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Liu J, Liang Z, Sun W, Hua W, Huang S, Wen F. The H4 subtype of avian influenza virus: a review of its historical evolution, global distribution, adaptive mutations and receptor binding properties. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103913. [PMID: 38914042 PMCID: PMC11254717 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The H4 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) exhibits a wide host range and is commonly found in migratory waterfowl. Recent studies have revealed that the H4N6 AIV can infect guinea pigs via aerosol transmission without prior adaptation. Additionally, the Q226L/G228S substitutions in the receptor-binding site have led to structural changes in globular head of H4 AIV, resulting in a configuration similar to that of pandemic H2N2 and H3N2 human influenza viruses. This article provides an updated review of the historical evolution, global distribution, adaptive mutations, receptor-binding preferences, and host range of H4 AIV. The insights presented herein will help in assessing the potential risk of future H4 AIV epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoping Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenchao Sun
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Weiping Hua
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China.
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Szablewski CM, McBride DS, Trock SC, Habing GG, Hoet AE, Nelson SW, Nolting JM, Bowman AS. Evolution of influenza A viruses in exhibition swine and transmission to humans, 2013-2015. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:281-293. [PMID: 38110691 PMCID: PMC10994755 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Swine are a mixing vessel for the emergence of novel reassortant influenza A viruses (IAV). Interspecies transmission of swine-origin IAV poses a public health and pandemic risk. In the United States, the majority of zoonotic IAV transmission events have occurred in association with swine exposure at agricultural fairs. Accordingly, this human-animal interface necessitates mitigation strategies informed by understanding of interspecies transmission mechanisms in exhibition swine. Likewise, the diversity of IAV in swine can be a source for novel reassortant or mutated viruses that pose a risk to both swine and human health. METHODS AND RESULTS In an effort to better understand those risks, here we investigated the epidemiology of IAV in exhibition swine and subsequent transmission to humans by performing phylogenetic analyses using full genome sequences from 272 IAV isolates collected from exhibition swine and 23 A(H3N2)v viruses from human hosts during 2013-2015. Sixty-seven fairs (24.2%) had at least one pig test positive for IAV with an overall estimated prevalence of 8.9% (95% CI: 8.3-9.6, Clopper-Pearson). Of the 19 genotypes found in swine, 5 were also identified in humans. There was a positive correlation between the number of human cases of a genotype and its prevalence in exhibition swine. Additionally, we demonstrated that A(H3N2)v viruses clustered tightly with exhibition swine viruses that were prevalent in the same year. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that multiple genotypes of swine-lineage IAV have infected humans, and highly prevalent IAV genotypes in exhibition swine during a given year are also the strains detected most frequently in human cases of variant IAV. Continued surveillance and rapid characterization of IAVs in exhibition swine can facilitate timely phenotypic evaluation and matching of candidate vaccine strains to those viruses present at the human-animal interface which are most likely to spillover into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dillon S. McBride
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Susan C. Trock
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory G. Habing
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Armando E. Hoet
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sarah W. Nelson
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jacqueline M. Nolting
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrew S. Bowman
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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3
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Lin S, Zhang Y, Yang J, Yang L, Li X, Bo H, Liu J, Tan M, Zhu W, Wang D, Shu Y. Cross-Species Transmission Potential of H4 Avian Influenza Viruses in China: Epidemiological and Evolutionary Study. Viruses 2024; 16:353. [PMID: 38543719 PMCID: PMC10974465 DOI: 10.3390/v16030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
H4 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been widely detected in live poultry markets in China. However, the potential public health impact of H4 AIVs remains largely uncertain. Here, we fully analyzed the distribution and phylogenetic relationship of H4 AIVs in China. We obtained 31 isolates of H4 viruses in China during 2009-2022 through surveillance in poultry-associated environments, such as live poultry markets and poultry farms. Genomic sequence analysis together with publicly available data revealed that frequent reassortment and introduction of H4 AIV from wild birds to poultry may have occurred. We identified 62 genotypes among 127 whole genome sequences of H4 viruses in China, indicating that H4 AIVs had great genetic diversity in China. We also investigated molecular markers and found that drug resistance mutations frequently occurred in the M2 protein and a few mutations related to receptor binding and the host signature in H4 AIVs. Our study demonstrates the cross-species transmission potential of H4 AIVs in China and provides some reference significance for its risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Lin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.L.)
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Jiaying Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.L.)
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiyan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Hong Bo
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Jia Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Min Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.L.)
