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Zhou J, Gao W, Xie L, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Wei Z. Revealing mechanism of phenol-amine reaction to form humus in compost based on high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and spectroscopy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 403:130862. [PMID: 38768664 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Humus is the stable form of carbon storage in straw compost. The phenol-amine reaction is a pathway for humus formation in straw compost. In this study, two reaction systems, GP group (pyrogallol and glycine) and GCP group (catechol, pyrogallol, and glycine), were constructed in a simulated composting environment and revealed the molecular binding mechanism of the phenol-amine reaction through spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The results showed that phenolic self-polymerization was faster than phenol-amine reaction. Therefore, the aromatization degree of GP was 27.14 % higher than that of GCP. The phenol-amine reaction first produced fulvic acid, and then formed humus units rich in active functional group structures (i.e., phenolic hydroxyl and carboxyl groups). These units further captured small molecule compounds to form humic acid eventually. This study would provide theoretical support for exploring the humus formation process and the promotion of straw humification by adding phenol or amino acids to compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wenfang Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Lina Xie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ruju Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yunxian Zhang
- College of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zimin Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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2
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Yang H, Li Q. Modifying humus-phosphorus-arsenic interactions in sludge composting: The strengthening of phosphorus availability and arsenic efflux detoxification mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134131. [PMID: 38552390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) in sewage sludge poses a significant threat to environmental and human health, which has attracted widespread attention. This study investigated the value of adding sodium percarbonate (SP) on phosphorus (P) availability and As efflux detoxification through HS-P-As interactions. Due to the unique structure of humus (HS) and the similar chemical properties of P and As, the conditions for HS-P-As interaction are provided. This study discussed the content, morphology and microbial communities of HS, P and As by using metagenomic and correlation analysis. The results showed that the humification index in the experiment group (SPC) was 2.34 times higher than that in the control group (CK). The available phosphorus (AP) content of SPC increased from 71.09 mg/kg to 126.14 mg/kg, and SPC was 1.11 times that of CK. The relative abundance of ACR3/ArsB increased. Pst, Actinomyces and Bacillus commonly participated in P and As conversion. The correlation analysis revealed that the humification process was enhanced, the AP was strengthened, and the As was efflux detoxified after SP amendment. All in all, this study elucidated the key mechanism of HS-P-As interaction and put forward a new strategy for sewage sludge resource utilization and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qunliang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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3
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Chen Y, Yuan Y, Li Y, Chen L, Jiang H, Wang J, Li H, Chen Y, Wang Q, Luo M. The effects of different electrode materials on the electric field-assisted co-composting system for the soil remediation of heavy metal pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171600. [PMID: 38461986 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The electric field-assisted composting system (EACS) is an emerging technology that can enhance composting efficiency, but little attention has been given to electrode materials. Herein, an EACS was established to investigate the effects of electrode materials on humic substance formation and heavy metal speciation. Excitation-emission matrix analysis showed that carbon-felt and stainless-steel electrodes increased humic acid (HA) by 48.57 % and 47.53 %, respectively. In the EACS with the carbon-felt electrode, the bioavailability factors (BF) of Cu and Cr decreased by 18.00 % and 7.61 %, respectively. Despite that the stainless-steel electrodes decreased the BF of As by 11.26 %, the leaching of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Fe from the electrode itself is an inevitable concern. Microbial community analyses indicated that the electric field increased the abundance of Actinobacteria and stimulated the multiplication of heavy metal-tolerant bacteria. Redundancy analysis indicates that OM, pH, and current significantly affect the evolution of heavy metal speciation in the EACS. This study first evaluated the metal leaching risk of stainless-steel electrode, and confirmed that carbon-felt electrode is environment-friendly material with high performance and low risk in future research with EACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoning Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Yu Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yuanping Li
- School of Municipal and Geomatics Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, Hunan 413000, China.
