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Kwon T, Jeong H, Kim M, Jung S, Ro I. Catalytic Approaches to Tackle Mixed Plastic Waste Challenges: A Review. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:17212-17238. [PMID: 39109437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Plastics are widely used materials in our daily lives and various industries due to their affordability and versatility. The massive production of plastic waste, however, has recently emerged as a pressing environmental concern across all media. To address this, emerging technologies are being explored for the sustainable valorization of postconsumer plastic wastes including thermochemical, physical, and catalytic processes aimed at transforming them into higher value-added products. However, the chemical recycling of mixed plastic wastes poses a formidable challenge due to the diverse array of monomers and catalyst systems involved, each employing distinct mechanisms. Complicating matters further is that contaminants reduce catalytic efficacy, requiring rigorous and labor-intensive separation and purification processes to extract individual plastic streams from practical plastic waste mixtures. Consequently, the majority of such mixtures often end up in incineration and landfills, perpetuating environmental and societal challenges, such as leachate, carbon dioxide emissions, and other air pollutants. This review will introduce current technical developments available for recycling practical plastic waste mixtures through catalytic processes. The current challenges in process performance, low selectivity of the desired products, and catalyst deactivation from the catalysis of plastic waste mixtures are also discussed. Promising approaches to overcome the problems are suggested in future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeeun Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology,Daegu 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Huijeong Jeong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Mireu Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology,Daegu 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyup Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Insoo Ro
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology,Daegu 01811, Republic of Korea
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2
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Yang W, Gupta R, Song Z, Wang B, Sun L. Mechanism of soot and particulate matter formation during high temperature pyrolysis and gasification of waste derived from MSW. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 182:21-31. [PMID: 38631177 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This research investigates the formation mechanism of soot and particulate matter during the pyrolysis and gasification of waste derived from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in a laboratory scale drop tube furnace. Compared with CO2 gasification atmosphere, more ultrafine particles (PM0.2, aerodynamic diameter less than 0.2 μm) were generated in N2 atmosphere at 1200℃, which were mainly composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), graphitic carbonaceous soot and volatile alkali salts. High reaction temperatures promote the formation of hydrocarbon gaseous products and their conversion to PAHs, which ultimately leads to the formation of soot particles. The soot particles generated by waste derived from MSW pyrolysis and gasification both have high specific surface area and well-developed pore structure. Compared with pyrolysis, the soot generated by gasification of waste derived from MSW had smaller size and higher proportion of inorganic components. The higher pyrolysis temperature led to the collapse of the mesoporous structure of submicron particles, resulting in a decrease in total pore volume and an increase in specific surface area. Innovatively, this research provides an explanation for the effect of reaction temperature/ CO2 on the formation pathways and physicochemical properties of soot and fine particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rajender Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Zijian Song
- Resource and Environmental Branch, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ben Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lushi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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3
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Si H, Wang R, Zhao Y, Hao H, Zhao C, Xing S, Yu H, Liang X, Lu J, Chen X, Wang B. Large-scale soil application of hydrochar: Reducing its polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content and toxicity by heating. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134467. [PMID: 38691930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The beneficial roles of hydrochar in carbon sequestration and soil improvement are widely accepted. Despite few available reports regarding polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) generated during preparation, their potential negative impacts on ecosystems remain a concern. A heating treatment method was employed in this study for rapidly removing PAHs and reducing the toxicity of corn stover-based hydrochar (CHC). The result showed total PAHs content (∑PAH) decreased and then sharply increased within the temperature range from 150 °C to 400 °C. The ∑PAH and related toxicity in CHC decreased by more than 80% under 200 °C heating temperature, compared with those in the untreated sample, representing the lowest microbial toxicity. Benzo(a)pyrene produced a significant influence on the ecological toxicity of the hydrochar among the 16 types of PAHs. The impact of thermal treatment on the composition, content, and toxicity of PAHs was significantly influenced by the adsorption, migration, and desorption of PAHs within hydrochar pores, as well as the disintegration and aggregation of large molecular polymers. The combination of hydrochar with carbonized waste heat and exhaust gas collection could be a promising method to efficiently and affordably reduce hydrochar ecological toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Si
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Gasification Technology, Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Gasification Technology, Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Gasification Technology, Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Han Hao
- Jinan Xinhang Experimental Foreign Language School, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Changkai Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Gasification Technology, Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Sen Xing
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Gasification Technology, Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hewei Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Gasification Technology, Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiaohui Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, China
| | - JiKai Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Gasification Technology, Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiuxiu Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Gasification Technology, Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Gasification Technology, Energy Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, 66 Wa-liu Road, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China.
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4
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Yao C, Wang B, Zhang J, Faheem M, Feng Q, Hassan M, Zhang X, Lee X, Wang S. Formation mechanisms and degradation methods of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biochar: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 357:120610. [PMID: 38581889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Biochar has been widely used in soil amendment and environmental remediation. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) could be produced in preparation of biochar, which may pose potential risks to the environment and human health. At present, most studies focus on the ecotoxicity potential of biochar, while there are few systematic reviews on the formation mechanisms and mitigation strategies of PAHs in biochar. Therefore, a systematical understanding of the distribution, formation mechanisms, risk assessment, and degradation approaches of PAHs in biochar is highly needed. In this paper, the distribution and content of the total and bioavailable PAHs in biochar are reviewed. Then the formation mechanisms, influencing factors, and potential risk assessment of PAHs in biochar are systematically explored. After that, the effective strategies to alleviate PAHs in biochar are summarized. Finally, suggestions and perspectives for future studies are proposed. This review provides a guide for reducing the formation of biochar-associated PAHs and their toxicity, which is beneficial for the development and large-scale safe use of environmentally friendly biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canxu Yao
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Muhammad Faheem
- Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environment Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qianwei Feng
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Masud Hassan
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Xueyang Zhang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, China
| | - Xinqing Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550081, China
| | - Shengsen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127, China
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Chang SH. Plastic waste as pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162719. [PMID: 36933741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Turning plastic waste into plastic oil by pyrolysis is one of the promising techniques to eradicate plastic waste pollution and accelerate the circular economy of plastic materials. Plastic waste is an attractive pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production owing to its favorable chemical properties of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and heating value other than its abundant availability. Despite the exponential growth of scientific output from 2015 to 2022, a vast majority of the current review articles cover the pyrolysis of plastic waste into a series of fuels and value-added products, and up-to-date reviews exclusively on plastic oil production from pyrolysis are relatively scarce. In light of this void in the current review articles, this review attempts to provide an up-to-date overview of plastic waste as pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production. A particular emphasis is placed on the common types of plastic as primary sources of plastic pollution, the characteristics (proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, hydrogen/carbon ratio, heating value, and degradation temperature) of various plastic wastes and their potential as pyrolysis feedstock, and the pyrolysis systems (reactor type and heating method) and conditions (temperature, heating rate, residence time, pressure, particle size, reaction atmosphere, catalyst and its operation modes, and single and mixed plastic wastes) used in plastic waste pyrolysis for plastic oil production. The characteristics of plastic oil from pyrolysis in terms of physical properties and chemical composition are also outlined and discussed. The major challenges and future prospects for the large-scale production of plastic oil from pyrolysis are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Hua Chang
- Waste Management and Resource Recovery (WeResCue) Group, Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Penang, Malaysia.