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Infection Prevention and Control (MOE), State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 102629, China
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Li T, Zhao C, Guo Y, Dong J, Du F, Zhou Y, Shu S, Liu Y, Cheng Y, Cao Z, Cao Q, Shi S, Huang Y, Pu J, Liu L. Genetic and Biological Characteristics of Duck-Origin H4N6 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated in China in 2022. Viruses 2024; 16:207. [PMID: 38399984 PMCID: PMC10892581 DOI: 10.3390/v16020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The interaction between migratory birds and domestic waterfowl facilitates viral co-infections, leading to viral reassortment and the emergence of novel viruses. In 2022, samples were collected from duck farms around Poyang Lake in Jiangxi Province, China, which is located within the East Asia-Australasia flyway. Three strains of H4N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) were isolated. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses showed that the isolated H4N6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) belonged to new genotypes, G23 and G24. All isolated strains demonstrated dual receptor binding properties. Additionally, the isolated strains were able to replicate efficiently not only in avian cells but also in mammalian cells. Furthermore, the H4N6 AIV isolates could infect chickens, with viral replication detected in the lungs and extrapulmonary organs, and could transmit within chicken flocks through contact, with viral shedding detected only in oropharyngeal swabs from chickens in the contact group. Notably, the H4N6 AIV could infect mice without prior adaptation and replicate in the lungs with high viral titers, suggesting that it is a potential threat to humans. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insight into the characteristics of H4N6 strains currently circulating in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Chuankuo Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Yuxin Guo
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Jinze Dong
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Fanshu Du
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Yong Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Sicheng Shu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yachang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Zhiyong Cao
- Duchang County Aquaculture and Animal Husbandry Industry Development Center, Jiujiang 332600, China;
| | - Qi Cao
- Duchang County Yangfeng Township Government, Jiujiang 332600, China;
| | - Shuiping Shi
- Duchang County Migratory Bird Nature Reserve Administration, Jiujiang 332600, China;
| | - Yinhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Litao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
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Xu Y, Tang L, Gu X, Bo S, Ming L, Ma M, Zhao C, Sun K, Liu Y, He G. Characterization of avian influenza A (H4N2) viruses isolated from wild birds in Shanghai during 2019 to 2021. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102948. [PMID: 37604021 PMCID: PMC10465953 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The H4 subtype of avian influenza viruses has been widely distributed among wild birds. During the surveillance of the avian influenza virus in Shanghai from 2019 to 2021, a total of 4,451 samples were collected from wild birds, among which 46 H4 subtypes of avian influenza viruses were identified, accounting for 7.40% of the total positive samples. The H4 subtype viruses have a wide range of hosts, including the spot-billed duck, common teal, and other wild birds in Anseriformes. Among all H4 subtypes, the most abundant are the H4N2 viruses. To clarify the genetic characteristics of H4N2 viruses, the whole genome sequences of 20 H4N2 viruses were analyzed. Phylogenetical analysis showed that all 8 genes of these viruses belonged to the Eurasian lineage and closely clustered with low pathogenic avian influenza viruses from countries along the East Asia-Australia migratory route. However, the PB1 gene of 1 H4N2 virus (NH21920) might provide its internal gene for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 viruses in Korea and Japan. At least 10 genotypes were identified in these viruses, indicating that they underwent multiple complex recombination events. Our study has provided a better epidemiological understanding of the H4N2 viruses in wild birds. Considering the mutational potential, comprehensive surveillance of the H4N2 virus in both poultry and wild birds is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Shanghai Wildlife and Protected Natural Areas Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Gu
- Shanghai Landscaping & City Appearance Administrative Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunqi Bo
- Shanghai Landscaping & City Appearance Administrative Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Ming
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Ma
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Kaibo Sun
- Shanghai Forestry Station, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyi Liu
- Shanghai Landscaping & City Appearance Administrative Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Guimei He
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Dutta AK, Gazi MS, Uddin SJ. A systemic review on medicinal plants and their bioactive constituents against avian influenza and further confirmation through in-silico analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14386. [PMID: 36925514 PMCID: PMC10011005 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Avian influenza or more commonly known as bird flu is a widespread infectious disease in poultry. This review aims to accumulate information of different natural plant sources that can aid in combating this disease. Influenza virus (IV) is known for its ability to mutate and infect different species (including humans) and cause fatal consequences. Methods Total 33 plants and 4 natural compounds were identified and documented. Molecular docking was performed against the target viral protein neuraminidase (NA), with some plant based natural compounds and compared their results with standard drugs Oseltamivir and Zanamivir to obtain novel drug targets for influenza in chickens. Results It was seen that most extracts exhibit their action by interacting with viral hemagglutinin or neuraminidase and inhibit viral entry or release from the host cell. Some plants also interacted with the viral RNA replication or by reducing proinflammatory cytokines. Ethanol was mostly used for extraction. Among all the plants Theobroma cacao, Capparis Sinaica Veil, Androgarphis paniculate, Thallasodendron cillatum, Sinularia candidula, Larcifomes officinalis, Lenzites betulina, Datronia molis, Trametes gibbose exhibited their activity with least concentration (below 10 μg/ml). The dockings results showed that some natural compounds (5,7- dimethoxyflavone, Aloe emodin, Anthocyanins, Quercetin, Hemanthamine, Lyocrine, Terpenoid EA showed satisfactory binding affinity and binding specificity with viral neuraminidase compared to the synthetic drugs. Conclusion This review clusters up to date information of effective herbal plants to bolster future influenza treatment research in chickens. The in-silico analysis also suggests some potential targets for future drug development but these require more clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashit Kumar Dutta
