M, Han X, Xia J, Huang Y. Radix Isatidis polysaccharide (RIP) resists the infection of QX-type infectious bronchitis virus via the MDA5/TLR3/IRF7 signaling pathway. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102534. [PMID: 36796247 PMCID: PMC9958488 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although vaccines play a major role in the prevention of infectious bronchitis (IB), Anti-IB drugs still have great potential in poultry production. Radix Isatidis polysaccharide (RIP) is a crude extract of Banlangen with antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and multiple immunomodulatory functions. The aim of this study was to explore the innate immune mechanisms responsible for RIP-mediated alleviation of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)-induced kidney lesions in chickens. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken and chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells cultures were pretreated with RIP and then infected with the QX-type IBV strain, Sczy3. Morbidity, mortality, and tissue mean lesion scores were calculated for IBV-infected chickens, and the viral loads, inflammatory factor gene mRNA expression levels, and innate immune pathway gene mRNA expression levels in infected chickens and CEK cell cultures were determined. The results show that RIP could alleviate IBV-induced kidney damage, decrease CEK cells susceptibility to IBV infection, and reduce viral loads. Additionally, RIP reduced the mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β by decreasing the mRNA expression level of NF-κB. Conversely, the expression levels of MDA5, TLR3, STING, Myd88, IRF7, and IFN-β were increased, indicating that RIP conferred resistance to QX-type IBV infection via the MDA5, TLR3, IRF7 signaling pathway. These results provide a reference for both further research into the antiviral mechanisms of RIP and the development of preventative and therapeutic drugs for IB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road 211, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
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5
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Yuan LX, Yang B, Fung TS, Chen RA, Liu DX. Transcriptomic analysis reveals crucial regulatory roles of immediate-early response genes and related signaling pathways in coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus infection. Virology 2022; 575:1-9. [PMID: 35987078 PMCID: PMC9375846 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus infection of cells differentially regulates the expression of host genes and their related pathways. In this study, we present the transcriptomic profile of cells infected with gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). In IBV-infected human non-small cell lung carcinoma cells (H1299 cells), a total of 1162 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 984 upregulated and 178 downregulated genes, was identified. These DEGs were mainly enriched in MAPK and Wnt signaling pathways, and 5 out of the 10 top upregulated genes in all transcripts were immediate-early response genes (IEGs). In addition, the induction of 11 transcripts was validated in IBV-infected H1299 and Vero cells by RT-qPCR. The accuracy, reliability and genericity of the transcriptomic data were demonstrated by functional characterization of these IEGs in cells infected with different coronaviruses in our previous publications. This study provides a reliable transcriptomic profile of host genes and pathways regulated by coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xia Yuan
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong, China
| | - Bei Yang
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - To Sing Fung
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ai Chen
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, 526000, Guangdong, China.
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6
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Dai J, Wang H, Liao Y, Tan L, Sun Y, Song C, Liu W, Ding C, Luo T, Qiu X. Non-Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of Chicken Kidneys in Response to Coronavirus IBV Infection Under Stress Induced by Dexamethasone. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:945865. [PMID: 35909955 PMCID: PMC9335950 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.945865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress in poultry can lead to changes in body metabolism and immunity, which can increase susceptibility to infectious diseases. However, knowledge regarding chicken responses to viral infection under stress is limited. Dexamethasone (Dex) is a synthetic glucocorticoid similar to that secreted by animals under stress conditions, and has been widely used to induce stress in chickens. Herein, we established a stress model in 7-day-old chickens injected with Dex to elucidate the effects of stress on IBV replication in the kidneys. The metabolic changes, immune status and growth of the chickens under stress conditions were comprehensively evaluated. Furthermore, the metabolic profile, weight gain, viral load, serum cholesterol levels, cytokines and peripheral blood lymphocyte ratio were compared in chickens treated with Dex and infected with IBV. An LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics method was used to examine differentially enriched metabolites in the kidneys. A total of 113 metabolites whose abundance was altered after Dex treatment were identified, most of which were lipids and lipid-like molecules. The principal metabolic alterations in chicken kidneys caused by IBV infection included fatty acid, valine, leucine and isoleucine metabolism. Dex treatment before and after IBV infection mainly affected the host’s tryptophan, phenylalanine, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. In addition, Dex led to up-regulation of serum cholesterol levels and renal viral load in chickens, and to the inhibition of weight gain, peripheral blood lymphocytes and IL-6 production. We also confirmed that the exogenous cholesterol in DF-1 cells promoted the replication of IBV. However, whether the increase in viral load in kidney tissue is associated with the up-regulation of cholesterol levels induced by Dex must be demonstrated in future experiments. In conclusion, chick growth and immune function were significantly inhibited by Dex. Host cholesterol metabolism and the response to IBV infection are regulated by Dex. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms in poultry stress, and should support further research on the intrinsic link between cholesterol metabolism and IBV replication under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tingrong Luo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Xusheng Qiu, ; Tingrong Luo,
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xusheng Qiu, ; Tingrong Luo,
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7
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Yuan L, Fung TS, He J, Chen RA, Liu DX. Modulation of Viral Replication, Apoptosis and Antiviral Response by Induction and Mutual Regulation of EGR and AP-1 Family Genes During Coronavirus Infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1717-1729. [PMID: 35727266 PMCID: PMC9262369 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2093133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have evolved a variety of strategies to exploit normal cellular processes and signalling pathways for their efficient reproduction in a generally hostile cellular environment. One immediate-early response gene (IEG) family, the AP-1 gene family, was previously shown to be activated by coronavirus infection. In this study, we report that another IEG family, the EGR family, is also activated in cells infected with four different coronaviruses in three genera, i.e. gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), alphacoronaviruses porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) and human coronavirus-229E (HCoV-229E), and betacoronavirus HCoV-OC43. Knockdown of EGR1 reduced the expression of cJUN and cFOS, and knockdown of cJUN and/or cFOS reduced the expression of EGR1, demonstrating that these two IEG families may be cross-activated and mutual regulated. Furthermore, ERK1/2 was identified as an upstream kinase, and JNK and p38 as inhibitors of EGR1 activation in coronavirus-infected cells. However, upregulation of EGR family genes, in particular EGR1, appears to play a differential role in regulating viral replication, apoptosis and antiviral response. EGR1 was shown to play a limited role in regulation of coronavirus replication, and an anti-apoptotic role in cells infected with IBV or PEDV, but not in cells infected with HCoV-229E. Upregulation of EGR1 may also play a differential role in the regulation of antiviral response against different coronaviruses. This study reveals a novel regulatory network shared by different coronaviruses in the immediate-early response of host cells to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Yuan
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, Guangdong, China
| | - To Sing Fung
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen He
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Ai Chen
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, Guangdong, China
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8
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Peng S, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Song X, Zou Y, Li L, Zhao X, Yin Z. Current Knowledge on Infectious Bronchitis Virus Non-structural Proteins: The Bearer for Achieving Immune Evasion Function. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:820625. [PMID: 35464391 PMCID: PMC9024134 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.820625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the first coronavirus discovered in the world, which is also the prototype of gamma-coronaviruses. Nowadays, IBV is widespread all over the world and has become one of the causative agent causing severe economic losses in poultry industry. Generally, it is believed that the viral replication and immune evasion functions of IBV were modulated by non-structural and accessory proteins, which were also considered as the causes for its pathogenicity. In this study, we summarized the current knowledge about the immune evasion functions of IBV non-structural and accessory proteins. Some non-structural proteins such as nsp2, nsp3, and nsp15 have been shown to antagonize the host innate immune response. Also, nsp7 and nsp16 can block the antigen presentation to inhibit the adapted immune response. In addition, nsp13, nsp14, and nsp16 are participating in the formation of viral mRNA cap to limit the recognition by innate immune system. In conclusion, it is of vital importance to understand the immune evasion functions of IBV non-structural and accessory proteins, which could help us to further explore the pathogenesis of IBV and provide new horizons for the prevention and treatment of IBV in the future.