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6
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Neumann M, Wei X, Morales-Inostroza L, Song S, Lee SG, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Götzinger S, Lee YH. Organic Molecules as Origin of Visible-Range Single Photon Emission from Hexagonal Boron Nitride and Mica. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37276077 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of room-temperature single-photon emitters (SPEs) hosted by two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (2D hBN) has sparked intense research interest. Although emitters in the vicinity of 2 eV have been studied extensively, their microscopic identity has remained elusive. The discussion of this class of SPEs has centered on point defects in the hBN crystal lattice, but none of the candidate defect structures have been able to capture the great heterogeneity in emitter properties that is observed experimentally. Employing a widely used sample preparation protocol but disentangling several confounding factors, we demonstrate conclusively that heterogeneous single-photon emission at ∼2 eV associated with hBN originates from organic molecules, presumably aromatic fluorophores. The appearance of those SPEs depends critically on the presence of organic processing residues during sample preparation, and emitters formed during heat treatment are not located within the hBN crystal as previously thought, but at the hBN/substrate interface. We further demonstrate that the same class of SPEs can be observed in a different 2D insulator, fluorophlogopite mica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Neumann
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Xu Wei
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Seunghyun Song
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Gyu Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Stephan Götzinger
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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7
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He Y, Chen J, Mo Z, Hu C, Li D, Tu J, Lin C, Wang Y, Liu D, Wang T. Controlling Diels-Alder reactions in catalytic pyrolysis of sawdust and polypropylene by coupling CO 2 atmosphere and Fe-modified zeolite for enhanced light aromatics production. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131547. [PMID: 37156047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Producing value-added light aromatics (BTEX) from solid waste streams holds excellent promise for resource recovery. Here we present a thermochemical conversion approach that enhanced BTEX production by coupling CO2 atmosphere and Fe-modified HZSM-5 zeolite to facilitate the Diels-Alder reactions in catalytic pyrolysis of sawdust and polypropylene. The Diels-Alder reactions between sawdust-derived furans and polypropylene-derived olefins could be controlled by tuning CO2 concentration and Fe loading amount. Sufficient CO2 (≥50%) with moderate Fe loading (10 wt%) were observed to produce more BTEX and fewer heavy fractions (C9+aromatics). To deepen the mechanistic understanding, quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and catalyst coke was further conducted. The co-use of CO2 atmosphere and Fe modification suppressed the appearance of low-, medium-, and high-membered ring PAHs by over 40%, decreased pyrolysis oil toxicity from 42.1 to 12.8 μg/goil TEQ, and transformed coke from "hard" to "soft". Based on the characterization of CO2 adsorption behavior, it was deduced that the introduced CO2 was activated by loaded Fe and reacted in situ with H2 generated during aromatization to expedite H-transfer. Meanwhile, BTEX recondensation was prevented through the Boudouard reactions of CO2 and water-gas reactions between the resulting water and carbon deposits. These synergistically enhanced the production of BTEX and suppressed the formation of heavy species, including PAHs and catalyst coke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao He
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziming Mo
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Changsong Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Detao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianhua Tu
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chen Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dongxia Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Tiejun Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Jung S, Ro I. Strategic use of thermo-chemical processes for plastic waste valorization. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-023-1398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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9
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Barbosa F, Rocha BA, Souza MCO, Bocato MZ, Azevedo LF, Adeyemi JA, Santana A, Campiglia AD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Updated aspects of their determination, kinetics in the human body, and toxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:28-65. [PMID: 36617662 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2164390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are legacy pollutants of considerable public health concern. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons arise from natural and anthropogenic sources and are ubiquitously present in the environment. Several PAHs are highly toxic to humans with associated carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Further, more severe harmful effects on human- and environmental health have been attributed to the presence of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs, that is PAHs with molecular mass greater than 300 Da. However, more research has been conducted using low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs). In addition, no HMW PAHs are on the priority pollutants list of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), which is limited to only 16 PAHs. However, limited analytical methodologies for separating and determining HMW PAHs and their potential isomers and lack of readily available commercial standards make research with these compounds challenging. Since most of the PAH kinetic data originate from animal studies, our understanding of the effects of PAHs on humans is still minimal. In addition, current knowledge of toxic effects after exposure to PAHs may be underrepresented since most investigations focused on exposure to a single PAH. Currently, information on PAH mixtures is limited. Thus, this review aims to critically assess the current knowledge of PAH chemical properties, their kinetic disposition, and toxicity to humans. Further, future research needs to improve and provide the missing information and minimize PAH exposure to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Barbosa
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Rocha
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília C O Souza
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Z Bocato
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara F Azevedo
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Ramalingam S, Thamizhvel R, Sudagar S, Silambarasan R. Production of third generation bio-fuel through thermal cracking process by utilizing Covid-19 plastic wastes. MATERIALS TODAY. PROCEEDINGS 2023; 72:1618-1623. [PMID: 36213622 PMCID: PMC9529355 DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.09.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
During this pandemic, it has become customary to wear a face waste mask to guard against coronavirus illness (COVID-19). However, huge production of face waste masks, PPE kit and gloves pose environmental risks, since existing disposal methods such as incineration and reclamation which are emitting hazardous substances. In the present study covid-19 medical waste material like waste face waste masks; gloves and PPE kit (personal protective equipment) are considered as the feedstock for the thermal degradation process. Mainly nylon, polyethylene and polypropylene compounds are present in the Covid-19 medical waste compounds, further feedstock material is subjected to physical characterization process like proximate, ultimate and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), to determine the moisture, ash, volatile matter and decomposition temperature respectively. The waste waste mask has lower ash content of 9.7 %, whereas gloves and other PPEs has 11.8 and 11.2 % of ash respectively. Similarly volatile matter is also higher for waste waste mask than other feed stocks. Pyrolysis process is carried out between a temperature range of 100 °C to 700 °C and the products of the pyrolysis process are pyrolytic liquid, gas and residue. The maximum pyrolytic oil is produced from waste masks, gloves and other PPE kit at 300, 350 and 320 °C respectively. The calorific value of the pyrolytic oil from waste mask, gloves and other PPE kit possess 40.85,40.11,40.31 MJ/kg respectively, which indicates that all the pyrolytic oil has closer to the diesel fuel. Therefore pyroltic oil obtained from the Covid-19 medical waste can be used as an alternative fuel for CI engine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Thamizhvel
- IFET College of Engineering, Villupuram, India,Corresponding author
| | - S. Sudagar
- University College of Engineering, Villupuram, India
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11
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Tarafdar A, Sinha A. Profiling and occupational health risk assessment study on coal ashes in terms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 57:913-926. [PMID: 36254457 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2131291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Profiling and cancer risk assessment on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content of coal ashes produced by the major coal combustion plants from the eastern coalfield region in India was conducted. Thirteen PAHs were detected on coal ashes collected from ash deposition sites of major thermal power plants and the profiling of the PAHs was done. Benzo[a]pyrene equivalents (BaPeq) for individual PAHs were calculated and applied to the probabilistic assessment model from US EPA (1989). Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to assess the risk of inhabitants exposed to PAHs through the dust of the coal ash deposition site. In fly ash, the range of total amount of carcinogenic PAHs was from 3.50 to 6.72 µg g-1 and for the bottom ash, the range was 8.49 to 14.91 µg g-1. Bottom ashes were loaded with ample amounts of 5- and 6-ring carcinogenic PAHs, whereas fly ashes were dominated by medium molecular weight PAHs. The simulated mean cancer risks from fly ashes were 2.187 E-06 for children and 3.749 E-06 for adults. For the case of bottom ash, the mean risks were 1.248 E-05 and 2.173 E-05 respectively for children and adults. Among all the three exposure routes, dermal contact was the major and caused 81% of the total cancer risk. The most sensitive parameters were exposure duration and relative skin adherence factor for soil, which contributed the most to total variation. The 90% risks calculated from the bottom ashes (2.617 E-05 for children and 4.803 E-05 for adults) are marginally above the acceptable limit (>1.000 E-06) according to US EPA. In this study, a comprehensive risk assessment on carcinogenic PAHs present in coal ashes was done for the first time that may be helpful to develop potential strategies against occupational cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhrajyoti Tarafdar
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
| | - Alok Sinha
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
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12
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Lai YW, Lee YT, Inbaraj BS, Chen BH. Formation and Inhibition of Heterocyclic Amines and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ground Pork during Marinating. Foods 2022; 11:3080. [PMID: 36230156 PMCID: PMC9563804 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to simultaneously extract heterocyclic amines (HAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from ground pork for respective analysis by UPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS, and study the effects of different flavorings and marinating time length on their formation and inhibition. Results showed that both HA and PAH contents followed a time-dependent increase during marinating, with HAs being more susceptible to formation than PAHs. The total HA contents in unmarinated pork and juice was, respectively, 61.58 and 139.26 ng/g, and rose to 2986.46 and 1792.07 ng/g after 24-h marinating, which can be attributed to the elevation of reducing sugar and creatinine contents. The total PAH contents in unmarinated pork and juice were, respectively, 34.56 and 26.84 ng/g, and increased to 55.93 and 44.16 ng/g after 24-h marinating, which can be due to the increment of PAH precursors such as benzaldehyde, 2-cyclohexene-1-one and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal. Incorporation of 0.5% (w/v) cinnamon powder or 0.5% (w/v) green tea powder was effective in inhibiting HA formation with the former showing a more pronounced effect for marinated pork, while the latter was for marinated juice. However, their addition was only effective in inhibiting PAH formation in marinated pork. Principle component analysis revealed the relationship between HA and PAH formation in ground pork and juice during marinating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Lai
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tsung Lee
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
| | | | - Bing-Huei Chen
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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13
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Suriapparao DV, Gautam R, Rao Jeeru L. Analysis of pyrolysis index and reaction mechanism in microwave-assisted ex-situ catalytic co-pyrolysis of agro-residual and plastic wastes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 357:127357. [PMID: 35605781 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic and non-catalytic microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis of biomass with plastics was performed to understand the interactions. An ex-situ configuration was adopted for performing catalytic co-pyrolysis experiments with ZSM-5 as a catalyst. Co-pyrolysis promoted cracking of vapors resulting in enhanced gas yields. ZSM-5 further enhanced the secondary cracking which resulted in low oil yields. The oil fraction collected from the pyrolysis of plastics was rich in hydrocarbons, whereas biomass pyrolysis led to the formation of oxygenated compounds in the oil. A plausible reaction mechanism scheme is proposed to understand the formation of major pyrolysis products via different pathways during different pyrolysis processes investigated. Also, a new parameter, the pyrolysis index is introduced to understand the pyrolysis intensity by utilizing the feedstock conversion, pyrolysis time, heating value, mass of feedstock, and energy consumption. The value of the pyrolysis index was found to be higher for plastics pyrolysis than biomass pyrolysis. Co-pyrolysis further increased the pyrolysis index due to the synergistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadi V Suriapparao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382007, India.