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shamim Gazi
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Shaikh Jamal Uddin
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
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Hennig C, Graaf A, Petric PP, Graf L, Schwemmle M, Beer M, Harder T. Are pigs overestimated as a source of zoonotic influenza viruses? Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:30. [PMID: 35773676 PMCID: PMC9244577 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Swine influenza caused by influenza A viruses (IAV) directly affects respiratory health and indirectly impairs reproduction rates in pigs causing production losses. In Europe, and elsewhere, production systems have intensified featuring fewer holdings but, in turn, increased breeding herd and litter sizes. This seems to foster swine IAV (swIAV) infections with respect to the entrenchment within and spread between holdings. Disease management of swine influenza is difficult and relies on biosecurity and vaccination measures. Recently discovered and widely proliferating forms of self-sustaining modes of swIAV infections in large swine holdings challenge these preventive concepts by generating vaccine-escape mutants in rolling circles of infection. Main body The most recent human IAV pandemic of 2009 rooted at least partly in IAV of porcine origin highlighting the zoonotic potential of swIAV. Pigs constitute a mixing vessel of IAV from different species including avian and human hosts. However, other host species such as turkey and quail but also humans themselves may also act in this way; thus, pigs are not essentially required for the generation of IAV reassortants with a multispecies origin. Since 1918, all human pandemic influenza viruses except the H2N2 virus of 1958 have been transmitted in a reverse zoonotic mode from human into swine populations. Swine populations act as long-term reservoirs of these viruses. Human-derived IAV constitute a major driver of swIAV epidemiology in pigs. Swine-to-human IAV transmissions occurred rarely and mainly sporadically as compared to avian-to-human spill-over events of avian IAV. Yet, new swIAV variants that harbor zoonotic components continue to be detected. This increases the risk that such components might eventually reassort into viruses with pandemic potential. Conclusions Domestic pig populations should not be globally stigmatized as the only or most important reservoir of potentially zoonotic IAV. The likely emergence from swine of the most recent human IAV pandemic in 2009, however, emphasized the principal risks of swine populations in which IAV circulate unimpededly. Implementation of regular and close-meshed IAV surveillance of domestic swine populations to follow the dynamics of swIAV evolution is clearly demanded. Improved algorithms for directly inferring zoonotic potential from whole IAV genome sequences as well as improved vaccines are still being sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Hennig
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Philipp P Petric
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Graf
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Lublin A, Thie N, Shkoda I, Simanov L, Bar-Gal GK, Farnoushi Y, King R, Getz WM, Kamath PL, Bowie RCK, Nathan R. First detection of avian influenza subtype H4N6 in Israel in a wild mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3316-e3326. [PMID: 35687561 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are a worldwide threat to animal and human health. As wild waterfowl circulate and spread these viruses around the world, investigations of AIV prevalence in wild populations are critical for understanding pathogen transmission, as well as predicting disease outbreaks in domestic animals and humans. Surveillance efforts in this study have isolated H4N6 for the first time in Israel from a faecal sample of a wild mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Phylogenetic analyses of the HA and NA genes revealed that this strain is closely related to isolates from Europe and Asia. This Eurasian origin, together with Israel serving as an important migratory bottleneck of the mid Palearctic-African flyway, suggests a potential introduction of this strain by migratory birds. Additional phylogenetic analysis of the isolate's internal genes (PB1, PB2, PA, NP, M and NS) revealed high levels of phylogenetic relatedness with other AIV subtypes, indicating previous reassortment events. High reassortment rates are characteristic for H4N6 viruses, which, together with this subtype's ability to infect pigs and adaptability to the human receptor binding domain, raises the concern that it would potentially become zoonotic in the future. These results emphasize the importance of continuous AIV monitoring in migratory birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishai Lublin
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Nikki Thie
- Movement Ecology Lab, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Irina Shkoda
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Luba Simanov
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Gila Kahila Bar-Gal
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yigal Farnoushi
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Roni King
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority (INPA), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Wayne M Getz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, University of California, Berkeley, California.,School of Mathematical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Pauline L Kamath