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9
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Activation of the MKK3-p38-MK2-ZFP36 Axis by Coronavirus Infection Restricts the Upregulation of AU-Rich Element-Containing Transcripts in Proinflammatory Responses. J Virol 2022; 96:e0208621. [PMID: 34985993 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02086-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infections induce the expression of multiple proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. We have previously shown that in cells infected with gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-8 were drastically upregulated, and the MAP kinase p38 and the integrated stress response pathways were implicated in this process. In this study, we report that coronavirus infection activates a negative regulatory loop that restricts the upregulation of a number of proinflammatory genes. As revealed by the initial transcriptomic and subsequent validation analyses, the anti-inflammatory adenine-uridine (AU)-rich element (ARE)-binding protein, zinc finger protein 36 (ZFP36), and its related family members were upregulated in cells infected with IBV and three other coronaviruses, alphacoronaviruses porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), and betacoronavirus HCoV-OC43, respectively. Characterization of the functional roles of ZFP36 during IBV infection demonstrated that ZFP36 promoted the degradation of transcripts coding for IL-6, IL-8, dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and TNF-α-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), through binding to AREs in these transcripts. Consistently, knockdown and inhibition of JNK and p38 kinase activities reduced the expression of ZFP36, as well as the expression of IL-6 and IL-8. On the contrary, overexpression of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MKK3) and MAPKAP kinase-2 (MK2), the upstream and downstream kinases of p38, respectively, increased the expression of ZFP36 and decreased the expression of IL-8. Taken together, this study reveals an important regulatory role of the MKK3-p38-MK2-ZFP36 axis in coronavirus infection-induced proinflammatory response. IMPORTANCE Excessive and uncontrolled induction and release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, the so-called cytokine release syndrome (CRS), would cause life-threatening complications and multiple organ failure in severe coronavirus infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and COVID-19. This study reveals that coronavirus infection also induces the expression of ZFP36, an anti-inflammatory ARE-binding protein, promoting the degradation of ARE-containing transcripts coding for IL-6 and IL-8 as well as a number of other proteins related to inflammatory response. Furthermore, the p38 MAP kinase, its upstream kinase MKK3 and downstream kinase MK2 were shown to play a regulatory role in upregulation of ZFP36 during coronavirus infection cycles. This MKK3-p38-MK2-ZFP36 axis would constitute a potential therapeutic target for severe coronavirus infections.
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10
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Okeke ES, Ogugofor MO, Nkwoemeka NE, Nweze EJ, Okoye CO. Phytomelatonin: a potential phytotherapeutic intervention on COVID-19-exposed individuals. Microbes Infect 2022; 24:104886. [PMID: 34534695 PMCID: PMC8440003 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phytomelatonin is a pleiotropic molecule that originated in higher plants with many diverse actions and is primarily an antioxidant. The recent identification and advancement of phytomelatonin unraveled the potential of this modulatory molecule being considered a new plant hormone, suggesting its relevance in treating respiratory infections, including COVID-19. Besides, this molecule is also involved in multiple hormonal, physiological, and biological processes at different levels of cell organization and has been marked for its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and prominent antioxidant effects, reducing mitochondrial electron leakage, up-regulating antioxidant enzymes, acting as a free radical scavenger, and interfering with pro-inflammatory signaling pathways as seen in mood swings, body temperature, sleep, cancer, cardiac rhythms, and immunological regulation modulators. However, due to its diversity, availability, affordability, convenience, and high safety profile, phytomelatonin has also been suggested as a natural adjuvant. This review discussed the origin, content in various plant species, processes of extraction, and detection and therapeutic potentials of phytomelatonin in treating COVID-19-exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41000, Enugu State, Nigeria; Natural Science Unit, SGS, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41000, Enugu State, Nigeria; School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, PR China; Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martins Obinna Ogugofor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41000, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, Coal City University, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ndidi Ethel Nkwoemeka
- Natural Science Unit, SGS, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41000, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ekene John Nweze
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41000, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Charles Obinwanne Okoye
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013, PR China; Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria; Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China; Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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11
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TUFAN A, MATUCCI CERINIC M. Immune dysfunction in COVID-19 and judicious use of antirheumatic drugs for the treatment of hyperinflammation. Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:3391-3404. [PMID: 34844296 PMCID: PMC8771052 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2110-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Wuhan province of China, almost two years ago, in December 2019, the novel Coronavirus 2019 has caused a severe involvement of the lower respiratory tract leading to an acute life-threatening respiratory syndrome, coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Subsequently, coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread to the entire world causing a pandemic and affected every single person on earth either directly or indirectly with destroying all facets of social life and economy. Since the announcement of COVID-19 as a global pandemic, we have witnessed tremendous scientific work on all aspects of COVID-19 across the globe, which has never been witnessed before. The most remarkable achievement would be the introduction of vaccines, which provide protection from the severe infection and is the only premise for the control of disease. However, despite the tremendous work, the number of treatments either antiviral or immunomodulatory for infected patients are considerably limited, yet disease is causing substantial morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 follows heterogenous disease course among infected individuals, and dysregulated immune system is primarily responsible for the worse outcomes. Immune deficiency, being on corticosteroids for inflammatory diseases, delayed interferon response and advanced age adversely influence prognosis with impairing viral clearance. On the other hand, exuberant immune response with features of cytokine storm is the leading cause of death, which can be alleviated by use of either general immunosuppression with corticosteroids or selective neutralization of potent pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6. Herein, we summarized the potential effective immunomodulatory treatments emphasizing in which patient population it is the most suitable, which dose should be administered, and which is the most appropriate timepoint to administer the drug during the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman TUFAN
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gazi University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Marco MATUCCI CERINIC
- Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence , FlorenceItaly
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, MilanItaly
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12
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Peng S, Fang C, He H, Song X, Zhao X, Zou Y, Li L, Jia R, Yin Z. Myricetin exerts its antiviral activity against infectious bronchitis virus by inhibiting the deubiquitinating activity of papain-like protease. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101626. [PMID: 34995876 PMCID: PMC8741506 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a causative agent that causes severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Papain-like protease (PLpro) is a nonstructural protein encoded by IBV. It has deubiquitinating enzyme activity, which can remove the ubiqutin modification from the protein in nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) signaling pathway, so as to negatively regulate the host's innate immune response to promote viral replication. In this study, PLpro was selected as the target to screen antiviral agents against IBV. Through protein prokaryotic expression technology, we successfully expressed the active IBV PLpro. Among the 16 natural products, myricetin showed the strongest inhibitory effect on IBV PLpro. Next, we tested the antiviral activity of myricetin against IBV and verified whether it can exert antiviral activity by inhibiting the deubiquitinating activity of PLpro. The results showed that myricetin can significantly inhibit IBV replication in primary chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells and it can significantly upregulate the transcription levels in the NF-κB and IRF7 signaling pathways. Moreover, we verified that myricetin can increase the ubiquitin modification level on tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 and 6 (TRAF3 and TRAF6) reduced by IBV PLpro. In conclusion, these results indicated that myricetin exerts antiviral activity against IBV by inhibiting the deubiquitinating activity of PLpro, which can provide new perspective for the prevention and treatment of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Peng
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlin Fang
- Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China; Chengdu QianKun Veterinary Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Multi-level inhibition of coronavirus replication by chemical ER stress. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5536. [PMID: 34545074 PMCID: PMC8452654 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are important human pathogens for which no specific treatment is available. Here, we provide evidence that pharmacological reprogramming of ER stress pathways can be exploited to suppress CoV replication. The ER stress inducer thapsigargin efficiently inhibits coronavirus (HCoV-229E, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) replication in different cell types including primary differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells, (partially) reverses the virus-induced translational shut-down, improves viability of infected cells and counteracts the CoV-mediated downregulation of IRE1α and the ER chaperone BiP. Proteome-wide analyses revealed specific pathways, protein networks and components that likely mediate the thapsigargin-induced antiviral state, including essential (HERPUD1) or novel (UBA6 and ZNF622) factors of ER quality control, and ER-associated protein degradation complexes. Additionally, thapsigargin blocks the CoV-induced selective autophagic flux involving p62/SQSTM1. The data show that thapsigargin hits several central mechanisms required for CoV replication, suggesting that this compound (or derivatives thereof) may be developed into broad-spectrum anti-CoV drugs.
