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Tang Y, Zhao K, Yin HM, Yang LP, Wu YC, Li FY, Yang Z, Lu HX, Wang B, Yang Y, Zhang YZ, Yang XL. Identification and Genomic Characterization of Two Novel Hepatoviruses in Shrews from Yunnan Province, China. Viruses 2024; 16:969. [PMID: 38932262 PMCID: PMC11209087 DOI: 10.3390/v16060969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV), a member of the genus Hepatovirus (Picornaviridae HepV), remains a significant viral pathogen, frequently causing enterically transmitted hepatitis worldwide. In this study, we conducted an epidemiological survey of HepVs carried by small terrestrial mammals in the wild in Yunnan Province, China. Utilizing HepV-specific broad-spectrum RT-PCR, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and QNome nanopore sequencing (QNS) techniques, we identified and characterized two novel HepVs provisionally named EpMa-HAV and EpLe-HAV, discovered in the long-tailed mountain shrew (Episoriculus macrurus) and long-tailed brown-toothed shrew (Episoriculus leucops), respectively. Our sequence and phylogenetic analyses of EpMa-HAV and EpLe-HAV indicated that they belong to the species Hepatovirus I (HepV-I) clade II, also known as the Chinese shrew HepV clade. Notably, the codon usage bias pattern of novel shrew HepVs is consistent with that of previously identified Chinese shrew HepV. Furthermore, our structural analysis demonstrated that shrew HepVs differ from other mammalian HepVs in RNA secondary structure and exhibit variances in key protein sites. Overall, the discovery of two novel HepVs in shrews expands the host range of HepV and underscores the existence of genetically diverse animal homologs of human HAV within the genus HepV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-Pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Cross-Border Control and Quarantine of Zoonoses in Universities of Yunnan Province, Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China; (Y.T.); (H.-M.Y.); (Z.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (K.Z.); (L.-P.Y.); (Y.-C.W.); (F.-Y.L.); (H.-X.L.)
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (K.Z.); (L.-P.Y.); (Y.-C.W.); (F.-Y.L.); (H.-X.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Hong-Min Yin
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-Pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Cross-Border Control and Quarantine of Zoonoses in Universities of Yunnan Province, Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China; (Y.T.); (H.-M.Y.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Li-Ping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (K.Z.); (L.-P.Y.); (Y.-C.W.); (F.-Y.L.); (H.-X.L.)
| | - Yue-Chun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (K.Z.); (L.-P.Y.); (Y.-C.W.); (F.-Y.L.); (H.-X.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Feng-Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (K.Z.); (L.-P.Y.); (Y.-C.W.); (F.-Y.L.); (H.-X.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Ze Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-Pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Cross-Border Control and Quarantine of Zoonoses in Universities of Yunnan Province, Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China; (Y.T.); (H.-M.Y.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Hui-Xuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (K.Z.); (L.-P.Y.); (Y.-C.W.); (F.-Y.L.); (H.-X.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA;
| | - Yin Yang
- Department of Medical, The Second People’s Hospital of Dali Prefecture, Dali 67100, China;
| | - Yun-Zhi Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Screening and Research on Anti-Pathogenic Plant Resources from Western Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Cross-Border Control and Quarantine of Zoonoses in Universities of Yunnan Province, Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China; (Y.T.); (H.-M.Y.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Xing-Lou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; (K.Z.); (L.-P.Y.); (Y.-C.W.); (F.-Y.L.); (H.-X.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
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Veith T, Beltran-Saavedra LF, Bleicker T, Schmidt ML, Mollericona JL, Grützmacher K, Wallace R, Drexler JF, Walzer C, Jones TC, Drosten C, Corman VM. Divergent Genotype of Hepatitis A Virus in Alpacas, Bolivia, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:2524-2527. [PMID: 37796297 PMCID: PMC10683824 DOI: 10.3201/eid2912.231123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a common human pathogen found exclusively in primates. In a molecular and serologic study of 64 alpacas in Bolivia, we detected RNA of distinct HAV in ≈9% of animals and HAV antibodies in ≈64%. Complete-genome analysis suggests a long association of HAV with alpacas.
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Karami A, El Fihry R, Haddaji A, Jadid FZ, Zaidane I, Chihab H, Ouladlahsen A, Tahiri M, Pineau P, Akarid K, Benjelloun S, Ezzikouri S. Epidemiological characteristics of acute hepatitis A, 2013-2016: a cross-sectional study in Morocco. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023; 55:625-634. [PMID: 37368360 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2228405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the common cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. Indeed, hepatitis A is endemic in developing countries such in Morocco and most residents are exposed in childhood. The characterisation of circulating strains of HAV remains crucial to understand the virological evolution and geo-temporal characteristics, which are essential for controlling infections and outbreaks. The purpose of the current study was the detection and characterisation of HAV strains circulating in Morocco by performing serological test, RT-PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 618 suspected acute hepatitis cases were examined by Architect HAV abIgM. Of the 162 positives, 64 underwent RNA extraction. None of the suspected cases was immune to HAV and none of them had received a blood transfusion. Samples found positive by RT-PCR using primers targeting the VP1/VP2A junction and the VP1/VP3 capsid region of HAV were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS HAV Acute infection rate was 26.2% [95% CI, 22.8-29.9], while viraemia reached 45% (29/64) after amplification of the VP3/VP1 region. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1/2A segment revealed the presence of sub-genotypes IA and IB. Eighty-seven percent of the strains belonged to the subgenotype IA, while twelve percent to IB subgenotype. CONCLUSION This first molecular study of acute hepatitis A in Morocco provided information about genetic diversity of HAV, revealing the co-circulating of only two subgenotypes (IA and IB). Notably, subgenotype IA was found to be the predominant subgenotype in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnane Karami
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Santé et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Raouia El Fihry
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Santé et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Asmaa Haddaji
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fatima-Zahra Jadid
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Hajar Chihab
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ahd Ouladlahsen
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
- Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Tahiri
- Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
- Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Pascal Pineau
- Unité "Organisation Nucléaire et Oncogenèse", INSERM U993, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Khadija Akarid
- Santé et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Soumaya Benjelloun
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sayeh Ezzikouri
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
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Han S, Hyun SW, Son JW, Song MS, Lim DJ, Choi C, Park SH, Ha SD. Innovative nonthermal technologies for inactivation of emerging foodborne viruses. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3395-3421. [PMID: 37288815 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Various foodborne viruses have been associated with human health during the last decade, causing gastroenteritis and a huge economic burden worldwide. Furthermore, the emergence of new variants of infectious viruses is growing continuously. Inactivation of foodborne viruses in the food industry is a formidable task because although viruses cannot grow in foods, they can survive in the food matrix during food processing and storage environments. Conventional inactivation methods pose various drawbacks, necessitating more effective and environmentally friendly techniques for controlling foodborne viruses during food production and processing. Various inactivation approaches for controlling foodborne viruses have been attempted in the food industry. However, some traditionally used techniques, such as disinfectant-based or heat treatment, are not always efficient. Nonthermal techniques are considered a new platform for effective and safe treatment to inactivate foodborne viruses. This review focuses on foodborne viruses commonly associated with human gastroenteritis, including newly emerged viruses, such as sapovirus and Aichi virus. It also investigates the use of chemical and nonthermal physical treatments as effective technologies to inactivate foodborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangha Han
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Woo Hyun
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Won Son
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Song
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jae Lim
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hong Park
- Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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Ludwig H, Kumar S. Prevention of infections including vaccination strategies in multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol 2023; 98 Suppl 2:S46-S62. [PMID: 36251367 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in multiple myeloma. The increased risk for bacterial and viral infections results mainly from the disease-inherent and treatment-induced immunosuppression. Additional risk factors are older age with immune senescence, T cell depletion, polymorbidity, and male gender. Hence, every effort should be taken to reduce the risk for infections by identifying patients at higher risk for these complications and by implementing prophylactic measures, including chemoprophylaxis and immunization against various relevant pathogens. Here, we review the available evidence and provide recommendations for medical prophylaxis and vaccination in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Ludwig
- Department of Medicine I, Center for Medical Oncology and Hematology with Outpatient Department and Palliative Care, Wilhelminen Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shaji Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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6
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Dogadov DI, Kyuregyan KK, Mikhailov MI. [Enteral viral hepatitis in monkeys]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 67:173-184. [PMID: 35831960 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Within the last decade, a large number of viruses genetically related to human hepatitis viruses have been identified in different animal species, including monkeys. Numerous viruses related to human hepatitis A virus (HAV, Picornaviridae: Hepatovirus: Hepatovirus A) were detected in various mammalian species in 2015-2018, predominantly in bats and rodents, but also in shrews, seals and marsupials. Zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV, Hepeviridae: Orthohepevirus: Orthohepevirus A) genotypes have been found in wild boars, deer, camels, and rabbits, as well as in non human primates. In addition, viruses that are genetically close to HEV have been described in bats, ferrets, rodents, birds, and fish. Nevertheless, monkeys remain important laboratory animals in HAV and HEV research. The study of spontaneous and experimental infection in these animals is an invaluable source of information about the biology and pathogenesis of these viruses and continues to be an indispensable tool for vaccine and drug testing. The purpose of this literature review was to summarize and analyze published data on the circulation of HAV and HEV among wild and captive primates, as well as the results of experimental studies of HAV and HEV infections in monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Dogadov
- FSBRI «Research Institute of Medical Primatology» of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia
| | - K K Kyuregyan
- FSBRI «Research Institute of Medical Primatology» of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia; FSBRI «I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera»
| | - M I Mikhailov
- FSBRI «I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera»; FSBEI FPE «Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education» of the Ministry of Health of Russia
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7