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
| | - Rauri C K Bowie
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Ran Nathan
- Movement Ecology Lab, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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9
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Effect of serial in vivo passages on the adaptation of H1N1 avian influenza virus to pigs. J Vet Res 2022; 66:9-19. [PMID: 35582490 PMCID: PMC8959685 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The lack of proofreading activity of the viral polymerase and the segmented nature of the influenza A virus (IAV) genome are responsible for the genetic diversity of IAVs and for their ability to adapt to a new host. We tried to adapt avian IAV (avIAV) to the pig by serial passages in vivo and assessed the occurrence of point mutations and their influence on viral fitness in the pig’s body. Material and Methods A total of 25 in vivo avIAV passages of the A/duck/Bavaria/77 strain were performed by inoculation of 50 piglets, and after predetermined numbers of passages 20 uninoculated piglets were exposed to the virus through contact with inoculated animals. Clinical signs of swine influenza were assessed daily. Nasal swabs and lung tissue were used to detect IAV RNA by real-time RT-PCR and isolates from selected passages were sequenced. Results Apart from a rise in rectal temperature and a sporadic cough, no typical clinical signs were observed in infected pigs. The original strain required 20 passages to improve its replication ability noticeably. A total of 29 amino-acid substitutions were identified. Eighteen of them were detected in the first sequenced isolate, of which 16 were also in all other analysed strains. Additional mutations were detected with more passages. One substitution, threonine (T) 135 to serine (S) in neuraminidase (NA), was only detected in an IAV isolate from a contact-exposed piglet. Conclusion Passaging 25 times allowed us to obtain a partially swine-adapted IAV. The improvement in isolate replication ability was most likely related to S654 to glycine (G) substitution in the basic protein (PB) 1 as well as to aspartic acid (D) 701 to asparagine (N) and arginine (R) 477 to G in PB2, glutamic acid (E) 204 to D and G239E in haemagglutinin and T135S in NA.
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10
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Chauhan RP, Gordon ML. Review of genome sequencing technologies in molecular characterization of influenza A viruses in swine. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:177-189. [PMID: 35037523 PMCID: PMC8921814 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211068023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly evolving antigenic diversity of influenza A virus (IAV) genomes in swine makes it imperative to detect emerging novel strains and track their circulation. We analyzed in our review the sequencing technologies used for subtyping and characterizing swine IAV genomes. Google Scholar, PubMed, and International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) database searches identified 216 studies that have utilized Sanger, second-, and third-generation sequencing techniques to subtype and characterize swine IAV genomes up to 31 March 2021. Sanger dideoxy sequencing was by far the most widely used sequencing technique for generating either full-length (43.0%) or partial (31.0%) IAV genomes in swine globally; however, in the last decade, other sequencing platforms such as Illumina have emerged as serious competitors for the generation of whole-genome sequences of swine IAVs. Although partial HA and NA gene sequences were sufficient to determine swine IAV subtypes, whole-genome sequences were critical for determining reassortments and identifying unusual or less frequently occurring IAV subtypes. The combination of Sanger and second-generation sequencing technologies also greatly improved swine IAV characterization. In addition, the rapidly evolving third-generation sequencing platform, MinION, appears promising for on-site, real-time sequencing of complete swine IAV genomes. With a higher raw read accuracy, the use of the MinION could enhance the scalability of swine IAV testing in the field and strengthen the swine IAV disease outbreak response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle L. Gordon
- Michelle L. Gordon, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Rd, Durban 4001, South Africa.
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11
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Abstract
Globally swine influenza is one of the most important diseases of the pig industry, with various subtypes of swine influenza virus co-circulating in the field. Swine influenza can not only cause large economic losses for the pig industry but can also lead to epidemics or pandemics in the human population. We provide an overview of the pathogenic characteristics of the disease, diagnosis, risk factors for the occurrence on pig farms, impact on pigs and humans and methods to control it. This review is designed to promote understanding of the epidemiology of swine influenza which will benefit the control of the disease in both pigs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, St. Lucia, QLD Australia
| | - Ian Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA Australia.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
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12
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Deciphering transmission dynamics and spillover of avian influenza viruses from avian species to swine populations globally. Virus Genes 2021; 57:541-555. [PMID: 34625868 PMCID: PMC8500266 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genome sequences of eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes have been reported in swine populations from seven countries until August 2020. To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the ‘Influenza Research Database’. Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. The principal coordinate analysis further validated these findings for H5N1 and H9N2 viruses; however, spillover events of the other nine AIV subtypes were limited. Interestingly, the presence of potential mammalian adaptation markers, particularly in some of the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, suggested that these viruses may have already adapted in swine. The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential.