| | - Li Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hongjuan Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource and Institute of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yanrong Chen
- School of Resource & Environment, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Qianruyu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Mengwei Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
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Wang N, Cui Y, Zhou Y, Liu P, Wang M, Sun H, Huang Y, Wang S. Changes in the Glucose Concentration Affect the Formation of Humic-like Substances in Polyphenol-Maillard Reactions Involving Gibbsite. Molecules 2024; 29:2115. [PMID: 38731606 PMCID: PMC11085651 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The polyphenol-Maillard reaction is considered one of the important pathways in the formation of humic-like substances (HLSs). Glucose serves as a microbial energy source that drives the humification process. However, the effects of changes in glucose, particularly its concentration, on abiotic pathways remain unclear. Given that the polyphenol-Maillard reaction requires high precursor concentrations and elevated temperatures (which are not present in soil), gibbsite was used as a catalyst to overcome energetic barriers. Catechol and glycine were introduced in fixed concentrations into a phosphate-buffered solution containing gibbsite using the liquid shake-flask incubation method, while the concentration of glucose was controlled in a sterile incubation system. The supernatant fluid and HLS components were dynamically extracted over a period of 360 h for analysis, thus revealing the influence of different glucose concentrations on abiotic humification pathways. The results showed the following: (1) The addition of glucose led to a higher degree of aromatic condensation in the supernatant fluid. In contrast, the supernatant fluid without glucose (Glu0) and the control group without any Maillard precursor (CK control group) exhibited lower degrees of aromatic condensation. Although the total organic C (TOC) content in the supernatant fluid decreased in all treatments during the incubation period, the addition of Maillard precursors effectively mitigated the decreasing trend of TOC content. (2) While the C content of humic-like acid (CHLA) and the CHLA/CFLA ratio (the ratio of humic-like acid to fulvic-like acid) showed varying increases after incubation, the addition of Maillard precursors resulted in a more noticeable increase in CHLA content and the CHLA/CFLA ratio compared to the CK control group. This indicated that more FLA was converted into HLA, which exhibited a higher degree of condensation and humification, thus improving the quality of HLS. The addition of glycine and catechol without glucose or with a glucose concentration of 0.06 mol/L was particularly beneficial in enhancing the degree of HLA humification. Furthermore, the presence of glycine and catechol, as well as higher concentrations of glucose, promoted the production of N-containing compounds in HLA. (3) The presence of Maillard precursors enhanced the stretching vibration of the hydroxyl group (-OH) of HLA. After the polyphenol-Maillard reaction of glycine and catechol with glucose concentrations of 0, 0.03, 0.06, 0.12, or 0.24 mol/L, the aromatic C structure in HLA products increased, while the carboxyl group decreased. The presence of Maillard precursors facilitated the accumulation of polysaccharides in HLA with higher glucose concentrations, ultimately promoting the formation of Al-O bonds. However, the quantities of phenolic groups and phenols in HLA decreased to varying extents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China; (N.W.); (Y.C.); (P.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yongquan Cui
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China; (N.W.); (Y.C.); (P.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yanhui Zhou
- Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Jiaohe City, Jiaohe 132500, China;
| | - Pingxin Liu
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China; (N.W.); (Y.C.); (P.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Mingshuo Wang
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China; (N.W.); (Y.C.); (P.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Haihang Sun
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China; (N.W.); (Y.C.); (P.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yubao Huang
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China; (N.W.); (Y.C.); (P.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China; (N.W.); (Y.C.); (P.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.); (Y.H.)
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Liu Y, Pan J, Wang J, Yang X, Zhang W, Tang KHD, Wang H, Zhang X, Gao R, Yang G, Zhang Z, Li R. Insight into the humification and carbon balance of biogas residual biochar amended co-composting of hog slurry and wheat straw. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33110-6. [PMID: 38570431 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The impact of biogas residual biochar (BRB) on the humification and carbon balance process of co-composting of hog slurry (HGS) and wheat straw (WTS) was examined. The 50-day humification process was significantly enhanced by the addition of BRB, particular of 5% BRB, as indicated by the relatively higher humic acid content (67.28 g/kg) and humification ratio (2.31) than other treatments. The carbon balance calculation indicated that although BRB addition increased 22.16-46.77% of C lost in form of CO2-C, but the 5% BRB treatment showed relatively higher C fixation and lower C loss than other treatments. In addition, the BRB addition reshaped the bacterial community structure during composting, resulting in increased abundances of Proteobacteria (25.50%) during the thermophilic phase and Bacteroidetes (33.55%) during the maturation phase. Combined these results with biological mechanism analysis, 5% of BRB was likely an optimal addition for promoting compost humification and carbon fixation in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junting Pan
- Key Laboratory of Non-Point Source Pollution of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kuok Ho Daniel Tang
- The Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona (UA), Shantz Building Rm 4291177 E 4th St., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, NWAFU-UA Micro-Campus, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Runyu Gao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guoping Yang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, NWAFU-UA Micro-Campus, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ronghua Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, NWAFU-UA Micro-Campus, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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6
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Istenič D, Prosenc F, Zupanc N, Turel M, Holobar A, Milačič R, Marković S, Mihelič R. Composting of recovered rock wool from hydroponics for the production of soil amendment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:29280-29293. [PMID: 38570433 PMCID: PMC11058614 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Due to its fibrous structure and high water holding capacity, rock mineral wool (RMW) has boosted the development of hydroponics. Consequently, the amount of waste RMW has also increased tremendously, which has stimulated the research and development of RMW reuse options. In this study, composting and degradability of RMW from hydroponics (gRMW) were tested in combination with different ratios of biowaste compost, including physical and chemical properties of the starting and final materials, and potential ecological hazards of the final product. gRMW had high water holding capacity and low organic matter content, which was easily degradable. Limits of toxic elements according to EU regulation were not exceeded. Degraded gRMW mixtures with compost did not exhibit toxicity to plants or aquatic bacteria and showed intermediate or limited habitat function for earthworms, which preferred the sole gRMW not mixed with compost. Overall, degraded gRMW exhibited parameters of safe soil amendment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Istenič