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Song M, Hossain MI, Jung S, Yeo D, Wang Z, Min A, Zhao Z, Park S, Choi C. Comparison of virucidal efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, and ethanol against hepatitis A virus by carrier and suspension tests. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 363:109506. [PMID: 34990885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A carrier (stainless steel disc as a default carrier) testing method is very needed for use in the actual food-processing fields by following the standard guideline. Here, we aimed to compare the virucidal efficacy of four commercial liquid disinfectants, including sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and peracetic acid (PAA) against hepatitis A virus (HAV) following the OECD guideline protocol based on the quantitative carrier testing method and compared carrier testing results with the suspension testing results. The OECD method specifies a test for establishing whether a chemical disinfectant or a microbicide has a virucidal activity on hard non-porous surfaces. The antiviral efficacy was evaluated by plaque assays, and disinfectants were considered effective if the virus reduction was greater than or equal to 3 log10 (99.9% decrease) for carrier or 4 log10 (99.99% decrease) for suspension tests. Results indicated that ClO2 above 500 ppm and 50% ethanol were effective in the carrier test method. In contrast, more than 200 ppm NaOCl and 50 ppm ClO2 for all exposure times and 70% ethanol with contact for more than 5 min were effective in suspension tests. Treatment with PAA (80-2500 ppm) were not effective in carrier or suspension tests. Therefore, we recommend the use of more than 500 ppm ClO2 or 50% ethanol with exposure for 10 min to disinfect surfaces that may be contaminated with HAV. Thus, these results could be effective in establishing official antiviral efficacy testing methods and basic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Daseul Yeo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaoqi Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Min
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunho Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Chang Y, Kim C, Kim N, Kim JJ, Lee H. Hepatitis A Outbreak in a Facility for the Disabled, Gyeonggi Province, Korea: An Epidemiological Investigation. J Prev Med Public Health 2021; 54:370-375. [PMID: 34649399 PMCID: PMC8517365 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.21.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The number of cases of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infections has sharply increased in Korea, especially among young adults. In this study, an HAV outbreak in a facility for disabled people was investigated, and we found epidemiological differences both between 2 different generations and between generally abled and disabled groups. Methods: We analyzed the incubation period and attack rate of an HAV outbreak and investigated the prevalence of HAV antibodies among the staff and residents of a facility for the disabled. We performed a retrospective cohort study during the HAV outbreak, which lasted from February 8 to 25, 2019, including examinations of HAV antibody tests and post-exposure HAV vaccination for the staff or residents of the facility. Results: There were 9 confirmed cases in 2 staff members and 7 residents. Among 53 people (30 staff and 23 residents), except for the 9 confirmed cases and 1 staff member with a known history of HAV infection, HAV seroprevalence was seen in 16.7% of the staff under 40 years of age and 95.2% of those over 40 years of age, while the corresponding rates in the residents were 0.0% and 58.8%, respectively. Conclusions: This result implies that it is necessary to prioritize HAV vaccination for vulnerable groups and workers of residential care facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonhwa Chang
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Chanhee Kim
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Regional Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Jai Kim
- Infectious Disease Control Center, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Suwon, Korea
| | - Heeyoung Lee
- Korea Center for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Lee DY, Chae SJ, Cho SR, Choi W, Kim CK, Han MG. Nationwide seroprevalence of hepatitis A in South Korea from 2009 to 2019. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245162. [PMID: 33556072 PMCID: PMC7870085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A, an acute type of hepatitis caused by the hepatitis A virus, occurs worldwide. Following the 2009 hepatitis A epidemic in South Korea, patient outbreak reports were collectively converted to an “all-patient report” in 2011, and national immunization programs were introduced for children in 2015. In this study, we aimed to analyze the changes and characteristics of hepatitis A antibody titers in South Korea following the epidemic. The results of hepatitis A antibody tests performed at clinical laboratories from 2009 to 2019 were analyzed based on year, age, region, sex, and medical institution. The average 2009–2018 positive anti-hepatitis A virus immunoglobulin G rate was 51.8%, but it increased (56.06%) in 2019. Significantly different antibody-positive rates were observed based on age: <10 years, 54.5%; 20–29 years, 19.5%; ≥50 years, almost 100%. The positive rate of individuals in their teens and 20s gradually increased, whereas that of those in their 30s and 40s gradually decreased. Males had higher antibody-positive rates than females, and samples from higher-level general hospitals exhibited higher antibody rates. The positive anti-hepatitis A virus immunoglobulin M rates gradually decreased after 2009 and were <1% after 2012. However, a high positive rate of 3.69% was observed in 2019 when there was an epidemic. Anti-hepatitis A virus immunoglobulin G-positive rates were similar throughout the year, but the anti-hepatitis A virus immunoglobulin M-positive rates increased from January, peaked in April, and decreased from July, exhibiting distinct seasonality. This is considered to be related to groundwater pollution during the spring drought season. The introduction of the “all-patient report” and national vaccination program for children has had an effective influence on hepatitis A management. However, for hepatitis A prevention, policy considerations for high-risk age groups with low antibody-positive rates will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deog-Yong Lee
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Chae
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Rye Cho
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Choi
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ki Kim
- Seoul Clinical Laboratories, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Guk Han
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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10
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Dumaidi K, Qaraqe H, Al-Jawabreh A, Abu-Helu R, Samarah F, Al-Jawabreh H. Genetic diversity, haplotype analysis, and risk factor assessment of hepatitis A virus isolates from the West Bank, Palestine during the period between 2014 and 2016. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240339. [PMID: 33306686 PMCID: PMC7732126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is one of the major causes of acute viral hepatitis. HAV genotypes and its genetic diversity is rarely investigated in our region as well as worldwide. AIMS The aims of the present study were to determine the HAV genotypes and its risk factors and to investigate the genetic diversity of the HAV isolates in the West Bank, Palestine. STUDY DESIGN A cohort of 161 clinically and laboratory-confirmed HAV (IgM-positive) cases and 170 apparently healthy controls from all the districts of the West Bank, Palestine during the period of 2014 to 2016 were tested for HAV infection using IgM antibodies, RT-PCR and sequence analysis of the VP3/VP1 junction region of the HAV genome. Phylogenetic analysis, genetic diversity and haplotypes analysis were used to characterize the VP3/VP1 sequences. RESULTS All the 34 sequences of the HAV were found to be of HAV-IB sub-genotype. The phylogenetic analysis showed four main clusters with cluster III exclusively consisting of 18 Palestinian isolates (18/23-78%), but with weak bootstrap values. A high haplotype diversity (Hd) and low nucleotide diversity (π) were observed. Cluster III showed high number of haplotypes (h = 8), but low haplotype (gene) diversity (Hd = 0.69). A total of 28 active haplotypes with some consisting of more than one sequence were observed using haplotype network analysis. The Palestinian haplotypes are characterized by closely related viral haplotypes with one SNV away from each other which ran parallel to cluster III in the phylogenetic tree. A smaller Palestinian haplotype (4 isolates) was three SNVs away from the major haplotype cluster (n = 10) and closer to others haplotypes from Iran, Spain, and South Africa. Young age, low level of parent's education, infrequent hand washing before meals, and drinking of un-treated water were considered the major HAV risk factors in the present study. CONCLUSION Haplotype network analysis revealed haplotype variation among the HAV Palestinian sequences despite low genetic variation and nucleotide diversity. In addition, this study reconfirmed that age and parent's level of education as HAV risk factors, while hand washing and treating drinking water as protective factors.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Case-Control Studies
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Educational Status
- Female
- Genome, Viral/genetics
- Haplotypes
- Hepatitis A/blood
- Hepatitis A/diagnosis
- Hepatitis A/epidemiology
- Hepatitis A/virology
- Hepatitis A Virus, Human/genetics
- Hepatitis A Virus, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin M/blood
- Immunoglobulin M/immunology
- Male
- Middle East/epidemiology
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Phylogeny
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Risk Factors
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Dumaidi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine
| | - Hayah Qaraqe
- Ramallah Primary Health Care, Palestinian Ministry of Health, Ramallah, Palestine
| | - Amer Al-Jawabreh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine
- Leishmaniases Research Unit, Jericho, Palestine
| | - Rasmi Abu-Helu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Professions, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Fekri Samarah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine
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11
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Rowell CER, Dobrovolny HM. Energy Requirements for Loss of Viral Infectivity. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:281-294. [PMID: 32757142 PMCID: PMC7405386 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Outside the host, viruses will eventually lose their ability to infect cells due to conformational changes that occur to proteins on the viral capsid. In order to undergo a conformational change, these proteins require energy to activate the chemical reaction that leads to the conformational change. In this study, data from the literature is used to calculate the energy required for viral inactivation for a variety of different viruses by means of the Arrhenius equation. We find that some viruses (rhinovirus, poliovirus, human immunodeficiency virus, Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus, and hepatitis A virus) have high inactivation energies, indicative of breaking of a chemical double bond. We also find that several viruses (respiratory syncytial virus, poliovirus, and norovirus) have nonlinear Arrhenius plots, suggesting that there is more than a single pathway for inactivation of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E R Rowell
- Department of Chemistry, Wingate University, Hendersonville, NC, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Hana M Dobrovolny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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12
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Bouseettine R, Hassou N, Bessi H, Ennaji MM. Waterborne Transmission of Enteric Viruses and Their Impact on Public Health. EMERGING AND REEMERGING VIRAL PATHOGENS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7148740 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819400-3.00040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Viruses of human or animal origin can spread in the environment and infect people via water and food. These viruses are released into the environment by various routes including water runoffs and aerosols. Furthermore, zoonotic viruses may infect humans exposed to contaminated surface waters. Viruses are emerging pathogens and are able to adapt by mutation, recombination, and reassortment and can thus become able to infect new hosts and to adjust to new environments. Enteric viruses are among the commonest and most hazardous waterborne pathogens, causing both sporadic and outbreak-related illness. While considerable research has documented the risk of enteric viruses to human health from contact with contaminated water, the current bacterial indicator-based methods for the evaluation of water quality are often ineffectual proxies for pathogenic viruses, but no correlation was established between the enteric bacteria and viruses studied. The present chapter will focus on viral pathogens shown to be transmitted through water. It will also provide an overview of viruses that had not been a concern for waterborne transmission in the past, but that may represent potentially emerging waterborne pathogens due to their occurrence and persistence in water environments. Monitoring effluents from wastewater treatment plants is important to preventing both environmental contamination and the spread of disease.