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13
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Waters K, Gao C, Ykema M, Han L, Voth L, Tao YJ, Wan XF. Triple reassortment increases compatibility among viral ribonucleoprotein genes of contemporary avian and human influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009962. [PMID: 34618879 PMCID: PMC8525756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Compatibility among the influenza A virus (IAV) ribonucleoprotein (RNP) genes affects viral replication efficiency and can limit the emergence of novel reassortants, including those with potential pandemic risks. In this study, we determined the polymerase activities of 2,451 RNP reassortants among three seasonal and eight enzootic IAVs by using a minigenome assay. Results showed that the 2009 H1N1 RNP are more compatible with the tested enzootic RNP than seasonal H3N2 RNP and that triple reassortment increased such compatibility. The RNP reassortants among 2009 H1N1, canine H3N8, and avian H4N6 IAVs had the highest polymerase activities. Residues in the RNA binding motifs and the contact regions among RNP proteins affected polymerase activities. Our data indicates that compatibility among seasonal and enzootic RNPs are selective, and enzoosis of multiple strains in the animal-human interface can facilitate emergence of an RNP with increased replication efficiency in mammals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Waters
- Missouri University Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Cheng Gao
- Missouri University Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Matthew Ykema
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Lynden Voth
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yizhi Jane Tao
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Missouri University Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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McBride DS, Lauterbach SE, Li YT, Smith GJD, Killian ML, Nolting JM, Su YCF, Bowman AS. Genomic Evidence for Sequestration of Influenza A Virus Lineages in Sea Duck Host Species. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020172. [PMID: 33498851 PMCID: PMC7911388 DOI: 10.3390/v13020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild birds are considered the natural reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs) making them critical for IAV surveillance efforts. While sea ducks have played a role in novel IAV emergence events that threatened food security and public health, very few surveillance samples have been collected from sea duck hosts. From 2014–2018, we conducted surveillance focused in the Mississippi flyway, USA at locations where sea duck harvest has been relatively successful compared to our other sampling locations. Our surveillance yielded 1662 samples from sea ducks, from which we recovered 77 IAV isolates. Our analyses identified persistence of sea duck specific IAV lineages across multiple years. We also recovered sea duck origin IAVs containing an H4 gene highly divergent from the majority of North American H4-HA with clade node age of over 65 years. Identification of IAVs with long branch lengths is indicative of substantial genomic change consistent with persistence without detection by surveillance efforts. Sea ducks play a role in the movement and long-term persistence of IAVs and are likely harboring more undetected IAV diversity. Sea ducks should be a point of emphasis for future North American wild bird IAV surveillance efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon S. McBride
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (D.S.M.); (S.E.L.); (J.M.N.)
| | - Sarah E. Lauterbach
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (D.S.M.); (S.E.L.); (J.M.N.)
| | - Yao-Tsun Li
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (Y.-T.L.); (G.J.D.S.); (Y.C.F.S.)
| | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (Y.-T.L.); (G.J.D.S.); (Y.C.F.S.)
| | - Mary Lea Killian
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, APHIS, USDA, 1920 Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Jacqueline M. Nolting
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (D.S.M.); (S.E.L.); (J.M.N.)
| | - Yvonne C. F. Su
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (Y.-T.L.); (G.J.D.S.); (Y.C.F.S.)
| | - Andrew S. Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (D.S.M.); (S.E.L.); (J.M.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(614)-292-6923; Fax: +1-(614)-292-4142
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15
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Hayashi H, Isoda N, Bazarragchaa E, Nomura N, Matsuno K, Okamatsu M, Kida H, Sakoda Y. Potency of an Inactivated Influenza Vaccine against a Challenge with A/Swine/Missouri/A01727926/2015 (H4N6) in Mice for Pandemic Preparedness. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040768. [PMID: 33339174 PMCID: PMC7765658 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
H4 influenza viruses have been isolated from birds across the world. In recent years, an H4 influenza virus infection has been confirmed in pigs. Pigs play an important role in the transmission of influenza viruses to human hosts. Therefore, it is important to develop a new vaccine in the case of an H4 influenza virus infection in humans, considering that this virus has a different antigenicity from seasonal human influenza viruses. In this study, after selecting vaccine candidate strains based on their antigenic relation to one of the pig isolates, A/swine/Missouri/A01727926/2015 (H4N6) (MO/15), an inactivated whole-particle vaccine was prepared from A/swan/Hokkaido/481102/2017 (H4N6). This vaccine showed high immunogenicity in mice, and the antibody induced by the vaccine showed high cross-reactivity to the MO/15 virus. This vaccine induced sufficient neutralizing antibodies and mitigated the effects of an MO/15 infection in a mouse model. This study is the first to suggest that an inactivated whole-particle vaccine prepared from an influenza virus isolated from wild birds is an effective countermeasure in case of a future influenza pandemic caused by the H4 influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Hayashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (H.H.); (N.I.); (E.B.); (K.M.); (M.O.)