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14
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Zhang Y, Xu Z, Cao Y. Host Antiviral Responses against Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV): Focus on Innate Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:1698. [PMID: 34578280 PMCID: PMC8473314 DOI: 10.3390/v13091698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an important gammacoronavirus. The virus is highly contagious, can infect chickens of all ages, and causes considerable economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. In the last few decades, numerous studies have been published regarding pathogenicity, vaccination, and host immunity-virus interaction. In particular, innate immunity serves as the first line of defense against invasive pathogens and plays an important role in the pathogenetic process of IBV infection. This review focuses on fundamental aspects of host innate immune responses after IBV infection, including identification of conserved viral structures and different components of host with antiviral activity, which could provide useful information for novel vaccine development, vaccination strategies, and intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.X.)
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15
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Siri M, Dastghaib S, Zamani M, Rahmani-Kukia N, Geraylow KR, Fakher S, Keshvarzi F, Mehrbod P, Ahmadi M, Mokarram P, Coombs KM, Ghavami S. Autophagy, Unfolded Protein Response, and Neuropilin-1 Cross-Talk in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: What Can Be Learned from Other Coronaviruses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5992. [PMID: 34206057 PMCID: PMC8199451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 virus. This severe acute respiratory syndrome is currently a global health emergency and needs much effort to generate an urgent practical treatment to reduce COVID-19 complications and mortality in humans. Viral infection activates various cellular responses in infected cells, including cellular stress responses such as unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy, following the inhibition of mTOR. Both UPR and autophagy mechanisms are involved in cellular and tissue homeostasis, apoptosis, innate immunity modulation, and clearance of pathogens such as viral particles. However, during an evolutionary arms race, viruses gain the ability to subvert autophagy and UPR for their benefit. SARS-CoV-2 can enter host cells through binding to cell surface receptors, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and neuropilin-1 (NRP1). ACE2 blockage increases autophagy through mTOR inhibition, leading to gastrointestinal complications during SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. NRP1 is also regulated by the mTOR pathway. An increased NRP1 can enhance the susceptibility of immune system dendritic cells (DCs) to SARS-CoV-2 and induce cytokine storm, which is related to high COVID-19 mortality. Therefore, signaling pathways such as mTOR, UPR, and autophagy may be potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19. Hence, extensive investigations are required to confirm these potentials. Since there is currently no specific treatment for COVID-19 infection, we sought to review and discuss the important roles of autophagy, UPR, and mTOR mechanisms in the regulation of cellular responses to coronavirus infection to help identify new antiviral modalities against SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morvarid Siri
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Sanaz Dastghaib
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193635899, Iran;
| | - Mozhdeh Zamani
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Nasim Rahmani-Kukia
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (N.R.-K.); (S.F.); (F.K.)
| | | | - Shima Fakher
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (N.R.-K.); (S.F.); (F.K.)
| | - Fatemeh Keshvarzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (N.R.-K.); (S.F.); (F.K.)
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran;
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (N.R.-K.); (S.F.); (F.K.)
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; (M.S.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
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16
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Cardoso TC, Panegossi LC, Gameiro R. Upregulation of INF-γ, IL-6, and IL-8 expression during replication of turkey coronavirus in nonepithelial cells obtained from Meleagris gallopavo. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2285-2289. [PMID: 34057608 PMCID: PMC8165514 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are considered multipotent progenitors with the capacity to differentiate into mesoderm-like cells in many species. The immunosuppressive properties of MSCs are important for downregulating inflammatory responses. Turkey coronavirus (TCoV) is the etiological agent of a poult mortality syndrome that affects intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, poult MSCs were isolated, characterized, and infected with TCoV after in vitro culture. The poult-derived MSCs showed fibroblast-like morphology and the ability to undergo differentiation into mesodermal-derived cells and to support virus replication. Infection with TCoV resulted in cytopathic effects and the loss of cell viability. TCoV antigens and new viral progeny were detected at high levels, as were transcripts of the pro-inflammatory factors INFγ, IL-6, and IL-8. These findings suggest that the cytokine storm phenomenon is not restricted to one genus of the family Coronaviridae and that MSCs cannot always balance the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Cristina Cardoso
- Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, UNESP-University of São Paulo State, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793, Araçatuba, SP, 16.050-680, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Colin Panegossi
- Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, UNESP-University of São Paulo State, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Roberto Gameiro
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, São Paulo, 16050-680, Brazil
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17
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Zhu QC, Li S, Yuan LX, Chen RA, Liu DX, Fung TS. Induction of the Proinflammatory Chemokine Interleukin-8 Is Regulated by Integrated Stress Response and AP-1 Family Proteins Activated during Coronavirus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115646. [PMID: 34073283 PMCID: PMC8198748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-6. Although they facilitate local antiviral immunity, their excessive release leads to life-threatening cytokine release syndrome, exemplified by the severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In this study, we investigated the roles of the integrated stress response (ISR) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) family proteins in regulating coronavirus-induced IL-8 and IL-6 upregulation. The mRNA expression of IL-8 and IL-6 was significantly induced in cells infected with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a gammacoronavirus, and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, an alphacoronavirus. Overexpression of a constitutively active phosphomimetic mutant of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), chemical inhibition of its dephosphorylation, or overexpression of its upstream double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) significantly enhanced IL-8 mRNA expression in IBV-infected cells. Overexpression of the AP-1 protein cJUN or its upstream kinase also increased the IBV-induced IL-8 mRNA expression, which was synergistically enhanced by overexpression of cFOS. Taken together, this study demonstrated the important regulatory roles of ISR and AP-1 proteins in IL-8 production during coronavirus infection, highlighting the complex interactions between cellular stress pathways and the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chun Zhu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.C.Z.); (S.L.); (L.X.Y.)
| | - Shumin Li
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.C.Z.); (S.L.); (L.X.Y.)
| | - Li Xia Yuan
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.C.Z.); (S.L.); (L.X.Y.)
| | - Rui Ai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Zhaoqing Branch, Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.C.Z.); (S.L.); (L.X.Y.)
- Zhaoqing Branch, Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526000, China
- Correspondence: or (D.X.L.); (T.S.F.)
| | - To Sing Fung
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.C.Z.); (S.L.); (L.X.Y.)
- Correspondence: or (D.X.L.); (T.S.F.)
