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Wagle SR, Kovacevic B, Ionescu CM, Foster T, Lim P, Brunet A, McLenachan S, Carvalho L, Mikov M, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H. Polymer-Based Nanoparticles with Probucol and Lithocholic Acid: A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Oxidative Stress-Induced Retinopathies. Mol Pharm 2024. [PMID: 38899552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is pivotal in retinal disease progression, causing dysfunction in various retinal components. An effective antioxidant, such as probucol (PB), is vital to counteract oxidative stress and emerges as a potential candidate for treating retinal degeneration. However, the challenges associated with delivering lipophilic drugs such as PB to the posterior segment of the eye, specifically targeting photoreceptor cells, necessitate innovative solutions. This study uses formulation-based spray dry encapsulation technology to develop polymer-based PB-lithocholic acid (LCA) nanoparticles and assesses their efficacy in the 661W photoreceptor-like cell line. Incorporating LCA enhances nanoparticles' biological efficacy without compromising PB stability. In vitro studies demonstrate that PB-LCA nanoparticles prevent reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress by improving cellular viability through the nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway. These findings propose PB-LCA nanoparticles as a promising therapeutic strategy for oxidative stress-induced retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susbin Raj Wagle
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Bozica Kovacevic
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Corina Mihaela Ionescu
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Thomas Foster
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Patrick Lim
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Alicia Brunet
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Samuel McLenachan
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Livia Carvalho
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad 21101, Serbia
| | - Armin Mooranian
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago 9016, New Zealand
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Lin TY, Kang EYC, Shao SC, Lai ECC, Wang NK, Garg SJ, Chen KJ, Kang JH, Wu WC, Lai CC, Hwang YS. Association of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and the risk of retinal vascular occlusion: A real-world retrospective cohort study in Taiwan. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2024; 40:e3773. [PMID: 38598767 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are proposed to alleviate the development of inflammatory eye diseases. However, the association between SGLT2i and retinal vascular occlusion remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effects of SGLT2i on the incidence of retinal vascular occlusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective cohort study analysed electronic medical records data from the largest multi-institutional database in Taiwan. Individuals who initiated SGLT2is and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4is) between 2016 and 2019 were included in our analysis. To conduct a homogenous comparison, inverse probability of treatment weighting with propensity scoring was employed. The primary outcome was retinal vascular occlusion, and the secondary outcomes were retinal vascular occlusion-related complications (macular oedema, vitreous haemorrhage, and tractional retinal detachment) and conditions requiring vitreoretinal intervention (intravitreal injection, retinal laser therapy, and vitrectomy). RESULTS In total, 12,074 SGLT2i users and 39,318 DPP4i users were included. The incidence rate of retinal vascular occlusion in the SGLT2i and DPP4i groups was 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9-1.4) and 1.6 (95% CI, 1.3-1.8) events per 1000 person-years, respectively, which yielded a subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.55-0.99). Similar risk reductions were observed in the retinal vascular occlusion-related complications (SHR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.69-0.84) and conditions requiring vitreoretinal intervention (SHR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.77-0.94). CONCLUSIONS In this multi-institutional study in Taiwan, SGLT2i use was associated with a reduced risk of retinal vascular occlusion. Further prospective studies are required to ascertain this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yi Lin
- Department of Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Edward Chia-Cheng Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sunir J Garg
- Mid Atlantic Retina, The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kuan-Jen Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Je-Ho Kang
- Department of Nephrology, Yang Ming Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Wu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Lai
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shiou Hwang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jen-Ai Hospital Dali Branch, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiamen Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Xiamen, China
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3
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Kowluru RA, Mohammad G, Kumar J. Impaired Removal of the Damaged Mitochondria in the Metabolic Memory Phenomenon Associated with Continued Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:188-199. [PMID: 37596436 PMCID: PMC10791911 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Retinopathy fails to halt even after diabetic patients in poor glycemic control try to institute tight glycemic control, suggesting a "metabolic memory" phenomenon, and the experimental models have demonstrated that mitochondria continue to be damaged/dysfunctional, fueling into the vicious cycle of free radicals. Our aim was to investigate the role of removal of the damaged mitochondria in the metabolic memory. Using human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs), incubated in 20 mM D-glucose for 4 days, followed by 5 mM D-glucose for 4 additional days, mitochondrial turnover, formation of mitophagosome, and mitophagy flux were evaluated. Mitophagy was confirmed in a rat model of metabolic memory where the rats were kept in poor glycemic control (blood glucose ~ 400 mg/dl) for 3 months soon after induction of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, followed by 3 additional months of good control (BG < 150 mg/dl). Reversal of high glucose by normal glucose had no effect on mitochondrial turnover and mitophagosome formation, and mitophagy flux remained compromised. Similarly, 3 months of good glycemic control in rats, which had followed 3 months of poor glycemic control, had no effect on mitophagy flux. Thus, poor turnover/removal of the damaged mitochondria, initiated during poor glycemic control, does not benefit from the termination of hyperglycemic insult, and the damaged mitochondria continue to produce free radicals, suggesting the importance of mitophagy in the metabolic memory phenomenon associated with the continued progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu A Kowluru
- Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Ghulam Mohammad
- Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jay Kumar
- Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Chappidi S, Buddolla V, Ankireddy SR, Lakshmi BA, Kim YJ. Recent trends in diabetic wound healing with nanofibrous scaffolds. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 945:175617. [PMID: 36841285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
There is an emphasis in this review on nanofibrous scaffolds (NFSs) in diabetic wound healing, as well as their mechanisms and recent advancements. Diabetes-related complex wounds pose an important problem to humanity, due to the fact that their chronic nature can lead to serious complications including sepsis and amputations. Despite the fact that there are certain therapy options available for diabetic wound healing, these options are either ineffective or intrusive, making clinical intervention difficult. Clinical research is also challenged by the emergence of bacterial resistance to standard antibiotics. However, research into nanotechnology, in particular NFSs, is growing swiftly and has a positive impact on the treatment of diabetic wounds. For instance, SpinCare™, developed by Nanomedic Technologies Ltd, has successfully finished clinical testing and can re-epithelialize second-degree burns and chronic diabetic wounds in 7 and 14 days, respectively. In this review, we discussed homologous studies as well as other recent research studies on diabetic wound healing using NFSs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viswanath Buddolla
- Dr. Buddolla's Institute of Life Sciences, Tirupati, 517503, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Buddolla Anantha Lakshmi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-Do, 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-Daero, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-Do, 13120, Republic of Korea.
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Ginsenoside Rg1 Inhibits High Glucose-Induced Proliferation, Migration, and Angiogenesis in Retinal Endothelial Cells by Regulating the lncRNA SNHG7/miR-2116-5p/SIRT3 Axis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:6184631. [PMID: 36510610 PMCID: PMC9741534 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6184631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR), including retinal angiogenesis and endothelial cell proliferation and migration, is a serious complication in diabetic patients. It has been reported that ginsenoside Rg1 can prevent retinal damage. However, the mechanism by which Rg1 prevents retinal damage is unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism by which Rg1 inhibits high glucose-induced complications through the regulation of the lncRNA SNHG7/miR-2116-5p/SIRT3 axis. Methods Under high glucose (HG) conditions, human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) were cultured to simulate a DR environment, and Rg1 was added after 48 h. Negative control (NC), miR-2116-5p mimic, si-SNHG7, pc-DNA SIRT3, and miR-2116-5p inhibitor were transfected into HRECs, and CCK-8 assay was used to detect the cell viability. Angiogenesis and transwell assays were used to evaluate angiogenesis and cell migration, respectively. qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression of related genes and proteins. Luciferase reporter assays and bioinformatics were used to analyze the target binding sites of miR-2116-5p to lncRNA SNHG7 and SIRT3. Results The proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of HRECs were induced by HG. As expected, HG upregulated miR-2116-5p and VEGF expression but downregulated lncRNA SNHG7 and SIRT3 expression. Importantly, Rg1 inhibited HG-induced HREC proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis by upregulating the lncRNA SNHG7, and miR-2116-5p had a target regulatory relationship with both lncRNA SNHG7 and SIRT3. Conclusion Rg1 inhibits HG-induced proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and VEGF expression in retinal endothelial cells through the lncRNA SNG7/miR-2116-5p/SIRT3 axis. This finding provides theoretical evidence for the clinical application of Rg1 in DR.