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (H.H.); (N.I.); (E.B.); (K.M.); (M.O.)
- International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Enkhbold Bazarragchaa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (H.H.); (N.I.); (E.B.); (K.M.); (M.O.)
| | - Naoki Nomura
- Laboratory of Biologics Development, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (H.H.); (N.I.); (E.B.); (K.M.); (M.O.)
- International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (H.H.); (N.I.); (E.B.); (K.M.); (M.O.)
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan;
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (H.H.); (N.I.); (E.B.); (K.M.); (M.O.)
- International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-706-5207; Fax: +81-11-706-5273
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16
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Tissue Tropisms of Avian Influenza A Viruses Affect Their Spillovers from Wild Birds to Pigs. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00847-20. [PMID: 32967956 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00847-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds maintain a large, genetically diverse pool of influenza A viruses (IAVs), which can be transmitted to lower mammals and, ultimately, humans. Through phenotypic analyses of viral replication efficiency, only a small set of avian IAVs were found to replicate well in epithelial cells of the swine upper respiratory tract, and these viruses were shown to infect and cause virus shedding in pigs. Such a phenotypic trait of the viral replication efficiency appears to emerge randomly and is distributed among IAVs across multiple avian species and geographic and temporal orders. It is not determined by receptor binding preference but is determined by other markers across genomic segments, such as those in the ribonucleoprotein complex. This study demonstrates that phenotypic variants of viral replication efficiency exist among avian IAVs but that only a few of these may result in viral shedding in pigs upon infection, providing opportunities for these viruses to become adapted to pigs, thus posing a higher potential risk for creating novel variants or detrimental reassortants within pig populations.IMPORTANCE Swine serve as a mixing vessel for generating pandemic strains of human influenza virus. All hemagglutinin subtypes of IAVs can infect swine; however, only sporadic cases of infection with avian IAVs are reported in domestic swine. The molecular mechanisms affecting the ability of avian IAVs to infect swine are still not fully understood. From the findings of phenotypic analyses, this study suggests that the tissue tropisms (i.e., in swine upper respiratory tracts) of avian IAVs affect their spillovers from wild birds to pigs. It was found that this phenotype is determined not by receptor binding preference but is determined by other markers across genomic segments, such as those in the ribonucleoprotein complex. In addition, our results show that such a phenotypic trait was sporadically and randomly distributed among IAVs across multiple avian species and geographic and temporal orders. This study suggests an efficient way for assessment of the risk posed by avian IAVs, such as in evaluating their potentials to be transmitted from birds to pigs.
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17
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Chamba Pardo FO, W Allerson M, R Culhane M, B Morrison R, R Davies P, Perez A, Torremorell M. Effect of influenza A virus sow vaccination on infection in pigs at weaning: A prospective longitudinal study. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:183-193. [PMID: 32652870 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although vaccination is the main measure to control influenza A virus (IAV) in swine, there is limited information on the efficacy of sow vaccination on reducing IAV infections in pigs at weaning. We assessed the effect of sow vaccination on IAV infection in pigs at weaning in a cohort of 52 breeding herds studied prospectively. Herds were voluntarily enrolled according to their IAV history, sow vaccination protocol and monitored during six months (prospective longitudinal study). On each herd, nasal swabs were collected monthly from 30 pigs at weaning and tested for IAV by RT-PCR. IAV was detected in 25% (75/305) of sampling events. Of 9,150 nasal swab pools (3 individual nasal swabs/pool), 15% (458/3050) of pools tested IAV positive. IAV infections in pigs at weaning were lower in vaccinated herds compared to non-vaccinated ones. Moreover, no significant differences were seen between prefarrow and whole herd protocols, or the use of commercial versus autogenous IAV vaccines. Prefarrow and whole herd vaccination protocols reduced the odds of groups testing IAV positive at weaning in comparison with no vaccination. Our results are relevant when considering implementation of sow vaccination to control influenza infections in pigs at weaning and, hence, minimize transmission to growing pigs and other farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian O Chamba Pardo
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Marie R Culhane
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Robert B Morrison
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Peter R Davies
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Andres Perez
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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18
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Yang H, Carney PJ, Chang JC, Stevens J. Molecular characterization and three-dimensional structures of avian H8, H11, H14, H15 and swine H4 influenza virus hemagglutinins. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04068. [PMID: 32529072 PMCID: PMC7281811 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the eighteen hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes (H1–H18) that have been identified in bats and aquatic birds, many HA subtypes have been structurally characterized. However, several subtypes (H8, H11 and H12) still require characterization. To better understand all of these HA subtypes at the molecular level, HA structures from an A(H4N6) (A/swine/Missouri/A01727926/2015), an A(H8N4) (A/turkey/Ontario/6118/1968), an A(H11N9) (A/duck/Memphis/546/1974), an A(H14N5) A/mallard/Gurjev/263/1982, and an A(H15N9) (A/wedge-tailed shearwater/Western Australia/2576/1979 were determined by X-ray crystallography at 2.2Å, 2.3Å, 2.8Å, 3.0Å and 2.5Å resolution, respectively. The interactions between these viruses and host receptors were studied utilizing glycan-binding analyses with their recombinant HA. The data show that all avian HAs retain their strict binding preference to avian receptors, whereas swine H4 has a weak human receptor binding. The molecular characterization and structural analyses of the HA from these zoonotic influenza viruses not only provide a deeper appreciation and understanding of the structure of all HA subtypes, but also re-iterate why continuous global surveillance is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Paul J Carney
