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Li Y, Zhang S, Chen Z, Huang W, Liu Q, Fang H, Chi B, Yang N, Zhang Q. Deciphering the impact of organic loading rate and digestate recirculation on the occurrence patterns of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in dry anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 261:122005. [PMID: 38968733 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Organic loading rate (OLR) is crucial for determining the stability of dry anaerobic digestion (AD). Digestate recirculation contributes to reactor stability and enhances methane production. Nevertheless, the understanding of how OLR and digestate recirculation affect the abundance and diversity of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), as well as the mechanisms involved in the dissemination of ARGs, remains limited. This study thoroughly investigated this critical issue through a long-term pilot-scale experiment. The metabolome analyses revealed the enrichment of various antibiotics, such as aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and macrolide, under low OLR conditions (OLR ≤ 4.0 g·VS/L·d) and the reactor instability. Antibiotics abundance decreased by approximately 19.66-31.69 % during high OLR operation (OLR ≥ 6.0 g·VS/L·d) with digestate recirculation. The metagenome analyses demonstrated that although low OLR promoted reactor stability, it facilitated the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, and triggered functional profiles related to ATP generation, oxidative stress response, EPS secretion, and cell membrane permeability, thereby facilitating horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs. However, under stable operation at an OLR of 6.0 g·VS/L·d, there was a decrease in ARGs abundance but a notable increase in human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Subsequently, during reactor instability, the abundance of ARGs and HPB increased. Notably, during digestate recirculation at OLR levels of 6.0 and 7.0 g·VS/L·d, the process attenuated the risk of ARGs spread by reducing the diversity of ARGs hosts, minimizing interactions among ARGs hosts, ARGs, and MGEs, and weakening functional profiles associated with HGT of ARGs. Overall, digestate recirculation aids in reducing the abundance of antibiotics and ARGs under high OLR conditions. These findings provide advanced insights into how OLR and digestate recirculation affect the occurrence patterns of antibiotics and ARGs in dry AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzeng Li
- College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shenghua Zhang
- College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Zhou Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weizhao Huang
- Xiamen Xinyuan Environmental Service Co., LTD., Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Qin Liu
- College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hongda Fang
- College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Bin Chi
- College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ningbo Yang
- College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
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2
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Liu C, How ZT, Ju Y, Feng L, Ren X, Gamal El-Din M. Experimental and theoretical insight into carbamazepine degradation by chlorine-based advanced oxidation processes: Efficiency, energy consumption, mechanism and DBPs formation. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 139:72-83. [PMID: 38105079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine has been widely used in different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for micropollutants removal. In this study, different chlorine-based AOPs, namely medium pressure (MP) UV/chlorine, low pressure (LP) UV/chlorine, and in-situ chlorination, were compared for carbamazepine (CBZ) removal efficiency, energy consumption, and disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation. All three processes could achieve nearly 100% CBZ removal, while the reaction time needed by in-situ chlorination was double the time required by UV/chlorine processes. The energy consumed per magnitude of CBZ removed (EE/O) of MP UV/chlorine was 13 times higher than that of LP UV/chlorine, and relative to that of in-situ chlorination process. Accordingly, MP and LP UV/chlorine processes generated one to two orders of magnitude more hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and reactive chlorine species (RCS) than in-situ chlorination. Besides, RCS were the dominant reactive species, contributing to 78.3%, 75.6%, and 71.6% of CBZ removal in MP, LP UV/chlorine, and in-situ chlorination, respectively. According to the Gibbs free energy barriers between CBZ and RCS/•OH calculated based on density functional theory (DFT), RCS had more reaction routes with CBZ and showed lower energy barrier in the main CBZ degradation pathways like epoxidation and formation of iminostilbene. When applied to secondary wastewater effluent, UV/chlorine and in-situ chlorination produced overall DBPs ranging from 104.77 to 135.41 µg/L. However, the production of chlorate during UV/chlorine processes was 15 times higher than that during in-situ chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu 221116, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zuo Tong How
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada; Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yue Ju
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada; School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada.