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Lee YJ, Jeon HY, Lee AJ, Kim M, Ha KS. Dopamine ameliorates hyperglycemic memory-induced microvascular dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22643. [PMID: 36331561 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200865r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that mediates visual function in the retina and diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes and the leading cause of blindness; however, the role of dopamine in retinal vascular dysfunction in DR remains unclear. Here, we report a mechanism of hyperglycemic memory (HGM)-induced retinal microvascular dysfunction and the protective effect of dopamine against the HGM-induced retinal microvascular leakage and abnormalities. We found that HGM induced persistent oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and fission, and adherens junction disassembly and subsequent vascular leakage after blood glucose normalization in the mouse retinas. These persistent hyperglycemic stresses were inhibited by dopamine treatment in human retinal endothelial cells and by intravitreal injection of levodopa in the retinas of HGM mice. Moreover, levodopa supplementation ameliorated HGM-induced pericyte degeneration, acellular capillary and pericyte ghost generation, and endothelial apoptosis in the mouse retinas. Our findings suggest that dopamine alleviates HGM-induced retinal microvascular leakage and abnormalities by inhibiting persistent oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ah-Jun Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Tear Proteome Revealed Association of S100A Family Proteins and Mesothelin with Thrombosis in Elderly Patients with Retinal Vein Occlusion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314653. [PMID: 36498980 PMCID: PMC9736253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tear samples collected from patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO; n = 28) and healthy volunteers (n = 29) were analyzed using a proteomic label-free absolute quantitative approach. A large proportion (458 proteins with a frequency > 0.6) of tear proteomes was found to be shared between the study groups. Comparative proteomic analysis revealed 29 proteins (p < 0.05) significantly differed between CRVO patients and the control group. Among them, S100A6 (log (2) FC = 1.11, p < 0.001), S100A8 (log (2) FC = 2.45, p < 0.001), S100A9 (log2 (FC) = 2.08, p < 0.001), and mesothelin ((log2 (FC) = 0.82, p < 0.001) were the most abundantly represented upregulated proteins, and β2-microglobulin was the most downregulated protein (log2 (FC) = −2.13, p < 0.001). The selected up- and downregulated proteins were gathered to customize a map of CRVO-related critical protein interactions with quantitative properties. The customized map (FDR < 0.01) revealed inflammation, impairment of retinal hemostasis, and immune response as the main set of processes associated with CRVO ischemic condition. The semantic analysis displayed the prevalence of core biological processes covering dysregulation of mitochondrial organization and utilization of improperly or topologically incorrect folded proteins as a consequence of oxidative stress, and escalating of the ischemic condition caused by the local retinal hemostasis dysregulation. The most significantly different proteins (S100A6, S100A8, S100A9, MSLN, and β2-microglobulin) were applied for the ROC analysis, and their AUC varied from 0.772 to 0.952, suggesting probable association with the CRVO.
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8
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Cai C, Meng C, He S, Gu C, Lhamo T, Draga D, Luo D, Qiu Q. DNA methylation in diabetic retinopathy: pathogenetic role and potential therapeutic targets. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:186. [DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00927-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a specific neuron-vascular complication of diabetes, is a major cause of vision loss among middle-aged people worldwide, and the number of DR patients will increase with the increasing incidence of diabetes. At present, it is limited in difficult detection in the early stages, limited treatment and unsatisfactory treatment effects in the advanced stages.
Main body
The pathogenesis of DR is complicated and involves epigenetic modifications, oxidative stress, inflammation and neovascularization. These factors influence each other and jointly promote the development of DR. DNA methylation is the most studied epigenetic modification, which has been a key role in the regulation of gene expression and the occurrence and development of DR. Thus, this review investigates the relationship between DNA methylation and other complex pathological processes in the development of DR. From the perspective of DNA methylation, this review provides basic insights into potential biomarkers for diagnosis, preventable risk factors, and novel targets for treatment.
Conclusion
DNA methylation plays an indispensable role in DR and may serve as a prospective biomarker of this blinding disease in its relatively early stages. In combination with inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases can be a potential approach to delay or even prevent patients from getting advanced stages of DR.
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Resnikoff HA, Miller CG, Schwarzbauer JE. Implications of fibrotic extracellular matrix in diabetic retinopathy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1093-1102. [PMID: 35410521 PMCID: PMC9335512 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221087175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and fibers in a disordered fashion, which compromises cell and tissue functions. High glucose-induced fibrosis, a major pathophysiological change of diabetic retinopathy (DR), severely affects vision by compromising the retinal vasculature and ultimately disrupting retinal tissue organization. The retina is a highly vascularized, stratified tissue with multiple cell types organized into distinct layers. Chronically high blood glucose stimulates certain retinal cells to increase production and assembly of ECM proteins resulting in excess ECM deposition primarily in the capillary walls on the basal side of the endothelium. This subendothelial fibrosis of the capillaries is the earliest histological change in the diabetic retina and has been linked to the vascular dysfunction that underlies DR. Proteins that are not normally abundant in the capillary basement membrane (BM) matrix, such as the ECM protein fibronectin, are assembled in significant quantities, disrupting the architecture of the BM and altering its properties. Cell culture models have identified multiple mechanisms through which elevated glucose can stimulate fibronectin matrix assembly, including intracellular signaling pathways, alternative splicing, and non-enzymatic glycation of the ECM. The fibrotic subendothelial matrix alters cell adhesion and supports further accumulation of other ECM proteins leading to disruption of endothelial cell-cell junctions. We review evidence supporting the notion that these molecular changes in the ECM contribute to the pathogenesis of DR, including vascular leakage, loss of endothelial cells and pericytes, changes in blood flow, and neovascularization. We propose that the accumulation of ECM, especially fibronectin matrix, first around the vasculature and later in extravascular locations, plays a critical role in DR and vision loss. Strategies for DR prevention and treatment should consider the ECM a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Resnikoff
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA
| | - Charles G Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jean E Schwarzbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA,Jean E Schwarzbauer.
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Polymer-Based Delivery of Peptide Drugs to Treat Diabetes: Normalizing Hyperglycemia and Preventing Diabetic Complications. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Combined drug triads for synergic neuroprotection in retinal degeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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12
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Mohammad G, Kowluru RA. Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Metabolic Memory of Diabetic Retinopathy. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:3555889. [PMID: 35399705 PMCID: PMC8989559 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3555889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in the development of diabetic retinopathy and in the metabolic memory associated with its continued progression. Mitochondria have a regulated fusion fission process, which is essential for their homeostasis. One of the major fission proteins, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), is recruited to the mitochondria by fission protein 1 (Fis1) to initiate fragmentation. Our aim is to investigate the role of Drp1 in the altered mitochondrial dynamics in the continued progression of diabetic retinopathy. Methods. Drp1 activation, mitochondrial transport, and Drp1-Fis1 interactions were analyzed in retinal endothelial cells incubated in 20 mM glucose (HG), followed by 5 mM glucose (NG), for four days each (HG-NG group). The results were confirmed in retinal microvessels from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with poor glycemia (>350 mg/dl blood glucose, PC group), followed by normal glycemia (~100 mg/dl), for four months each (PC-GC group). Results. GTPase activity of Drp1, Fis1-Drp1 interactions, mitochondrial levels of Drp1, and fragmentation of the mitochondria were elevated in HG group. Mitochondrial Division Inhibitor 1 (Mdiv) or Drp1-siRNA attenuated Drp1 activation, mitochondrial fragmentation, and DNA damage. In HG-NG group, NG failed to ameliorate Drp1 activation and Drp1-Fis1 interactions, and the mitochondria remained fragmented. However, Mdiv supplementation in normal glucose, which had followed four days of high glucose (HG-NG/Mdiv group), inhibited Drp1 activation, mitochondrial fragmentation, and increase in ROS and prevented mitochondrial damage. Retinal microvessels from the rats in PC and PC-GC groups had similar Drp1 activation. Conclusion. Thus, Drp1 plays a major role in mitochondrial homeostasis in diabetic retinopathy and in the metabolic memory phenomenon associated with its continued progression. Supplementation of normal glycemia with a Drp1 inhibitor could retard development and further progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Mohammad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Renu A. Kowluru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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13
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Tong N, Wang L, Gong H, Pan L, Yuan F, Zhou Z. Clinical Manifestations of Supra-Large Range Nonperfusion Area in Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:8775641. [PMID: 35685609 PMCID: PMC9159255 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8775641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We describe the clinical manifestations of supra-large range nonperfusion area (SLRNPA) in diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS This was a retrospective case-control study. A total of 260 eyes of 236 patients with DR who underwent pars plana vitrectomy in the Department of Ophthalmology of Qingdao Municipal Hospital from February 2016 to June 2019 were enrolled. Fundus fluorescein angiography was performed after surgery to determine whether SLRNPA or non-SLRNPA in DR was present. All demographic and clinical data were carefully collected. RESULTS Forty-one eyes of 22 patients were diagnosed with SLRNPA in DR (15.77% of all eyes). Compared to non-SLRNPA, SLRNPA patients were more likely to be male and younger with earlier DR onset, a smoking history, other comorbidities, and a higher HbA1c level. SLRNPA in DR eyes exhibited more neovascular glaucoma (NVG) and diabetic keratopathy (DK) than did other eyes. Such eyes were more likely to require anti-VEGF therapy before surgery or a silicone oil or a gas tamponade during surgery and to suffer from persistent corneal epithelial erosion and NVG recurrence after surgery. CONCLUSIONS SLRNPA in DR is a severe status of DR. Treatment for DR patients with SLRNPA is difficult, and the prognosis is poor, so clinicians must thus pay more attention to SLRNPA in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianting Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Liangyu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Huimin Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Fuxiang Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhanyu Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
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Rodríguez ML, Millán I, Ortega ÁL. Cellular targets in diabetic retinopathy therapy. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1442-1462. [PMID: 34630899 PMCID: PMC8472497 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i9.1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of treatment for diabetes, inadequate metabolic control triggers the appearance of chronic complications such as diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is considered a multifactorial disease of complex etiology in which oxidative stress and low chronic inflammation play essential roles. Chronic exposure to hyperglycemia triggers a loss of redox balance that is critical for the appearance of neuronal and vascular damage during the development and progression of the disease. Current therapies for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy are used in advanced stages of the disease and are unable to reverse the retinal damage induced by hyperglycemia. The lack of effective therapies without side effects means there is an urgent need to identify an early action capable of preventing the development of the disease and its pathophysiological consequences in order to avoid loss of vision associated with diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, in this review we propose different therapeutic targets related to the modulation of the redox and inflammatory status that, potentially, can prevent the development and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lucía Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Iván Millán
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Luis Ortega
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain
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15
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Szymanska M, Mahmood D, Yap TE, Cordeiro MF. Recent Advancements in the Medical Treatment of Diabetic Retinal Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179441. [PMID: 34502350 PMCID: PMC8430918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinal disease remains one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) and a leading cause of preventable blindness. The mainstay of management involves glycemic control, intravitreal, and laser therapy. However, intravitreal therapy commonly requires frequent hospital visits and some patients fail to achieve a significant improvement in vision. Novel and long-acting therapies targeting a range of pathways are warranted, while evidence to support optimal combinations of treatments is currently insufficient. Improved understanding of the molecular pathways involved in pathogenesis is driving the development of therapeutic agents not only targeting visible microvascular disease and metabolic derangements, but also inflammation and accelerated retinal neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the current and emerging treatments of diabetic retinal diseases and provides an insight into the future of managing this important condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Szymanska
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London NW1 5QH, UK; (M.S.); (D.M.); (T.E.Y.)