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13
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Abstract
Water is one of the most important substances on earth and without it life cannot exist. However, poor water quality in many parts of the world has increased the number of water-related diseases, making it the leading cause of disease and death globally for both young and old. Waterborne pathogens cause diseases in humans through two major exposure pathways: drinking water and recreational waters. This chapter on waterborne pathogens will be starting with an introduction, followed by descriptions on classical waterborne pathogens; bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and helminths placing emphasis on the World Health Organization guidelines. Further to conventional waterborne pathogens, fresh organisms and new strains from already known pathogens are being identified and that present important additional challenges to both the water and public health sectors. Hence later part of the chapter focuses on the potential waterborne pathogens and will conclude with a summary of the content.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.N. Magana-Arachchi
- Molecular Microbiology & Human Diseases Unit, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - R.P. Wanigatunge
- Department of Plant and Molecular Biology, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
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14
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Setyowati D, Mubawadi T, Mirasa YA, Purwanto D, Amin M, Utsumi T, Soetjipto S, Juniastuti J, Lusida MI. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A outbreaks in two districts in Indonesia in 2018: Same subtype, but different strains. Biomed Rep 2019; 12:51-58. [PMID: 31929874 PMCID: PMC6951258 DOI: 10.3892/br.2019.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyse molecular epidemiological data from hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreaks in two affected areas. The association between the knowledge of hepatitis A and incidence of infection was also determined. Serum samples were obtained from 88 individuals with clinical manifestations of acute hepatitis in Lamongan (n=54) in January 2018 and Bangkalan (n=34) in March 2018. The outbreak investigation was started one day after the outbreaks were reported by the Public Health Offices in Lamongan and Bangkalan. Anti-HAV immunoglobulin M (IgM) and PCR amplification products of the VP1 capsid protein-P2A protease and VP1-VP3 junctions were analysed. Positive PCR products were sequenced, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis X software. The control group comprised healthy students and staff members from the two affected areas. Thus, 172 responses from the control and hepatitis A case groups were analysed to assess the association between the students' knowledge level and the incidence of HAV infection. A total of 32 (59.25%) of the 54 individuals from Lamongan and 19 (55.9%) of the 34 participants from Bangkalan were positive for anti-HAV IgM; 26 PCR tests were positive in the VP3-VP1 and/or VP1-P2A junction, which were identified as HAV subgenotype IA. The subtype of HAV in the two areas was IA, similar to those identified previously, but the viruses did not originate from the same strain, as identified by multiple alignment. The knowledge level of the students and staff members in Lamongan studying and working at a half-day school exhibited a significant association with the incidence; however, no association was observed among the students in Bangkalan studying at a full-day school with a dormitory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Setyowati
- Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java 60131, Indonesia
| | - Teguh Mubawadi
- Regional Center for Environmental Health and Disease Control of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java 60175, Indonesia
| | - Yudied Agung Mirasa
- Regional Center for Environmental Health and Disease Control of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java 60175, Indonesia
| | - Didik Purwanto
- Regional Center for Environmental Health and Disease Control of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java 60175, Indonesia
| | - Mochamad Amin
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java 60115, Indonesia
| | - Takako Utsumi
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java 60115, Indonesia.,Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Soetjipto Soetjipto
- Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java 60131, Indonesia.,Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java 60115, Indonesia
| | - Juniastuti Juniastuti
- Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java 60131, Indonesia.,Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java 60115, Indonesia
| | - Maria Inge Lusida
- Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java 60131, Indonesia.,Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java 60115, Indonesia
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15
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Cagliani R, Forni D, Sironi M. Mode and tempo of human hepatitis virus evolution. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:1384-1395. [PMID: 31768229 PMCID: PMC6872792 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human viral hepatitis, a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, is caused by highly diverse viruses with different genetic, ecological, and pathogenetic features. Technological advances that allow throughput sequencing of viral genomes, as well as the development of computational tools to analyze such genome data, have largely expanded our knowledge on the host range and evolutionary history of human hepatitis viruses. Thus, with the exclusion of hepatitis D virus, close or distant relatives of these human pathogens were identified in a number of domestic and wild mammals. Also, sequences of human viral strains isolated from different geographic locations and over different time-spans have allowed the application of phylogeographic and molecular dating approaches to large viral phylogenies. In this review, we summarize the most recent insights into our understanding of the evolutionary events and ecological contexts that determined the origin and spread of human hepatitis viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Cagliani
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Diego Forni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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16
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Cao L, Liu P, Yang P, Gao Q, Li H, Sun Y, Zhu L, Lin J, Su D, Rao Z, Wang X. Structural basis for neutralization of hepatitis A virus informs a rational design of highly potent inhibitors. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000229. [PMID: 31039149 PMCID: PMC6493668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV), an enigmatic and ancient pathogen, is a major causative
agent of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Although there are effective vaccines,
antivirals against HAV infection are still required, especially during fulminant
hepatitis outbreaks. A more in-depth understanding of the antigenic
characteristics of HAV and the mechanisms of neutralization could aid in the
development of rationally designed antiviral drugs targeting HAV. In this paper,
4 new antibodies—F4, F6, F7, and F9—are reported that potently neutralize HAV at
50% neutralizing concentration values (neut50) ranging from 0.1 nM to
0.85 nM. High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of HAV
bound to F4, F6, F7, and F9, together with results of our previous studies on
R10 fragment of antigen binding (Fab)-HAV complex, shed light on the locations
and nature of the epitopes recognized by the 5 neutralizing monoclonal
antibodies (NAbs). All the epitopes locate within the same patch and are highly
conserved. The key structure-activity correlates based on the antigenic sites
have been established. Based on the structural data of the single conserved
antigenic site and key structure-activity correlates, one promising drug
candidate named golvatinib was identified by in silico docking studies.
Cell-based antiviral assays confirmed that golvatinib is capable of blocking HAV
infection effectively with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of
approximately 1 μM. These results suggest that the single conserved antigenic
site from complete HAV capsid is a good antiviral target and that golvatinib
could function as a lead compound for anti-HAV drug development. Structures of hepatitis A virus in complex with five neutralizing antibodies
reveal a single conserved antigenic site and pinpoint key structure-activity
correlates, allowing in silico screening to identify a potent candidate
inhibitor drug, golvatinib. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a unique, hepatotropic human picornavirus that infects
approximately 1.5 million people annually and continues to cause mortality
despite a successful vaccine. There are no licensed therapeutic drugs to date.