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Hazra M, Watts JEM, Williams JB, Joshi H. An evaluation of conventional and nature-based technologies for controlling antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes in wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170433. [PMID: 38286289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a globally recognized health concern which leads to longer hospital stays, increased morbidity, increased mortality, and higher medical costs. Understanding how antibiotic resistance persists and exchanges in environmental systems like soil, water, and wastewater are critically important for understanding the emergence of pathogens with new resistance profiles and the subsequent exposure of people who indirectly/directly come in contact with these pathogens. There are concerns about the widespread application of prophylactic antibiotics in the clinical and agriculture sectors, as well as chemicals/detergents used in food and manufacturing industries, especially the quaternary ammonium compounds which have been found responsible for the generation of resistant genes in water and soil. The rates of horizontal gene transfer increase where there is a lack of proper water/wastewater infrastructure, high antibiotic manufacturing industries, or endpoint users - such as hospitals and intensive agriculture. Conventional wastewater treatment technologies are often inefficient in the reduction of ARB/ARGs and provide the perfect combination of conditions for the development of antibiotic resistance. The wastewater discharged from municipal facilities may therefore be enriched with bacterial communities/pathogens and provide a suitable environment (due to the presence of nutrients and other pollutants) to enhance the transfer of antibiotic resistance. However, facilities with tertiary treatment (either traditional/emerging technologies) provide higher rates of reduction. This review provides a synthesis of the current understanding of wastewater treatment and antibiotic resistance, examining the drivers that may accelerate their possible transmission to a different environment, and highlighting the need for tertiary technologies used in treatment plants for the reduction of resistant bacteria/genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moushumi Hazra
- Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India; International Water Management Institute, New Delhi, India; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska Lincoln, United States.
| | - Joy E M Watts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - John B Williams
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Himanshu Joshi
- Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
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4
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Madhogaria B, Banerjee S, Kundu A, Dhak P. Efficacy of new generation biosorbents for the sustainable treatment of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes from polluted waste effluent. INFECTIOUS MEDICINE 2024; 3:100092. [PMID: 38586544 PMCID: PMC10998275 DOI: 10.1016/j.imj.2024.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobials are frequently used in both humans and animals for the treatment of bacterially-generated illnesses. Antibiotic usage has increased for more than 40% from last 15 years globally per day in both human populations and farm animals leading to the large-scale discharge of antibiotic residues into wastewater. Most antibiotics end up in sewer systems, either directly from industry or healthcare systems, or indirectly from humans and animals after being partially metabolized or broken down following consumption. To prevent additional antibiotic compound pollution, which eventually impacts on the spread of antibiotic resistance, it is crucial to remove antibiotic residues from wastewater. Antibiotic accumulation and antibiotic resistance genes cannot be effectively and efficiently eliminated by conventional sewage treatment plants. Because of their high energy requirements and operating costs, many of the available technologies are not feasible. However, the biosorption method, which uses low-cost biomass as the biosorbent, is an alternative technique to potentially address these problems. An extensive literature survey focusing on developments in the field was conducted using English language electronic databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Pubag, Google books, and ResearchGate, to understand the relative value of the available antibiotic removal methods. The predominant techniques for eliminating antibiotic residues from wastewater were categorized and defined by example. The approaches were contrasted, and the benefits and drawbacks were highlighted. Additionally, we included a few antibiotics whose removal from aquatic environments has been the subject of extensive research. Lastly, a few representative publications were identified that provide specific information on the removal rates attained by each technique. This review provides evidence that biosorption of antibiotic residues from biological waste using natural biosorbent materials is an affordable and effective technique for eliminating antibiotic residues from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha Madhogaria
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, West Bengal, EM-4 Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Sangeeta Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, West Bengal, EM-4 Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
- Department of Chemistry, Techno India University, West Bengal, EM-4 Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Atreyee Kundu
- Department of Microbiology, Techno India University, West Bengal, EM-4 Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Prasanta Dhak
- Department of Chemistry, Techno India University, West Bengal, EM-4 Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
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5