| | - Ribhu Gautam
- Clean Combustion Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lakshmana Rao Jeeru
- School of Petroleum Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382007, India
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14
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Hung CM, Chen CW, Huang CP, Yang YY, Dong CD. Suppression of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation during pyrolytic production of lignin-based biochar via nitrogen and boron co-doping. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 355:127246. [PMID: 35490956 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are toxic byproducts of biochar production. The effects of pyrolysis atmosphere (i.e., N2 and CO2) and temperature (i.e., 300-900 °C) and element doping (i.e., N, B, O, and S) on the production of sixteen high priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lignin-based biochar was investigated. N2 atmosphere at 300 °C produced the highest total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content (1698 ± 50 ng/g). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation decreased with increase in temperature (31 ± 15 ng/g at 900 °C). CO2 atmosphere significantly decreased yield of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The effects of heteroatom doping on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation were investigated for the first time in the pyrolysis synthesis of lignin-based biochar. N-, B-, O, N-B-, and N-S-doping of biochar reduced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation by 90, 85, 87, 97, and 89%, respectively. Results bring new insights into the role of heteroatom-doping and pyrolysis conditions in controlling polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in biochars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Mao Hung
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Pao Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - Yan-Yi Yang
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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15
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Mase C, Maillard JF, Paupy B, Hubert-Roux M, Afonso C, Giusti P. Speciation and Semiquantification of Nitrogen-Containing Species in Complex Mixtures: Application to Plastic Pyrolysis Oil. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:19428-19436. [PMID: 35721918 PMCID: PMC9202011 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pyrolysis oil is of particular interest for waste management in the current context of a circular economy. Due to their uncontrolled origin, these oils may contain significant amount of unwanted compounds such as nitrogen-containing species. These compounds are known to be catalyst poisons during refining processes. Therefore, the removal of these species is crucial, and their characterization from structural and quantification points of view is essential for this purpose. This study presents a method to specify and quantify nitrogen-containing classes in a plastic pyrolysis oil by direct infusion mass spectrometry. Two steps were used, namely structural characterization to select suitable standards and semiquantification. The structural speciation of nitrogen-containing compounds was first performed by electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry, followed by tandem mass spectrometry using high-resolution mass isolation and infrared multiphoton dissociation fragmentation. A semiquantification is then performed by the standard addition method, which is very appropriate for such complex matrices. Aromatic cores such as quinoline and quinoxaline were evidenced for both N1 and N2 classes, allowing 2-methylquinoxaline and 2-butylquinoline to be proposed as standards for the semiquantification of N2- and N1-containing compounds, respectively. The amount of nitrogen detected from the sum of the individual species was consistent with the bulk analysis. The reported methodology can be applied to numerous other families of compounds in various other complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Mase
- UMR
6014 et FR 3038, COBRA, INSA de Rouen, IRCOF, Université de
Rouen, Normandie Université, CNRS, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen 76130, France
- TotalEnergies
OneTech, TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
- International
Joint Laboratory − iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization,
TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
| | - Julien Florent Maillard
- UMR
6014 et FR 3038, COBRA, INSA de Rouen, IRCOF, Université de
Rouen, Normandie Université, CNRS, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen 76130, France
- International
Joint Laboratory − iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization,
TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
| | - Benoit Paupy
- TotalEnergies
OneTech, TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
- International
Joint Laboratory − iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization,
TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
| | - Marie Hubert-Roux
- UMR
6014 et FR 3038, COBRA, INSA de Rouen, IRCOF, Université de
Rouen, Normandie Université, CNRS, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen 76130, France
- International
Joint Laboratory − iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization,
TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- UMR
6014 et FR 3038, COBRA, INSA de Rouen, IRCOF, Université de
Rouen, Normandie Université, CNRS, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen 76130, France
- International
Joint Laboratory − iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization,
TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
| | - Pierre Giusti
- UMR
6014 et FR 3038, COBRA, INSA de Rouen, IRCOF, Université de
Rouen, Normandie Université, CNRS, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen 76130, France
- TotalEnergies
OneTech, TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
- International
Joint Laboratory − iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization,
TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
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16
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Reizer E, Viskolcz B, Fiser B. Formation and growth mechanisms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A mini-review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132793. [PMID: 34762891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mostly formed during the incomplete combustion of organic materials, but their importance and presence in materials science, and astrochemistry has also been proven. These carcinogenic persistent organic pollutants are essential in the formation of combustion generated particles as well. Due to their significant impact on the environment and human health, to understand the formation and growth of PAHs is essential. Therefore, the most important growth mechanisms are reviewed, and presented here from the past four decades (1981-2021) to initiate discussions from a new perspective. Although, the collected and analyzed observations are derived from both experimental, and computational studies, it is neither a systematic nor a comprehensive review. Nevertheless, the mechanisms were divided into three main categories, acetylene additions (e.g. HACA), vinylacetylene additions (HAVA), and radical reactions, and discussed accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Reizer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, H-3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, H-3515, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - Béla Viskolcz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, H-3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, H-3515, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - Béla Fiser
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, H-3515, Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, H-3515, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary; Ferenc Rákóczi II. Transcarpathian Hungarian College of Higher Education, UA, 90200, Beregszász, Transcarpathia, Ukraine.
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17
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Voss R, Lee RP, Seidl L, Keller F, Fröhling M. Global warming potential and economic performance of gasification-based chemical recycling and incineration pathways for residual municipal solid waste treatment in Germany. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 134:206-219. [PMID: 34454187 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling could facilitate the transition from a linear to a circular carbon economy, where carbon-containing waste is channeled back into the production cycle as a chemical feedstock instead of being incinerated or landfilled. However, the predominant focus on technological aspects of chemical recycling for plastic waste narrows evaluations of its potential in contributing to such a transition. Moreover, it leads to significant controversy about its role in the waste hierarchy as a possible competitor to mechanical recycling. To address these gaps in the literature, this study assesses ecological and economic impacts associated with chemical recycling of residual municipal solid waste in Germany. Combining approaches of life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis, chemical recycling and conventional incineration-based treatment pathways are comparatively evaluated in terms of global warming potential and economic performance (i.e. fixed capital investment, net present value, dynamic payback period, and levelized cost of carbon abatement). Results indicate that compared to incineration-based conventional pathways, chemical recycling can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in low-emission energy systems. However, the economic performance of chemical recycling is highly dependent on its scale of operation. Additionally, a price premium for recycling products as well as economic instruments for penalizing CO2 emissions are identified to play important roles in the economic performance of chemical recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Voss
- Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (TUBAF), Freiberg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Branch Lab Freiberg - Circular Carbon Technologies, Freiberg, Germany; Chair of Circular Economy, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.