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18
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Goel S, Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Saheb Sharif Askari N, Madkhana B, Alwaa AM, Mahboub B, Zakeri AM, Ratemi E, Hamoudi R, Hamid Q, Halwani R. SARS-CoV-2 Switches 'on' MAPK and NFκB Signaling via the Reduction of Nuclear DUSP1 and DUSP5 Expression. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:631879. [PMID: 33995033 PMCID: PMC8114414 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.631879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and NF-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway regulate many cellular processes and are essential for immune cells function. Their activity is controlled by dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs). A comprehensive analysis of publicly available gene expression data sets of human airway epithelial cells (AECs) infected with SARS-CoV-2 identified DUSP1 and DUSP5 among the lowest induced transcripts within these pathways. These proteins are known to downregulate MAPK and NF-κB pathways; and their lower expression was associated with increased activity of MAPK and NF-κB signaling and enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. Infection with other coronaviruses did not have a similar effect on these genes. Interestingly, treatment with chloroquine and/or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs counteracted the SARS-CoV-2 induced reduction of DUSP1 and DUSP5 genes expression. Therapeutically, impeding this evasion mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 may help control the exaggerated activation of these immune regulatory pathways during a COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Goel
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Bushra Madkhana
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad Munzer Alwaa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam Mahboub
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Rashid Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adel M Zakeri
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elaref Ratemi
- Jubail- Industrial College, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Jubail- Industrial City, Al Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Prince Abdullah Ben Khaled Celiac Disease Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Atzeni F, Masala IF, Rodríguez-Carrio J, Ríos-Garcés R, Gerratana E, La Corte L, Giallanza M, Nucera V, Riva A, Espinosa G, Cervera R. The Rheumatology Drugs for COVID-19 Management: Which and When? J Clin Med 2021; 10:783. [PMID: 33669218 PMCID: PMC7919806 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While waiting for the development of specific antiviral therapies and vaccines to effectively neutralize the SARS-CoV2, a relevant therapeutic strategy is to counteract the hyperinflammatory status, characterized by an increase mainly of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which hallmarks the most severe clinical cases. 'Repurposing' immunomodulatory drugs and applying clinical management approved for rheumatic diseases represents a game-changer option. In this article, we will review the drugs that have indication in patients with COVID-19, including corticosteroids, antimalarials, anti-TNF, anti-IL-1, anti-IL-6, baricitinib, intravenous immunoglobulins, and colchicine. The PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for English-language papers concerning COVID-19 treatment published between January 2020 and October 2020. Results were summarized as a narrative review due to large heterogeneity among studies. In the absence of specific treatments, the use of immunomodulatory drugs could be advisable in severe COVID-19 patients, but clinical outcomes are still suboptimal. An early detection and treatment of the complications combined with a multidisciplinary approach could allow a better recovery of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Atzeni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (L.L.C.); (M.G.); (V.N.)
- Full Professor, Head of Rheumatology Unit, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria 1, 98100 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Javier Rodríguez-Carrio
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33044 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33044 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Roberto Ríos-Garcés
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.R.-G.); (G.E.); (R.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Gerratana
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (L.L.C.); (M.G.); (V.N.)
| | - Laura La Corte
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (L.L.C.); (M.G.); (V.N.)
| | - Manuela Giallanza
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (L.L.C.); (M.G.); (V.N.)
| | - Valeria Nucera
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (L.L.C.); (M.G.); (V.N.)
| | - Agostino Riva
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University of Milan, 20127 Milan, Italy;
| | - Gerard Espinosa
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.R.-G.); (G.E.); (R.C.)
| | - Ricard Cervera
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (R.R.-G.); (G.E.); (R.C.)
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20
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Gammacoronavirus Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Alphacoronavirus Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Exploit a Cell-Survival Strategy via Upregulation of cFOS to Promote Viral Replication. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02107-20. [PMID: 33239458 PMCID: PMC7851560 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02107-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses have evolved a variety of strategies to optimize cellular microenvironment for efficient replication. In this study, we report the induction of AP-1 transcription factors by coronavirus infection based on genome-wide analyses of differentially expressed genes in cells infected with avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Most members of the AP-1 transcription factors were subsequently found to be upregulated during the course of IBV and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection of cultured cells as well as in IBV-infected chicken embryos. Further characterization of the induction kinetics and functional roles of cFOS in IBV replication demonstrated that upregulation of cFOS at early to intermediate phases of IBV replication cycles suppresses IBV-induced apoptosis and promotes viral replication. Blockage of nuclear translocation of cFOS by peptide inhibitor NLSP suppressed IBV replication and apoptosis, ruling out the involvement of the cytoplasmic functions of cFOS in the replication of IBV. Furthermore, knockdown of ERK1/2 and inhibition of JNK and p38 kinase activities reduced cFOS upregulation and IBV replication. This study reveals an important function of cFOS in the regulation of coronavirus-induced apoptosis, facilitating viral replication.IMPORTANCE The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a newly emerged zoonotic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), highlights the importance of coronaviruses as human and animal pathogens and our knowledge gaps in understanding the cellular mechanisms, especially mechanisms shared among human and animal coronaviruses, exploited by coronaviruses for optimal replication and enhanced pathogenicity. This study reveals that upregulation of cFOS, along with other AP-1 transcription factors, as a cell-survival strategy is such a mechanism utilized by coronaviruses during their replication cycles. Through induction and regulation of apoptosis of the infected cells at early to intermediate phases of the replication cycles, subtle but appreciable differences in coronavirus replication efficiency were observed when the expression levels of cFOS were manipulated in the infected cells. As the AP-1 transcription factors are multi-functional, further studies of their regulatory roles in proinflammatory responses may provide new insights into the pathogenesis and virus-host interactions during coronavirus infection.
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Lannoy V, Côté-Biron A, Asselin C, Rivard N. Phosphatases in toll-like receptors signaling: the unfairly-forgotten. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:10. [PMID: 33494775 PMCID: PMC7829650 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 2 decades, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been shown to be on the front line of many illnesses such as autoimmune, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases as well as allergies and cancer. Among PRRs, toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most studied family. Dissecting TLRs signaling turned out to be advantageous to elaborate efficient treatments to cure autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders. However, a broad understanding of TLR effectors is required to propose a better range of cures. In addition to kinases and E3 ubiquitin ligases, phosphatases emerge as important regulators of TLRs signaling mediated by NF-κB, type I interferons (IFN I) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases signaling pathways. Here, we review recent knowledge on TLRs signaling modulation by different classes and subclasses of phosphatases. Thus, it becomes more and more evident that phosphatases could represent novel therapeutic targets to control pathogenic TLRs signaling. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Lannoy
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E4K8, Canada
| | - Anthony Côté-Biron
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E4K8, Canada
| | - Claude Asselin
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E4K8, Canada
| | - Nathalie Rivard
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E4K8, Canada.
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22
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Upregulation of DUSP6 impairs infectious bronchitis virus replication by negatively regulating ERK pathway and promoting apoptosis. Vet Res 2021; 52:7. [PMID: 33431056 PMCID: PMC7798014 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating virus-cell interactions is fundamental to understanding viral replication and identifying targets for therapeutic control of viral infection. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway has been shown to regulate pathogenesis during many viral infections, but its role during coronavirus infection is undetermined. Infectious bronchitis virus is the representative strain of Gammacoronavirus, which causes acute and highly contagious diseases in the poultry farm. In this study, we investigated the role of ERK1/2 signaling pathway in IBV infection. We found that IBV infection activated ERK1/2 signaling and the up-regulation of phosphatase DUSP6 formed a negative regulation loop. Pharmacological inhibition of MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling suppressed the expression of DUSP6, promoted cell death, and restricted virus replication. In contrast, suppression of DUSP6 by chemical inhibitor or siRNA increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, protected cells from apoptosis, and facilitated IBV replication. Overexpression of DUSP6 decreased the level of phospho-ERK1/2, promoted apoptosis, while dominant negative mutant DUSP6-DN lost the regulation function on ERK1/2 signaling and apoptosis. In conclusion, these data suggest that MEK-ERK1/2 signaling pathway facilitates IBV infection, probably by promoting cell survival; meanwhile, induction of DUSP6 forms a negative regulation loop to restrict ERK1/2 signaling, correlated with increased apoptosis and reduced viral load. Consequently, components of the ERK pathway, such as MEK1/2 and DUSP6, represent excellent targets for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Towards Improved Use of Vaccination in the Control of Infectious Bronchitis and Newcastle Disease in Poultry: Understanding the Immunological Mechanisms. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010020. [PMID: 33406695 PMCID: PMC7823560 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) and Newcastle disease (ND) are two important diseases of poultry and have remained a threat to the development of the poultry industry in many parts of the world. The immunology of avian has been well studied and numerous vaccines have been developed against the two viruses. Most of these vaccines are either inactivated vaccines or live attenuated vaccines. Inactivated vaccines induce weak cellular immune responses and require priming with live or other types of vaccines. Advanced technology has been used to produce several types of vaccines that can initiate prime immune responses. However, as a result of rapid genetic variations, the control of these two viral infections through vaccination has remained a challenge. Using various strategies such as combination of live attenuated and inactivated vaccines, development of IB/ND vaccines, use of DNA vaccines and transgenic plant vaccines, the problem is being surmounted. It is hoped that with increasing understanding of the immunological mechanisms in birds that are used in fighting these viruses, a more successful control of the diseases will be achieved. This will go a long way in contributing to global food security and the economic development of many developing countries, given the role of poultry in the attainment of these goals.