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Robust ZIF-8 and its derivative composite membrane for antibiotic desalination with high performance. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Li W, Liu K, Min Z, Li J, Zhang M, Korshin GV, Han J. Transformation of macrolide antibiotics during chlorination process: Kinetics, degradation products, and comprehensive toxicity evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159800. [PMID: 36309261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are ubiquitous in wastewater and surface water and their presence is of grave concern. Chlorination, an important disinfection process used in wastewater treatment plants and waterworks, causes antibiotics to be degraded. However, interactions of antibiotics with chlorine result in the generation of multiple transformation products (TPs). TPs may be more toxic than the parent compounds, but their structures, yields and ecotoxicity remain to be ascertained in most cases. This study examined the degradation by chlorine of two typical macrolide (MLs) antibiotics, erythromycin (ERY) and roxithromycin (ROX), and identified the TPs formed as a result of ERY and ROX chlorination. The ecotoxicity of ERY, ROX and their TPs was evaluated using a combination of bioassay and ECOSAR prediction. The degradation of ERY and ROX followed pseudo-first-order kinetic at the molar ratio of FAC to MLs of 10:1, and the degradation kinetic rate depends on pH values. Six TPs of ERY including three chlorinated TPs, and six TPs of ROX including two chlorinated TPs were identified. The tertiary N of the desosamine moiety of ERY and ROX was determined to be the main reactive site. Demethylation and chlorine substitution at the reactive site are the main degradation pathways of ERY and ROX. ECOSAR results showed that the chlorinated byproducts of ERY TP578, TP542 and TP528, and the reduced hydroxylation products of ROX TP851 exhibited higher ecotoxicity than their parent compounds. However, algae growth inhibition assays indicated that the overall ecotoxicity of the chlorinated ERY or ROX mixture was lower than that of ERY or ROX prior to chlorination. This may be attributed to the removal of the parent compound and lower yields of toxic substances. While the yields of the toxic TPs may be low, their accumulation and combined effects of the TPs and other co-occurring pollutants should be examined further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Hongze, Jiangsu 223100, China.
| | - Kai Liu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Zhongfang Min
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Jiping Li
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Hongze, Jiangsu 223100, China
| | - Gregory V Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Box 352700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2700, United States
| | - Jiangang Han
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Hongze, Jiangsu 223100, China
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7
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Cui Q, Gu X, Zhao Y, Qi K, Yan Y. S-scheme CuInS2/ZnS heterojunctions for the visible light-driven photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotic drugs. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2023.104679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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8
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Mirzaie F, Teymori F, Shahcheragh S, Dobaradaran S, Arfaeinia H, Kafaei R, Sahebi S, Farjadfard S, Ramavandi B. Occurrence and distribution of azithromycin in wastewater treatment plants, seawater, and sediments of the northern part of the Persian Gulf around Bushehr port: A comparison with Pre-COVID 19 pandemic. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135996. [PMID: 35970214 PMCID: PMC9372055 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the environmental effects of COVID 19 is the contamination of ecosystems with antibiotics due to their high consumption to treat this disease. Many years ago, the distribution of antibiotics including azithromycin (Azi) in wastewater treatment plants in Bushehr city, seawater, and sediment of the Persian Gulf has been investigated. As Azi has been prescribed to COVID 19 patients, contamination of the environment with this drug can also be assumed. Thus, we decided to examine this hypothesis by repeating our previous study during COVID 19 period. We collected wastewater samples from influent, effluent, and different units of three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) including one municipal WWTP (Plant A) and two hospital-WWTPs (Plant B and C). Seawater and adjusted sediments were gathered from 8 stations located in the Persian Gulf in two seasons to evaluate the special and temporal variation. The results showed a huge growth of Azi pollution in all studied matrixes. The mean Azi values in the influent of Plant A, B, and C were 145 ng/L, 110 ng/L, and 896 ng/L, which represented an 9, 6, and 48-time increase compared with those obtained in 2017 (before COVID 19). The Azi removal efficiency had a different behavior compared to before COVID 19. The mean concentration of Azi in seawater and sediment samples was 9 ng/L and 6 ng/g, which was 3 and 4-fold higher than the previous study. Opposed to our former study, the Azi amount in the aqueous phase was less subjected to temporal seasonal variations. Our observations indicated the wide distribution of Azi in the environment and a future threat of intense growth of antibiotic resistance in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Mirzaie
- Environmental Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Teymori
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | | | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Environmental Health Engineering Department, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hosein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Environmental Health Engineering Department, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Raheleh Kafaei
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soleyman Sahebi
- Center of Excellence for Membrane Research and Technology, School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Farjadfard