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova cesta 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Franja Prosenc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- BioResource Systems Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Neva Zupanc
- Knauf Insulation d.o.o, Trata 32, Škofja Loka, Slovenia
| | - Matejka Turel
- ECHO Instruments d.o.o, Zeče 25, Slovenske Konjice, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Holobar
- ECHO Instruments d.o.o, Zeče 25, Slovenske Konjice, Slovenia
| | - Radmila Milačič
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Marković
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Mihelič
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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7
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Chen A, Han Z, Xie X, Song C, Zhang X, Zhao Y. Co-composting sugar-containing waste with chicken manure-A new approach to carbon sequestration. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 356:120609. [PMID: 38498961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Improving resource use is a pressing research issue because of the huge potential organic waste market. Composting is a recycling technique, treatment to achieve the dual effect of resource recovery and zero waste. Waste composition varies: for example, chicken manure is rich in protein, straw contains wood fibres, fruit and vegetables contain sugar, and food waste contains starch. When considering combining waste streams for composting, it is important to ask if this approach can reduce overall composting costs while achieving a more concentrated result. Chicken manure, in particular, presents a unique challenge. This is due to its high protein content. The lack of precursor sugars for glucosamine condensation in chicken manure results in lower humus content in the final compost than other composting methods. To address this, we conducted experiments to investigate whether adding sugary fruits and vegetables to a chicken manure composting system would improve compost quality. To improve experimental results, we used sucrose and maltose instead of fruit and vegetable waste. Sugars added to chicken manure composting resulted in a significant increase in humic substance (HS) content, with improvements of 9.0% and 17.4%, respectively, compared to the control. Sucrose and maltose have a similar effect on the formation of humic substances. These results demonstrate the feasibility of composting fruit and vegetable waste with chicken manure, providing a theoretical basis for future composting experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Chen
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ziyi Han
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xinyu Xie
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Caihong Song
- College of Life Science, Liaocheng University, LiaoCheng, 252000, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Jiao M, Yang Z, Xu W, Zhan X, Ren X, Zhang Z. Elucidating carbon conversion and bacterial succession by amending Fenon-like systems during co-composting of pig manure and branch. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170279. [PMID: 38280577 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The essential point of current study was to investigate the effect of a Fenton-like system established by oxalic acid and Fe(II) on gas emission, organic matter decomposition and humification during composting. Branches were pretreated with Fenton reagents (0.02 M FeCl2·4H2O + 1.5 M H2O2) and then adding 10 % oxalic acid (OA). The treatments were marked as B1 (control), B2 (Fenton reagent), B3 (10% OA) and B4 (Fenton-like reagent). The results collected from 80 d of composting showed that adding Fenton-like reagent benefited the degradation of organic substances, as reflected by the total organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon, and the maximum decomposition rate was observed in B4. In addition, the Fenton-like reagent could improve the synthesis of humus characterized by complex and stable compounds, which was consistent with the spectral parameters (SUVA254, SUVA280, E253/E203 and Fourier transform-infrared indicators) of DOC. Furthermore, the functional microbial succession performance and linear discriminant effect size analyses provided microbial evidence of humification improvement. Notably, compared with the control, the minimum value of CH4 cumulation was reported in B4, which decreased by 30.44 %. Concluded together, the addition of a Fenton-like reagent composed by OA and Fe(II) is a practical way to improve the humification. Furthermore, the mechanisms related to the promotion of humification should be investigated from free radicals, functional genes, and metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Jiao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Zhaowen Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Wanying Xu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Zhan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Xiuna Ren
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China.
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9
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Yin Y, Tao X, Du Y, Li M, Yang S, Zhang W, Yang C, Li H, Wang X, Chen R. Biochar improves the humification process during pig manure composting: Insights into roles of the bacterial community and metabolic functions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 355:120463. [PMID: 38430882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Biochar could promote humification in composting, nevertheless, its mechanism has not been fully explored from the perspective of the overall bacterial community and its metabolism. This study investigated the effects of bamboo charcoal (BC) and wheat straw biochar (WSB) on the humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) contents during pig manure composting. The results showed that BC enhanced humification more than WSB, and significantly increased the HA content and HA/FA ratio. The bacterial community structure under BC differed from those under the other treatments, and BC increased the abundance of bacteria associated with the transformation of organic matter compared with the other treatments. Furthermore, biochar enhanced the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids in the thermophilic and cooling phases, especially BC. Through Mantel tests and network analysis, we found that HA was mainly related to carbon source metabolism and the bacterial community, and BC might change the interaction patterns among carbohydrates, amino acid metabolism, Bacillales, Clostridiales, and Lactobacillales with HA and FA to improve the humification process during composting. These results are important for understanding the mechanisms associated with the effects of biochar on humification during composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Yin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China.