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The roles of signaling pathways in SARS-CoV-2 infection; lessons learned from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Arch Virol 2021; 166:675-696. [PMID: 33462671 PMCID: PMC7812983 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The number of descriptions of emerging viruses has grown at an unprecedented rate since the beginning of the 21st century. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is the third highly pathogenic coronavirus that has introduced itself into the human population in the current era, after SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Molecular and cellular studies of the pathogenesis of this novel coronavirus are still in the early stages of research; however, based on similarities of SARS-CoV-2 to other coronaviruses, it can be hypothesized that the NF-κB, cytokine regulation, ERK, and TNF-α signaling pathways are the likely causes of inflammation at the onset of COVID-19. Several drugs have been prescribed and used to alleviate the adverse effects of these inflammatory cellular signaling pathways, and these might be beneficial for developing novel therapeutic modalities against COVID-19. In this review, we briefly summarize alterations of cellular signaling pathways that are associated with coronavirus infection, particularly SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and tabulate the therapeutic agents that are currently approved for treating other human diseases.
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Atzeni F, Gerratana E, Giallanza M, La Corte L, Nucera V, Miceli G, Sangari D, Masala IF. The effect of drugs used in rheumatology for treating SARS-CoV2 infection. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 21:219-228. [PMID: 32866053 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1817372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that was first isolated from a group of patients hospitalized with pneumonia in China at the end of 2019, and, in February 2020, the syndrome it caused was named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization. In the absence of specific antiviral treatments capable of neutralizing the etiological agent, one therapeutic approach is to control the cytokine storm responsible for the most severe forms of the disease. The characteristic cytokine profile of severely affected patients is increased levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). AREAS COVERED This article discusses the pathogenesis of COVID-19 as a rationale for using the biological and targeted synthetic drugs used in rheumatology (anti-TNF, anti-IL-1 and anti-IL-6 agents and baricitinib) to treat the disease, and provides key information concerning their potential benefits and adverse effects. EXPERT OPINION Interleukin inhibition seems to be a promising means of treating COVID-19 patients when respiratory function declines (or even earlier) if there are laboratory data indicating the presence of a cytokine storm because the interleukins are key drivers of inflammation. However, it is important to consider the risks and benefits of biological agents carefully, and critically analyze the evidence concerning their use in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Atzeni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine, University of Messina , Messina, Italy.,Trauma and Orthopedic Unit, Santissima Trinità Hospital , Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gerratana
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine, University of Messina , Messina, Italy.,Trauma and Orthopedic Unit, Santissima Trinità Hospital , Cagliari, Italy
| | - Manuela Giallanza
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine, University of Messina , Messina, Italy.,Trauma and Orthopedic Unit, Santissima Trinità Hospital , Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laura La Corte
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine, University of Messina , Messina, Italy.,Trauma and Orthopedic Unit, Santissima Trinità Hospital , Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valeria Nucera
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine, University of Messina , Messina, Italy.,Trauma and Orthopedic Unit, Santissima Trinità Hospital , Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Miceli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine, University of Messina , Messina, Italy.,Trauma and Orthopedic Unit, Santissima Trinità Hospital , Cagliari, Italy
| | - Donatella Sangari
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine, University of Messina , Messina, Italy.,Trauma and Orthopedic Unit, Santissima Trinità Hospital , Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ignazio Francesco Masala
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine, University of Messina , Messina, Italy.,Trauma and Orthopedic Unit, Santissima Trinità Hospital , Cagliari, Italy
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Potential Role of Anti-interleukin (IL)-6 Drugs in the Treatment of COVID-19: Rationale, Clinical Evidence and Risks. BioDrugs 2020; 34:415-422. [PMID: 32557214 PMCID: PMC7299248 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-020-00430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been spreading globally, raising increasing concerns. This public health emergency has triggered a race to find medications to improve the prognosis of this disease. There is currently great interest in drug repositioning to manage SARS-CoV-2 infection, that is, the evaluation of the potential benefits of a drug that has already been proven safe and effective in humans for other approved indications. As interleukin-6 (IL-6) acts as a key driver of the inflammation associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), IL-6 and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) inhibition appear to be promising targets for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. It is important to critically analyze the available evidence concerning the use of the available anti-IL-6 (siltuximab) and anti-IL-6R (tocilizumab and sarilumab) agents in COVID-19 patients, in terms of both benefit and risk. In this review, the pathogenesis of the cytokine storm induced by COVID-19, the role of IL-6 in this cytokine storm, the rationale for the use of anti-IL-6 agents, and key information on potential benefits and safety monitoring of these biologicals in COVID-19 patients is discussed.