| | - Daanyaal Mahmood
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London NW1 5QH, UK; (M.S.); (D.M.); (T.E.Y.)
| | - Timothy E. Yap
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London NW1 5QH, UK; (M.S.); (D.M.); (T.E.Y.)
| | - Maria F. Cordeiro
- The Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG), Imperial College London, London NW1 5QH, UK; (M.S.); (D.M.); (T.E.Y.)
- The Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (ICHNT), London NW1 5QH, UK
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Group, Department of Visual Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Correspondence:
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16
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Bora S, Shankarrao Adole P. Carbonyl stress in diabetics with acute coronary syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 520:78-86. [PMID: 34090879 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) are increasing worldwide bringing with it a significantly higher rate of complications. Various mechanisms such as carbonyl stress, polyol pathway, oxidative stress, hexosamine pathways, diacylglycerol/protein kinase-C activation, etc., are responsible for the pathogenesis of DM and its complications. Persistent hyperglycaemia and inhibition of metabolising and detoxifying enzymes lead to the excessive synthesis of carbonyl compounds such as methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and 3-deoxyglucosone, resulting in carbonyl stress. The substrates, metabolizing and detoxifying enzymes of carbonyl compounds are discussed. The mechanistic roles of carbonyl compounds and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, thrombogenicity, and endothelial dysfunction in animal and cell culture model of DM and patients with DM are summarised. Because of the essential role of carbonyl stress, therapeutics are aimed at scavenging, metabolizing, detoxifying, and inhibiting carbonyl compounds or AGEs so that their harmful effects are minimized. Clinically used drugs, plants extracts and miscellaneous chemical with antiglycation properties are used in an animal model of DM to alleviates the impact of carbonyl compounds. Extensive clinical trials with derivatisation of available antiglycation agents to increase the bioavailability and decrease side effects are warranted further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Bora
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605 006, India
| | - Prashant Shankarrao Adole
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605 006, India.
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17
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Qi Y, Yao R, Zhang W, Cui Q. KAT1 triggers YTHDF2-mediated ITGB1 mRNA instability to alleviate the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105713. [PMID: 34098071 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major complication of diabetes and a leading cause of blindness and visual impairment. This study focuses on the function of lysine acetyltransferase 1 (KAT1) in the progression of DR and the epigenetic mechanism. A mouse model with DR was induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Abundantly expressed genes in STZ-induced mice were analyzed. KAT1 was found to be significantly downregulated in the retinal tissues of model mice. Retinal microvascular endothelial cells (RMECs) and retinal Müller cells (rMCs) were cultured in high-glucose medium for in vitro studies. Upregulation of KAT1 suppressed inflammation, neovascularization, and vascular leakage in mouse retinal tissues, and it reduced the activity and inflammatory responses in rMCs, as well as the proliferation and metastatic potential of RMECs. KAT1 activated the transcription activity of YTHDF2 through histone acetylation of the promoter, and YTHDF2 triggered the instability of ITGB1 mRNA to induce mRNA degradation in an m6A manner. The activities of rMCs and RMECs were increased by sh-YTHDF2 but suppressed by sh-ITGB1. The FAK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was suppressed upon ITGB1 silencing. Collectively, this study demonstrated that KAT1 triggers YTHDF2-mediated ITGB1 mRNA instability to alleviate the progression of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, the Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, PR China.
| | - Renjie Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, the Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, PR China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, the Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, PR China
| | - Qingqing Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, the Laboratory for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, PR China
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18
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Tang Y, Tang Q, Wei H, Hu P, Zou D, Liang R, Ling Y. Hub Genes Associated with the Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:1739-1750. [PMID: 33986612 PMCID: PMC8110263 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s311683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to identify genes that may be effective in diagnosing or treating diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between DR and DM in GSE146615 dataset. DEGs that were consistently up- or down-regulated under both standard glucose and high glucose conditions were identified as common genes and used to generate a protein-protein interaction network and modules. The module genes were assessed for the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), leading to the identification of hub genes. Differentially methylated probes in GSE76169 were also compared with common DEGs to identify specific methylation markers of DR. Enrichment analysis was used to explore the biological characteristics. The Short Time-series Expression Miner algorithm was used to identify genes that were progressively dysregulated in the sequence: healthy controls < DM < DR. Results A total of 1917 common genes were identified for seven modules. The eight genes with AUC > 0.8 under high glucose and standard glucose conditions were considered as hub genes. The module genes were significantly enriched during vascular smooth muscle cell development and regulation of oxygen metabolism, while 92 methylation markers were involved in the similar terms. Among the progressively dysregulated genes, three intersection genes under both standard glucose and high glucose conditions were found to be module genes and were considered as key genes. Conclusion We identified eight potential DR-specific diagnostic and therapeutic genes, whose abnormal expression can cause oxidative stress, thus favoring the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China
| | - Haicheng Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinzhang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghua Zou
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China
| | - Rixiong Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Ling
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530022, People's Republic of China
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19
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Antonetti DA, Silva PS, Stitt AW. Current understanding of the molecular and cellular pathology of diabetic retinopathy. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:195-206. [PMID: 33469209 PMCID: PMC9053333 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-00451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has profound effects on multiple organ systems; however, the loss of vision caused by diabetic retinopathy might be one of the most impactful in a patient's life. The retina is a highly metabolically active tissue that requires a complex interaction of cells, spanning light sensing photoreceptors to neurons that transfer the electrochemical signal to the brain with support by glia and vascular tissue. Neuronal function depends on a complex inter-dependency of retinal cells that includes the formation of a blood-retinal barrier. This dynamic system is negatively affected by diabetes mellitus, which alters normal cell-cell interactions and leads to profound vascular abnormalities, loss of the blood-retinal barrier and impaired neuronal function. Understanding the normal cell signalling interactions and how they are altered by diabetes mellitus has already led to novel therapies that have improved visual outcomes in many patients. Research highlighted in this Review has led to a new understanding of retinal pathophysiology during diabetes mellitus and has uncovered potential new therapeutic avenues to treat this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Antonetti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Paolo S Silva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan W Stitt
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
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20
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Diabetic Retinopathy: The Role of Mitochondria in the Neural Retina and Microvascular Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100905. [PMID: 32977483 PMCID: PMC7598160 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common chronic complication of diabetes mellitus and the leading cause of vision loss in the working-age population, is clinically defined as a microvascular disease that involves damage of the retinal capillaries with secondary visual impairment. While its clinical diagnosis is based on vascular pathology, DR is associated with early abnormalities in the electroretinogram, indicating alterations of the neural retina and impaired visual signaling. The pathogenesis of DR is complex and likely involves the simultaneous dysregulation of multiple metabolic and signaling pathways through the retinal neurovascular unit. There is evidence that microvascular disease in DR is caused in part by altered energetic metabolism in the neural retina and specifically from signals originating in the photoreceptors. In this review, we discuss the main pathogenic mechanisms that link alterations in neural retina bioenergetics with vascular regression in DR. We focus specifically on the recent developments related to alterations in mitochondrial metabolism including energetic substrate selection, mitochondrial function, oxidation-reduction (redox) imbalance, and oxidative stress, and critically discuss the mechanisms of these changes and their consequences on retinal function. We also acknowledge implications for emerging therapeutic approaches and future research directions to find novel mitochondria-targeted therapeutic strategies to correct bioenergetics in diabetes. We conclude that retinal bioenergetics is affected in the early stages of diabetes with consequences beyond changes in ATP content, and that maintaining mitochondrial integrity may alleviate retinal disease.