| | - Xiaohui Tao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Yifei Du
- Yellow River Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, No.6 Changchun Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, PR China
| | - Mengtong Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Sai Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Wenrong Zhang
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Chao Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Haichao Li
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms Väg 9, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiaochang Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
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10
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Liu Y, Xu J, Li X, Zhou W, Cui X, Tian P, Yu H, Wang X. Synergistic effects of Fe-based nanomaterial catalyst on humic substances formation and microplastics mitigation during sewage sludge composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 395:130371. [PMID: 38278455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a novel Fe-based nanomaterial catalyst (Fe0/FeS) was synthesized via a self-heating process and employed to explore its impact on the formation of humic substances and the mitigation of microplastics. The results reveal that Fe0/FeS exhibited a significant increase in humic acid content (71.01 mg kg-1). Similarly, the formation of humic substances resulted in a higher humification index (4.91). Moreover, the addition of Fe0/FeS accelerated the degradation of microplastics (MPs), resulting in a lower concentration of MPs (9487 particles/kg) compared to the control experiments (22792 particles/kg). Fe0/FeS significantly increased the abundance of medium-sized MPs (50-200 μm) and reduced the abundance of small-sized (10-50 μm) and large-sized MPs (>1000 μm). These results can be attributed to the Fe0/FeS regulating the ▪OH production and specific microorganisms to promote humic substance formation and the degradation of MPs. This study proposes a feasible strategy to improve composting characteristics and reduce contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330047, China
| | - Jiayi Xu
- College of Food Science Technology and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- College of Food Science Technology and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wuyi Zhou
- College of Food Science Technology and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330047, China
| | - Pengjiao Tian
- College of Food Science Technology and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, Hubei Province, China
| | - Haizhong Yu
- College of Food Science Technology and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiqing Wang
- College of Food Science Technology and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, Hubei Province, China.
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11
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Liu Z, Dai Y, Zhu H, Liu H, Zhang J. Effects of additive on formation and electron transfer capacity of humic substances derived from silkworm-excrement compost during composting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119673. [PMID: 38043316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Amending biochar or MnO2 is a common strategy to regulate humification during manure composting. However, how these additives affect the formation, spectrum characteristics (UV-vis, FTIR, EEM) of humic substances (HSs) in silkworm-excrement (SE) compost and their electron transfer capacities (ETC) remains unclear. Thus, the SE composting pilot separately added with 10% corncob biochar (CB) (w/w) and 0.5% MnO2 (w/w) was run to investigate the effects. The results revealed that adding 10% CB slightly affected the HA/FA (humic acids/fulvic acids) ratios, UV-vis and FTIR spectra of the final SE-compost HSs and EEM components in the FA, but remarkably improved fulvic-like (C1)/quinone-like (C3) substances and reduced humic-like (C2)/protein-like substances (C4) in the HA. Meanwhile, 0.5% MnO2 had a noticeable positive effect on the aromatization of SE-compost FA and HA but only weak impact on SUVAs and EEM components in these HSs except C4 in the FA. Moreover, 10% CB obviously reduced EAC/EDC of FA and HA in the final SE compost by 31.1%/22.0% and 19.7%/24.0%, while MnO2 improved EDC of these HSs by 6.5%/9.1% (FA/HA). These results showed MnO2 can be used as a useful amendment to enhance the promotion effect of SE-compost HA in the soil remediation other than CB. Further investigation is suggested to focus on the effects of adding MnO2 on SE-compost HSs enhancing soil remediation and its effect on ETC derived from other manure compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yu Dai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hongxiang Zhu
- Guangxi Modern Industry College of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
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12
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Yin J, Xie M, Yu X, Feng H, Wang M, Zhang Y, Chen T. A review of the definition, influencing factors, and mechanisms of rapid composting of organic waste. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123125. [PMID: 38081379 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Composting is a traditional method of treating organic waste. A growing number of studies have been focusing on accelerating the process to achieve "rapid composting." However, the specific definition and influencing factors of rapid composting remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to gather more insight into the features of rapid composting by reviewing the literature concerning organic waste composting published in the Web of Science database in the past 5 years. We selected 1615 sample studies with "composting" as the subject word and analyzed the effective composting time stated in each study. We defined rapid composting within 15 days using the median test and quartile method. Based on this definition, we summarized the influencing factors of "rapid composting," namely materials, reactors, temperature, and microorganisms. Finally, we summarized two mechanisms related to humus formation during organic waste rapid composting: high temperature-promoting maturation and microbial driving mechanisms. This literature review compiled useful references to help promote the development of rapid composting technology and related equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- School of Environment Science & Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Platform for Low-Carbon Recycling of Waste and Green Development, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Mengjie Xie
- School of Environment Science & Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Platform for Low-Carbon Recycling of Waste and Green Development, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Xiaoqin Yu
- Zhejiang Best Energy and Environment Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Huajun Feng
- School of Environment Science & Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Platform for Low-Carbon Recycling of Waste and Green Development, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Meizhen Wang