- Environmental Health Engineering Department, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Environmental Health Engineering Department, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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9
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Hydrophilic modified polydopamine tailored heterogeneous polyamide in thin-film nanocomposite membranes for enhanced separation performance and anti-fouling properties. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Wang M, Li M, Ren Z, Fei Z, Hou Y, Niu QJ. Novel macrocyclic polyamines regulated nanofiltration membranes: Towards efficient micropollutants removal and molecular separation. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Chen Z, Fu M, Yuan C, Hu X, Bai J, Pan R, Lu P, Tang M. Study on the degradation of tetracycline in wastewater by micro-nano bubbles activated hydrogen peroxide. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:3580-3590. [PMID: 33966616 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1928292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the micro-nano bubble (MB) technology has attracted people's attention due to its special advantages. Here, we carried out the technology of combining MB and hydrogen peroxide (MB/H2O2) to achieve efficient degradation of tetracycline wastewater. The effect of MB/H2O2 technology on the degradation efficiency of tetracycline was deeply analysed by investigating the reaction time, H2O2 dosage, pH and MB inlet flow. The results showed that the degradation rate of tetracycline hydrochloride by MB/H2O2 technology can reach 92.43%, which is 9.44 and 3.94 times that of MB and H2O2 alone. Through electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis and free radical quenching experiments, a possible mechanism for MB/H2O2 technology to efficiently degrade TC was proposed. In the MB/H2O2 system, the high temperature and high pressure environment generated when MB ruptures can activate H2O2 to obtain a higher number of active oxygen species. •OH is the main reactive oxygen radical in the process of MB/H2O2 degradation of TC, followed by HO2•/•O2-. In addition, the possible intermediate products of the oxidation TC process were identified by HPLC-MS technology. Under the action of •OH and HO2•/•O2- free radicals, TC molecules undergo demethylation and hydroxylation, ring-opening reactions, isomerization, deethylation, deacylation, deamination and dehydration reactions to generate intermediate products and finally convert them into CO2 and H2O. The development of MB/H2O2 technology can potentially be used to efficiently remove TC substances in the water environment and provide a new method for water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengbo Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University. Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University. Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Yuan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University. Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueli Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University. Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwu Bai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University. Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Pan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University. Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Lu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University. Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Tang
- Chongqing Rong tong Lv yuan Environmental Protection Company limited, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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12
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Jiang Y, Ran J, Mao K, Yang X, Zhong L, Yang C, Feng X, Zhang H. Recent progress in Fenton/Fenton-like reactions for the removal of antibiotics in aqueous environments. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 236:113464. [PMID: 35395600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The frequent use of antibiotics allows them to enter aqueous environments via wastewater, and many types of antibiotics accumulate in the environment due to difficult degradation, causing a threat to environmental health. It is crucial to adopt effective technical means to remove antibiotics in aqueous environments. The Fenton reaction, as an effective organic pollution treatment technology, is particularly suitable for the treatment of antibiotics, and at present, it is one of the most promising advanced oxidation technologies. Specifically, rapid Fenton oxidation, which features high removal efficiency, thorough reactions, negligible secondary pollution, etc., has led to many studies on using the Fenton reaction to degrade antibiotics. This paper summarizes recent progress on the removal of antibiotics in aqueous environments by Fenton and Fenton-like reactions. First, the applications of various Fenton and Fenton-like oxidation technologies to the removal of antibiotics are summarized; then, the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies are further summarized. Compared with Fenton oxidation, Fenton-like oxidations exhibit milder reaction conditions, wider application ranges, great reduction in economic costs, and great improved cycle times, in addition to simple and easy recycling of the catalyst. Finally, based on the above analysis, we discuss the potential for the removal of antibiotics under different application scenarios. This review will enable the selection of a suitable Fenton system to treat antibiotics according to practical conditions and will also aid the development of more advanced Fenton technologies for removing antibiotics and other organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Jiabing Ran
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Kang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Guizhou Institute of Prataculture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550006, China
| | - Changying Yang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China.