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21
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López-Contreras AK, Martínez-Ruiz MG, Olvera-Montaño C, Robles-Rivera RR, Arévalo-Simental DE, Castellanos-González JA, Hernández-Chávez A, Huerta-Olvera SG, Cardona-Muñoz EG, Rodríguez-Carrizalez AD. Importance of the Use of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Inflammatory Profile in Aqueous and Vitreous Humor in Diabetic Retinopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090891. [PMID: 32962301 PMCID: PMC7555116 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of visual impairment and morbidity worldwide, being the number one cause of blindness in people between 27 and 75 years old. It is estimated that ~191 million people will be diagnosed with this microvascular complication by 2030. Its pathogenesis is due to alterations in the retinal microvasculature as a result of a high concentration of glucose in the blood for a long time which generates numerous molecular changes like oxidative stress. Therefore, this narrative review aims to approach various biomarkers associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy. Focusing on the molecules showing promise as detection tools, among them we consider markers of oxidative stress (TAC, LPO, MDA, 4-HNE, SOD, GPx, and catalase), inflammation (IL-6, IL-1ß, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF-α, and MMPs), apoptosis (NF-kB, cyt-c, and caspases), and recently those that have to do with epigenetic modifications, their measurement in different biological matrices obtained from the eye, including importance, obtaining process, handling, and storage of these matrices in order to have the ability to detect the disease in its early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karen López-Contreras
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
| | - María Guadalupe Martínez-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
| | - Cecilia Olvera-Montaño
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
| | - Ricardo Raúl Robles-Rivera
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
| | - Diana Esperanza Arévalo-Simental
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44280, Mexico
| | - José Alberto Castellanos-González
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Specialties Hospital of the National Occidental Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44329, Mexico
| | - Abel Hernández-Chávez
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
| | - Selene Guadalupe Huerta-Olvera
- Medical and Life Sciences Department, La Ciénega University Center, University of Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco 47810, Mexico;
| | - Ernesto German Cardona-Muñoz
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
| | - Adolfo Daniel Rodríguez-Carrizalez
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Update on the Effects of Antioxidants on Diabetic Retinopathy: In Vitro Experiments, Animal Studies and Clinical Trials. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060561. [PMID: 32604941 PMCID: PMC7346101 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for diabetic retinopathy (DR) incorporate blood glucose and blood pressure control, vitrectomy, photocoagulation, and intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors or corticosteroids. Nonetheless, these techniques have not been demonstrated to completely stop the evolution of this disorder. The pathophysiology of DR is not fully known, but there is more and more evidence indicating that oxidative stress is an important mechanism in the progression of DR. In this sense, antioxidants have been suggested as a possible therapy to reduce the complications of DR. In this review we aim to assemble updated information in relation to in vitro experiments, animal studies and clinical trials dealing with the effect of the antioxidants on DR.
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23
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Levitsky Y, Hammer SS, Fisher KP, Huang C, Gentles TL, Pegouske DJ, Xi C, Lydic TA, Busik JV, Proshlyakov DA. Mitochondrial Ceramide Effects on the Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113830. [PMID: 32481596 PMCID: PMC7312467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial damage in the cells comprising inner (retinal endothelial cells) and outer (retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)) blood–retinal barriers (BRB) is known to precede the initial BRB breakdown and further histopathological abnormalities in diabetic retinopathy (DR). We previously demonstrated that activation of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is an important early event in the pathogenesis of DR, and recent studies have demonstrated that there is an intricate connection between ceramide and mitochondrial function. This study aimed to determine the role of ASM-dependent mitochondrial ceramide accumulation in diabetes-induced RPE cell damage. Mitochondria isolated from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat retinas (7 weeks duration) showed a 1.64 ± 0.29-fold increase in the ceramide-to-sphingomyelin ratio compared to controls. Conversely, the ceramide-to-sphingomyelin ratio was decreased in the mitochondria isolated from ASM-knockout mouse retinas compared to wild-type littermates, confirming the role of ASM in mitochondrial ceramide production. Cellular ceramide was elevated 2.67 ± 1.07-fold in RPE cells derived from diabetic donors compared to control donors, and these changes correlated with increased gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and ASM. Treatment of RPE cells derived from control donors with high glucose resulted in elevated ASM, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) mRNA. RPE from diabetic donors showed fragmented mitochondria and a 2.68 ± 0.66-fold decreased respiratory control ratio (RCR). Treatment of immortalized cell in vision research (ARPE-19) cells with high glucose resulted in a 25% ± 1.6% decrease in citrate synthase activity at 72 h. Inhibition of ASM with desipramine (15 μM, 1 h daily) abolished the decreases in metabolic functional parameters. Our results are consistent with diabetes-induced increase in mitochondrial ceramide through an ASM-dependent pathway leading to impaired mitochondrial function in the RPE cells of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Levitsky
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.H.); (K.P.F.); (C.H.); (T.L.G.); (T.A.L.)
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (D.J.P.); (C.X.)
| | - Sandra S. Hammer
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.H.); (K.P.F.); (C.H.); (T.L.G.); (T.A.L.)
| | - Kiera P. Fisher
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.H.); (K.P.F.); (C.H.); (T.L.G.); (T.A.L.)
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.H.); (K.P.F.); (C.H.); (T.L.G.); (T.A.L.)
| | - Travan L. Gentles
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.H.); (K.P.F.); (C.H.); (T.L.G.); (T.A.L.)
| | - David J. Pegouske
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (D.J.P.); (C.X.)
| | - Caimin Xi
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (D.J.P.); (C.X.)
| | - Todd A. Lydic
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.H.); (K.P.F.); (C.H.); (T.L.G.); (T.A.L.)
| | - Julia V. Busik
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.H.); (K.P.F.); (C.H.); (T.L.G.); (T.A.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.V.B.); (D.A.P.); Tel.: +1-517-884-5118 (J.V.B.); +1-517-353-1117 (D.A.P.)
| | - Denis A. Proshlyakov
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (D.J.P.); (C.X.)
- Correspondence: (J.V.B.); (D.A.P.); Tel.: +1-517-884-5118 (J.V.B.); +1-517-353-1117 (D.A.P.)
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24
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Mao XB, Cheng YH, Peng KS, You ZP. Sirtuin (Sirt) 3 Overexpression Prevents Retinopathy in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e920883. [PMID: 32506069 PMCID: PMC7275642 DOI: 10.12659/msm.920883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sirtuin (Sirt) 3 could promote autophagy by downregulating the expression of genes related to neovascularization in retinal endothelial cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of Sirt3 overexpression on retinopathy in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, and to assess its mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ntraperitoneal injection of STZ in rats was used to produce a diabetic model. The study rats were divided into 4 groups (n=6 for each group): a control group; a model group; a model+scrambled adenovirus group; and a model+Sirt3 overexpression group. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining determined the pathological changes of retina tissues. Immunohistochemistry, fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting were used to detect the expression of Sirt3, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3). RESULTS In the model group, the inner limiting membrane was swollen, uneven and thickened, and the capillary endothelial cells occasionally protruded into the inner limiting membrane. These abnormalities were prevented by Sirt3 overexpression. Compared with the control group, the expression of Sirt3 at both mRNA and protein levels in the model group was significantly reduced, while the expression of VEGF was increased versus the control group (P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Bang Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Yan-Hua Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Ke-Su Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
| | - Zhi-Peng You
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (mainland)
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Kowluru RA, Mohammad G. Epigenetics and Mitochondrial Stability in the Metabolic Memory Phenomenon Associated with Continued Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6655. [PMID: 32313015 PMCID: PMC7171070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy continues to progress even when diabetic patients try to control their blood sugar, but the molecular mechanism of this 'metabolic memory' phenomenon remains elusive. Retinal mitochondria remain damaged and vicious cycle of free radicals continues to self-propagate. DNA methylation suppresses gene expression, and diabetes activates DNA methylation machinery. Our aim was to investigate the role of DNA methylation in continued compromised mitochondrial dynamics and genomic stability in diabetic retinopathy. Using retinal endothelial cells, incubated in 20 mM glucose for four days, followed by 5 mM glucose for four days, and retinal microvessels from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats in poor glycemia for four months, followed by normal glycemia for four additional months, DNA methylation of mitochondrial fusion and mismatch repair proteins, Mfn2 and Mlh1 respectively, was determined. Retinopathy was detected in trypsin-digested microvasculature. Re-institution of good glycemia had no beneficial effect on hypermethylation of Mfn2 and Mlh1 and retinal function (electroretinogram), and the retinopathy continued to progress. However, intervention of good glycemia directly with DNA methylation inhibitors (Azacytidine or Dnmt1-siRNA), prevented Mfn2 and Mlh1 hypermethylation, and ameliorated retinal dysfunction and diabetic retinopathy. Thus, direct regulation of DNA methylation can prevent/reverse diabetic retinopathy by maintaining mitochondrial dynamics and DNA stability, and prevent retinal functional damage.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1/genetics
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1/metabolism
- DNA Methylation
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- DNA, Mitochondrial/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/therapy
- Diabetic Retinopathy/chemically induced
- Diabetic Retinopathy/genetics
- Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/therapy
- Disease Progression
- Electroretinography
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- GTP Phosphohydrolases/genetics
- GTP Phosphohydrolases/metabolism
- Glucose/adverse effects
- Humans
- Hyperglycemia/chemically induced
- Hyperglycemia/genetics
- Hyperglycemia/pathology
- Hyperglycemia/therapy
- Male
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- MutL Protein Homolog 1/genetics
- MutL Protein Homolog 1/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Retina/drug effects
- Retina/metabolism
- Retina/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Streptozocin/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu A Kowluru
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Ghulam Mohammad
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Potilinski MC, Lorenc V, Perisset S, Gallo JE. Mechanisms behind Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in Diabetes and Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072351. [PMID: 32231131 PMCID: PMC7177797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes produces several changes in the body triggered by high glycemia. Some of these changes include altered metabolism, structural changes in blood vessels and chronic inflammation. The eye and particularly the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are not spared, and the changes eventually lead to cell loss and visual function impairment. Understanding the mechanisms resulting in RGC damage and loss from diabetic retinopathy is essential to find an effective treatment. This review focuses mainly on the signaling pathways and molecules involved in RGC loss and the potential therapeutic approaches for the prevention of this cell death. Throughout the manuscript it became evident that multiple factors of different kind are responsible for RGC damage. This shows that new therapeutic agents targeting several factors at the same time are needed. Alpha-1 antitrypsin as an anti-inflammatory agent may become a suitable option for the treatment of RGC loss because of its beneficial interaction with several signaling pathways involved in RGC injury and inflammation. In conclusion, alpha-1 antitrypsin may become a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of RGC loss and processes behind diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Constanza Potilinski
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Facultad de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Av. J.D. Perón 1500, 1629 Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (M.C.P.); (V.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Valeria Lorenc
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Facultad de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Av. J.D. Perón 1500, 1629 Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (M.C.P.); (V.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Sofía Perisset
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Facultad de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Av. J.D. Perón 1500, 1629 Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (M.C.P.); (V.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Juan Eduardo Gallo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Facultad de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Av. J.D. Perón 1500, 1629 Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (M.C.P.); (V.L.); (S.P.)