- School of Environment Science & Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Platform for Low-Carbon Recycling of Waste and Green Development, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Beijing Environmental Sanitation Engineering Group Limited, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Ting Chen
- School of Environment Science & Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Platform for Low-Carbon Recycling of Waste and Green Development, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
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13
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Pan C, Yang H, Gao W, Wei Z, Song C, Mi J. Optimization of organic solid waste composting process through iron-related additives: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119952. [PMID: 38171126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Composting is an environmentally friendly method that facilitates the biodegradation of organic solid waste, ultimately transforming it into stable end-products suitable for various applications. The element iron (Fe) exhibits flexibility in form and valence. The typical Fe-related additives include zero-valent-iron, iron oxides, ferric and ferrous ion salts, which can be targeted to drive composting process through different mechanisms and are of keen interest to academics. Therefore, this review integrated relevant literature from recent years to provide more comprehensive overview about the influence and mechanisms of various Fe-related additives on composting process, including organic components conversion, humus formation and sequestration, changes in biological factors, stability and safety of composting end-products. Meanwhile, it was recommended that further research be conducted on the deep action mechanisms, biochemical pathways, budget balance analysis, products stability and application during organic solid waste composting with Fe-related additives. This review provided guidance for the subsequent targeted application of Fe-related additives in compost, thereby facilitating cost reduction and promoting circular economy objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Pan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Wenfang Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Zimin Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Caihong Song
- College of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Jiaying Mi
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
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14
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Huang Y, Mei J, Duan E, Zhu Y, Wu Y. Effect and its mechanism of potassium persulfate on aerobic composting process of vegetable wastes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:7111-7121. [PMID: 38157178 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Vegetable waste (VW) is a potential organic fertilizer resource. As an important way to utilize vegetable wastes, aerobic composting of VW generally has the problems of long fermentation cycle and incomplete decomposition of materials. In this study, 0.3-1.2% of potassium persulfate (KPS) was added to promote the maturity of compost. The results showed that the addition of KPS promoted the degradation of materials, accelerated the temperature rise of compost. KPS also promoted the formation of humic substances (HS). Compared with the control, HS contents of treatments with KPS addition increased by 7.81 ~ 17.52%. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis reveal the mechanism of KPS affecting the composting process: KPS stimulated the degradation of various organic substances such as lignin at high temperature stage, and the degradation of lignin could accelerate the release and decomposition of other components; KPS made the structure of the material looser, with more voids and pores, and more specific surface area of the material, which was more suitable for microbial degradation activities. Therefore, the addition of KPS can promote the decomposition of organic matter in the early stage of composting, accelerate the process of thermophilic phase, and shorten the composting process and improve product maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuYing Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Juan Mei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - EnShuai Duan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - YanZe Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
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15
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Chen G, Li Y, Yuan J, Jia Y, Liu M, Hao J, Liu S, Wang Y. Contact parameters calibration of mixtures in different aerobic composting period: Focusing on establishment of particle model and its flow properties. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 348:140752. [PMID: 37984649 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In order to calibrate the contact parameters, particle models for mixtures of each period were established by simulation of repose angle using combined models in EDEM software, and then the flow properties of mixtures in different aerobic composting periods were clarified. Results showed that compared with the six-sphere model, the use of the double-sphere model to represent the compost mixtures of each period was not only closer to the ellipsoid of the actual particles but also simplified the calculation process. The contact parameters that mostly affected the repose angle were Poisson's ratio and shear modulus of mixture in the mesophilic period and JKR surface energy in thermophilic and cooling periods. The relative errors between the simulated repose angle using the optimal parameter combination and the actual measured value were less than 2.5% indicating the reliability of the regression models at each period representing the relationship among the repose angle and significant contact parameters. In addition, the flow properties of mixtures at the mesophilic period were better than those at the thermophilic and the cooling period of its smaller repose angle, the larger mass transformation, and the smaller Ek max value. Meanwhile, mixtures in thermophilic and cooling periods had similar flow properties. Hence, these could provide information for the further application of simulation to optimize the composting process (e.g., stirring frequency and ventilation time) to promote compost maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaopan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and New Energy Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and New Energy Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yajin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and New Energy Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and New Energy Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Jianjun Hao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and New Energy Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Hebei Animal Husbandry Station, Shijiazhuang, 050035, China
| | - Yaya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and New Energy Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China.