Better knowledge of HAV antigenic features and neutralizing mechanisms will
facilitate the development of HAV-targeting antiviral drugs. In this study, we
report 4 potent HAV-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NAbs), together
with our previous reported R10, that efficiently inhibit HAV infection by
blocking attachment to the host cell. All 5 epitopes are located within the same
patch and are highly conserved across 6 genotypes of human HAV, which suggests a
single antigenic site for HAV, highlighting a prime target for structure-based
drug design. Analysis of complexes with the 5 NAbs with varying neutralizing
activities pinpointed key structure-activity correlates. By using a robust in
silico docking method, one promising inhibitor named golvatinib was successfully
identified from the DrugBank Database. In vitro assays confirmed its ability to
block viral infection and revealed its neutralizing mechanism. Our approach
could be useful in the design of effective drugs for picornavirus
infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Centre for Excellence
in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan
University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu,
China
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pi Liu
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Pan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Centre for Excellence
in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Tianjin International Biomedical Joint Research Institute, Tianjin,
China
| | - Yao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Centre for Excellence
in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Centre for Excellence
in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Lin
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan
University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu,
China
- * E-mail:
(XW); (ZR); (DS)
| | - Zihe Rao
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Tianjin International Biomedical Joint Research Institute, Tianjin,
China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua
University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
(XW); (ZR); (DS)
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Centre for Excellence
in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
(XW); (ZR); (DS)
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17
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Tarek F, Hassou N, Benchekroun MN, Boughribil S, Hafid J, Ennaji MM. Impact of rotavirus and hepatitis A virus by worldwide climatic changes during the period between 2000 and 2013. Bioinformation 2019; 15:194-200. [PMID: 31354195 PMCID: PMC6637397 DOI: 10.6026/97320630015194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses are present in the environment as a result of the discharge of poorly or untreated wastewater. The spread of enteric viruses in the environment depend to human activities like stools of infected individuals ejected in the external environment can be transmitted by water sources and back to susceptible individuals for other cycles of illness. Among the enteric viruses Rotaviruses (RV) and Hepatitis A viruses (HAV) is the most detected in wastewater causing gastroenteritis and acute hepatitis. Therefore, it is of interest to climate change, mainly temperature and carbon Dioxide (CO2) variations, on Rotavirus and Hepatitis A as a model of enteric viruses present in the aquatic environment using computational modelling tools. The results of genetic ratio showed a negative correlation between the epidemiological data and the mutation rate. However, the correlation was positive between the temperature, CO2 increase, and the rate of mutation. The positive correlation is explained by the adaptation of the viruses to the climatic changes, the RNA polymerase of the RV induces errors to adapt to the environmental conditions. The simultaneous increase in number of infections and temperature in 2010 has been demonstrated in previous studies deducing that viral pathogenicity increase with temperature increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Tarek
- Team of Virology and Oncology, Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality and Biotechnology/Ecotoxicology and Biodiversity,
Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca
| | - Najwa Hassou
- Team of Virology and Oncology, Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality and Biotechnology/Ecotoxicology and Biodiversity,
Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca
| | - Mohammed Nabil Benchekroun
- Team of Biotechnology an Environment Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality and Biotechnology/ Eco toxicology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences and techniques Mohammedia,University Hassan II of Casablanca
| | - Said Boughribil
- Team of Eco toxicology and Biodiversity, Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality and Biotechnology/Ecotoxicology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences and techniques Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca
| | - Jamal Hafid
- Team of Immuno parasitology, Laboratory food, Environment and Health FST Gueliz, University Cadi Ayyad Marrakech
| | - My Mustapha Ennaji
- Team of Virology and Oncology, Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality and Biotechnology/Ecotoxicology and Biodiversity,
Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca
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18
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Rasche A, Sander AL, Corman VM, Drexler JF. Evolutionary biology of human hepatitis viruses. J Hepatol 2019; 70:501-520. [PMID: 30472320 PMCID: PMC7114834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis viruses are major threats to human health. During the last decade, highly diverse viruses related to human hepatitis viruses were found in animals other than primates. Herein, we describe both surprising conservation and striking differences of the unique biological properties and infection patterns of human hepatitis viruses and their animal homologues, including transmission routes, liver tropism, oncogenesis, chronicity, pathogenesis and envelopment. We discuss the potential for translation of newly discovered hepatitis viruses into preclinical animal models for drug testing, studies on pathogenesis and vaccine development. Finally, we re-evaluate the evolutionary origins of human hepatitis viruses and discuss the past and present zoonotic potential of their animal homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rasche
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, 10117 Berlin, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Sander
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, 10117 Berlin, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany.
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19
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Investigation of the Complete Sequence of HAV1B Isolated in Ahvaz City, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.83965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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20
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Yinda CK, Vanhulle E, Conceição-Neto N, Beller L, Deboutte W, Shi C, Ghogomu SM, Maes P, Van Ranst M, Matthijnssens J. Gut Virome Analysis of Cameroonians Reveals High Diversity of Enteric Viruses, Including Potential Interspecies Transmitted Viruses. mSphere 2019; 4:e00585-18. [PMID: 30674646 PMCID: PMC6344602 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00585-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea remains one of the most common causes of deaths in children. A limited number of studies have investigated the prevalence of enteric pathogens in Cameroon, and as in many other African countries, the cause of many diarrheal episodes remains unexplained. A proportion of these unknown cases of diarrhea are likely caused by yet-unidentified viral agents, some of which could be the result of (recent) interspecies transmission from animal reservoirs, like bats. Using viral metagenomics, we screened fecal samples of 221 humans (almost all with gastroenteritis symptoms) between 0 and 89 years of age with different degrees of bat contact. We identified viruses belonging to families that are known to cause gastroenteritis such as Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Picornaviridae, and Reoviridae Interestingly, a mammalian orthoreovirus, picobirnaviruses, a smacovirus, and a pecovirus were also found. Although there was no evidence of interspecies transmission of the most common human gastroenteritis-related viruses (Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, and Reoviridae), the phylogenies of the identified orthoreovirus, picobirnavirus, and smacovirus indicate a genetic relatedness of these viruses identified in stools of humans and those of bats and/or other animals. These findings points out the possibility of interspecies transmission or simply a shared host of these viruses (bacterial, fungal, parasitic, …) present in both animals (bats) and humans. Further screening of bat viruses in humans or vice versa will elucidate the epidemiological potential threats of animal viruses to human health. Furthermore, this study showed a huge diversity of highly divergent novel phages, thereby expanding the existing phageome considerably.IMPORTANCE Despite the availability of diagnostic tools for different enteric viral pathogens, a large fraction of human cases of gastroenteritis remains unexplained. This could be due to pathogens not tested for or novel divergent viruses of potential animal origin. Fecal virome analyses of Cameroonians showed a very diverse group of viruses, some of which are genetically related to those identified in animals. This is the first attempt to describe the gut virome of humans from Cameroon. Therefore, the data represent a baseline for future studies on enteric viral pathogens in this area and contribute to our knowledge of the world's virome. The studies also highlight the fact that more viruses may be associated with diarrhea than the typical known ones. Hence, it provides meaningful epidemiological information on diarrhea-related viruses in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Kwe Yinda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emiel Vanhulle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nádia Conceição-Neto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Beller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ward Deboutte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chenyan Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen Mbigha Ghogomu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biotechnology Unit, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Piet Maes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Dogadov DI, Korzaya LI, Kyuregyan KK, Karlsen AA, Mikhailov MI, Lapin BA. [Markers of hepatitis A in the monkeys of the Adlers primate center.]. Vopr Virusol 2019; 64:246-249. [PMID: 32167690 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-2019-64-5-246-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis A is a widespread viral infection. The HAV strains of "human" and "monkey" origin are similar in their morphological and antigenic properties, but differ genotypically. OBJECTIVES The aim of this research was a comparative study of serological and molecular-genetic markers of HAV infection in monkeys born at the Adler Primate Center and in those imported from different countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fecal samples (n = 313) and serum (n = 266) from various species of monkey using ELISA and RT-PCR were studied. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The frequency of anti-HAV-IgG was high (78.9%) in imported animals (vervet monkeys from Tanzania and cynomolgus monkeys from Vietnam) and as well as in various species of monkeys (rhesus monkeys, cynomolgus monkeys, green monkeys and papio hamadryas) of the Center (88.6%). At the same time, in the imported monkeys, the markers of "fresh" HAV infection (IgM-27.2%, Ag-HAV-16.7%, RNA-22.0%) were detected significantly more often (p> 0.05) than in monkeys kept at the Colony (IgM-7.5%, HAV-Ag - 5.2%, RNA - 3.6%). In general, anti-IgG reactivity ranged from 1.064 to 2.073 OD450, anti-IgM ranged from 0.546 to 1.059 OD450. The number of HAV-Ag was 0.496 - 1.995 OD450. RNA HAV only in rhesus monkeys and cynomolgys monkeys born at the Colony, as well as in imported vervet monkeys was detected. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained indicate a wide circulation of HAV among monkeys born in the Adler Primate Center and among the imported animals. Markers of "fresh" HAV infection varied depending on the species of monkeys and their origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Dogadov
- Scientific Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi, 354376, Russia
| | - L I Korzaya
- Scientific Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi, 354376, Russia
| | - K K Kyuregyan
- Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - A A Karlsen
- Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - M I Mikhailov
- Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, 105064, Russia
| | - B A Lapin
- Scientific Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi, 354376, Russia
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22
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Abstract
Foodborne pathogens cause acute and chronic health outcomes of very different durations, severity and mortality, resulting in high costs and burdens to society. The issues of food safety and food poisoning are being increasingly emphasised, particularly in developed countries. Infection/contamination with many agents i.e., bacterial, parasitic and viral entities can result in foodborne illness. This article will focus mainly on viral agents of infection. A range of different viruses can cause food poisoning/foodborne infection, and infection can result in a myriad of symptoms, ranging from mild, acute disease to chronic, debilitating disease and even death. Due to the inherent differences between bacteria and viruses, namely the fact that viruses do not replicate in food, while bacteria do, viruses are frequently difficult to detect. This is compounded by the fact that many of the viruses associated with enteric disease do not replicate in cell culture. These factors can lead to a lag between reporting, detection and analysis of foodborne viruses versus bacterial agents. Despite these constraints, it is now evident that there are both well-established and emerging viruses implicated in foodborne infections, and the role of molecular detection and characterisation is becoming increasingly important.