| | - Roh Pin Lee
- Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (TUBAF), Freiberg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Branch Lab Freiberg - Circular Carbon Technologies, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Seidl
- Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (TUBAF), Freiberg, Germany
| | - Florian Keller
- Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg (TUBAF), Freiberg, Germany
| | - Magnus Fröhling
- Chair of Circular Economy, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
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18
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Basha SI, Aziz MA, Maslehuddin M, Ahmad S. Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of the Anticorrosion Performance of Submicron/Nanocarbon from Jute Sticks. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3914-3930. [PMID: 34529339 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Jute stick, one of the most commonly and abundantly available agricultural waste product, was converted to a value-added submicron/nano jute carbon by using pyrolysis and high-energy ball milling techniques. The submicron/nano jute carbon was characterized using FE-SEM, TEM, EDS, XRD, XPS and Raman spectroscopy. The anticorrosive performance of the submicron/nano jute carbon was investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and salt spray techniques, on mild steel plates coated with a mixture of epoxy resin and the submicron/nano jute carbon. The electrochemical impedance of the steel coated with the composite coating was two orders of magnitudes higher than that of the specimen coated with neat epoxy. Consequently, the corrosion rate of specimens coated with composite coating was 13-20 times higher than that of steel coated with neat epoxy coating. The salt spray results also indicate an improvement in the corrosion resistance performance of the composite coating compared to the neat epoxy. The uniform distribution of the submicron/nano jute carbon particles in the epoxy resin improved the denseness of the composite coating by acting as a barrier against the diffusion of chloride, moisture, and oxygen, thus, improving the corrosion resistance of the developed coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaik Inayath Basha
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Abdul Aziz
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, KFUPM Box 5040, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Maslehuddin
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamsad Ahmad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.,Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Ramesh Kumar A, Vaidya AN, Singh I, Ambekar K, Gurjar S, Prajapati A, Kanade GS, Hippargi G, Kale G, Bodkhe S. Leaching characteristics and hazard evaluation of bottom ash generated from common biomedical waste incinerators. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:1069-1079. [PMID: 34355647 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1962159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
India has more than 202 biomedical waste incinerators, however, knowledge on the chemical characteristics of incinerator ash is lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate the lecahablility characteristics of bottom ash and to study the levels of incineration by-products viz. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Bottom ash samples from 13 common biomedical waste treatment facilities (CBMWTF) were colleted and subjected to leachig test, sequential extraction procedure (SEP) and PAHs and PCBs analysis. Among metals, cadmium, chromium, manganese, lead and zinc were found higher than the regulatory limits indicating its hazardous nature. SEP showed that substantial fraction of Cd (30%) and Zn (25%) were associated with leachable fractions, whereas metals such as Cr, Fe, Mn, and Ni were mainly associated with reducible, organics and residual fractions. Concentrations of USEPA 16 priority PAHs ranged between 0.17-12.67 mg kg-1 and the total toxic equivalents (TEQ) were in the range of 0.9-421.9 ng TEQ/g. PAHs with 4-rings dominated all the samples and accounted for 68% to total PAHs concentrations. Concentration of Σ19 PCB congeners ranged from 420.4 to 724.3 µg kg-1. PCBs homologue pattern was dominated by mono- to tetra chlorinated congeners (60-86%). The findings indicate the need for segregation of plastics from biomedical waste, improvement of combustion efficiency, and efficient air pollution control devices for the existing incinerators in CBMWTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramesh Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | | | - Ishan Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Kajal Ambekar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Suyog Gurjar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Archana Prajapati
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | | | | | - Ganesh Kale
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Sandeep Bodkhe
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
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20
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Su G, Ong HC, Ibrahim S, Fattah IMR, Mofijur M, Chong CT. Valorisation of medical waste through pyrolysis for a cleaner environment: Progress and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116934. [PMID: 33744627 PMCID: PMC9756756 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted great shocks and challenges to the environment, society and economy. Simultaneously, an intractable issue appeared: a considerable number of hazardous medical wastes have been generated from the hospitals, clinics, and other health care facilities, constituting a serious threat to public health and environmental sustainability without proper management. Traditional disposal methods like incineration, landfill and autoclaving are unable to reduce environmental burden due to the issues such as toxic gas release, large land occupation, and unsustainability. While the application of clean and safe pyrolysis technology on the medical wastes treatment to produce high-grade bioproducts has the potential to alleviate the situation. Besides, medical wastes are excellent and ideal raw materials, which possess high hydrogen, carbon content and heating value. Consequently, pyrolysis of medical wastes can deal with wastes and generate valuable products like bio-oil and biochar. Consequently, this paper presents a critical and comprehensive review of the pyrolysis of medical wastes. It demonstrates the feasibility of pyrolysis, which mainly includes pyrolysis characteristics, product properties, related problems, the prospects and future challenges of pyrolysis of medical wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcan Su
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Shaliza Ibrahim
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I M Rizwanul Fattah
- School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - M Mofijur
- School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia; Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahad University, Al Khobar, 31952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cheng Tung Chong
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Lingang, Shanghai, 201306, China
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21
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Bringer A, Le Floch S, Kerstan A, Thomas H. Coastal ecosystem inventory with characterization and identification of plastic contamination and additives from aquaculture materials. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 167:112286. [PMID: 33780755 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the early 1970s, studies of marine litter first appeared in the scientific literature. Fifty years later, knowledge of several coastal areas of the Atlantic, the driving forces of oyster farmers and aquaculture, is lacking. This work documents a pilot study on an Atlantic coastal area (France). This study aims to (i) characterize the abundance of macroplastics related to aquaculture tools; (ii) microplastics present in beach sediments and (iii) characterization of pollutants present on aquaculture plastics collected. First, it was observed that 70% of the plastics collected on the beach were characteristic of aquaculture materials. In sediments, MPs most found were Polyamide between 10 and 20 μm, with a total MP concentration of 397-457 MPs.kg-1. Pipes collectors (PVC), frequently used in aquaculture, have been shown to have concentrations of dimethylphthalates and naphthalene. Waste management and support policies can then base their actions on such studies, in order to improve their knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Bringer
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
| | | | - Andreas Kerstan
- Agilent Technologies Sales & Services GmbH & Co. KG, Germany
| | - Hélène Thomas
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
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22
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Damayanti, Wu HS. Strategic Possibility Routes of Recycled PET. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1475. [PMID: 34063330 PMCID: PMC8125656 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) application has many challenges and potential due to its sustainability. The conventional PET degradation was developed for several technologies to get higher yield products of ethylene glycol, bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) and terephthalic acid. The chemical recycling of PET is reviewed, such as pyrolysis, hydrolysis, methanolysis, glycolysis, ionic-liquid, phase-transfer catalysis and combination of glycolysis-hydrolysis, glycolysis-methanolysis and methanolysis-hydrolysis. Furthermore, the reaction kinetics and reaction conditions were investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The recycling of PET is to solve environmental problems and find another source of raw material for petrochemical products and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damayanti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan, Lampung 35365, Indonesia;
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Shing Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Chung-Li, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
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23
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He JJ, Hu QX, Jiang MN, Huang QX. Nanostructure and reactivity of soot particles from open burning of household solid waste. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:129395. [PMID: 33385669 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this work was to quantify and characterize chemically and morphologically the emission of soot particles from the open burning of several common solid waste including paperboard, wood, peel, chemical fiber, polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The experiment was conducted in a laboratory-scale open-burning combustor with a dilution sampling system to obtain soot particles. The thermogravimetric profiles (TGA) showed an increasing order of oxidation reactivity: PE > PVC > fiber > paper ≈ peel > wood. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images revealed more detailed information about the morphology and the particle size of soot aggregates. Subsequent quantification of nanostructure by fringe analysis showed that plastics generated soot particles with the looser carbon layers with higher tortuosity compared to the three kind of biomass. Raman spectroscopy further confirms the observed differences. In addition, wood soot exhibited the highest content of C-OH group (17.5%) among the six samples (X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS), whereas PE and PVC soot exhibited the highest absorption peaks of aliphatic C-H groups (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR). Comparative analysis revealed that the interlayer distance was more important on the evaluation of reactivity than soot morphologies. The present work concluded that the physiochemical characteristics of soot particles releasing during open burning are strongly depending on waste composition and provided new data for the understanding of soot emissions from open burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qin-Xuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Ming-Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Qun-Xing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Institute of Frontier Technologies, China.