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16
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Efremenko E, Stepanov N, Senko O, Lyagin I, Maslova O, Aslanli A. Artificial Humic Substances as Biomimetics of Natural Analogues: Production, Characteristics and Preferences Regarding Their Use. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:613. [PMID: 38132553 PMCID: PMC10742262 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8080613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Various processes designed for the humification (HF) of animal husbandry wastes, primarily bird droppings, reduce their volumes, solve environmental problems, and make it possible to obtain products with artificially formed humic substances (HSs) as analogues of natural HSs, usually extracted from fossil sources (coal and peat). This review studies the main characteristics of various biological and physicochemical methods of the HF of animal wastes (composting, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonation, acid or alkaline hydrolysis, and subcritical water extraction). A comparative analysis of the HF rates and HS yields in these processes, the characteristics of the resulting artificial HSs (humification index, polymerization index, degree of aromaticity, etc.) was carried out. The main factors (additives, process conditions, waste pretreatment, etc.) that can increase the efficiency of HF and affect the properties of HSs are highlighted. Based on the results of chemical composition analysis, the main trends and preferences with regard to the use of HF products as complex biomimetics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Efremenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia; (N.S.); (O.S.)
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17
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Pan C, Zhao Y, Chen X, Zhang G, Xie L, Wei Z, Song C. Improved carbon sequestration by utilization of ferrous ions during different organic wastes composting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 347:119188. [PMID: 37801948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The humic acid (HA) possesses a more recalcitrant structure, making it crucial carbon components that improve carbon sequestration. Moreover, ferrous ions could improve microbial activity and enhance compost humification, and their oxidation into iron oxides could adsorb carbon components for sequestration. Based on the advantages of low cost and easy availability of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), this study investigated the effect of FeSO4 on carbon sequestration during composting. Chicken manure (CM) and food waste (FW) composting were carried out in four treatments, namely control (CM, FW) and 5% (w/w) FeSO4 treated groups (CM+, FW+). Results indicated that FeSO4 increased HA content, improved organic carbon stability. Carbon loss for CM, CM+, FW and FW + treatments were 48.5%, 46.2%, 45.0%, and 40.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, FeSO4 enhanced the function of bacterial taxa involved in HA synthesis in CM + treatment, and improved the number of core bacteria significantly associated with formation of HA and iron oxide. SEM analysis verified that role of FeSO4 was significant in promoting HA synthesis during CM + composting, while it was remarkably in enhancing HA sequestration during FW + composting. This article provided fundamental theoretical backing for enhancing HA production and improving carbon sequestration during different materials composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Pan
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaomeng Chen
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Guogang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Lina Xie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Zimin Wei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Caihong Song
- College of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
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18
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Fernández-Delgado M, Carlos López-Linares J, Lucas S, Teresa García-Cubero M, Coca M. Efficient recovery and characterization of humic acids from municipal and manure composts: A comparative study. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 172:245-255. [PMID: 37924600 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of humic acids from low-quality compost obtained in municipal solid waste treatment plants provides opportunities for its valorization. This study compares the recovery and properties of the humic acids obtained from municipal mixed waste compost (MMWC) and manure compost. The effects of temperature, time, and KOH concentration on the ratio of humic acids in the extracted liquid and the content of organic carbon of the precipitates were investigated by response surface methodology. Optimal conditions were 30 °C and 24 h for both composts, with a KOH concentration of 0.53 M for MMWC and 0.25 M for manure compost. The manure compost provided a liquid extract richer in humic acids than MMWC (76.6 % vs. 33.7 %), but the precipitates presented similar organic carbon contents (38.1 % vs. 42.4 %). Regarding composition, both humic acids presented higher organic carbon and nitrogen contents than the composts used as feedstock. The extraction and further precipitation of humic acids reduced the concentration of heavy metals. Humic acids from manure compost have a slightly higher average molecular weight (2650 Da) than those from MMWC (1980 Da), while both present similar C/N ratios and degree of aromaticity. Most contaminants of emerging concern present in the original composts were not detected in the humic acids. Thus, it was demonstrated that MMWC constitutes an attractive source of humic acids with properties similar to those obtained from a high-quality compost and, therefore, with potential economic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fernández-Delgado
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos López-Linares
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Susana Lucas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - M Teresa García-Cubero
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mónica Coca
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
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19