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Hospital Universitario Austral, Av. Juan Perón 1500, 1629 Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-91164038725
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Elucidating the mechanism of action of alpha-1-antitrypsin using retinal pigment epithelium cells exposed to high glucose. Potential use in diabetic retinopathy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228895. [PMID: 32032388 PMCID: PMC7006930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-1-antitrypsin is a protein involved in avoidance of different processes that are seen in diabetic retinopathy pathogenesis. These processes include apoptosis, extracellular matrix remodeling and damage of vessel walls and capillaries. Furthermore, because of its anti-inflammatory effects, alpha-1-antitrypsin has been proposed as a possible therapeutic approach for diabetic retinopathy. Our group tested alpha-1-antitrypsin in a type 1 diabetes mouse model and observed a reduction of inflammation and retinal neurodegeneration. Thus, shedding light on the mechanism of action of alpha-1-antitrypsin at molecular level may explain how it works in the diabetic retinopathy context and show its potential for use in other retinal diseases. METHODS In this work, we evaluated alpha-1-antitrypsin in an ARPE-19 human cell line exposed to high glucose. We explored the expression of different mediators on signaling pathways related to pro-inflammatory cytokines production, glucose metabolism, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and other proteins involved in the normal function of retinal pigment epithelium by RT-qPCR and Western Blot. RESULTS We obtained different expression patterns for evaluated mediators altered with high glucose exposure and corrected with the use of alpha-1-antitrypsin. CONCLUSIONS The expression profile obtained in vitro for the evaluated proteins and mRNA allowed us to explain our previous results obtained on mouse models and to hypothesize how alpha-1-antitrypsin hinder diabetic retinopathy progression on a complex network between different signaling pathways. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This network helps to understand the way alpha-1-antitrypsin works in diabetic retinopathy and its scope of action.
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Mohana Devi S, Mahalaxmi I, Kaavya J, Chinnkulandhai V, Balachandar V. Does epigenetics have a role in age related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy? Genes Dis 2020; 8:279-286. [PMID: 33997175 PMCID: PMC8093576 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms play an important part in the regulation of gene expression and these alterations may induce long-term changes in gene function and metabolism. They have received extensive attention in bridging the gap between environmental exposures and disease development via their influence on gene expression. DNA methylation is the earliest discovered epigenetic alteration. In this review, we try to examine the role of DNA methylation and histone modification in Age related macular degeneration (AMD) and Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), its vascular complications and recent progress. Given the complex nature of AMD and DR, it is crucial to improve therapeutics which will greatly enhance the quality of life and reduce the burden for millions of patients living with these potentially blinding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mohana Devi
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, 41/18, College Road, Chennai, 600006, India
| | - I Mahalaxmi
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - J Kaavya
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - V Chinnkulandhai
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr.N.G.P Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - V Balachandar
- Human Molecular Genetics and Stem Cells Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
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Cabrera AP, Monickaraj F, Rangasamy S, Hobbs S, McGuire P, Das A. Do Genomic Factors Play a Role in Diabetic Retinopathy? J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9010216. [PMID: 31947513 PMCID: PMC7019561 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there is strong clinical evidence that the control of blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid level can prevent and slow down the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) as shown by landmark clinical trials, it has been shown that these factors only account for 10% of the risk for developing this disease. This suggests that other factors, such as genetics, may play a role in the development and progression of DR. Clinical evidence shows that some diabetics, despite the long duration of their diabetes (25 years or more) do not show any sign of DR or show minimal non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). Similarly, not all diabetics develop proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). So far, linkage analysis, candidate gene studies, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have not produced any statistically significant results. We recently initiated a genomics study, the Diabetic Retinopathy Genetics (DRGen) Study, to examine the contribution of rare and common variants in the development of different phenotypes of DR, as well as their responsiveness to anti-VEGF treatment in diabetic macular edema (DME). Our preliminary findings reveal a novel set of genetic variants involved in the angiogenesis and inflammatory pathways that contribute to DR progression or protection. Further investigation of variants can help to develop novel biomarkers and lead to new therapeutic targets in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P. Cabrera
- Department of Surgery/Ophthalmology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (A.P.C.); (F.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Finny Monickaraj
- Department of Surgery/Ophthalmology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (A.P.C.); (F.M.); (S.H.)
- New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | | | - Sam Hobbs
- Department of Surgery/Ophthalmology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (A.P.C.); (F.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Paul McGuire
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, UNM, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
| | - Arup Das
- Department of Surgery/Ophthalmology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (A.P.C.); (F.M.); (S.H.)
- New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, UNM, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
- Correspondance:
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30
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Kowluru RA, Mohammad G, Sahajpal N. Faulty homocysteine recycling in diabetic retinopathy. EYE AND VISION 2020; 7:4. [PMID: 31938715 PMCID: PMC6953140 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-019-0167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Although hyperglycemia is the main instigator in the development of diabetic retinopathy, elevated circulating levels of a non-protein amino acid, homocysteine, are also associated with an increased risk of retinopathy. Homocysteine is recycled back to methionine by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and/or transsulfurated by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) to form cysteine. CBS and other transsulfuration enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), through desulfuration, generates H2S. Methionine cycle also regulates DNA methylation, an epigenetic modification associated with the gene suppression. The aim of this study was to investigate homocysteine and its metabolism in diabetic retinopathy. Methods Homocysteine and H2S levels were analyzed in the retina, and CBS, CSE and MTHFR in the retinal microvasculature from human donors with established diabetic retinopathy. Mitochondrial damage was evaluated in retinal microvessels by quantifying enzymes responsible for maintaining mitochondrial dynamics (fission-fusion-mitophagy). DNA methylation status of CBS and MTHFR promoters was examined using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation technique. The direct effect of homocysteine on mitochondrial damage was confirmed in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) incubated with 100 μM L-homocysteine. Results Compared to age-matched nondiabetic control human donors, retina from donors with established diabetic retinopathy had ~ 3-fold higher homocysteine levels and ~ 50% lower H2S levels. The enzymes important for both transsulfuration and remethylation of homocysteine including CBS, CSE and MTHFR, were 40–60% lower in the retinal microvasculature from diabetic retinopathy donors. While the mitochondrial fission protein, dynamin related protein 1, and mitophagy markers optineurin and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3), were upregulated, the fusion protein mitofusin 2 was downregulated. In the same retinal microvessel preparations from donors with diabetic retinopathy, DNA at the promoters of CBS and MTHFR were hypermethylated. Incubation of HRECs with homocysteine increased reactive oxygen species and decreased transcripts of mtDNA-encoded CYTB. Conclusions Compromised transsulfuration and remethylation processes play an important role in the poor removal of retinal homocysteine in diabetic patients. Thus, regulation of their homocysteine levels should ameliorate retinal mitochondrial damage, and by regulating DNA methylation status of the enzymes responsible for homocysteine transsulfuration and remethylation, should prevent excess accumulation of homocysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu A Kowluru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual Sciences and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Ghulam Mohammad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual Sciences and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Nikhil Sahajpal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual Sciences and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, 4717 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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Fan Y, Fan H, Zhu B, Zhou Y, Liu Q, Li P. Astragaloside IV protects against diabetic nephropathy via activating eNOS in streptozotocin diabetes-induced rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:355. [PMID: 31805910 PMCID: PMC6896771 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2728-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) was reported to play a role in improving diabetic nephropathy (DN), however, the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether AS-IV ameliorates DN via the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). METHODS DN model was induced in Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats by intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). Rats in the AS-IV treatment group were orally gavaged with 5 mg/kg/day or 10 mg/kg/day AS-IV for eight consecutive weeks. Body weight, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Serum creatinine (Scr), proteinuria and Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured. Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining were used to detect the renal pathology. The apoptosis status of glomerular cells was measured by TUNEL assay. The phosphorylation and acetylation of eNOS were detected by western blot. The effects of AS-IV on high-glucose (HG)-induced apoptosis and eNOS activity were also investigated in human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs) in vitro. RESULTS Treatment with AS-IV apparently reduced DN symptoms in diabetic rats, as evidenced by reduced BUN, Scr, proteinuria, HbA1c levels and expanding mesangial matrix. AS-IV treatment also promoted the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) in serum and renal tissues and ameliorated the phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser 1177 with decreased eNOS acetylation. Moreover, HG-induced dysfunction of HRGECs including increased cell permeability and apoptosis, impaired eNOS phosphorylation at Ser 1177, and decreased NO production, were all reversed by AS-IV treatment. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings suggest that AS-IV ameliorates functional abnormalities of DN through inhibiting acetylation of eNOS and activating its phosphorylation at Ser 1177. AS-IV could be served as a potential therapeutic drug for DN.