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24
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Sazykin IS, Minkina TM, Khmelevtsova LE, Antonenko EM, Azhogina TN, Dudnikova TS, Sushkova SN, Klimova MV, Karchava SK, Seliverstova EY, Kudeevskaya EM, Konstantinova EY, Khammami MI, Gnennaya NV, Al-Rammahi AAK, Rakin AV, Sazykina MA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, antibiotic resistance genes, toxicity in the exposed to anthropogenic pressure soils of the Southern Russia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110715. [PMID: 33444610 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The influence of anthropogenic pollution, particularly with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on soil toxicity and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is extremely important nowadays. We studied 20 soil samples from a technogenically polluted site, municipal solid wastes (MSW) landfills, and rural settlements in the southwestern part of the Rostov Region of Russia. A close correlation was established between the results of biosensor testing for integral toxicity, the content of genes for the biodegradation of hydrocarbons, and the concentration of PAHs in soils. The relation between the quantitative content of ARGs and the qualitative and quantitative composition of PAHs has not been registered. Soils subjected to different types of the anthropogenic pressure differed in PAHs composition. The technogenic soils are the most polluted ones. These soils are enriched with 5 ring PAHs and carry the maximum variety of assayed ARGs, despite the fact that they do not receive household or medical waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Sazykin
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - T M Minkina
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - L E Khmelevtsova
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - E M Antonenko
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - T N Azhogina
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - T S Dudnikova
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - S N Sushkova
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - M V Klimova
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Sh K Karchava
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - E Yu Seliverstova
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - E M Kudeevskaya
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - E Yu Konstantinova
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - M I Khammami
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - N V Gnennaya
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - A A K Al-Rammahi
- Technical University Al-Furat Al-Awsat, 70, Hill St., Najaf, 54003, Iraq
| | - A V Rakin
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 96a, Naumburger St., Jena, D-07743, Germany
| | - M A Sazykina
- Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Avenue, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation.
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25
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Evaluation of optimal QuEChERS conditions of various food matrices for rapid determination of EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in various foods. Food Chem 2020; 334:127471. [PMID: 32688174 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Optimal QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) conditions with good accuracy, repeatability and precision were established to rapidly extract the European Union (EU) priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from various food matrices (Category: Poultry and Meat, Fish and seafood, Grains, Soy beans and products, Root vegetables and Coffee). The QuEChERS conditions combined with the established high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection conditions were used to rapidly determine the PAHs in 19 popular cooked foods in Taiwan and their corresponding original materials. These conditions also meet the EU and Taiwan Food and Drug Administration specifications. Charcoal grilled, gas stove grilled and smoked foods had higher PAHs contents, while fried and electric oven-baked/baked foods had lower PAHs contents. In addition to the effects of cooking methods, the contamination of original materials by PAHs in the environment should also have an important impact on the contents of PAHs in these cooked foods.
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Abstract
Pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) produces polycyclic hydrocarbons and biphenyl derivatives that are harmful to human health and the environment. Therefore, a palladium metal catalyst (5 wt.% Pd loaded on activated carbon) was used to prevent the formation of harmful materials. When a Pd catalyst/PET ratio of 0.01 was applied in pyrolysis of PET, it did not show a meaningful difference in the generation of polycyclic hydrocarbons and biphenyl derivatives. However, when a Pd catalyst/PET ratio of 0.05 was used during pyrolysis, it prevented their formation and generation at experimental temperature ranges (400–700 °C). For example, the concentration of 2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid produced, which is a typical polycyclic hydrocarbon material, was reduced by 44%. In addition, the concentration of biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid, which is contained in biphenyl derivatives, was reduced by 79% compared to non-catalytic pyrolysis at 800 °C. This was because the ring-opening reaction and free radical mechanism caused by the Pd catalyst and thermal cracking were dominant during the pyrolysis of PET. Apart from these materials, amine compounds were generated as products of the pyrolysis of PET. Amine concentration showed a similar trend with polycyclic hydrocarbons and benzene derivatives. Based on these results, the total concentration of polycyclic hydrocarbons and biphenyl derivatives was compared; the results confirmed that the concentrations of all substances were reduced. This research suggests that a metal-supported catalyst will help create a more environmentally friendly and reliable method of industrial plastic waste disposal.
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Hoslett J, Ghazal H, Mohamad N, Jouhara H. Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions by biochar prepared from the pyrolysis of mixed municipal discarded material. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136832. [PMID: 32018976 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the adsorption of organic compounds in aqueous solution to biochar adsorbent, using methylene blue as an indicator for adsorption. Biochar was produced by the pyrolysis of mixed municipal discarded material in an innovative heat pipe reactor, the pyrolysis temperature was held at 300°C for 12 h. Biochar produced under these conditions was found to have oxygen containing functional groups that are beneficial to the adsorption of methylene blue as well as graphitic structures suggesting potential sites for π-π interactions with methylene blue. Methylene Blue followed the pseudo second order kinetic model with higher R2 values than both the pseudo first order kinetic and intraparticle diffusion models. The adsorption also closely fit the Langmuir isotherm rather than the Freundlich model, suggesting monolayer adsorption rather than multilayer adsorption. Maximum adsorption capacity was observed at 7.2 mg/g for initial concentration of 100 mg/l Methylene blue in aqueous solution. The amount of Methylene blue adsorbed increased with increasing initial concentration as expected. The adsorption mechanisms are likely π-π interactions between methylene blue and the graphitic structures in the biochar which are shown to be present in Raman spectroscopy, as well as electrostatic attraction and ionic bonding between negatively charged surface sites on the char and the positive charge on the dissolved methylene blue molecules. The results show that biochar obtained from mixed waste could be employed as a low-cost and effective tool in water treatment for the removal of basic dyes and potentially other organic impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hoslett
- Brunel University London, College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Heba Ghazal
- Kingston University, School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE, United Kingdom
| | - Nour Mohamad
- Brunel University London, College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Hussam Jouhara
- Brunel University London, College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
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28
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Zhao L, Zhao Y, Nan H, Yang F, Qiu H, Xu X, Cao X. Suppressed formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during pyrolytic production of Fe-enriched composite biochar. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 382:121033. [PMID: 31561196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The pyrolytic production of Fe-enriched composite biochar is receiving increasing attention. However, understanding of the environmental risk from the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) potentially generated during composite biochar production is lacking. This study investigated the formation of PAHs from the pyrolysis of barley straw impregnated with FeCl3 or Fe(NO3)3 at 350 °C, 500 °C, and 650 °C. The total amount of PAHs formation increased with increasing heating temperature. Most of the PAHs were concentrated in bio-oil (72.7-94.6%), with only a small fraction retained in biochar (1.7-11.1%) and in biogas (2.2-16.2%). Preloading FeCl3 or Fe(NO3)3 onto the biomass greatly reduced PAH formation by up to 33% and 21%, respectively, compared to that obtained with biomass alone. The suppressed formation of PAHs was due to the generation of more reductive forms of Fe, such as Fe0 and FeO, in the O2-starved pyrolysis atmosphere, which reduced C2H2 and C6H5OH, two important PAH precursors in hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition reactions. Although Fe loading reduced the amounts of PAHs in biochar, the toxic equivalent value increased because Fe induced more accumulation of high-molecular-weight PAHs in the biochar. This study proved that Fe loading suppresses PAH generation during biomass pyrolysis, which can guide the design of composite biochar production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yinghao Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hongyan Nan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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29
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Mohseni-Bandpei A, Majlesi M, Rafiee M, Nojavan S, Nowrouz P, Zolfagharpour H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) formation during the fast pyrolysis of hazardous health-care waste. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 227:277-288. [PMID: 30999169 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Health-care waste management is a challenge for the health sector. Currently, pyrolysis technologies are being used to treat medical waste that can convert it to a hydrocarbon fuel. In the present study, hazardous health-care waste was pyrolyzed using a continuous tubular fast pyrolysis reactor. Mass balance analysis and formation of the 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), characterized by USEPA as priority pollutants, and was studied during the pyrolysis process in a wide range of operation conditions, i.e., reaction temperature (300-700 °C), residence time (100-190 s) and waste particle size (1-3 cm). Response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) were applied to optimize the operating variables. Cracking and decomposition of feedstock occurred almost optimally in 700 °C resulting in the generation of 73.4% liquid and 24.1% char. The PAHs were characterized in significant concentrations in pyrolytic oil (121-29440 mg/lit) and char (223-1610 mg/kg) products. The formation of total USEPA listed PAH components varied by the operating ranges of temperature, residence time and waste size. In the pyrolytic oil phase, the formation of total PAHs was drastically increased by increasing the waste particle size. It is also found that increasing the temperature and having longer residence times have a high influence on the total 16 USEPA PAHs formation rate in the char phase. It is concluded that fast pyrolysis of hazardous health-care waste, as thermal treatment method, would influence the formation and destruction of PAHs and their fraction to a different extent depending on the role of operating variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoushiravan Mohseni-Bandpei
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Monireh Majlesi
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pollutants, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran.