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jessie C Chang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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19
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Chauhan RP, Gordon ML. A Systematic Review Analyzing the Prevalence and Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Swine Population Worldwide. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050355. [PMID: 32397138 PMCID: PMC7281378 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The global anxiety and a significant threat to public health due to the current COVID-19 pandemic reiterate the need for active surveillance for the zoonotic virus diseases of pandemic potential. Influenza virus due to its wide host range and zoonotic potential poses such a significant threat to public health. Swine serve as a “mixing vessel” for influenza virus reassortment and evolution which as a result may facilitate the emergence of new strains or subtypes of zoonotic potential. In this context, the currently available scientific data hold a high significance to unravel influenza virus epidemiology and evolution. With this objective, the current systematic review summarizes the original research articles and case reports of all the four types of influenza viruses reported in swine populations worldwide. A total of 281 articles were found eligible through screening of PubMed and Google Scholar databases and hence were included in this systematic review. The highest number of research articles (n = 107) were reported from Asia, followed by Americas (n = 97), Europe (n = 55), Africa (n = 18), and Australia (n = 4). The H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were the most common influenza A virus subtypes reported in swine in most countries across the globe, however, few strains of influenza B, C, and D viruses were also reported in certain countries. Multiple reports of the avian influenza virus strains documented in the last two decades in swine in China, the United States, Canada, South Korea, Nigeria, and Egypt provided the evidence of interspecies transmission of influenza viruses from birds to swine. Inter-species transmission of equine influenza virus H3N8 from horse to swine in China expanded the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses. Additionally, numerous reports of the double and triple-reassortant strains which emerged due to reassortments among avian, human, and swine strains within swine further increased the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses. These findings are alarming hence active surveillance should be in place to prevent future influenza pandemics.
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20
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Serafini Poeta Silva AP, de Freitas Costa E, Sousa E Silva G, Souza CK, Schaefer R, da Silva Vaz I, Corbellini LG. Biosecurity practices associated with influenza A virus seroprevalence in sows from southern Brazilian breeding herds. Prev Vet Med 2019; 166:1-7. [PMID: 30935500 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a recognized cause of acute respiratory disease in pigs that can culminate in the decline of performance due to increasing feed conversion and costs of antimicrobial drugs to control secondary infections. Biosecurity practices are the key to prevent transmission of highly contagious agents. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of biosecurity practices on IAV seroprevalence through a cross-sectional study carried out in 404 sows from 21 herds. An indirect ELISA was used to detect antibodies against a nucleoprotein of IAV. To evaluate IAV subtypes (H1N1pdm09, H1N2 and H3N2), all samples positive by ELISA were tested using the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI). Prevalence ratios (PR) estimates were calculated using multivariate Poisson regression accounted with survey weights. Sixty-four percent (261/404) of sows were positive in the rNP-ELISA and the estimated prevalence was 63.9% (95% CI 55%-73%). All farms had at least one seropositive sow; the frequency of IAV subtypes found in seropositive sows was 51.9% for H1N1pdm09, 38.1% for codetection H1N1pdm09 and H1N2, 8.6% for H1N2, and 0.6% for codetection H1N1pdm09 and H3N2, and 19 herds presented coinfection of H1N1 pdm09 and H1N2. Variables significantly associated with IAV seroprevalence found in the final model were 'bird-proof net' (PR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.65-0.86) and 'gilt acclimatization unit' (PR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.50-0.66), showing a protective effect against IAV seroprevalence, and 'external replacement', which had a positive effect on IAV seroprevalence (PR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.17-1.64). This study suggests that preventing contact among wild species and swine and using an adaptation area for animals before entry into the herd can be strategies to control the influenza virus in breeding herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Serafini Poeta Silva
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo de Freitas Costa
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Sousa E Silva
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carine Kunzler Souza
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Faculdade de Veterinária e Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís Gustavo Corbellini
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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21