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Oxidative Stress and Microvascular Alterations in Diabetic Retinopathy: Future Therapies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4940825. [PMID: 31814880 PMCID: PMC6878793 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4940825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a disease that can be treated with oral antidiabetic agents and/or insulin. However, patients' metabolic control is inadequate in a high percentage of them and a major cause of chronic diseases like diabetic retinopathy. Approximately 15% of patients have some degree of diabetic retinopathy when diabetes is first diagnosed, and most will have developed this microvascular complication after 20 years. Early diagnosis of the disease is the best tool to prevent or delay vision loss and reduce the involved costs. However, diabetic retinopathy is an asymptomatic disease and its development to advanced stages reduces the effectiveness of treatments. Today, the recommended treatment for severe nonproliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy is photocoagulation with an argon laser and intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF associated with, or not, focal laser for diabetic macular oedema. The use of these therapeutic approaches is severely limited, such as uncomfortable administration for patients, long-term side effects, the costs they incur, and the therapeutic effectiveness of the employed management protocols. Hence, diabetic retinopathy is the widespread diabetic eye disease and a leading cause of blindness in adults in developed countries. The growing interest in using polyphenols, e.g., resveratrol, in treatments related to oxidative stress diseases has spread to diabetic retinopathy. This review focuses on analysing the sources and effects of oxidative stress and inflammation on vascular alterations and diabetic retinopathy development. Furthermore, current and antioxidant therapies, together with new molecular targets, are postulated for diabetic retinopathy treatment.
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Gholami S, Kamali Y, Reza Rostamzad M. Glycine Supplementation Ameliorates Retinal Neuronal Damage in an Experimental Model of Diabetes in Rats: A Light and Electron Microscopic Study. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2019; 14:448-456. [PMID: 31875100 PMCID: PMC6825695 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v14i4.5449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of glycine supplementation on the retinal ultrastructure of streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods Adult male Wistar rats weighing 200–250 g (n = 40) were randomly divided into four groups of 10 each: normal group (C), glycine + normal group (G), STZ group (D), and glycine + STZ group (DG). The G and DG groups received glycine (130 mM and 1% w/v) freely in their drinking water seven days after the induction of diabetes for up to 16 weeks. Retinal samples for histopathology were examined using light and electron microscopy. Results Diabetes-induced histological changes were attenuated in the retinas of rats in the DG group. The ultrastructural alterations produced by experimental diabetes in the inner nuclear layer, outer nuclear layer, and ganglion cell layer were significantly ameliorated by glycine supplementation. Conclusion Our findings suggest that glycine supplementation effectively attenuates retinal neuronal damage in experimental diabetic rats, and thus may be a potential candidate to protect retinal ultrastructure against diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Gholami
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Kamali
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rostamzad
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, International Division, Shiraz, Iran
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Spencer BG, Estevez JJ, Liu E, Craig JE, Finnie JW. Pericytes, inflammation, and diabetic retinopathy. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 28:697-709. [PMID: 31612299 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus, and a common cause of vision impairment and blindness in these patients, yet many aspects of its pathogenesis remain unresolved. Furthermore, current treatments are not effective in all patients, are only indicated in advanced disease, and are associated with significant adverse effects. This review describes the microvascular features of DR, and how pericyte depletion and low-grade chronic inflammation contribute to the pathogenesis of this common ophthalmic disorder. Existing, novel and investigational pharmacological strategies aimed at modulating the inflammatory component of DR and ameliorating pericyte loss to potentially improve clinical outcomes for patients with diabetic retinopathy, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Spencer
- TMOU, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, SA Health, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia.
| | - Jose J Estevez
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ebony Liu
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jamie E Craig
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John W Finnie
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Zhang LW, Zhao H, Chen BH. Reactive oxygen species mediates a metabolic memory of high glucose stress signaling in bovine retinal pericytes. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1067-1074. [PMID: 31341794 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.07.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant mechanism underlying the metabolic memory of bovine retinal pericytes (BRPs) induced by high glucose. METHODS Effects of high glucose levels and culture time on BRPs viability were evaluated by CCK-8. BRPs were grown in high-glucose media (30 mmol/L) for 4d followed by culture in normal glucose condition (5.6 mmol/L) for 4d in an experimental group. In contrast, in negative and positive control groups, BRPs were grown in either normal-glucose media or high-glucose media for 8d, respectively. The ROS levels, apoptosis, the expression and activity of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in BRPs, as well as the protective effect of adeno-associated viral (AAV)-mediated over expression of MnSOD were determined separately by DCHFA, ELISA and Western blot. RESULTS Comparing the result of cells apoptosis, activity and protein expression of MnSOD and caspase-3, the cell culture system that exposed in sequence in 30 mmol/L and normal glucose for 4d was demonstrated as a suitable model of metabolic memory. Furthermore, delivery of antioxidant gene MnSOD can decrease BRPs apoptosis, reduce activated caspase-3, and reverse hyperglycemic memory by reducing the ROS of mitochondria. CONCLUSION Increased ROS levels and decreased MnSOD levels may play important roles in pericyte loss of diabetic retinopathy. BRPs cultured in high glucose for 4d followed by normal glucose for 4d could be an appropriate model of metabolic memory. rAAV-MnSOD gene therapy provides a promising strategy to inhibit this blinding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Bai-Hua Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China.,Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
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Liu P, Peng QH, Tong P, Li WJ. Astragalus polysaccharides suppresses high glucose-induced metabolic memory in retinal pigment epithelial cells through inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction-induced apoptosis by regulating miR-195. Mol Med 2019; 25:21. [PMID: 31117931 PMCID: PMC6530096 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-019-0088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic memory contributes to the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is the complication of diabetes. But it's still unknown how to prevent the metabolic memory to treat the DR. In our study, we want to examine the function of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) in the metabolic memory of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) pretreated with high glucose (HG). METHODS ARPE-19 and PRPE cells were exposed to HG followed by normal glucose (NG) treatment with or without APS. QPCR was used to examine the levels of miR-195 and Bcl-2. MDA and SOD detection assays were used to examine the oxidative stress level. Western blotting and immunostaining were applied to detect the protein level of mitochondrial damage and apoptotic signaling pathway. Flow cytometry and TUNEL staining were used to analyze cell apoptosis. Luciferase assay was used to examine the direct target of miR-195. RESULTS APS treatment significantly decreased the expression of miR-195, while increased the expression of Bcl-2 with optimized dosages which were induced by HG treatment, even after replacing the HG with NG. And we found Bcl-2 was the direct target of miR-195. APS alleviated the oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and cell apoptosis induced by HG and HG + NG treatments in RPE cells via regulating miR-195. Furthermore, we found overexpression of miR-195 abolished the alleviated effects of APS on the HG-treated RPE cells. CONCLUSIONS APS suppressed high glucose-induced metabolic memory in retinal pigment epithelial cells through inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction-induced apoptosis by regulating miR-195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Hua Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.138, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Eells JT. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Aging Retina. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8020031. [PMID: 31083549 PMCID: PMC6627398 DOI: 10.3390/biology8020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are central in retinal cell function and survival and they perform functions that are critical to cell function. Retinal neurons have high energy requirements, since large amounts of ATP are needed to generate membrane potentials and power membrane pumps. Mitochondria over the course of aging undergo a number of changes. Aged mitochondria exhibit decreased rates of oxidative phosphorylation, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and increased numbers of mtDNA mutations. Mitochondria in the neural retina and the retinal pigment epithelium are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage with aging. Many age-related retinal diseases, including glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration, have been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, mitochondria are a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis T Eells
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
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Nawaz IM, Rezzola S, Cancarini A, Russo A, Costagliola C, Semeraro F, Presta M. Human vitreous in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: Characterization and translational implications. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 72:100756. [PMID: 30951889 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of visual impairment in the working-age population. DR is a progressive eye disease caused by long-term accumulation of hyperglycaemia-mediated pathological alterations in the retina of diabetic patients. DR begins with asymptomatic retinal abnormalities and may progress to advanced-stage proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), characterized by neovascularization or preretinal/vitreous haemorrhages. The vitreous, a transparent gel that fills the posterior cavity of the eye, plays a vital role in maintaining ocular function. Structural and molecular alterations of the vitreous, observed during DR progression, are consequences of metabolic and functional modifications of the retinal tissue. Thus, vitreal alterations reflect the pathological events occurring at the vitreoretinal interface. These events are caused by hypoxic, oxidative, inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and leukostatic conditions that occur during diabetes. Conversely, PDR vitreous can exert pathological effects on the diabetic retina, resulting in activation of a vicious cycle that contributes to disease progression. In this review, we recapitulate the major pathological features of DR/PDR, and focus on the structural and molecular changes that characterize the vitreal structure and composition during DR and progression to PDR. In PDR, vitreous represents a reservoir of pathological signalling molecules. Therefore, in this review we discuss how studying the biological activity of the vitreous in different in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experimental models can provide insights into the pathogenesis of PDR. In addition, the vitreous from PDR patients can represent a novel tool to obtain preclinical experimental evidences for the development and characterization of new therapeutic drug candidates for PDR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz M Nawaz
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Rezzola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Anna Cancarini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Russo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Ciro Costagliola
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy.