| | - Parviz Nowrouz
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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30
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Chang MB, Hsu YC, Chang SH. Removal of PCDD/Fs, PCP and mercury from sediments: Thermal oxidation versus pyrolysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:10-17. [PMID: 29763762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A continuous pilot-scale system (CPS) equipped with effective air pollution control devices (APCDs) is used for remediating the sediments contaminated with PCDD/Fs, PCP and Hg simultaneously. The removal efficiencies of these three pollutants in sediments collected from seawater pond and river, respectively, are evaluated via thermal treatment processes. PAHs and CBz formed during thermal oxidation and pyrolysis are also analyzed for better understanding the behaviors of chlorinated organic compounds. Experimental results indicate that low-molecular-weight PAHs are closely related to the formation of CBz, PCDD/Fs, and CPs, while low chlorinated PCDD/Fs and CBz are predominant in flue gas with thermal oxidation. However, the PM concentration is higher in thermal oxidation than pyrolysis due to the higher air flow rate of thermal oxidation. It may bring more particles out of the furnace and have a greater potential to form PCDD/Fs within APCDs. Besides, the high air flow also dilutes the Hg vapor in flue gas and would require more energy to condense and collect Hg with the quench tower. Furthermore, for removal of total amount of PCDD/Fs, pyrolysis is better than thermal oxidation. Thus, pyrolysis is more suitable for remediating the contaminated sediment. The removal efficiencies of PCDD/Fs, PCP and Hg in sediments achieved with pyrolysis increase with increasing operating temperature and retention time in CPS. Overall, the residual concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCP in river sediment are higher than that in seawater-pond sediment since significant formation of tar is observed due to higher organic matter content in river sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo-Been Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli, 320, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Chen Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli, 320, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hao Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli, 320, Taiwan
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31
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Kumar U, Gaikwad V, Mayyas M, Bucknall M, Sahajwalla V. Application of High-Resolution NMR and GC-MS to Study Hydrocarbon Oils Derived from Noncatalytic Thermal Transformation of e-Waste Plastics. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9282-9289. [PMID: 31459060 PMCID: PMC6645135 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The increases in the volumes of electronic waste have become an aggravating environmental, economic, and social health issue in recent times. This study investigates the conversion of e-waste plastics into hydrocarbon oils via noncatalytic thermal transformation followed by an in-depth characterization of these oils using diverse analytical techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In particular, NMR spectroscopy is a key analytical tool utilized in this study to gain a comprehensive insight into the chemical nature of the resultant oils along with a semiquantitative investigation of the changes in their composition over a temperature range of 800-1200 °C. The one-dimensional (1D) 1H and two-dimensional (2D) heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectra were acquired for the oils, wherein the 2D NMR spectrum provided improved resolution of peaks to address the overlaps encountered in the 1D spectrum. The experimental results obtained from GC-MS, FTIR spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy were found to align well with each other. The oils produced in this study have a high calorific value of 38.27 MJ/kg and thus may find use in several applications. A detailed mechanism for the thermal degradation of styrene acrylonitrile plastics and the formation of major products is elucidated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Kumar
- Centre
for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT@UNSW), School
of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW
Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Vaibhav Gaikwad
- Centre
for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT@UNSW), School
of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW
Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- Centre
for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT@UNSW), School
of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW
Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Martin Bucknall
- Mark
Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Veena Sahajwalla
- Centre
for Sustainable Materials Research and Technology (SMaRT@UNSW), School
of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW
Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Tarafdar A, Sarkar TK, Chakraborty S, Sinha A, Masto RE. Biofilm development of Bacillus thuringiensis on MWCNT buckypaper: Adsorption-synergic biodegradation of phenanthrene. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 157:327-334. [PMID: 29627417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption-synergic biodegradation of a model PAH (phenanthrene, Phe) on MWCNT buckypaper surface with a potential PAH biodegrading bacterial strain Bacillus thuringiensis AT.ISM.11 has been studied in aqueous medium. Adsorption of Phe on buckypaper follows Dubinin-Ashtakhov model (R2 = 0.9895). MWCNT generally exerts toxicity to microbes but adsorbed layer of Phe prevents the direct contact between MWCNT and bacterial cell wall. FESEM study suggests that formation of biofilms occurred on buckypaper. Lower layer cells are disrupted and flattened as they are in direct contact with MWCNT but the upper layer cells of the developed biofilm are fully intact and functional. Force-distance curves of Bacillus thuringiensis AT.ISM.11 with buckypaper indicates adhesion forces varied from -10.3 to -15.6 nN with increasing contact time, which supports the phenomenon of biofilm formation. AFM surface statistical data of buckypaper suggests increase in bacterial cell count increases the Rms roughness (95.7242-632.565) while adhering to the buckypaper surface to form biofilm. We observed an enhanced Phe biodegradation of 93.81% from that of the 65.71% in 15 days' study period, using buckypaper as a bio-carrier or a matrix for the microbial growth. GC-MS study identified phthalic acid ester as metabolite, which is the evidence of protocatechuate pathway degradation of Phe. Current study enlightens the interaction between hydrocarbons and microbes in presence of MWCNT buckypaper matrix in aqueous system for the first time. An enhancement in biodegradation of Phe by 28.10% has also been reported which can be a basis for CNT aided enhanced biodegradation studies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhrajyoti Tarafdar
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tarun Kanti Sarkar
- Chemical Science Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, India.
| | - Sourav Chakraborty
- Department of Environmental science, Southeast Missouri State University, USA.
| | - Alok Sinha
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India.
| | - Reginald E Masto
- Environmental Management Division, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (Digwadih Campus), Dhanbad, India.
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Raclavská H, Růžičková J, Škrobánková H, Koval S, Kucbel M, Raclavský K, Švédová B, Pavlík P, Juchelková D. Possibilities of the utilization of char from the pyrolysis of tetrapak. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 219:231-238. [PMID: 29747104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the cellulose used in the production of tetrapak is of very high quality, the char generated during pyrolysis should be influenced mainly by the pyrolysis temperature. This article aims to determine the chemical composition of biochar prepared at the temperatures of 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C and its environmental properties determined by the presence of organic compounds with toxicity and relatively high mobility in the environment. The analytical pyrolysis of char was used to identify the following groups of organic compounds: alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, cycloalkenes, alkynes, alkadiens, ethers, alcohols, nitrogen compounds, nitrils, ketones and aldehydes, compounds containing phenols, furans, benzofurans, PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), carboxylic acids, compounds containing benzenes and markers indicative of the presence of synthetic polymers (polyethylene layers, a part of dyes, antioxidants, stabilizers), and fragments of cellulose. Concerning the use of char as a soil conditioner, its ecotoxicity was monitored (Folsomia candida) by monitoring its addition to the artificial soil (char addition: 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 50 and 100%). The lowest reproduction inhibition of Folsomia candida is caused by biochar prepared at the temperature of 400 °C and 700 °C, but it is not suitable for the agricultural application, the concentration of PAHs is three times higher than the EBC limit. Low-density polyethylene which is present in the aseptic box in concentration of 6%, can degrade biochar so that it cannot be used as a soil amendment. The results of the char analyses show that the pyrolysis temperature is a decisive factor in the applicability of biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Raclavská
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Institute of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Růžičková
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Škrobánková
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Silvie Koval
- CSIRO, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Energy, 1 Technology Court, 4069 Pullenvale, QLD, Australia.