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13
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Sun H, Huang K, Zhang X, Ren H, Ye L. Stable isotope probing reveals specific assimilating bacteria of refractory organic compounds in activated sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 212:118105. [PMID: 35074670 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Activated sludge in wastewater treatment bioreactors contains diverse bacteria, while little is known about the community structure of bacteria responsible for degradation of refractory organic compounds (ROCs). In this study, 10 ROCs frequently detected in sewage were investigated, and the potential bacteria degrading these ROCs were analyzed by DNA stable isotope probing and high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the bacterial communities responsible for degradation of different ROCs were largely different. A total of 84 bacterial genera were found to be involved in degrading at least one of the 10 ROCs, however, only six genera (Acinetobacter, Bacteroides, Bosea, Brevundimonas, Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas) were common to all 10 ROCs. This suggests that different ROCs may have specific assimilating bacteria in the activated sludge. Our results also showed that these ROC-degrading bacteria are difficult to isolate by conventional methods and that most of them have relatively low relative abundance in municipal wastewater treatment bioreactors. Development of new technologies to increase the abundance and activity of these bacteria may significantly improve the removal efficiency of ROCs from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kailong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Wang B, Bai W, Wang G, Guo K, Duan H, Xue Y, Tang C. CoO modified porous boron nitride fibers for the adsorption and removal of chlortetracycline from aqueous solution. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Cheng Y, Wang H, Zhuo Y, Song D, Li C, Zhu A, Long F. Reusable smartphone-facilitated mobile fluorescence biosensor for rapid and sensitive on-site quantitative detection of trace pollutants. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 199:113863. [PMID: 34894557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing exposure to toxic pollutants highlights the need for their sensitive detection technologies that can be rapidly adapted and deployed in various settings. Optical biosensors are an excellent solution due to their outstanding features. However, the sophisticated and expensive optical design limits their scalability and actual application. Herein, an innovative reusable smartphone-facilitated mobile fluorescence biosensor (s-MFB) was built through integrating miniaturized all-fiber optical system and microfluidic system with smartphone. An asymmetric Y-shaped fiber optic coupler (Y-FOC) is constructed for simultaneous transmission of excitation light and the collected fluorescence. In particular, the incidence rays are introduced into the fiber bio-probe at a specific angle through the single-mode fiber of the Y-FOC, which enhances the evanescent wave field and the number of total internal reflections. The s-MBF showed a LOD for free Cy5.5 of 0.1 nM. Combining indirect competitive immunoassay with the s-MFB, this new assay, which achieve quantitative detection of bisphenol A and norfloxacin in 15 min with high sensitivity and reusability, substantially reduces the complexity and improves the scalability of trace pollutants detection. The adjunctive smartphone application allows on-site real-time quantitative detection, automated interpretation of reporting results, and early-warning of pollution accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yuxin Zhuo
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Dan Song
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Chunsheng Li
- Cell Biochemistry Laboratory, Biology Institute of Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Anna Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
| | - Feng Long
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
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16
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Yang B, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Li W, Wang J, Guo H. Probing the roles of pH and ionic strength on electrostatic binding of tetracycline by dissolved organic matters: Reevaluation of modified fitting model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 8:100133. [PMID: 36156988 PMCID: PMC9488040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2021.100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The binding performance of dissolved organic matters (DOM) plays a critical role in the migration, diffusion and removal of various residual pollutants in the natural water environment. In the current study, four typical DOMs (including bovine serum proteins BSA (proteins), sodium alginate SAA (polysaccharides), humic acid HA and fulvic acid FA (humus)) are selected to investigate the binding roles in zwitterionic tetracycline (TET) antibiotic under various ionic strength (IS = 0.001-0.1 M) and pH (5.0-9.0). The dialysis equilibration technique was employed to determine the binding concentrations of TET, and the influence of IS and pH on binding performance was evaluated via UV-vis spectroscopy, total organic carbon (TOC), and Excitation-Emission-Matrix spectra (EEM), zeta potentials and molecule size distribution analysis. Our results suggested that carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl were identified as the main contributors to TET binding based on the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, and the binding capability of four DOMs followed as HA > FA » BSA > SAA. The biggest binding concentrations of TET by 10 mg C/L HA, FA, BSA and SAA were 0.863 μM, 0.487 μM, 0.084 μM and 0.086 μM, respectively. The higher binding capability of HA and FA is mainly attributed to their richer functional groups, lower zeta potential (HA/FA = -15.92/-13.54 mV) and the bigger molecular size (HA/FA = 24668/27750 nm). IS significantly inhibits the binding interaction by compressing the molecular structure and the surface electric double layer, while pH had a weak effect. By combining the Donnan model and the multiple linear regression analysis, a modified Karickhoff model was established to effectively predict the binding performance of DOM under different IS (0.001-0.1 M) and pH (5.0-9.0) conditions, and the R2 of linear fitting between experiment-measured logKDOC and model-calculated logKOC were 0.94 for HA and 0.91 for FA. This finding provides a theoretical basis for characterizing and predicting the binding performance of various DOMs to residual micropollutants in the natural water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yongli Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jingquan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hongguang Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Corresponding author.