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23
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Sander AL, Corman VM, Lukashev AN, Drexler JF. Evolutionary Origins of Enteric Hepatitis Viruses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031690. [PMID: 29610146 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The enterically transmitted hepatitis A (HAV) and hepatitis E viruses (HEV) are the leading causes of acute viral hepatitis in humans. Despite the discovery of HAV and HEV 40-50 years ago, their evolutionary origins remain unclear. Recent discoveries of numerous nonprimate hepatoviruses and hepeviruses allow revisiting the evolutionary history of these viruses. In this review, we provide detailed phylogenomic analyses of primate and nonprimate hepatoviruses and hepeviruses. We identify conserved and divergent genomic properties and corroborate historical interspecies transmissions by phylogenetic comparisons and recombination analyses. We discuss the likely non-recent origins of human HAV and HEV precursors carried by mammals other than primates, and detail current zoonotic HEV infections. The novel nonprimate hepatoviruses and hepeviruses offer exciting new possibilities for future research focusing on host range and the unique biological properties of HAV and HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Sander
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin 10117, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin 10117, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
| | - Alexander N Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.,Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Preparations, 142782 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin 10117, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
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24
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Fabozzi G, Pegu A, Koup RA, Petrovas C. Bispecific antibodies: Potential immunotherapies for HIV treatment. Methods 2018; 154:118-124. [PMID: 30352254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific (bs) antibodies (Abs, bsAbs) are engineered immunoglobulins that contain two different antigen-binding sites in one molecule. bsAbs can be divided in two molecular formats; the IgG-like and non-IgG like. The structural elements of each format have implications for engaging the immune system. Elimination of HIV will need sophisticated approaches with immunotherapies being one of the strategies under investigation. Furthermore, HIV genetic variability and functional compromise of the adaptive CTL response complicate the potential usefulness of some immunotherapeutic strategies. Inclusion of novel HIV neutralizing Abs with high potency and breadth as components of bsAbs could represent alternative strategies for virus elimination by harnessing the adaptive immune response in vivo.
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25
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A Novel Marsupial Hepatitis A Virus Corroborates Complex Evolutionary Patterns Shaping the Genus Hepatovirus. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00082-18. [PMID: 29695421 PMCID: PMC6002732 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00082-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of highly diverse nonprimate hepatoviruses illuminated the evolutionary origins of hepatitis A virus (HAV) ancestors in mammals other than primates. Marsupials are ancient mammals that diverged from other Eutheria during the Jurassic. Viruses from marsupials may thus provide important insight into virus evolution. To investigate Hepatovirus macroevolutionary patterns, we sampled 112 opossums in northeastern Brazil. A novel marsupial HAV (MHAV) in the Brazilian common opossum (Didelphis aurita) was detected by nested reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). MHAV concentration in the liver was high, at 2.5 × 109 RNA copies/g, and at least 300-fold higher than those in other solid organs, suggesting hepatotropism. Hepatovirus seroprevalence in D. aurita was 26.6% as determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Endpoint titers in confirmatory immunofluorescence assays were high, and marsupial antibodies colocalized with anti-HAV control sera, suggesting specificity of serological detection and considerable antigenic relatedness between HAV and MHAV. MHAV showed all genomic hallmarks defining hepatoviruses, including late-domain motifs likely involved in quasi-envelope acquisition, a predicted C-terminal pX extension of VP1, strong avoidance of CpG dinucleotides, and a type 3 internal ribosomal entry site. Translated polyprotein gene sequence distances of at least 23.7% from other hepatoviruses suggested that MHAV represents a novel Hepatovirus species. Conserved predicted cleavage sites suggested similarities in polyprotein processing between HAV and MHAV. MHAV was nested within rodent hepatoviruses in phylogenetic reconstructions, suggesting an ancestral hepatovirus host switch from rodents into marsupials. Cophylogenetic reconciliations of host and hepatovirus phylogenies confirmed that host-independent macroevolutionary patterns shaped the phylogenetic relationships of extant hepatoviruses. Although marsupials are synanthropic and consumed as wild game in Brazil, HAV community protective immunity may limit the zoonotic potential of MHAV. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a ubiquitous cause of acute hepatitis in humans. Recent findings revealed the evolutionary origins of HAV and the genus Hepatovirus defined by HAV in mammals other than primates in general and in small mammals in particular. The factors shaping the genealogy of extant hepatoviruses are unclear. We sampled marsupials, one of the most ancient mammalian lineages, and identified a novel marsupial HAV (MHAV). The novel MHAV shared specific features with HAV, including hepatotropism, antigenicity, genome structure, and a common ancestor in phylogenetic reconstructions. Coevolutionary analyses revealed that host-independent evolutionary patterns contributed most to the current phylogeny of hepatoviruses and that MHAV was the most drastic example of a cross-order host switch of any hepatovirus observed so far. The divergence of marsupials from other mammals offers unique opportunities to investigate HAV species barriers and whether mechanisms of HAV immune control are evolutionarily conserved.
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26
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Gu M, Qiu J, Guo D, Xu Y, Liu X, Shen C, Dong C. Evaluation of candidate genes associated with hepatitis A and E virus infection in Chinese Han population. Virol J 2018; 15:47. [PMID: 29558945 PMCID: PMC5859746 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent GWAS-associated studies reported that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ABCB1, TGFβ1, XRCC1 genes were associated with hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, and variants of APOA4 and APOE genes were associated with and hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in US population. However, the associations of these loci with HAV or HEV infection in Chinese Han population remain unclear. Methods A total of 3082 Chinese Han persons were included in this study. Anti-HAV IgG and anti-HEV IgG were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Genotypes in ABCB1, TGFβ1, XRCC1, APOA4 and APOE SNPs were determined by TaqMan MGB technology. Results In Chinese Han population, rs1045642 C to T variation in ABCB1 was significantly associated with the decreased risk of HAV infection (P < 0.05). However, the effect direction was different with the previous US study. Rs1001581 A to G variation in XRCC1, which was not identified in US population, was significantly associated with the protection against HAV infection in our samples (P < 0.05). In addition, our results suggested that rs7412 C to T variation in APOE was significantly associated with lower risk of HEV infection in males (adjusted OR < 1.0, P < 0.05) but not in females. Conclusions ABCB1 and XRCC1 genes variants are significantly associated with the protection against HAV infection. Additionally, Chinese Han males with rs7412 C to T variation in APOE gene are less prone to be infected by HEV. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-0962-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Gu
- Huai'an Forth Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Daoxia Guo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | | | | | - Chong Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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27
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Steinhardt JJ, Guenaga J, Turner HL, McKee K, Louder MK, O'Dell S, Chiang CI, Lei L, Galkin A, Andrianov AK, A Doria-Rose N, Bailer RT, Ward AB, Mascola JR, Li Y. Rational design of a trispecific antibody targeting the HIV-1 Env with elevated anti-viral activity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:877. [PMID: 29491415 PMCID: PMC5830440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are being explored as passively administered therapeutic and preventative agents. However, the extensively diversified HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) rapidly acquire mutations to evade individual bNAbs in monotherapy regimens. The use of a "single" agent to simultaneously target distinct Env epitopes is desirable to overcome viral diversity. Here, we report the use of tandem single-chain variable fragment (ScFv) domains of two bNAbs, specific for the CD4-binding site and V3 glycan patch, to form anti-HIV-1 bispecific ScFvs (Bi-ScFvs). The optimal Bi-ScFv crosslinks adjacent protomers within one HIV-1 Env spike and has greater neutralization breadth than its parental bNAbs. Furthermore, the combination of this Bi-ScFv with a third bNAb recognizing the Env membrane proximal external region (MPER) results in a trispecific bNAb, which has nearly pan-isolate neutralization breadth and high potency. Thus, multispecific antibodies combining functional moieties of bNAbs could achieve outstanding neutralization capacity with augmented avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Steinhardt
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.,Virology Program at the University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Javier Guenaga
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hannah L Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mark K Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chi-I Chiang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Lin Lei
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Andrey Galkin
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Alexander K Andrianov
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yuxing Li
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA. .,Virology Program at the University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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28
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Manzano M, Viezzi S, Mazerat S, Marks RS, Vidic J. Rapid and label-free electrochemical DNA biosensor for detecting hepatitis A virus. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 100:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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29
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Romalde JL, Rivadulla E, Varela MF, Barja JL. An overview of 20 years of studies on the prevalence of human enteric viruses in shellfish from Galicia, Spain. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 124:943-957. [PMID: 29094428 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Galicia (NW Spain) has 1490 km of coastline, and its particular topography, characterized by the presence of fiord-like inlets, called rías, with an important primary production, makes this region very favourable for shellfish growth and culture. In fact, Galicia is one of the most important mussel producers in the world. Due to its proximity to cities and villages and the anthropogenic activities in these estuaries, and despite the routine official controls on the bivalve harvesting areas, contamination with material of faecal origin is sometimes possible but, current regulation based on Escherichia coli as an indicator micro-organism has been revealed as useful for bacterial contaminants, this is not the case for enteric viruses. The aim of this review is to offer a picture on the situation of different harvesting areas in Galicia, from a virological standpoint. A recompilation of results obtained in the last 20 years is presented, including not only the data for the well-known agents norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) but also data on emerging viral hazards, including sapovirus (SaV), hepatitis E virus (HEV) and aichivirus (AiV). Epidemiological differences related to diverse characteristics of the harvesting areas, viral genotype distribution or epidemiological links between environmental and clinical strains will also be presented and discussed. The presentation of these historical data all together could be useful for future decisions by competent authorities for a better management of shellfish growing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - E Rivadulla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M F Varela
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J L Barja
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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30