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Perturbed Biochemical Pathways and Associated Oxidative Stress Lead to Vascular Dysfunctions in Diabetic Retinopathy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8458472. [PMID: 30962865 PMCID: PMC6431380 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8458472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a vascular insult that accompanies the hyperglycemic state. Retinal vasculature holds a pivotal role in maintaining the integrity of the retina, and any alteration to retinal vasculature affects retinal functions. The blood retinal barrier, a prerequisite to vision acuity, is most susceptible to damage during the progression of DR. This is a consequence of impaired biochemical pathways such as the polyol, advanced end glycation products (AGE), hexosamine, protein kinase C (PKC), and tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) pathways. Moreover, the role of histone modification and altered miRNA expression is also emerging as a major contributor. Epigenetic changes create a link between altered protein function and redox status of retinal cells, creating a state of metabolic memory. Although various biochemical pathways underlie the etiology of DR, the major insult to the retina is due to oxidative stress, a unifying factor of altered biochemical pathways. This review primarily focuses on the critical biochemical pathways altered in DR leading to vascular dysfunctions and discusses antioxidants as plausible treatment strategies.
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Rogal J, Zbinden A, Schenke-Layland K, Loskill P. Stem-cell based organ-on-a-chip models for diabetes research. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:101-128. [PMID: 30359630 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) ranks among the severest global health concerns of the 21st century. It encompasses a group of chronic disorders characterized by a dysregulated glucose metabolism, which arises as a consequence of progressive autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells (type 1 DM), or as a result of beta-cell dysfunction combined with systemic insulin resistance (type 2 DM). Human cohort studies have provided evidence of genetic and environmental contributions to DM; yet, these studies are mostly restricted to investigating statistical correlations between DM and certain risk factors. Mechanistic studies, on the other hand, aimed at re-creating the clinical picture of human DM in animal models. A translation to human biology is, however, often inadequate owing to significant differences between animal and human physiology, including the species-specific glucose regulation. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of advanced human in vitro models with the potential to identify novel treatment options for DM. This review provides an overview of the technological advances in research on DM-relevant stem cells and their integration into microphysiological environments as provided by the organ-on-a-chip technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rogal
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University, Silcherstrasse 7/1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Aline Zbinden
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University, Silcherstrasse 7/1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University, Silcherstrasse 7/1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; The Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany; Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, MRL 3645, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Peter Loskill
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University, Silcherstrasse 7/1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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41
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Sinclair SH, Schwartz SS. Diabetic Retinopathy-An Underdiagnosed and Undertreated Inflammatory, Neuro-Vascular Complication of Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:843. [PMID: 31920963 PMCID: PMC6923675 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a world-wide epidemic and diabetic retinopathy, a devastating, vision-threatening condition, is one of the most common diabetes-specific complications. Diabetic retinopathy is now recognized to be an inflammatory, neuro-vascular complication with neuronal injury/dysfunction preceding clinical microvascular damage. Importantly, the same pathophysiologic mechanisms that damage the pancreatic β-cell (e.g., inflammation, epigenetic changes, insulin resistance, fuel excess, and abnormal metabolic environment), also lead to cell and tissue damage causing organ dysfunction, elevating the risk of all complications, including diabetic retinopathy. Viewing diabetic retinopathy within the context whereby diabetes and all its complications arise from common pathophysiologic factors allows for the consideration of a wider array of potential ocular as well as systemic treatments for this common and devastating complication. Moreover, it also raises the importance of the need for methods that will provide more timely detection and prediction of the course in order to address early damage to the neurovascular unit prior to the clinical observation of microangiopathy. Currently, treatment success is limited as it is often initiated far too late and after significant neurodegeneration has occurred. This forward-thinking approach of earlier detection and treatment with a wider array of possible therapies broadens the physician's armamentarium and increases the opportunity for prevention and early treatment of diabetic retinopathy with preservation of good vision, as well the prevention of similar destructive processes occurring among other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H. Sinclair
- Sinclair Retina Associates, Media, PA, United States
- Main Line Health System, Media, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephen H. Sinclair
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Liu HN, Li X, Wu N, Tong MM, Chen S, Zhu SS, Qian W, Chen XL. Serum microRNA-221 as a biomarker for diabetic retinopathy in patients associated with type 2 diabetes. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:1889-1894. [PMID: 30588418 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.12.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the candidate microRNA (miRNA), miR-221 as a novel biomarker for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS The subjects involved were divided into four groups: healthy control (HC), no diabetic retinopathy (NDR), non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) group. Serum miR-221 was validated by real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Also, serum angiotensin II (Ang II) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to explore the diagnostic accuracy of miR-221, Ang II and VEGF for DR in patients with T2D. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was executed to estimate the correlations of serum miR-221 with metabolic parameters and serum markers in patients with T2D. RESULTS Primarily, serum miR-221, Ang II and VEGF were increased significantly in T2D patients compared to HC participant respectively, and progressive up-regulated in NDR, NPDR and PDR groups (P<0.001). Additionally, miR-221 in serum was remarkably positively correlated with metabolic parameters such as glycated hemoglobin (r=0.310, P=0.002) and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (r=0.413, P<0.001), as well as serum markers for instance Ang II (r=0.667, P<0.001) and VEGF (r=0.499, P<0.001). Furthermore, serum miR-221 (AUC, 0.894; 95%CI, 0.833-0.955; P<0.001), Ang II (AUC, 0.888; 95%CI, 0.828-0.949; P<0.001) and VEGF (AUC, 0.785; 95%CI, 0.695-0.875; P<0.001) had evidently diagnostic efficiency in DR, and miR-221 is the most effective among them. CONCLUSION Serum miR-221 as a potential biomarker could be related to not only occurrence but also progression for DR in patients with T2D. However, a prospective clinical trial is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Nan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Meng-Meng Tong
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhu
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Sino-Dutch Biomedical and Information Engineering School, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, Liaoning Province, China.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, 500W University, El Paso, Texas 79902, USA
| | - Xiao-Long Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
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Derkac I, Januleviciene I, Sepetiene R, Valiauga R, Velickiene D. The Association of CEP135 rs4865047 and NPY2R rs1902491 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) with Rapid Progression of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:8891-8898. [PMID: 30531682 PMCID: PMC6295137 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic retinopathy has a varied prevalence, severity, and rate of progression. The aim of this study was to determine whether the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the gene encoding a 135-kD centrosomal protein CEP135 rs4865047 and the gene encoding the type 2 NPY protein NPY2R rs1902491 were associated with the development of rapidly progressive proliferative diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Material/Methods Patients with rapidly progressive proliferative diabetic retinopathy (n=48) were included in the study group. The control group (n=84) consisted of diabetes mellitus patients who had no proliferative diabetic retinopathy up to 15 years of diabetes duration. The reference group (n=90) included non-diabetic individuals who matched the study group by age and gender. The SNPs in the three groups were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Results The analysis of the distribution of genotypes in CEP135 rs4865047 and NPY2R rs1902491 detected significant differences only in the single nucleotide polymorphism rs4865047 genotype between the case and control group in comparison to the reference group. The co-dominant model showed that CEP135 rs4865047 was significantly associated with patients with rapidly progressive proliferative diabetic retinopathy (OR 7.2, 95% CI, 2.28–22.74, p=0.001). No significant association was found for the NPY2R SNP rs1902491 genotype. Conclusions Our study reports a significant association of the CEP135 single nucleotide polymorphism rs4865047 genotype with rapidly progressive proliferative diabetic retinopathy and the control group. No significant association was found of the NPY2R single nucleotide polymorphism rs1902491 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmante Derkac
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eye Clinic of Kaunas Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ingrida Januleviciene
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eye Clinic of Kaunas Medical Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Rasa Valiauga
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dzilda Velickiene
- Department of Endocrinology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Institute of Endocrinology, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Shafabakhsh R, Aghadavod E, Ghayour‐Mobarhan M, Ferns G, Asemi Z. Role of histone modification and DNA methylation in signaling pathways involved in diabetic retinopathy. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7839-7846. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Shafabakhsh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Esmat Aghadavod
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour‐Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Gordon Ferns
- Division of Medical Education Brighton & Sussex Medical School Brighton UK
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