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Yang H, Lu H, Li K, Huang Y, Li Q. Insights into antibiotic resistance gene abundances and regulatory mechanisms induced by ionic liquids during composting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118652. [PMID: 37481880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the regulatory mechanism of the evolution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during the composting process with sawdust and cow manure as raw materials using ionic liquids (ILs) pretreatment. The results showed that genes of MLS, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, beta - lactam as composting gradually decreased. From day0 to day3, MLS in control group (CK) and experimental group (T) decreased by 25.62% and 26.66%, respectively. Tetracycline decreased by 7.21% in CK and by 7.86% in T. Chloramphenicol decreased by 2.85% in CK and 3.34% in T. Beta-lactam decreased by 1.95% in Ck and by 3.69% in T. Mechanism studies have shown that ILs can effectively decompose extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and enhance lactose dehydrogenase (LDH) release, resulting in ARGs release and elimination. Meanwhile, ILs pretreatment can inhibit growth of some ARGs hosts, especially Firmicutes, resulting in decreased ARGs. Moreover, metabolic pathways and related genes take part in ARGs transmission were down regulated, leading to decreased ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Heng Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Kecheng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yite Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Qunliang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
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20
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Wang Y, Wang J, Yi G, Wu X, Zhang X, Yang X, Ho Daniel Tang K, Xiao R, Zhang Z, Qu G, Li R. Sulfur-aided aerobic biostabilization of swine manure and sawdust mixture: Humification and carbon loss. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129602. [PMID: 37536465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate how sulfur addition affects humification and carbon loss during swine manure (SM) biostabilisation, various proportions of sulfur, i.e., 0 (CK), 0.2%-0.8% (S1-S4) were added to SM in a 70-day pilot-scale test. Compared to CK (16.07%), sulfur addition resulted in the mineralization of 17.05%-24.27% of the total organic carbon. Sulfur addition also reduced CH4 emissions, which were 3.7%-29.3% lower than that of CK. The total global warming potential values were in the range of 913.1-968.2 g CO2 eq kg-1 for all treatments. Although the sulfur-added treatments showed lower HA/FA ratios than CK after 70 days, no significant impact on the maturity of the final products was observed. Sulfur addition impacted the microbial community, CH4, CO2, N2O emissions, and affected the variation of temperature in biowaste biostabilization. These discoveries provided an important basis for understanding the function of sulfur in regulating the aerobic bio-decomposition of organic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guorong Yi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiu Zhang
- North Minzu University Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Kuok Ho Daniel Tang
- The University of Arizona, The Department of Environmental Science, Shantz Building Rm 4291177 E 4th St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ran Xiao
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guangzhou Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ronghua Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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21
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Zhou S, Jia P, Xu W, Shane Alam S, Zhang Z. A novel composting system for mitigating ammonia emissions and producing nitrogen-rich organic fertilizer. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 386:129455. [PMID: 37419288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia emissions not only lead to environmental pollution but also reduce the quality of compost products. Here, a novel composting system (condensation return composting system, CRCS) was designed for mitigating ammonia emissions. The results showed that the CRCS reduced ammonia emissions by 59.3% and increased the total nitrogen content by 19.4% compared with the control. By integrating the results of nitrogen fraction conversion, ammonia-assimilating enzyme activity, and structural equation modeling, it was found that the CRCS facilitated the conversion of ammonia to organic nitrogen by stimulating ammonia-assimilating enzyme activity and ultimately retained nitrogen in the compost product. Moreover, the pot experiment confirmed that nitrogen-rich organic fertilizer produced by the CRCS significantly increased the fresh weight (45.0%), root length (49.2%), and chlorophyll content (11.7%) of pakchoi. This study provides a promising strategy for mitigating ammonia emissions and producing nitrogen-rich organic fertilizer with high agronomic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunxi Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Peiyin Jia
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wanying Xu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Syed Shane Alam
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
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22
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Liu H, Awasthi MK, Zhang Z, Syed A, Bahkali AH, Sindhu R, Verma M. Evaluation of fungal dynamics during sheep manure composting employing peach shell biochar. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 386:129559. [PMID: 37506930 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, explored the influence of different proportion (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%) peach shell biochar (PSB) with microbial agents (EM) on the carbon transformation, humification process and fungal community dynamics during sheep manure (SM) composting. And no additives were used as control. The results manifested that the CO2 and CH4 emissions were effectively reduced 8.23%∼13.10% and 17.92%∼33.71%. The degradation rate of fulvic acid increased by 17.12%∼23.08% and the humic acid contents were enhanced by 27.27%∼33.97% so that accelerated the composting. Besides, the dominant fungal phylum was Ascomycota (31.43%∼52.54%), Basidiomycota (3.12%∼13.85%), Mucoromycota (0.40%∼7.61%) and Mortierellomycota (0.97%∼2.39%). Pearson correlation analysis and network indicated that there were different correlations between physicochemical indexes and fungal community under different additive concentrations. In brief, the two modifiers application promoted the SM degradation and affected the fungal community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Bahkali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, TKM Institute of Technology, Kollam 691 505, Kerala, India
| | - Meenakshi Verma
- University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, India
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23