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Yilmaz H, Karakullukcu A, Turan N, Cizmecigil UY, Yilmaz A, Ozkul AA, Aydin O, Gunduz A, Mete M, Zeyrek FY, Kirazoglu TT, Richt JA, Kocazeybek B. Genotypes of hepatitis a virus in Turkey: first report and clinical profile of children infected with sub-genotypes IA and IIIA. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:561. [PMID: 28800730 PMCID: PMC5553755 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a food and water-borne virus causing clinical (mainly hepatitis) and subclinical disease in humans. It is important to characterize circulating strains of HAV in order to prevent HAV infections using efficacious vaccines. The aim of this study was the detection and characterization of the circulating strains of HAV in Turkey by performing serology, RT-PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Methods In this study, 355 HAV suspected cases were analysed by ELISA for the presence of antibodies to HAV. RNA was extracted from 54 HAV IgM positive human sera. None of the suspect cases were vaccinated against HAV and they never received blood transfusions. Samples found positive by RT-PCR using primers targeting the VP1/VP2A junction and VP1/VP3 capsid region of HAV, were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Results IgM type antibodies to HAV were detected in 54 patients. Twenty one of them were students. The age of IgM positive cases was between 3 and 60 years. IgM positivity differed in age groups and was higher in the age group 3 to 10 years. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the majority of HAV strains detected in this study belong to the “HAV 1B” cluster. In addition, the HAV sub-genotypes IA (KT874461.1) and IIIA (KT222963.1) were found in 2 children. These sub-genotypes were not previously reported in Turkey. The child who carried sub-genotype IIIA travelled to Afghanistan and presented with abdominal pain, icterus and vomitus. He was positive for anti-HAV IgM and IgG but negative for hepatitis B and C. Liver enzymes like aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase were severely elevated. Bilirubin levels were also increased. White blood cells, neutrophils and hemoglobin were decreased while lymphocytes and monocytes were increased. Similar clinical signs and laboratory findings were reported for the child infected with sub-genotype IA but aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were not severely elevated. Conclusions The results indicate that molecular studies determining the HAV genotype variation in Turkey are timely and warranted. The majority of IgM positive cases in 3–10 year old patients indicate that childhood vaccination is important. Sub-genotype IB is the most prevalant genotype in Turkey. Surprisingly, sub-genotype IA and IIIA are also present in Turkey; future diagnostic efforts need to include diagnostic methods which can identify this emerging HAV genotypes. Our results also show that one important risk factor for contracting hepatitis A virus is international travel since genotype IIIA was detected in a child who had travelled to Afghanistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Asiye Karakullukcu
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuri Turan
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Utku Y Cizmecigil
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysun Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse A Ozkul
- Department of Child Health and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Izmir, Karsiyaka, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozge Aydin
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Istanbul, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Gunduz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Mete
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Dicle, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Fadile Y Zeyrek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Harran, Urfa, Turkey
| | - Taner T Kirazoglu
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
| | - Bekir Kocazeybek
- Department of Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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31
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Hamza H, Abd-Elshafy DN, Fayed SA, Bahgat MM, El-Esnawy NA, Abdel-Mobdy E. Detection and characterization of hepatitis A virus circulating in Egypt. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1921-1931. [PMID: 28303345 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) still poses a considerable problem worldwide. In the current study, hepatitis A virus was recovered from wastewater samples collected from three wastewater treatment plants over one year. Using RT-PCR, HAV was detected in 43 out of 68 samples (63.2%) representing both inlet and outlet. Eleven positive samples were subjected to sequencing targeting the VP1-2A junction region. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all samples belonged to subgenotype IB with few substitutions at the amino acid level. The complete sequence of one isolate (HAV/Egy/BI-11/2015) showed that the similarity at the amino acid level was not reflected at the nucleotide level. However, the deduced amino acid sequence derived from the complete nucleotide sequence showed distinct substitutions in the 2B, 2C, and 3A regions. Recombination analysis revealed a recombination event between X75215 (subgenotype IA) and AF268396 (subgenotype IB) involving a portion of the 2B nonstructural protein coding region (nucleotides 3757-3868) assuming the herein characterized sequence an actual recombinant. Despite the role of recombination in picornaviruses evolution, its involvement in HAV evolution has rarely been reported, and this may be due to the limited available complete HAV sequences. To our knowledge, this represents the first characterized complete sequence of an Egyptian isolate and the described recombination event provides an important update on the circulating HAV strains in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Hamza
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Dina Nadeem Abd-Elshafy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sayed A Fayed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Mohamed Bahgat
- Immune and Biomarkers for Infection Laboratory, The Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa Abass El-Esnawy
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Water Pollution Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emam Abdel-Mobdy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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32
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Goyal SM, Cannon JL. Human and Animal Viruses in Food (Including Taxonomy of Enteric Viruses). VIRUSES IN FOODS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122939 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30723-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of foodborne diseases worldwide, with viruses now being recognized as a major cause of these illnesses. The most common viruses implicated in foodborne disease are enteric viruses, which are found in the human gastrointestinal tract, excreted in human feces and transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Many different viruses are found in the gastrointestinal tract but not all are recognized as foodborne pathogens. The diseases caused by enteric viruses fall into three main types: gastroenteritis, enterically transmitted hepatitis, and illnesses that can affect other parts of the body such as the eye, the respiratory system and the central nervous system leading to conjunctivitis, poliomyelitis, meningitis and encephalitis. Viral pathogens excreted in human feces include noroviruses, sapoviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), rotaviruses, and astroviruses. Most of these viruses have been associated with foodborne disease outbreaks. Noroviruses and HAV are commonly identified as foodborne causes of gastroenteritis and acute hepatitis, respectively.
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33
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Ouardani I, Turki S, Aouni M, Romalde JL. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis A Virus from Tunisian Wastewater Treatment Plants with Different Secondary Treatments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3834-3845. [PMID: 27107113 PMCID: PMC4907194 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00619-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the main causative agent of hepatitis infection associated with waterborne outbreaks worldwide. In Tunisia, there is no specific surveillance system for HAV and current secondary wastewater treatment processes are unable to remove viral particles, which present a potential public health problem. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of HAV in 271 raw and treated wastewater samples from five sewage treatment plants (STPs) during 13 months was performed. Moreover, the efficiency of three secondary wastewater treatment processes (conventional activated sludge, extended aeration, and oxidation ditch activated sludge) was evaluated. Data obtained demonstrated that HAV is endemic in Tunisia and circulates with high prevalence in both raw (66.9%) and treated (40.7%) wastewater. HAV circulates throughout the year in the coastal areas, with the highest rates found during summer and autumn, whereas in central Tunisia, high levels were shown in autumn and winter. Total virus removal was not achieved, since no difference in mean HAV loads was observed in effluents (6.0 × 10(3) genome copies [GC]/ml) and influents (2.7 × 10(3) GC/ml). The comparison of the HAV removal values of the three different wastewater treatment methods indicates that extended aeration and oxidation ditch activated sludge had better efficiency in removing viruses than conventional activated sludge did. Molecular characterization revealed that the vast majority of HAV strains belonged to subgenotype IA, with the cocirculation of subgenotype IB in wastewater treatment plants that collect tourism wastewater. IMPORTANCE This report provides important data on the incidence, behavior, seasonality, and genotype distribution of HAV in the environment in Tunisia, as well as the risk of infection derived from its occurrence in effluents due to inadequate wastewater treatment. In addition, these findings seem to confirm that the prevalence of HAV depends on socioeconomic level, sanitary conditions in the communities, sewage facilities, the locality, and the climate. The wide dispersion of HAV in effluents proves the inefficacity of the current wastewater treatment processes used in Tunisia to remove virus; therefore, establishment of tertiary treatment processes or replacement of the medium-charge activated sludge (conventional activated sludge) by the low-charge version (oxidation ditch activated sludge) is absolutely needed. Rapid detection of the HAV genome in wastewater may provide a timely warning sign to health authorities to implement population protection measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ouardani
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Syrine Turki
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jesús L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Nikiforov VN, Vinogradov SE, Ivanov AV, Efremova EV, Kalnina LB, Bychenko AB, Tentsov YY, Manykin AA. Application of Laser Correlation Spectroscopy for Measuring Virus Size. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 161:88-91. [PMID: 27270934 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic light scattering method or laser correlation spectroscopy was applied to evaluation of the size of viruses. We measured correlation functions of the light scattered by human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and hepatitis A viruses (HAV) and found that size of HIV-1 (subtype A and B) and HAV virions were 104 nm and 28 nm, respectively. Comparison of these findings with electron microscopy data for fixed samples of the same viruses showed good agreement of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Nikiforov
- Physical Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - S E Vinogradov
- N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Ivanov
- N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Efremova
- D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, N. F. Gamaleya Federal Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - L B Kalnina
- D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, N. F. Gamaleya Federal Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A B Bychenko
- M. P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu Yu Tentsov
- D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, N. F. Gamaleya Federal Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Manykin
- D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, N. F. Gamaleya Federal Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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Evidence of the circulation of hepatitis A virus, subgenotype IA, in environmental samples from Antioquia, Colombia. BIOMEDICA 2016; 36:135-47. [PMID: 27622803 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v36i0.2979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an important pathogen, typically transmitted via the faecal-oral route. The epidemiology of the infection is directly related to drinking water access and adequate disposal of sewage water. OBJECTIVE To determine the presence and identify the genotype of HAV in environmental samples from eight municipalities and two villages in Antioquia, northwestern Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three serial samplings were done between December, 2012, and April, 2014. Water samples were obtained from drinking water plants prior to treatment, as well as from the main reserve of wastewater in each municipality included in the study. Viral concentrations for the two types of sample sources were determined by filtration/tangential ultrafiltration and polyethyleneglycol plus flocculation with skimmed milk, respectively. Total ARN was subsequently obtained from each sample and the VP3-VP1 region amplified for detection of the viral genome. The genotype was determined by amplification of the VP1-2B region. RESULTS The HAV genome was detected in samples from drinking water plants at Puerto Berrío, Frontino and Nutibara, and in wastewater samples from the municipalities of Arboletes, Zaragoza and Venecia. HAV subgenotype IA was identified using phylogenetic analysis. CONCLUSION In this study, HAV was identified in 6.6% of the samples from drinking water plants and 13.3% of wastewater samples. This is the first report of HAV subgenotype IA circulating in environmental samples from Antioquia.