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TUFAN A, AVANOĞLU GÜLER A, MATUCCI-CERINIC M. COVID-19, immune system response, hyperinflammation and repurposing antirheumatic drugs. Turk J Med Sci 2020; 50:620-632. [PMID: 32299202 PMCID: PMC7195984 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2004-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Wuhan Province of China, in December 2019, the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a severe involvement of the lower respiratory tract leading to an acute respiratory syndrome. Subsequently, coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) provoked a pandemic which is considered a life-threatening disease. The SARS-CoV-2, a family member of betacoronaviruses, possesses single-stranded positive-sense RNA with typical structural proteins, involving the envelope, membrane, nucleocapsid and spike proteins that are responsible for the viral infectivity, and nonstructural proteins. The effectual host immune response including innate and adaptive immunity against SARS-Cov-2 seems crucial to control and resolve the viral infection. However, the severity and outcome of the COVID-19 might be associated with the excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines “cytokine storm” leading to an acute respiratory distress syndrome. Regretfully, the exact pathophysiology and treatment, especially for the severe COVID-19, is still uncertain. The results of preliminary studies have shown that immune-modulatory or immune-suppressive treatments such as hydroxychloroquine, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1 antagonists, commonly used in rheumatology, might be considered as treatment choices for COVID-19, particularly in severe disease. In this review, to gain better information about appropriate anti-inflammatory treatments, mostly used in rheumatology for COVID-19, we have focused the attention on the structural features of SARS-CoV-2, the host immune response against SARS-CoV-2 and its association with the cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman TUFAN
- Department of Internal Medicine & Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Aslıhan AVANOĞLU GÜLER
- Department of Internal Medicine & Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Marco MATUCCI-CERINIC
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, FlorenceItaly
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Russell B, Moss C, George G, Santaolalla A, Cope A, Papa S, Van Hemelrijck M. Associations between immune-suppressive and stimulating drugs and novel COVID-19-a systematic review of current evidence. Ecancermedicalscience 2020; 14:1022. [PMID: 32256705 PMCID: PMC7105343 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2020.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer and transplant patients with COVID-19 have a higher risk of developing severe and even fatal respiratory diseases, especially as they may be treated with immune-suppressive or immune-stimulating drugs. This review focuses on the effects of these drugs on host immunity against COVID-19. Methods Using Ovid MEDLINE, we reviewed current evidence for immune-suppressing or -stimulating drugs: cytotoxic chemotherapy, low-dose steroids, tumour necrosis factorα (TNFα) blockers, interlukin-6 (IL-6) blockade, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, IL-1 blockade, mycophenolate, tacrolimus, anti-CD20 and CTLA4-Ig. Results 89 studies were included. Cytotoxic chemotherapy has been shown to be a specific inhibitor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in in vitro studies, but no specific studies exist as of yet for COVID-19. No conclusive evidence for or against the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the treatment of COVID-19 patients is available, nor is there evidence indicating that TNFα blockade is harmful to patients in the context of COVID-19. COVID-19 has been observed to induce a pro-inflammatory cytokine generation and secretion of cytokines, such as IL-6, but there is no evidence of the beneficial impact of IL-6 inhibitors on the modulation of COVID-19. Although there are potential targets in the JAK-STAT pathway that can be manipulated in treatment for coronaviruses and it is evident that IL-1 is elevated in patients with a coronavirus, there is currently no evidence for a role of these drugs in treatment of COVID-19. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has led to challenging decision-making about treatment of critically unwell patients. Low-dose prednisolone and tacrolimus may have beneficial impacts on COVID-19. The mycophenolate mofetil picture is less clear, with conflicting data from pre-clinical studies. There is no definitive evidence that specific cytotoxic drugs, low-dose methotrexate for auto-immune disease, NSAIDs, JAK kinase inhibitors or anti-TNFα agents are contraindicated. There is clear evidence that IL-6 peak levels are associated with severity of pulmonary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Russell
- Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King's College London, London, UK.,All authors contributed equally
| | - Charlotte Moss
- Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King's College London, London, UK.,All authors contributed equally
| | - Gincy George
- Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King's College London, London, UK.,All authors contributed equally
| | - Aida Santaolalla
- Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King's College London, London, UK.,All authors contributed equally
| | - Andrew Cope
- Guy's and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie Papa
- Guy's and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Both senior authors contributed equally
| | - Mieke Van Hemelrijck
- Translational Oncology and Urology Research, King's College London, London, UK.,Both senior authors contributed equally
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Abstract
Coronaviruses are pathogens with a serious impact on human and animal health. They mostly cause enteric or respiratory disease, which can be severe and life threatening, e.g., in the case of the zoonotic coronaviruses causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in humans. Despite the economic and societal impact of such coronavirus infections, and the likelihood of future outbreaks of additional pathogenic coronaviruses, our options to prevent or treat coronavirus infections remain very limited. This highlights the importance of advancing our knowledge on the replication of these viruses and their interactions with the host. Compared to other +RNA viruses, coronaviruses have an exceptionally large genome and employ a complex genome expression strategy. Next to a role in basic virus replication or virus assembly, many of the coronavirus proteins expressed in the infected cell contribute to the coronavirus-host interplay. For example, by interacting with the host cell to create an optimal environment for coronavirus replication, by altering host gene expression or by counteracting the host’s antiviral defenses. These coronavirus–host interactions are key to viral pathogenesis and will ultimately determine the outcome of infection. Due to the complexity of the coronavirus proteome and replication cycle, our knowledge of host factors involved in coronavirus replication is still in an early stage compared to what is known for some other +RNA viruses. This review summarizes our current understanding of coronavirus–host interactions at the level of the infected cell, with special attention for the assembly and function of the viral RNA-synthesising machinery and the evasion of cellular innate immune responses.
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Manley GCA, Parker LC, Zhang Y. Emerging Regulatory Roles of Dual-Specificity Phosphatases in Inflammatory Airway Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E678. [PMID: 30764493 PMCID: PMC6387402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory airway disease, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is a major health burden worldwide. These diseases cause large numbers of deaths each year due to airway obstruction, which is exacerbated by respiratory viral infection. The inflammatory response in the airway is mediated in part through the MAPK pathways: p38, JNK and ERK. These pathways also have roles in interferon production, viral replication, mucus production, and T cell responses, all of which are important processes in inflammatory airway disease. Dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) are known to regulate the MAPKs, and roles for this family of proteins in the pathogenesis of airway disease are emerging. This review summarizes the function of DUSPs in regulation of cytokine expression, mucin production, and viral replication in the airway. The central role of DUSPs in T cell responses, including T cell activation, differentiation, and proliferation, will also be highlighted. In addition, the importance of this protein family in the lung, and the necessity of further investigation into their roles in airway disease, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C A Manley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.
- Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Lisa C Parker
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.
- Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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Fung TS, Liu DX. Activation of the c-Jun NH 2-terminal kinase pathway by coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus promotes apoptosis independently of c-Jun. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:3215. [PMID: 29238080 PMCID: PMC5870581 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are conserved protein kinases that regulate a variety of important cellular signaling pathways. Among them, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) are known to be activated by various environmental stresses including virus infections. Previously, activation of the JNK pathway has been detected in cells infected with several coronaviruses. However, detailed characterization of the pathway as well as its implication in host-virus interactions has not been fully investigated. Here we report that the JNK pathway was activated in cells infected with the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Of the two known upstream MAPK kinases (MKK), MKK7, but not MKK4, was shown to be responsible for IBV-induced JNK activation. Moreover, knockdown and overexpression experiments demonstrated that JNK served as a pro-apoptotic protein during IBV infection. Interestingly, pro-apoptotic activity of JNK was not mediated via c-Jun, but involved modulation of the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2). Taken together, JNK constitutes an important aspect of coronavirus-host interaction, along with other MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- To Sing Fung
- 0000 0000 9546 5767grid.20561.30South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- 0000 0000 9546 5767grid.20561.30South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory Microbial Signals & Disease Co, and Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong, People’s Republic of China ,0000 0001 2224 0361grid.59025.3bSchool of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 63755 Singapore
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DUSP1 regulates apoptosis and cell migration, but not the JIP1-protected cytokine response, during Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Sendai Virus infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17388. [PMID: 29234123 PMCID: PMC5727028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The host antiviral response involves the induction of interferons and proinflammatory cytokines, but also the activation of cell death pathways, including apoptosis, to limit viral replication and spreading. This host defense is strictly regulated to eliminate the infection while limiting tissue damage that is associated with virus pathogenesis. Post-translational modifications, most notably phosphorylation, are key regulators of the antiviral defense implying an important role of protein phosphatases. Here, we investigated the role of the dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) in the host defense against human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a pathogenic virus of the Pneumoviridae family, and Sendai virus (SeV), a model virus being developed as a vector for anti-RSV vaccine. We found that DUSP1 is upregulated before being subjected to proteasomal degradation. DUSP1 does not inhibit the antiviral response, but negatively regulates virus-induced JNK/p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Interaction with the JNK-interacting protein 1 scaffold protein prevents dephosphorylation of JNK by DUSP1, likely explaining that AP-1 activation and downstream cytokine production are protected from DUSP1 inhibition. Importantly, DUSP1 promotes SeV-induced apoptosis and suppresses cell migration in RSV-infected cells. Collectively, our data unveils a previously unrecognized selective role of DUSP1 in the regulation of tissue damage and repair during infections by RSV and SeV.