| | - Marek Kucbel
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Konstantin Raclavský
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Švédová
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic; Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Pavlík
- Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Dagmar Juchelková
- Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
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Gong M, Wang Y, Fan Y, Zhu W, Zhang H, Su Y. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation during the gasification of sewage sludge in sub- and supercritical water: Effect of reaction parameters and reaction pathways. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 72:287-295. [PMID: 29153339 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is a widespread issue during the supercritical water gasification of sewage sludge, which directly reduces the gasification efficiency and restricts the technology practical application. The changes of the concentrations and forms as well as the synthesis rate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the residues from supercritical water gasification of dewatered sewage sludge were investigated to understand influence factors and the reaction pathways. Results showed that the increase of reaction temperature during the heating period favours directly concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (especially higher-molecular-weight), especially when it raise above 300 °C. Lower heating and cooling rate essentially extend the total reaction time. Higher polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration and higher number of rings were generally promoted by lower heating and cooling rate, longer reaction time and higher reaction temperature. The lower-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be directly generated through the decomposition of aromatic-containing compounds in sewage sludge, as well as 3-ring and 4-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be formed by aromatization of steroids. Possible mechanisms of reaction pathways of supercritical water gasification of sewage sludge were also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Gong
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China.
| | - Yulan Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Yujie Fan
- Institute for Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76344, Germany
| | - Wei Zhu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- School of Architectural Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan 243032, PR China
| | - Ying Su
- College of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, YanCheng, Jiangsu 224051, PR China
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Wołejko E, Wydro U, Jabłońska-Trypuć A, Butarewicz A, Łoboda T. The effect of sewage sludge fertilization on the concentration of PAHs in urban soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:347-357. [PMID: 28986083 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper analyses sources of sixteen PAHs - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urbanized areas by using selected diagnostic ratios. Simultaneously, an attempt was made to determine how sewage sludge changes PAHs content in urbanized areas soils. In the experiment three lawns along the main roads in Bialystok with different traffic intensity, three doses of sewage sludge and two years of study were considered. There was no effect of fertilization with sewage sludge on the sum of 16 PAHs in urban soil samples, nevertheless, the sum of 16 PAHs was reduced from 2.6 in 2011 to 2.3 mg/kg in 2012. Among 16 tested PAHs compounds, benzo[a]pyrene was the most dominant compound in samples collected in both years - about 15% of all PAHs. The results suggest that application of sludge into the soil did not influence the concentration of 2-3-ring, 4-ring and 5-6-ring PAHs. For the objects fertilized with a dose 150.0 Mg/ha, of sludge the total sum of potentially carcinogenic PAHs in the urban soil lowered by approximately 68% in comparison with the control plots. PAHs contamination of the urban soil samples resulted from the influence of coal, petroleum and biomass combustion. Moreover, PAHs can enter soil via at mospheric deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wołejko
- Bialystok University of Technology, Department of Sanitary Biology and Biotechnology, Wiejska 45A Street, 15-351, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Urszula Wydro
- Bialystok University of Technology, Department of Sanitary Biology and Biotechnology, Wiejska 45A Street, 15-351, Białystok, Poland
| | - Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć
- Bialystok University of Technology, Department of Sanitary Biology and Biotechnology, Wiejska 45A Street, 15-351, Białystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Butarewicz
- Bialystok University of Technology, Department of Sanitary Biology and Biotechnology, Wiejska 45A Street, 15-351, Białystok, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Łoboda
- Bialystok University of Technology, Department of Sanitary Biology and Biotechnology, Wiejska 45A Street, 15-351, Białystok, Poland
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Miyake Y, Tokumura M, Wang Q, Amagai T, Horii Y, Kannan K. Mechanism of Formation of Chlorinated Pyrene during Combustion of Polyvinyl Chloride. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:14100-14106. [PMID: 29155574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ClPAHs) are an emerging class of environmental contaminants, but the sources of these chemicals in the environment are not well-known. In this study, we developed a kinetic model describing the chlorination of PAHs to elucidate the mechanism of formation of ClPAHs during the combustion of organic waste containing chlorinated compounds and/or chlorine in an incinerator. Pyrene (Pyr) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were selected as a model PAH and a model organic substrate, respectively. All combustion experiments were carried out using a model furnace operated under similar experimental conditions. Combustion of PVC in the model furnace produced 1-ClPyr, 1,3-Cl2Pyr, 1,6-Cl2Pyr, 1,8-Cl2Pyr, 1,3,6-Cl3Pyr, and 1,3,6,8-Cl4Pyr. The developed model supported the experimental data on the sequential chlorination of pyrene. The rate constants for the formation of mono- to trichlorinated pyrenes were over 30 times of those for the formation of tetra- and penta-chlorinated pyrenes. A qualitative analysis of the formation of highly chlorinated pyrenes based on the comparison of theoretical and empirical isotopic patterns of the mass spectrum revealed that penta- and hexa-chlorinated pyrenes, whose analytical standards were not available, were also produced by the combustion of PVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Miyake
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tokumura
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Qi Wang
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takashi Amagai
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuichi Horii
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama , 914 Kamitanadare, Kazo, Saitama 347-0115, Japan
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12201, United States
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Hilaire F, Basset E, Bayard R, Gallardo M, Thiebaut D, Vial J. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for biogas and biomethane analysis. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1524:222-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ouadi M, Jaeger N, Greenhalf C, Santos J, Conti R, Hornung A. Thermo-Catalytic Reforming of municipal solid waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 68:198-206. [PMID: 28669494 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) refers to a heterogeneous mixture composed of plastics, paper, metal, food and other miscellaneous items. Local authorities commonly dispose of this waste by either landfill or incineration which are both unsustainable practices. Disposing of organic wastes via these routes is also becoming increasingly expensive due to rising landfill taxes and transport costs. The Thermo-Catalytic Reforming (TCR®) process, is a proposed valorisation route to transform organic wastes and residues, such as MSW, into sustainable energy vectors including (H2 rich synthesis gas, liquid bio-oil and solid char). The aim herein, was to investigate the conversion of the organic fraction of MSW into fuels and chemicals utilising the TCR technology in a 2kg/h continuous pilot scale reactor. Findings show that MSW was successfully processed with the TCR after carrying out a feedstock pre-treatment step. Approximately, 25wt.% of the feedstock was converted into phase separated liquids, composed of 19wt.% aqueous phase and 6wt.% organic phase bio-oil. The analysis of the bio-oil fraction revealed physical and chemical fuel properties, higher heating value (HHV) of 38MJ/kg, oxygen content <7wt.% and water content <4wt.%. Due to the bio-oil's chemical and physical properties, the bio-oil was found to be directly miscible with fossil diesel when blended at a volume ratio of 50:50. The mass balance closure was 44wt.% synthesis gas, with a H2 content of 36vol% and HHV of 17.23MJ/Nm3, and 31 wt.% char with a HHV of 17MJ/kg. The production of high quantities of H2 gas and highly de-oxygenated organic liquids makes downstream hydrogen separation and subsequent hydro-deoxygenation of the produced bio-oil a promising upgrading step to achieve drop-in transportation fuels from MSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloud Ouadi
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT, Germany; Birmingham University, UK.
| | - Nils Jaeger
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT, Germany; Birmingham University, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Hornung
- Fraunhofer UMSICHT, Germany; University of Bologna, Italy; Birmingham University, UK; Erlangen University, Germany.