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Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an ancient and ubiquitous human pathogen recovered previously only from primates. The sole species of the genus Hepatovirus, existing in both enveloped and nonenveloped forms, and with a capsid structure intermediate between that of insect viruses and mammalian picornaviruses, HAV is enigmatic in its origins. We conducted a targeted search for hepatoviruses in 15,987 specimens collected from 209 small mammal species globally and discovered highly diversified viruses in bats, rodents, hedgehogs, and shrews, which by pairwise sequence distance comprise 13 novel Hepatovirus species. Near-complete genomes from nine of these species show conservation of unique hepatovirus features, including predicted internal ribosome entry site structure, a truncated VP4 capsid protein lacking N-terminal myristoylation, a carboxyl-terminal pX extension of VP1, VP2 late domains involved in membrane envelopment, and a cis-acting replication element within the 3D(pol) sequence. Antibodies in some bat sera immunoprecipitated and neutralized human HAV, suggesting conservation of critical antigenic determinants. Limited phylogenetic cosegregation among hepatoviruses and their hosts and recombination patterns are indicative of major hepatovirus host shifts in the past. Ancestral state reconstructions suggest a Hepatovirus origin in small insectivorous mammals and a rodent origin of human HAV. Patterns of infection in small mammals mimicked those of human HAV in hepatotropism, fecal shedding, acute nature, and extinction of the virus in a closed host population. The evolutionary conservation of hepatovirus structure and pathogenesis provide novel insight into the origins of HAV and highlight the utility of analyzing animal reservoirs for risk assessment of emerging viruses.
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Abstract
Describing the viral diversity of wildlife can provide interesting and useful insights into the natural history of established human pathogens. In this study, we describe a previously unknown picornavirus in harbor seals (tentatively named phopivirus) that is related to human hepatitis A virus (HAV). We show that phopivirus shares several genetic and phenotypic characteristics with HAV, including phylogenetic relatedness across the genome, a specific and seemingly quiescent tropism for hepatocytes, structural conservation in a key functional region of the type III internal ribosomal entry site (IRES), and a codon usage bias consistent with that of HAV. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an important viral hepatitis in humans because of the substantial number of cases each year in regions with low socioeconomic status. The origin of HAV is unknown, and no nonprimate HAV-like viruses have been described. Here, we describe the discovery of an HAV-like virus in seals. This finding suggests that the diversity and evolutionary history of these viruses might be far greater than previously thought and may provide insight into the origin and pathogenicity of HAV.
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Severi E, Verhoef L, Thornton L, Guzman-Herrador BR, Faber M, Sundqvist L, Rimhanen-Finne R, Roque-Afonso AM, Ngui SL, Allerberger F, Baumann-Popczyk A, Muller L, Parmakova K, Alfonsi V, Tavoschi L, Vennema H, Fitzgerald M, Myrmel M, Gertler M, Ederth J, Kontio M, Vanbockstael C, Mandal S, Sadkowska-Todys M, Tosti ME, Schimmer B, O Gorman J, Stene-Johansen K, Wenzel JJ, Jones G, Balogun K, Ciccaglione AR, O' Connor L, Vold L, Takkinen J, Rizzo C. Large and prolonged food-borne multistate hepatitis A outbreak in Europe associated with consumption of frozen berries, 2013 to 2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:21192. [PMID: 26227370 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.29.21192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In May 2013, Italy declared a national outbreak of hepatitis A, which also affected several foreign tourists who had recently visited the country. Molecular investigations identified some cases as infected with an identical strain of hepatitis A virus subgenotype IA. After additional European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries reported locally acquired and travel-related cases associated with the same outbreak, an international outbreak investigation team was convened, a European outbreak case definition was issued and harmonisation of the national epidemiological and microbiological investigations was encouraged. From January 2013 to August 2014, 1,589 hepatitis A cases were reported associated with the multistate outbreak; 1,102 (70%) of the cases were hospitalised for a median time of six days; two related deaths were reported. Epidemiological and microbiological investigations implicated mixed frozen berries as the vehicle of infection of the outbreak. In order to control the spread of the outbreak, suspected or contaminated food batches were recalled, the public was recommended to heat-treat berries, and post-exposure prophylaxis of contacts was performed. The outbreak highlighted how large food-borne hepatitis A outbreaks may affect the increasingly susceptible EU/EEA general population and how, with the growing international food trade, frozen berries are a potential high-risk food.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Severi
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
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Navas Navas MC, Báez Triana PA. Infección por el virus de la hepatitis A: epidemiología y diversidad genética. IATREIA 2015. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.iatreia.v28n2a06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Sane J, MacDonald E, Vold L, Gossner C, Severi E. Multistate foodborne hepatitis A outbreak among European tourists returning from Egypt--need for reinforced vaccination recommendations, November 2012 to April 2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20. [PMID: 25655054 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.4.21018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sane
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Petrignani M, Verhoef L, Vennema H, van Hunen R, Baas D, van Steenbergen JE, Koopmans MPG. Underdiagnosis of foodborne hepatitis A, The Netherlands, 2008-2010(1.). Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:596-602. [PMID: 24655539 PMCID: PMC3966399 DOI: 10.3201/eid2004.130753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of foodborne hepatitis A are rarely recognized as such. Detection of these infections is challenging because of the infection’s long incubation period and patients’ recall bias. Nevertheless, the complex food market might lead to reemergence of hepatitis A virus outside of disease-endemic areas. To assess the role of food as a source of infection, we combined routine surveillance with real-time strain sequencing in the Netherlands during 2008–2010. Virus RNA from serum of 248 (59%) of 421 reported case-patients could be sequenced. Without typing, foodborne transmission was suspected for only 4% of reported case-patients. With typing, foodborne transmission increased to being the most probable source of infection for 16%. We recommend routine implementation of an enhanced surveillance system that includes prompt forwarding and typing of hepatitis A virus RNA isolated from serum, standard use of questionnaires, data sharing, and centralized interpretation of data.
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Coudray-Meunier C, Fraisse A, Mokhtari C, Martin-Latil S, Roque-Afonso AM, Perelle S. Hepatitis A virus subgenotyping based on RT-qPCR assays. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:296. [PMID: 25420941 PMCID: PMC4258257 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most frequent cause of viral hepatitis worldwide and is recognized as one of the most widespread foodborne pathogens. HAV genotypes and subtypes differ in their geographic distribution and the incidence of HAV infection varies considerably among countries, and is particularly high in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene. Phylogenetic analyses are traditionally used in clinical microbiology for tracing the geographic origin of HAV strains. In food microbiology, this approach is complicated by the low contamination levels of food samples. To date, real-time reverse-transcription PCR has been one of the most promising detection methods due to its sensitivity, specificity and ability to deliver quantitative data in food samples, but it does not provide HAV subtyping information. Results Six subtype-specific RT-qPCR assays were developed for human HAV. The limit of detection of HAV was 50 genome copies/assay for subtype IIB, 500 genome copies assay for IA, IB, IIA and IIIB and 5000 genome copies/assay for IIIA. The specificity of the assays was evaluated by testing reference isolates and in vitro HAV RNA transcripts. No significant cross reactivity was observed. Subtyping results concordant with sequencing analysis were obtained from 34/35 clinical samples. Co-infection with a minor strain of a different subtype was suggested in 5 cases and a recombinant event in one case. Conclusions These RT-qPCR assays may be particularly useful for accurately tracing HAV in low-level contaminated samples such as food matrices but also to allow co-infection identification in human samples.