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Powell JD, Abente EJ, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, Vincent AL. An avian influenza virus A(H7N9) reassortant that recently emerged in the United States with low pathogenic phenotype does not efficiently infect swine. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:288-291. [PMID: 30761746 PMCID: PMC6468088 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2017, outbreaks of low and highly pathogenic avian H7N9 viruses were reported in four States in the United States. In total, over 270 000 birds died or were culled, causing significant economic loss. The potential for avian‐to‐swine transmission of the U.S. avian H7N9 was unknown. In an experimental challenge in swine using a representative low pathogenic H7N9 (A/chicken/Tennessee/17‐007431‐3/2017; LPAI TN/17) isolated from these events, no infectious virus in the upper and minimal virus in the lower respiratory tract was detected, nor was lung pathology or evidence of transmission in pigs observed, indicating that the virus cannot efficiently infect swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Powell
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Eugenio J Abente
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Mia K Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Mary L Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
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22
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Rajao DS, Vincent AL, Perez DR. Adaptation of Human Influenza Viruses to Swine. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:347. [PMID: 30723723 PMCID: PMC6349779 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A large diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) within the H1N1/N2 and H3N2 subtypes circulates in pigs globally, with different lineages predominating in specific regions of the globe. A common characteristic of the ecology of IAV in swine in different regions is the periodic spillover of human seasonal viruses. Such human viruses resulted in sustained transmission in swine in several countries, leading to the establishment of novel IAV lineages in the swine host and contributing to the genetic and antigenic diversity of influenza observed in pigs. In this review we discuss the frequent occurrence of reverse-zoonosis of IAV from humans to pigs that have contributed to the global viral diversity in swine in a continuous manner, describe host-range factors that may be related to the adaptation of these human-origin viruses to pigs, and how these events could affect the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Rajao
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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23
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Chamba Pardo FO, Wayne S, Culhane MR, Perez A, Allerson M, Torremorell M. Effect of strain-specific maternally-derived antibodies on influenza A virus infection dynamics in nursery pigs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210700. [PMID: 30640929 PMCID: PMC6331129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing the number of influenza A virus (IAV) infected pigs at weaning is critical to minimize IAV spread to other farms. Sow vaccination is a common measure to reduce influenza levels at weaning. However, the impact of maternally-derived antibodies on IAV infection dynamics in growing pigs is poorly understood. We evaluated the effect of maternally-derived antibodies at weaning on IAV prevalence at weaning, time of influenza infection, number of weeks that pigs tested IAV positive, and estimated quantity of IAV in nursery pigs. We evaluated 301 pigs within 10 cohorts for their influenza serological (seroprevalence estimated by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test) and virological (prevalence) status. Nasal swabs were collected weekly and pigs were bled 3 times throughout the nursery period. There was significant variability in influenza seroprevalence, HI titers and influenza prevalence after weaning. Increase in influenza seroprevalence at weaning was associated with low influenza prevalence at weaning and delayed time to IAV infection throughout the nursery. Piglets with IAV HI titers of 40 or higher at weaning were also less likely to test IAV positive at weaning, took longer to become infected, tested IAV RT-PCR positive for fewer weeks, and had higher IAV RT-PCR cycle threshold values compared to piglets with HI titers less than 40. Our findings suggest that sow vaccination or infection status that results in high levels of IAV strain-specific maternally-derived antibodies may help to reduce IAV circulation in both suckling and nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Spencer Wayne
- Health Services, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN, United States of America
| | - Marie Rene Culhane
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Andres Perez
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Matthew Allerson
- Health and Research Division, Holden Farms Inc., Northfield, MN, United States of America
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Molecular Markers for Interspecies Transmission of Avian Influenza Viruses in Mammalian Hosts. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122706. [PMID: 29236050 PMCID: PMC5751307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, a wide range of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have infected various mammalian hosts and continuously threaten both human and animal health. It is a result of overcoming the inter-species barrier which is mostly associated with gene reassortment and accumulation of mutations in their gene segments. Several recent studies have shed insights into the phenotypic and genetic changes that are involved in the interspecies transmission of AIVs. These studies have a major focus on transmission from avian to mammalian species due to the high zoonotic potential of the viruses. As more mammalian species have been infected with these viruses, there is higher risk of genetic evolution of these viruses that may lead to the next human pandemic which represents and raises public health concern. Thus, understanding the mechanism of interspecies transmission and molecular determinants through which the emerging AIVs can acquire the ability to transmit to humans and other mammals is an important key in evaluating the potential risk caused by AIVs among humans. Here, we summarize previous and recent studies on molecular markers that are specifically involved in the transmission of avian-derived influenza viruses to various mammalian hosts including humans, pigs, horses, dogs, and marine mammals.
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