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Abstract
Biomass is increasingly perceived as a renewable resource rather than as an organic solid waste today, as it can be converted to various chemicals, biofuels, and solid biochar using modern processes. In the past few years, pyrolysis has attracted growing interest as a promising versatile platform to convert biomass into valuable resources. However, an efficient and selective conversion process is still difficult to be realized due to the complex nature of biomass, which usually makes the products complicated. Furthermore, various contaminants and inorganic elements (e.g., heavy metals, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and chlorine) embodied in biomass may be transferred into pyrolysis products or released into the environment, arousing environmental pollution concerns. Understanding their behaviors in biomass pyrolysis is essential to optimizing the pyrolysis process for efficient resource recovery and less environmental pollution. However, there is no comprehensive review so far about the fates of chemical elements in biomass during its pyrolysis. Here, we provide a critical review about the fates of main chemical elements (C, H, O, N, P, Cl, S, and metals) in biomass during its pyrolysis. We overview the research advances about the emission, transformation, and distribution of elements in biomass pyrolysis, discuss the present challenges for resource-oriented conversion and pollution abatement, highlight the importance and significance of understanding the fate of elements during pyrolysis, and outlook the future development directions for process control. The review provides useful information for developing sustainable biomass pyrolysis processes with an improved efficiency and selectivity as well as minimized environmental impacts, and encourages more research efforts from the scientific communities of chemistry, the environment, and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Jun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wen-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
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Wang J, Zhong Z, Zhang B, Ding K, Xue Z, Deng A, Ruan R. Upgraded bio-oil production via catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of waste cooking oil and tea residual. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 60:357-362. [PMID: 27625179 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic fast co-pyrolysis (co-CFP) offers a concise and effective process to achieve an upgraded bio-oil production. In this paper, co-CFP experiments of waste cooking oil (WCO) and tea residual (TR) with HZSM-5 zeolites were carried out. The influences of pyrolysis reaction temperature and H/C ratio on pyrolytic products distribution and selectivities of aromatics were performed. Furthermore, the prevailing synergetic effect of target products during co-CFP process was investigated. Experimental results indicated that H/C ratio played a pivotal role in carbon yields of aromatics and olefins, and with H/C ratio increasing, the synergetic coefficient tended to increase, thus led to a dramatic growth of aromatics and olefins yields. Besides, the pyrolysis temperature made a significant contribution to carbon yields, and the yields of aromatics and olefins increased at first and then decreased at the researched temperature region. Note that 600°C was an optimum temperature as the maximum yields of aromatics and olefins could be achieved. Concerning the transportation fuel dependence and security on fossil fuels, co-CFP of WCO and TR provides a novel way to improve the quality and quantity of pyrolysis bio-oil, and thus contributes bioenergy accepted as a cost-competitive and promising alternative energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Zhaoping Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China; Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Kuan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Zeyu Xue
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Aidong Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of Turbo-generator Vibration, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Lou Z, Li A, Tai J, Yuan W, Zhu N, Zhao Y. Distribution pattern and the risks of OPCs, PHAs and PCBs in aged refuses from landfill. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 55:330-335. [PMID: 26994555 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are the urgent risk for landfill, and should be considered before the landfill reclamation and resource. In this work, the distribution pattern of selected POPs in landfill and their ecological risks were investigated and assessed. The Σ20OCPs, Σ16PAHs and Σ19PCBs were around 157.4-329.2, 4103-19,190, and 79.1-340.3μgkg(-1) in aged refuses, with the mean value of 206.6, 8645.4, and 155.1μgkg(-1). While those in soil covers were only 6.3-75.4, 125.5-515.3 and 2.6-43.4μgkg(-1), with the mean value of 33.7, 257.7, and 24.0μgkg(-1), respectively. The maximum OPCs, PHAs and PCBs were in aged refuse with 13, 7, 10 disposal years. Whereas, the corresponding top content in soil covers were in 10, 13 and 16years, meaning that aged refuses were not the direct source for soil covers. Among 20 OCPs measured, α-HCH, δ-HCH, Dieldrin, and Endrin were presented in all aged refuses, with the mean concentration of 93.6, 52.1, 3.9 and 4.7μgkg(-1), respectively. For PAHs, PHE, FLU and PYR were the main composition, and reached to 1535, 1224, 1187μgkg(-1). The Σ7CarPAHs occupied around 33.3-49.9% of total Σ16PAHs tested, and could be used as the indictor for PAHs pollutant in landfill. PCB-5 content was around 40.7-263.3μgkg(-1) in aged refuses, and occupied around 51.5-81.8% of Σ19PCBs measured. The HCHs and DDTs in aged refuses were below the national standard GB15618-1995, and the corresponding Σ19PCBs concentrations met the standard of GB 13015-91, suggesting that aged refuse are accepted for the further utilization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Lou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China; The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Anding Li
- Sino-Japan Friendship Centre for Environmental Protection, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Jun Tai
- Shanghai Institute for Design & Research on Environmental Engineering, Shanghai 200232, PR China
| | - Wenxiang Yuan
- Shanghai Institute for Design & Research on Environmental Engineering, Shanghai 200232, PR China
| | - Nanwen Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Youcai Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Gong M, Zhu W, Zhang H, Su Y, Fan Y. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation from gasification of sewage sludge in supercritical water: The concentration distribution and effect of sludge properties. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shih YJ, Binh NT, Chen CW, Chen CF, Dong CD. Treatability assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contaminated marine sediments using permanganate, persulfate and Fenton oxidation processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:294-303. [PMID: 26915591 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Various chemical oxidation techniques, such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4), sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), Fenton (H2O2/Fe(2+)), and the modified persulfate and Fenton reagents (activated by ferrous complexes), were carried out to treat marine sediments that were contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dredged from Kaohsiung Harbor in Taiwan. Experimental results revealed that KMnO4 was the most effective of the tested oxidants in PAH degradation. Owing to the high organic matter content in the sediment that reduced the efficiencies of Na2S2O8 and regular Fenton reactions, a large excess of oxidant was required. Nevertheless, KH2PO4, Na4P2O7 and four chelating agents (EDTA, sodium citrate, oxalic acid, and sodium oxalate) were utilized to stabilize Fe(II) in activating the Na2S2O8 and Fenton oxidations, while Fe(II)-citrate remarkably promoted the PAH degradation. Increasing the molecular weight and number of rings of PAH did not affect the overall removal efficiencies. The correlation between the effectiveness of the oxidation processes and the physicochemical properties of individual PAH was statistically analyzed. The data implied that the reactivity of PAH (electron affinity and ionization potential) affected its treatability more than did its hydrophobicity (Kow, Koc and Sw), particularly using experimental conditions under which PAHs could be effectively oxidized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Shih
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Nguyen Thanh Binh
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
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Sánchez-Soberón F, van Drooge BL, Rovira J, Grimalt JO, Nadal M, Domingo JL, Schuhmacher M. Size-distribution of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other organic source markers in the surroundings of a cement plant powered with alternative fuels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:1057-1064. [PMID: 26859698 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and molecular tracer organic compounds for biomass combustion, traffic emissions, soil dust, and secondary aerosol processing have been studied in three fractions of ambient air particulate matter (PM10, 2.5, and 1) collected in the vicinity of a cement plant. PAH concentrations were used to estimate the carcinogenic risks in humans. Combustion related compounds, including PAHs, and those from secondary aerosol processing, predominated in the finest (PM<1) fraction, while saccharides related to organic soil dust predominated in the coarse fraction (2.5<PM<10). The molecular markers of biomass combustion were found in high concentrations, indicating the influence of biomass burning on PM. Most predominant PAHs were five and six rings species, related to a PAH profile characteristic of urban-industrial environments. The concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene varied between 0.2 and 1.0ng/m(3), which is close but lower than the annual limit value of 1ng/m(3) established by law. Exposure and inhalation carcinogenic risks from total PAHs were below the EPA threshold of acceptable risk (1·10(-6)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sánchez-Soberón
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Çepelioğullar Ö, Haykırı-Açma H, Yaman S. Kinetic modelling of RDF pyrolysis: Model-fitting and model-free approaches. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 48:275-284. [PMID: 26613830 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, refuse derived fuel (RDF) was selected as solid fuel and it was pyrolyzed in a thermal analyzer from room temperature to 900°C at heating rates of 5, 10, 20, and 50°C/min in N2 atmosphere. The obtained thermal data was used to calculate the kinetic parameters using Coats-Redfern, Friedman, Flylnn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) methods. As a result of Coats-Redfern model, decomposition process was assumed to be four independent reactions with different reaction orders. On the other hand, model free methods demonstrated that activation energy trend had similarities for the reaction progresses of 0.1, 0.2-0.7 and 0.8-0.9. The average activation energies were found between 73-161kJ/mol and it is possible to say that FWO and KAS models produced closer results to the average activation energies compared to Friedman model. Experimental studies showed that RDF may be a sustainable and promising feedstock for alternative processes in terms of waste management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Çepelioğullar
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hanzade Haykırı-Açma
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Serdar Yaman
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Wen Y, Liu J, Song J, Gong J, Chen H, Tang T. Conversion of polystyrene into porous carbon sheets and hollow carbon shells over different magnesium oxide templates for efficient removal of methylene blue. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18505j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile and sustainable approach was established to convert polystyrene into porous carbon sheets and hollow carbon shells over magnesium oxide templates with different morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanliang Wen
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- North University of China
- Taiyuan 030051
- China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Jiangfeng Song
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- North University of China
- Taiyuan 030051
- China
| | - Jiang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
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