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Gossner CM, Severi E. Three simultaneous, food-borne, multi-country outbreaks of hepatitis A virus infection reported in EPIS-FWD in 2013: what does it mean for the European Union? Euro Surveill 2014; 19. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.43.20941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gossner
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E Severi
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a faeco-orally transmitted picornavirus and is one of the main causes of acute hepatitis worldwide. An overview of the molecular biology of HAV is presented with an emphasis on recent findings. Immune evasion strategies and a possible correlation between HAV and atopy are discussed as well. Despite the availability of efficient vaccines, antiviral drugs targeting HAV are required to treat severe cases of fulminant hepatitis, contain outbreaks, and halt the potential spread of vaccine-escape variants. Additionally, such drugs could be used to shorten the period of illness and decrease associated economical costs. Several known inhibitors of HAV with various mechanisms of action will be discussed. Since none of these molecules is readily useable in the clinic and since the availability of an anti-HAV drug would be of clinical importance, increased efforts should be targeted toward discovery and development of such antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Debing
- Rega Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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Wang XJ, Zhao Q, Jiang FL, Liu BY, Zhao JN, Dang L, Sun YN, Mu Y, Xiao SQ, Wang CB, Hsu WH, Liu L, Widén F, Zhou EM. Genetic characterization and serological prevalence of swine hepatitis E virus in Shandong province, China. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:415-24. [PMID: 24975641 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), the causative agent of hepatitis E, is classified into four major genotypes (1 to 4) and swine is the main natural reservoir for genotypes 3 and 4. In this study, a total of 106 bile samples from a slaughterhouse in the Shandong province of China were tested for the partial ORF2 gene of HEV by RT-nPCR to determine the virus genotypes, and two indirect ELISA were developed for the detection of swine HEV specific IgM and IgG antibodies in 980 serum samples from 24 farms, in order to investigate the seroprevalence. Thirty-two out of 106 (30.2%) bile samples were positive for HEV and a high degree of partial ORF2 sequence similarity (86.8-100%) was observed among 20 samples. The viral sequences belonged to genotype 4, subtypes 4a and 4d. One complete genome sequence of a subtype 4d HEV was further determined and characterized. The seroprevalence of HEV IgG and IgM antibodies was 100% (24/24) and 41.7% (10/24) for herds, and 66.4% (651/980) and 1.6% (16/980) for the individual pigs, respectively. These results suggested a high prevalence of genotype 4 of swine HEV infection both in swine farms and at the slaughterhouse in Shandong province, which further raise public-health concerns for zoonosis and pork safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-jie Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng-lin Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bao-yuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ji-nan Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Dang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ya-ni Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Mu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shu-qi Xiao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cheng-bao Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frederik Widén
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, China Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Hepatitis A virus: host interactions, molecular epidemiology and evolution. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:227-43. [PMID: 24200587 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the commonest viral cause of liver disease and presents an important public health problem worldwide. Several unique HAV properties and molecular mechanisms of its interaction with host were recently discovered and should aid in clarifying the pathogenesis of hepatitis A. Genetic characterization of HAV strains have resulted in the identification of different genotypes and subtypes, which exhibit a characteristic worldwide distribution. Shifts in HAV endemicity occurring in different parts of the world, introduction of genetically diverse strains from geographically distant regions, genotype displacement observed in some countries and population expansion detected in the last decades of the 20th century using phylogenetic analysis are important factors contributing to the complex dynamics of HAV infections worldwide. Strong selection pressures, some of which, like usage of deoptimized codons, are unique to HAV, limit genetic variability of the virus. Analysis of subgenomic regions has been proven useful for outbreak investigations. However, sharing short sequences among epidemiologically unrelated strains indicates that specific identification of HAV strains for molecular surveillance can be achieved only using whole-genome sequences. Here, we present up-to-date information on the HAV molecular epidemiology and evolution, and highlight the most relevant features of the HAV-host interactions.
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Genetic diversity of hepatitis A virus in China: VP3-VP1-2A genes and evidence of quasispecies distribution in the isolates. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74752. [PMID: 24069343 PMCID: PMC3775754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most common cause of infectious hepatitis throughout the world, spread largely by the fecal-oral route. To characterize the genetic diversity of the virus circulating in China where HAV in endemic, we selected the outbreak cases with identical sequences in VP1-2A junction region and compiled a panel of 42 isolates. The VP3-VP1-2A regions of the HAV capsid-coding genes were further sequenced and analyzed. The quasispecies distribution was evaluated by cloning the VP3 and VP1-2A genes in three clinical samples. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the same genotyping results could be obtained whether using the complete VP3, VP1, or partial VP1-2A genes for analysis in this study, although some differences did exist. Most isolates clustered in sub-genotype IA, and fewer in sub-genotype IB. No amino acid mutations were found at the published neutralizing epitope sites, however, several unique amino acid substitutions in the VP3 or VP1 region were identified, with two amino acid variants closely located to the immunodominant site. Quasispecies analysis showed the mutation frequencies were in the range of 7.22x10-4 -2.33x10-3 substitutions per nucleotide for VP3, VP1, or VP1-2A. When compared with the consensus sequences, mutated nucleotide sites represented the minority of all the analyzed sequences sites. HAV replicated as a complex distribution of closely genetically related variants referred to as quasispecies, and were under negative selection. The results indicate that diverse HAV strains and quasispecies inside the viral populations are presented in China, with unique amino acid substitutions detected close to the immunodominant site, and that the possibility of antigenic escaping mutants cannot be ruled out and needs to be further analyzed.
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Full-length genomic sequence of subgenotype IIIA hepatitis A virus isolate in Republic of Korea. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:426034. [PMID: 23991416 PMCID: PMC3749532 DOI: 10.1155/2013/426034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus is known to cause acute hepatitis and has significant implications for public health throughout the world. In the Republic of Korea, the number of patients with hepatitis A virus infection has been increasing rapidly since 2006. In this study, the Kor-HAV-F strain was identified as subgenotype IIIA by RT-PCR, and its identity was confirmed by nucleotide sequencing and alignment analysis. Moreover, detailed phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Kor-HAV-F strain clustered into subgenotype IIIA, including strains isolated in Japan, Norway, and India. The entire amino acid sequence of the VP1 and 2A regions was compared with that of the reference strains isolated in various countries. We found 2 amino acid changes (T168A and L96P, resp.) in the VP1 and 2A regions, which had not been found in any other hepatitis A virus strain. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report the full-length sequence of a hepatitis A virus isolated in the Republic of Korea.
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Manso CF, Romalde JL. Detection and characterization of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in mussels from Galicia (NW Spain). FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2013; 5:110-118. [PMID: 23471578 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-013-9108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Shellfish are recognized as a potential vehicle of viral disease and despite the control measures for shellfish safety there is periodic emergence of viral outbreaks associated with shellfish consumption. In this study a total of 81 mussel samples from Ría do Burgo, A Coruña (NW Spain) were analysed. Samples were collected in seven different harvesting areas with the aim to establish a correlation between the prevalence of norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in mussel samples and the water quality. In addition, the genogroup of the detected HAV and NoV strains was also determined. The HAV presence was detected in 18.5 % of the samples. Contamination levels for this virus ranged from 1.1 × 10² to 4.1 × 10⁶ RNA copies/g digestive tissue. NoV were detected in 49.4 % of the cases reaching contamination levels from 5.9 × 10³ to 1.6 × 10⁹ RNA copies/g digestive tissue for NoV GI and from 6.1 × 10³ to 5.4 × 10⁶ RNA copies/g digestive tissue for NoV GII. The χ²-test showed no statistical correlation between the number of positive samples and the classification of molluscan harvesting area based on the E. coli number. All the detected HAV strains belong to genogroup IB. NoV strains were assigned to genotype I.4, II.4 and II.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen F Manso
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Mukomolov S, Kontio M, Zheleznova N, Jokinen S, Sinayskaya E, Stalevskaya A, Davidkin I. Increased circulation of hepatitis A virus genotype IIIA over the last decade in St Petersburg, Russia. J Med Virol 2013; 84:1528-34. [PMID: 22930498 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The current study, covering the period 2004-2009, is a part of long-term monitoring for hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains circulating in St Petersburg, Russia. The HAV RNA was isolated directly from the sera of hepatitis A patients and RT-PCR was carried out using primer pairs for VP1/2A and VP1 genomic regions. PCR products were sequenced and 324 nucleotides from VP1/2A and 332 from the VP1 region were used for phylogenetic analysis. The results show that the IA subtype was the most common circulating subtype during the follow-up period, as found in the previous study: almost 90% of the isolated HAV strains belonged to the IA subtype. The large hepatitis A food-borne outbreak in St Petersburg in 2005 was caused by HAV IA. However, the proportion of HAV isolates belonging to subtype IIIA significantly increased in the period 2001-2009 (7.9%) compared to the period 1997-2000 (none found). The subtype IIIA was first found in St Petersburg in 2001 among a group of intravenous drug users. The increase in its circulation during the decade suggests that this previously unusual genotype has been permanently introduced into the general population of St Petersburg. These results indicate the usefulness of molecular epidemiological methods for studying changes in the circulation of HAV strains.
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