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Sun R, Fu M, Ma L, Zhou Y, Li Q. Iron reduction in composting environment synergized with quinone redox cycling drives humification and free radical production from humic substances. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129341. [PMID: 37343801 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to investigate the influence of Fe (III) on humification and free radicals evolution. The experimental data showed that the experimental group (CT) with Fe2(SO4)3 had a better degree of humification than the control group (CK). The humic substances (HS) content was 10% higher in CT (23.94 mg·g-1) than in CK (21.54 mg·g-1) in the final. Fe (III) contributed significantly to the formation of free radicals in HS. The amount of H2O2 in CT increased to 74.8 mmol·kg-1, while CK was only 46.5 mmol·kg-1. The content of semiquinone free radical was 10.32×1011 spins/mm3 in CT, 5.11×1011 spins/mm3 in CK in the end. Several iron-reducing bacteria were detected in composting, among which Paenibacillus was dominant. The above findings suggested that the application of Fe2(SO4)3 enhanced the iron reduction synergistic quinone redox cycling and promoted the generation of free radicals during the humification of composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Mengxin Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Liangcai Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yucheng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qunliang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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24
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Czekała W, Nowak M, Piechota G. Sustainable management and recycling of anaerobic digestate solid fraction by composting: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 375:128813. [PMID: 36870545 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to review and discuss the management and recycling of anaerobic digestate solid fraction by composting process in the context of circular bioeconomy and sustainable development. The conversion of the solid fraction into compost can be recognized as novel process-enhancing supplements for land reclamation. Moreover, the solid fraction of the digestate is a valuable substrate for compost production, both as a monosubstrate and as a valuable additive for other raw materials to enrich in organic matter. These results should serve as reference point to target adjusting screws for anaerobic digestate solid fraction by composting process improvement, its implementation in modern bioeconomy perspective as well as provide a guideline for effective waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Czekała
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 50, 60-627 Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Nowak
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 50, 60-627 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Piechota
- GPCHEM. Laboratory of Biogas Research and Analysis, ul. Legionów 40a/3, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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25
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Xu P, Shu L, Li Y, Zhou S, Zhang G, Wu Y, Yang Z. Pretreatment and composting technology of agricultural organic waste for sustainable agricultural development. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16311. [PMID: 37305492 PMCID: PMC10256924 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous development of agriculture, Agricultural organic waste (AOW) has become the most abundant renewable energy on earth, and it is a hot spot of research in recent years to realize the recycling of AOW to achieve sustainable development of agricultural production. However, lignocellulose, which is difficult to degrade in AOW, greenhouse gas emissions, and pile pathogenic fungi and insect eggs are the biggest obstacles to its return to land use. In response to the above problems researchers promote organic waste recycling by pretreating AOW, controlling composting conditions and adding other substances to achieve green return of AOW to the field and promote the development of agricultural production. This review summarizes the ways of organic waste treatment, factors affecting composting and problems in composting by researchers in recent years, with a view to providing research ideas for future related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University of Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Luolin Shu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University of Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University of Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University of Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Guanzhi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University of Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University of Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Zhenchao Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University of Science and Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
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26
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Piao M, Li A, Du H, Sun Y, Du H, Teng H. A review of additives use in straw composting. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:57253-57270. [PMID: 37012566 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Straw composting is not only a process of decomposition and re-synthesis of organic matter, but also a process of harmless treatment, avoiding air pollution caused by straw burning. Many factors, including raw materials, humidity, C/N, and microbial structure, may determine the composting process and the quality of final product. In recent years, many researches have focused on composting quality improvement by adding one or more exogenous substances, including inorganic additives, organic additives, and microbial agents. Although a few review publications have compiled the research on the use of additives in composting, none of them has specifically addressed the composting of crop straw. Additives used in straw composting can increase degradation of recalcitrant substances and provide ideal living surroundings for microorganism, and thus reduce nitrogen loss and promote humus formation, etc. This review's objective is to critically evaluate the impact of various additives on straw composting process, and analyze how these additives enhance final quality of composting. Furthermore, a vision for future perspectives is provided. This paper can serve as a reference for straw composting process optimization and composting end-product improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Piao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, Education Department of Jilin Province, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
- College of Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Ang Li
- College of Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Huishi Du
- College of Tourism and Geographical Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Yuwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, Education Department of Jilin Province, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
- College of Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Hongxue Du
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, Education Department of Jilin Province, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Honghui Teng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, Education Department of Jilin Province, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China.
- College of Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China.
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