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17
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Shen YJ, Kong QR, Fang LF, Qiu ZL, Zhu BK. Construction of covalently-bonded tannic acid/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes nanochannel layer for antibiotics/salt separation. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.119044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Yang J, Wang H, Roberts DJ, Du HN, Yu XF, Zhu NZ, Meng XZ. Persistence of antibiotic resistance genes from river water to tap water in the Yangtze River Delta. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140592. [PMID: 32629269 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) raise public concern as emerging contaminants. The abundance and variation of 11 ARGs, intI1 and 16S rRNA gene were deciphered using quantitative PCR (qPCR) in two drinking water treatment systems that include river, wetland, drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) and tap water from the Yangtze River Delta. The influencing factors for ARG abundance in river water were also explored. All investigated genes were detected in river water and there was no significant difference between the two systems, with sulfonamide ARGs occupying the highest abundance. Temperature had a significant effect on the ARG distribution based on permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). Further Spearman analysis demonstrated that temperature was strongly correlated with the abundance of sul1, sul2, tetA and tetC, and these genes were significantly correlated with environmental factors (including temperature, total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved oxygen (DO)). Considering the frequency and abundance of ARGs, as well as their correlation with other genes, sul1, sul2, tetA and tetC could be used as indicators of ARGs in river water. No significant reduction was noted for the absolute abundance of ARGs from river water to wetland water. Principle coordinates analysis (PCoA) combined with PERMANOVA revealed that drinking water treatment was responsible for reducing 16S rRNA gene and ARG abundance resulting in 3-log reductions. However, it should be noted that after transportation of distribution pipeline, both 16S rRNA gene and ARGs still detected in tap water, which indicated persistence of ARGs and will require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing 314051, Zhejiang Province, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Dustin James Roberts
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing 314051, Zhejiang Province, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hao-Nan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing 314051, Zhejiang Province, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xin-Feng Yu
- Zhejiang Jiayuan Environmental Group Co. Ltd, 231 South Huancheng Road, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ning-Zheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing 314051, Zhejiang Province, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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19
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Kostrubiak M, Vatovec CM, Dupigny-Giroux LA, Rizzo DM, Paganelli WC, Tsai MH. Water Pollution and Environmental Concerns in Anesthesiology. J Med Syst 2020; 44:169. [DOI: 10.1007/s10916-020-01634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Liu M, Feng P, Kakade A, Yang L, Chen G, Yan X, Ni H, Liu P, Kulshreshtha S, Abomohra AEF, Li X. Reducing residual antibiotic levels in animal feces using intestinal Escherichia coli with surface-displayed erythromycin esterase. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:122032. [PMID: 31955024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely used in livestock and poultry industries, which results in large quantities of antibiotic residues in manure that influences subsequent treatments. In this study, an Escherichia coli strain was engineered to display erythromycin esterase on its cell surface. The engineered strain (E. coli ereA) efficiently degraded erythromycin by opening the macrocyclic 14-membered lactone ring in solution. Erythromycin (50 mg/L) was completely degraded in a solution by E. coli ereA (1 × 109 CFU/mL) within 24 h. E. coli ereA retained over 86.7 % of the initial enzyme activity after 40 days of storage at 25 °C, and 78.5 % of the initial activity after seven repeated batch reactions in solution at 25 °C. Mice were fed with E. coli ereA and real-time quantitative PCR data showed that E. coli ereA colonized in the mice large intestine. The mice group fed E. coli ereA exhibited 83.13 % decrease in erythromycin levels in their feces compared with the mice group not fed E. coli ereA. E. coli ereA eliminated antibiotics from the source preventing its release into the environment. The surface-engineered strain therefore is an effective alternative agent for treating recalcitrant antibiotics, and has the potential to be applied in livestock and poultry industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minrui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Pengya Feng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Apurva Kakade
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China; Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Ling Yang
- Huangshi Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Huangshi 435000, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Huangshi Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Huangshi 435000, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Institute of Forensic Science, Department of Public Security Hunan Province, Changsha 410001, Hunan, China