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Fung TS, Liao Y, Liu DX. Regulation of Stress Responses and Translational Control by Coronavirus. Viruses 2016; 8:v8070184. [PMID: 27384577 PMCID: PMC4974519 DOI: 10.3390/v8070184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to other viruses, coronavirus infection triggers cellular stress responses in infected host cells. The close association of coronavirus replication with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in the ER stress responses, which impose a challenge to the viruses. Viruses, in turn, have come up with various mechanisms to block or subvert these responses. One of the ER stress responses is inhibition of the global protein synthesis to reduce the amount of unfolded proteins inside the ER lumen. Viruses have evolved the capacity to overcome the protein translation shutoff to ensure viral protein production. Here, we review the strategies exploited by coronavirus to modulate cellular stress response pathways. The involvement of coronavirus-induced stress responses and translational control in viral pathogenesis will also be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- To Sing Fung
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ziyue Road 518, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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Wang F, Xue R, Li X, Hu C, Xia Q. Characterization of a protein tyrosine phosphatase as a host factor promoting baculovirus replication in silkworm, Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 57:31-7. [PMID: 26684065 PMCID: PMC7124732 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) to host-pathogen interaction is highlighted in mammalian studies, whereas less is known in insects. Here we presented the categorization of the PTP complement of silkworm and characterized their homologous relationship with human and fruit fly PTPs. Among the 36 PTP genes, ptp-h, which was proposed to be the origin of baculovirus ptp belongs to atypical VH1-like dual-specific PTP subset and encodes a catalytic active protein. The maximum expression level of Bmptp-h was at 5th instar and in fat body. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) infection potently induced its expression in silkworm larvae and in BmE cells. Knock-down of Bmptp-h by RNA interference significantly inhibited viral replication, and over-expression enhanced viral replication as determined by viral DNA abundance and BmNPV-GFP positive cells. These results suggest that BmPTP-h might be one of the host factors that is beneficial to baculovirus infection by promoting viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Renju Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xianyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Cuimei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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Yu K, Deng S, Wang H, Zhang Y, Chen X, Wang K, Hu R, Lian Z, Li N. Small interfering RNA expression inhibits avian infectious bronchitis virus replication and inflammatory response. Antivir Ther 2016; 21:469-479. [PMID: 26835751 DOI: 10.3851/imp3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a major cause of poor weight gain and mortality among chicks. METHODS A lentivirus vector was used to generate transgenic chickens expressing small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting the M protein of IBV. Offspring of generation 0 (G0) were screened to identify G1 transgenic chickens (Tg). Monocytes from G1 Tg were stimulated with IBV in vitro. RESULTS Monocytes producing siRNA efficiently inhibit IBV replication. Expression of inflammatory cytokines, Mx protein and nitric oxide levels were lower in early IBV infection in Tg. In vivo experiments show that siRNA expression inhibits IBV replication, significantly decreases mortality and increases weight gain. Inflammatory responses and oxidative damage were significantly decreased, yielding minimal tissue injury. The inflammatory responses indicate that the cellular immune response is most effective during the initial stage, while the humoral immune response is more significant in later stages of infection. CONCLUSIONS Small interfering RNA expression inhibits avian IBV replication and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shoulong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehui Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kejun Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- National Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Xu Y, Zhang T, Xu Q, Han Z, Liang S, Shao Y, Ma D, Liu S. Differential modulation of avian β-defensin and Toll-like receptor expression in chickens infected with infectious bronchitis virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9011-24. [PMID: 26142390 PMCID: PMC7080159 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The host innate immune response either clears invading viruses or allows the adaptive immune system to establish an effective antiviral response. In this study, both pathogenic (passage 3, P3) and attenuated (P110) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains were used to study the immune responses of chicken to IBV infection. Expression of avian β-defensins (AvBDs) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in 16 tissues of chicken were compared at 7 days PI. The results showed that P3 infection upregulated the expression of AvBDs, including AvBD2, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12, while P110 infection downregulated the expression of AvBDs, including AvBD3, 4, 5, 6, and 9 in most tissues. Meanwhile, the expression level of several TLRs showed a general trend of upregulation in the tissues of P3-infected chickens, while they were downregulated in the tissues of P110-infected chickens. The result suggested that compared with the P110 strain, the P3 strain induced a more pronounced host innate immune response. Furthermore, we observed that recombinant AvBDs (including 2, 6, and 12) demonstrated obvious anti-viral activity against IBV in vitro. Our findings contribute to the proposal that IBV infection induces an increase in the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of some AvBDs and TLRs, which suggests that AvBDs may play significant roles in the resistance of chickens to IBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuling Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Shao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Deying Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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A Kinome-Wide Small Interfering RNA Screen Identifies Proviral and Antiviral Host Factors in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication, Including Double-Stranded RNA-Activated Protein Kinase and Early Secretory Pathway Proteins. J Virol 2015; 89:8318-33. [PMID: 26041291 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01029-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED To identify host factors relevant for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) replication, we performed a small interfering RNA (siRNA) library screen targeting the human kinome. Protein kinases are key regulators of many cellular functions, and the systematic knockdown of their expression should provide a broad perspective on factors and pathways promoting or antagonizing coronavirus replication. In addition to 40 proteins that promote SARS-CoV replication, our study identified 90 factors exhibiting an antiviral effect. Pathway analysis grouped subsets of these factors in specific cellular processes, including the innate immune response and the metabolism of complex lipids, which appear to play a role in SARS-CoV infection. Several factors were selected for in-depth validation in follow-up experiments. In cells depleted for the β2 subunit of the coatomer protein complex (COPB2), the strongest proviral hit, we observed reduced SARS-CoV protein expression and a >2-log reduction in virus yield. Knockdown of the COPB2-related proteins COPB1 and Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistant guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (GBF1) also suggested that COPI-coated vesicles and/or the early secretory pathway are important for SARS-CoV replication. Depletion of the antiviral double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) enhanced virus replication in the primary screen, and validation experiments confirmed increased SARS-CoV protein expression and virus production upon PKR depletion. In addition, cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) was identified as a novel antiviral host factor in SARS-CoV replication. The inventory of pro- and antiviral host factors and pathways described here substantiates and expands our understanding of SARS-CoV replication and may contribute to the identification of novel targets for antiviral therapy. IMPORTANCE Replication of all viruses, including SARS-CoV, depends on and is influenced by cellular pathways. Although substantial progress has been made in dissecting the coronavirus replicative cycle, our understanding of the host factors that stimulate (proviral factors) or restrict (antiviral factors) infection remains far from complete. To study the role of host proteins in SARS-CoV infection, we set out to systematically identify kinase-regulated processes that influence virus replication. Protein kinases are key regulators in signal transduction, controlling a wide variety of cellular processes, and many of them are targets of approved drugs and other compounds. Our screen identified a variety of hits and will form the basis for more detailed follow-up studies that should contribute to a better understanding of SARS-CoV replication and coronavirus-host interactions in general. The identified factors could be interesting targets for the development of host-directed antiviral therapy to treat infections with SARS-CoV or other pathogenic coronaviruses.
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Srivastava A, Shinn AS, Lee PJ, Mannam P. MKK3 mediates inflammatory response through modulation of mitochondrial function. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:139-48. [PMID: 25697779 PMCID: PMC4441852 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are increasingly recognized as drivers of inflammatory responses. MAP kinase kinase 3 (MKK3), a dual-specificity protein kinase, is activated in inflammation and in turn activates p38 MAP kinase signaling. Here we show that MKK3 influences mitochondrial function and acts as a critical mediator of inflammation. MKK3-deficient (MKK3(-/-)) mice and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) secreted smaller amounts of cytokines than wild type (WT) after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. There was improved mitochondrial function, as measured by basal oxygen consumption rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP production, in MKK3(-/-) BMDMs. After LPS exposure, MKK3(-/-) BMDMs did not show a significant increase in cellular reactive oxygen species production or in mitochondrial superoxide compared to WT. Activation of two important inflammatory mediators, i.e., the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and caspase-1 activity (a key component of the inflammasome), was lower in MKK3(-/-) BMDMs. p38 and JNK activation was lower in MKK3(-/-) BMDMs compared to WT after exposure to LPS. Knockdown of MKK3 by siRNA in wild-type BMDMs improved mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced LPS-induced caspase-1 activation, and attenuated cytokine secretion. Our studies establish MKK3 as a regulator of mitochondrial function and inflammatory responses to LPS and suggest that MKK3 may be a therapeutic target in inflammatory disorders such as sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Srivastava
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA
| | - Amanda S Shinn
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA
| | - Patty J Lee
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA
| | - Praveen Mannam
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA.