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Sommese L, Benincasa G, Lanza M, Sorriento A, Schiano C, Lucchese R, Alfano R, Nicoletti GF, Napoli C. Novel epigenetic-sensitive clinical challenges both in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2018; 32:1076-1084. [PMID: 30190170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetics modulated tissue-specific gene expression during the onset of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and their complications. METHODS We searched the PubMed recent studies about the main epigenetic tags involved in type 1 and type 2 diabetes onset and their clinical complications. PubMed studies about the epigenetic tags involved in type 1 and 2 diabetes onset was searched. RESULTS The epigenetic methylation maps of cord blood samples highlighted differences in the methylation status of CpG sites within the MHC genes between carriers of diabetes type 1 DR3-DQ2 and DR4-DQ8 risk haplotypes. β cell-derived unmethylated INS DNA showed the decline of β-cell mass preserving insulin secretion. Differentially methylated regions in pancreatic islets from type 2 diabetes covered PDX1, TCF7L2, and ADCY5 promoters during islet dysfunction. The recruitment of SET7 and SUV39H1 histone methyltransferases and LSD-1 lysine-specific demethylase-1 at NF-kβ-p65 promoter in vascular cells was involved in coronary heart disease. Neutrophil extracellular trap, activated by protein arginine deiminase-4, impaired wound healing from diabetic foot ulcers. MiR-199a-3p over-expression induced coagulative cascade, swelling and pain by a down-regulation of SERPIN-E2 in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. A DNA hypo-methylation and histone hyper-acetylation at MIOX promoter led an overexpression of ROS, fibronectin, HIF-1α, and NOX-4 associated with diabetic tubulopathy. A hypo-methylation of H3K4 at SOD2 promoter by LSD-1 increased ROS causing diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS Epigenetics played a relevant role in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers/analysis
- DNA Methylation/physiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Diabetic Foot/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic/physiology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Humans
- Precision Medicine/methods
- Precision Medicine/trends
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sommese
- U.O.C. Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giuditta Benincasa
- U.O.C. Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine, Department of Internal and Specialty Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Lanza
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Sorriento
- U.O.C. Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine, Department of Internal and Specialty Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Lucchese
- U.O.C. Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine, Department of Internal and Specialty Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Alfano
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Geriatric Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Francesco Nicoletti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Geriatric Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
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Homme RP, Singh M, Majumder A, George AK, Nair K, Sandhu HS, Tyagi N, Lominadze D, Tyagi SC. Remodeling of Retinal Architecture in Diabetic Retinopathy: Disruption of Ocular Physiology and Visual Functions by Inflammatory Gene Products and Pyroptosis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1268. [PMID: 30233418 PMCID: PMC6134046 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients suffer from a host of physiological abnormalities beyond just those of glucose metabolism. These abnormalities often lead to systemic inflammation via modulation of several inflammation-related genes, their respective gene products, homocysteine metabolism, and pyroptosis. The very nature of this homeostatic disruption re-sets the overall physiology of diabetics via upregulation of immune responses, enhanced retinal neovascularization, upregulation of epigenetic events, and disturbances in cells' redox regulatory system. This altered pathophysiological milieu can lead to the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR), a debilitating vision-threatening eye condition with microvascular complications. DR is the most prevalent cause of irreversible blindness in the working-age adults throughout the world as it can lead to severe structural and functional remodeling of the retina, decreasing vision and thus diminishing the quality of life. In this manuscript, we attempt to summarize recent developments and new insights to explore the very nature of this intertwined crosstalk between components of the immune system and their metabolic orchestrations to elucidate the pathophysiology of DR. Understanding the multifaceted nature of the cellular and molecular factors that are involved in DR could reveal new targets for effective diagnostics, therapeutics, prognostics, preventive tools, and finally strategies to combat the development and progression of DR in susceptible subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubens P. Homme
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Avisek Majumder
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Akash K. George
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Kavya Nair
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Harpal S. Sandhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
- Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Neetu Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - David Lominadze
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
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Corso-Díaz X, Jaeger C, Chaitankar V, Swaroop A. Epigenetic control of gene regulation during development and disease: A view from the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 65:1-27. [PMID: 29544768 PMCID: PMC6054546 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Complex biological processes, such as organogenesis and homeostasis, are stringently regulated by genetic programs that are fine-tuned by epigenetic factors to establish cell fates and/or to respond to the microenvironment. Gene regulatory networks that guide cell differentiation and function are modulated and stabilized by modifications to DNA, RNA and proteins. In this review, we focus on two key epigenetic changes - DNA methylation and histone modifications - and discuss their contribution to retinal development, aging and disease, especially in the context of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. We highlight less-studied roles of DNA methylation and provide the RNA expression profiles of epigenetic enzymes in human and mouse retina in comparison to other tissues. We also review computational tools and emergent technologies to profile, analyze and integrate epigenetic information. We suggest implementation of editing tools and single-cell technologies to trace and perturb the epigenome for delineating its role in transcriptional regulation. Finally, we present our thoughts on exciting avenues for exploring epigenome in retinal metabolism, disease modeling, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Corso-Díaz
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Catherine Jaeger
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vijender Chaitankar
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Potential Interplay between Hyperosmolarity and Inflammation on Retinal Pigmented Epithelium in Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041056. [PMID: 29614818 PMCID: PMC5979527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a frequent eyesight threatening complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Under physiological conditions, the inner and the outer blood-retinal barriers protect the retina by regulating ion, protein, and water flux into and out of the retina. During diabetic retinopathy, many factors, including inflammation, contribute to the rupture of the inner and/or the outer blood-retinal barrier. This rupture leads the development of macular edema, a foremost cause of sight loss among diabetic patients. Under these conditions, it has been speculated that retinal pigmented epithelial cells, that constitute the outer blood-retinal barrier, may be subjected to hyperosmolar stress resulting from different mechanisms. Herein, we review the possible origins and consequences of hyperosmolar stress on retinal pigmented epithelial cells during diabetic retinopathy, with a special focus on the intimate interplay between inflammation and hyperosmolar stress, as well as the current and forthcoming new pharmacotherapies for the treatment of such condition.
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49
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Mishra M, Duraisamy AJ, Kowluru RA. Sirt1: A Guardian of the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes 2018; 67:745-754. [PMID: 29311218 PMCID: PMC5860853 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a multifactorial disease, and the exact mechanism of its pathogenesis remains obscure. Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), a multifunctional deacetylase, is implicated in the regulation of many cellular functions and in gene transcription, and retinal Sirt1 is inhibited in diabetes. Our aim was to determine the role of Sirt1 in the development of diabetic retinopathy and to elucidate the molecular mechanism of its downregulation. Using Sirt1-overexpressing mice that were diabetic for 8 months, structural, functional, and metabolic abnormalities were investigated in vascular and neuronal retina. The role of epigenetics in Sirt1 transcriptional suppression was investigated in retinal microvessels. Compared with diabetic wild-type mice, retinal vasculature from diabetic Sirt1 mice did not present any increase in the number of apoptotic cells or degenerative capillaries or decrease in vascular density. Diabetic Sirt1 mice were also protected from mitochondrial damage and had normal electroretinography responses and ganglion cell layer thickness. Diabetic wild-type mice had hypermethylated Sirt1 promoter DNA, which was alleviated in diabetic Sirt1 mice, suggesting a role for epigenetics in its transcriptional suppression. Thus strategies targeted to ameliorate Sirt1 inhibition have the potential to maintain retinal vascular and neuronal homeostasis, providing opportunities to retard the development of diabetic retinopathy in its early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Mishra
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | | | - Renu A Kowluru
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
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50
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Li W, Webster KA, LeBlanc ME, Tian H. Secretogranin III: a diabetic retinopathy-selective angiogenic factor. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:635-647. [PMID: 28856381 PMCID: PMC5771826 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2635-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Secretogranin III (Scg3) is a member of the granin protein family that regulates the biogenesis of secretory granules. Scg3 was recently discovered as an angiogenic factor, expanding its functional role to extrinsic regulation. Unlike many other known angiogenic factors, the pro-angiogenic actions of Scg3 are restricted to pathological conditions. Among thousands of quantified endothelial ligands, Scg3 has the highest binding activity ratio to diabetic vs. healthy mouse retinas and lowest background binding to normal vessels. In contrast, vascular endothelial growth factor binds to and stimulates angiogenesis of both diabetic and control vasculature. Consistent with its role in pathological angiogenesis, Scg3-neutralizing antibodies alleviate retinal vascular leakage in mouse models of diabetic retinopathy and retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy mice. This review summarizes our current knowledge of Scg3 as a regulatory protein of secretory granules, highlights its new role as a highly disease-selective angiogenic factor, and envisions Scg3 inhibitors as "selective angiogenesis blockers" for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Keith A Webster
- Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Department Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Michelle E LeBlanc
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Hong Tian
- Everglades Biopharma, Miami, FL, 33156, USA
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