| | - Hongyuhang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Pu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Saurabh Kulshreshtha
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | | | - Xiangkai Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
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21
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Talaiekhozani A, Joudaki S, Banisharif F, Eskandari Z, Cho J, Moghadam G, Rezania S. Comparison of Azithromycin Removal from Water Using UV Radiation, Fe (VI) Oxidation Process and ZnO Nanoparticles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1758. [PMID: 32182710 PMCID: PMC7084330 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are resistant to biodegradation, and their removal by biological processes is difficult. The purpose of this study was to investigate the removal of azithromycin from water using ultraviolet radiation (UV), Fe (VI) oxidation process and ZnO nanoparticles. The effect of different parameters such as pH, temperature, hydraulic retention time (HRT), the concentration of Fe (VI) and ZnO nanoparticles and UV intensity on the removal of azithromycin from water was investigated. The optimal conditions for the removal of azithromycin were a pH of 2, a temperature of 25 °C, a HRT of 15 min, and a ratio of ZnO nanoparticles to the initial concentration of azithromycin (A/P) of 0.00009 which was fitted by Langmuir isotherm. In addition, the optimal conditions for the removal of azithromycin using UV radiation were a pH of 7, a temperature of 65 °C, a HRT of 60 min, and UV radiation power of 163 mW/cm2. For the Fe (VI) oxidation process, the optimal conditions were a pH of 2, a temperature of 50 °C and a HRT of 20 min. Also, the optimal ratio of Fe (VI) to the initial concentration of antibiotic was between 0.011 and 0.012. The results of this study showed that the Fe (VI) oxidation process, UV radiation, and ZnO nanoparticles were efficient methods for the removal of azithromycin from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Talaiekhozani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Jami Institute of Technology, PO 8491963395, Isfahan, Iran;
| | - Sahar Joudaki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jami Institute of Technology, PO 8491963395, Isfahan, Iran; (S.J.); (Z.E.)
| | - Farhad Banisharif
- School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16675-163, Narmak, Tehran, Iran;
| | - Zeinab Eskandari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jami Institute of Technology, PO 8491963395, Isfahan, Iran; (S.J.); (Z.E.)
| | - Jinwoo Cho
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Ghasem Moghadam
- Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University of Shahrekord branch, P.O. Box 166, Shahrekord, Iran;
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 166, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shahabaldin Rezania
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
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22
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Shekhawat SS, Kulshreshtha NM, Gupta AB. Investigation of chlorine tolerance profile of dominant gram negative bacteria recovered from secondary treated wastewater in Jaipur, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 255:109827. [PMID: 31739205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Management of bacterial survival post chlorine disinfection is vital for safe wastewater reuse for irrigation, as the presence of microorganisms in large numbers may lead to subsequent contamination of the surface and ground water reservoirs. Even after satisfying the current norms of coliform counts after disinfection (less than 1000 MPN per 100 mL), chlorine tolerant bacteria surviving in inadequately treated wastewater may pose a public health threat as many of these bacteria are able to re-grow upon storage. The current study is aimed to assess the magnitude of the problem posed by chlorine tolerant bacteria during chlorine disinfection and attempts to derive a strategy for safe disinfection. The chlorine tolerance was examined in the dominant gram negative bacteria (GNB) recovered from secondary treated sewage from a treatment plant located at Jaipur, India. Bacterial survival and re-growth (after 24 h) studies on test species (n = 11) with reference to E.coli ATCC 25922 reveal that, while the lethal doses of isolates ranged from 0.5 to 1.25 mgL-1,the chlorine doses for complete inhibition of re-growth were much higher (0.75-1.75 mgL-1).The isolates showing highest lethal dose and re-growth inhibition dose, identified as Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella sp. and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia also exhibited very low log effective reduction (0.72-1.90) values and were selected as chlorine tolerant bacteria. Results of inactivation kinetics experiments on chlorine tolerant bacteria reveal a strong correlation (R2 > 0.89-0.99) between log reduction values and contact time. In re-growth kinetics experiments, maximum re-growth was observed after 6 h exposure following which, only marginal increase was registered up to 24 h. The study indicates that the existing approach of bacterial elimination post chlorine treatment may be grossly inadequate to assess the performance of the disinfection process adopted for drinking water treatment. It further brings out a novel approach to arrive at meaningful chlorine doses that take bacterial re-growth into account for achieving safe disinfection.