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Fung TS, Huang M, Liu DX. Coronavirus-induced ER stress response and its involvement in regulation of coronavirus-host interactions. Virus Res 2014; 194:110-23. [PMID: 25304691 PMCID: PMC7114476 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus replication is structurally and functionally associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a major site of protein synthesis, folding, modification and sorting in the eukaryotic cells. Disturbance of ER homeostasis may occur under various physiological or pathological conditions. In response to the ER stress, signaling pathways of the unfolded protein response (UPR) are activated. UPR is mediated by three ER transmembrane sensors, namely the PKR-like ER protein kinase (PERK), the inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1) and the activating transcriptional factor 6 (ATF6). UPR facilitates adaptation to ER stress by reversible translation attenuation, enhancement of ER protein folding capacity and activation of ER-associated degradation (ERAD). In cells under prolonged and irremediable ER stress, UPR can also trigger apoptotic cell death. Accumulating evidence has shown that coronavirus infection causes ER stress and induces UPR in the infected cells. UPR is closely associated with a number of major signaling pathways, including autophagy, apoptosis, the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways, innate immunity and pro-inflammatory response. Therefore, studies on the UPR are pivotal in elucidating the complicated issue of coronavirus-host interaction. In this paper, we present the up-to-date knowledge on coronavirus-induced UPR and discuss its potential involvement in regulation of innate immunity and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- To Sing Fung
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Mei Huang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551.
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Fung TS, Liu DX. Coronavirus infection, ER stress, apoptosis and innate immunity. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:296. [PMID: 24987391 PMCID: PMC4060729 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication of coronavirus, a family of important animal and human pathogens, is closely associated with the cellular membrane compartments, especially the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Coronavirus infection of cultured cells was previously shown to cause ER stress and induce the unfolded protein response (UPR), a process that aims to restore the ER homeostasis by global translation shutdown and increasing the ER folding capacity. However, under prolonged ER stress, UPR can also induce apoptotic cell death. Accumulating evidence from recent studies has shown that induction of ER stress and UPR may constitute a major aspect of coronavirus–host interaction. Activation of the three branches of UPR modulates a wide variety of signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation, autophagy, apoptosis, and innate immune response. ER stress and UPR activation may therefore contribute significantly to the viral replication and pathogenesis during coronavirus infection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on coronavirus-induced ER stress and UPR activation, with emphasis on their cross-talking to apoptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- To S Fung
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ding X Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
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Huang C, Xie M, He X, Gao H. Activity of sputum p38 MAPK is correlated with airway inflammation and reduced FEV1 in COPD patients. Med Sci Monit 2013; 19:1229-35. [PMID: 24382347 PMCID: PMC3890402 DOI: 10.12659/msm.889880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and remodeling of the small airways are major determinants of the progression and severity of COPD. The present study explored the correlation between sputum p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity and airway inflammation and reduction of lung function in the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). MATERIAL AND METHODS Sputum samples were collected from 48 COPD patients and 12 healthy persons. Sputum p38 MAPK activity was measured by Western blotting and sputum levels of CXCL8 and neutrophil, and lung function was measured. The correlation between p38MAPK activity and airway inflammation and reduction of lung function was analyzed. RESULTS Our results showed the significantly increased expression of phospho-p38 MAPK and CXCL8 in the sputum samples of the COPD patients. The p38 MAPK activity was remarkably correlated with the CXCL8 level and neutrophils infiltration in the airway, and the decline of lung function in the COPD patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the pivotal role of p38 MAPK in the airway inflammation of COPD patients. We propose p38 MAPK as a potential target for the treatment of COPD.
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Law AHY, Tam AHM, Lee DCW, Lau ASY. A role for protein phosphatase 2A in regulating p38 mitogen activated protein kinase activation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression during influenza virus infection. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7327-40. [PMID: 23549267 PMCID: PMC3645688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses of avian origin continue to pose pandemic threats to human health. Some of the H5N1 and H9N2 virus subtypes induce markedly elevated cytokine levels when compared with the seasonal H1N1 virus. We previously showed that H5N1/97 hyperinduces tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha through p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). However, the detailed mechanisms of p38MAPK activation and TNF-alpha hyperinduction following influenza virus infections are not known. Negative feedback regulations of cytokine expression play important roles in avoiding overwhelming production of proinflammatory cytokines. Here we hypothesize that protein phosphatases are involved in the regulation of cytokine expressions during influenza virus infection. We investigated the roles of protein phosphatases including MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) and protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) in modulating p38MAPK activation and downstream TNF-alpha expressions in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (PBMac) infected with H9N2/G1 or H1N1 influenza virus. We demonstrate that H9N2/G1 virus activated p38MAPK and hyperinduced TNF-alpha production in PBMac when compared with H1N1 virus. H9N2/G1 induced PP2A activity in PBMac and, with the treatment of a PP2A inhibitor, p38MAPK phosphorylation and TNF-alpha production were further increased in the virus-infected macrophages. However, H9N2/G1 did not induce the expression of PP2A indicating that the activation of PP2A is not mediated by p38MAPK in virus-infected PBMac. On the other hand, PP2A may not be the targets of H9N2/G1 in the upstream of p38MAPK signaling pathways since H1N1 also induced PP2A activation in primary macrophages. Our results may provide new insights into the control of cytokine dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Y Law
- Cytokine Biology Group, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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Recent progress in studies of arterivirus- and coronavirus-host interactions. Viruses 2012; 4:980-1010. [PMID: 22816036 PMCID: PMC3397358 DOI: 10.3390/v4060980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal coronaviruses, such as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and arteriviruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), are able to manifest highly contagious infections in their specific native hosts, thereby arising in critical economic damage to animal industries. This review discusses recent progress in studies of virus-host interactions during animal and human coronavirus and arterivirus infections, with emphasis on IBV-host cell interactions. These interactions may be directly involved in viral replication or lead to the alteration of certain signaling pathways, such as cell stress response and innate immunity, to facilitate viral replication and pathogenesis.
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Zhong Y, Liao Y, Fang S, Tam JP, Liu DX. Up-regulation of Mcl-1 and Bak by coronavirus infection of human, avian and animal cells modulates apoptosis and viral replication. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30191. [PMID: 22253918 PMCID: PMC3256233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced apoptosis and viral mechanisms that regulate this cell death program are key issues in understanding virus-host interactions and viral pathogenesis. Like many other human and animal viruses, coronavirus infection of mammalian cells induces apoptosis. In this study, the global gene expression profiles are first determined in IBV-infected Vero cells at 24 hours post-infection by Affymetrix array, using avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) as a model system. It reveals an up-regulation at the transcriptional level of both pro-apoptotic Bak and pro-survival myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1). These results were further confirmed both in vivo and in vitro, in IBV-infected embryonated chicken eggs, chicken fibroblast cells and mammalian cells at transcriptional and translational levels, respectively. Interestingly, the onset of apoptosis occurred earlier in IBV-infected mammalian cells silenced with short interfering RNA targeting Mcl-1 (siMcl-1), and was delayed in cells silenced with siBak. IBV progeny production and release were increased in infected Mcl-1 knockdown cells compared to similarly infected control cells, while the contrary was observed in infected Bak knockdown cells. Furthermore, IBV infection-induced up-regulation of GADD153 regulated the expression of Mcl-1. Inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathways by chemical inhibitors and knockdown of GADD153 by siRNA demonstrated the involvement of ER-stress response in regulation of IBV-induced Mcl-1 expression. These results illustrate the sophisticated regulatory strategies evolved by a coronavirus to modulate both virus-induced apoptosis and viral replication during its replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Zhong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Liao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shouguo Fang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James P. Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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