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23
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Guo YS, Ji YL, Wu B, Wang NX, Yin MJ, An QF, Gao CJ. High-flux zwitterionic nanofiltration membrane constructed by in-situ introduction method for monovalent salt/antibiotics separation. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles and composites as bactericides. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 167:105736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Zhang HC, Zhang MQ, Yuan L, Zhang X, Sheng GP. Synergistic Effect of Permanganate and in Situ Synthesized Hydrated Manganese Oxide for Removing Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13374-13381. [PMID: 31663333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An increasing amount of attention has been given to antimicrobial resistance in the environment because of its substantial threat to human health. The effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants has been regarded as one of the important sources for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, conventional disinfection techniques fail to effectively remove ARGs from effluents. In this work, in situ synthesized hydrated manganese oxide (HMO) coupled with permanganate was applied for the first time in ARG removal from the effluent of wastewater treatment plants. The results show that five ARGs (sulI, sulII, tetQ, tetO, and tetW) as well as the intI1 and 16S rRNA genes had removal efficiencies of 2.46-4.23 logs, which were significantly higher than those obtained by using these reagents individually. This implied that there was a synergistic effect between permanganate and HMO toward the removal of ARGs. Moreover, the contributions of HMO coagulation and permanganate oxidation to ARG removal were semiquantitatively studied, which demonstrated that destruction of the microbial cells by oxidation and removal of the extracellular ARGs released by coagulation were the two main processes in this system. The results of this study provide an alternative method for ARG removal from the effluent of wastewater treatment plants with high efficiencies to control the spreading of ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Ming-Qi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Li Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Xin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Guo-Ping Sheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Applied Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
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26
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Faleye AC, Adegoke AA, Ramluckan K, Fick J, Bux F, Stenström TA. Concentration and reduction of antibiotic residues in selected wastewater treatment plants and receiving waterbodies in Durban, South Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:10-20. [PMID: 31075576 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa the incidence of resistant tuberculosis, upper respiratory tract diseases as well as diarrhoeal and parasitic infections is high. Treatment of these diseases with antibiotics is partly reflected by the excretion of the respective antibiotics and their subsequent occurrence in wastewater. Their quantitative reduction in wastewater treatment reflects their potential environmental as well as human impact, the latter due to the use of the recipient water for domestic purposes and for irrigation. Information of the occurrence and reduction of different classes of antibiotics in wastewater treatment is sparse, especially the particle bound fraction of these. Due to this, analyses of aqueous and particle bound antibiotics in untreated wastewater of four selected wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and their receiving water bodies was carried out in Durban, South Africa. The treatment step especially considered was the biological one, represented by activated sludge and trickling filters. The treatment further included secondary clarifiers and final chlorine disinfection. Composite samples were collected during the period February 2017 to May 2017 and analysed with online solid phase extraction - high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (SPE-HPLC-MS). For the 13 assessed antibiotics, the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.07 to 0.33 ng L-1 and 0.23 to 1.09 ng L-1 respectively, while the total percentage recovery was in the range of 51 to 111%. The percentage of individual antibiotics bound to the particulate fraction normally lost by sample (influent) filtration, if not analysed in parallel, was in the range of 2.6%-97.3% (n = 32). In this fraction (sludge from centrifuge sample), the concentration of bound antibiotics of all the target antibiotics were detected in the influent of all WWTP in concentration ranges between 1.3 ng L-1 (Azithromycin; AZI) to 81,748 ng L-1 (Ciprofloxacin; CIP). The antibiotics with the highest median concentrations in receiving water bodies of the respective WWTP were; Sulfamethoxazole; SUL (239 ng L-1) WWTP "K", Ciprofloxacin; CIP (708 ng L-1) WWTP "S" and Albendazole; ALB (325 ng L-1 and 683 ng L-1) WWTP "P" and "I" respectively. The overall percentage removal efficiency for the four WWTPs ranged from 21% to 100%. The biological treatment steps, activated sludge and trickling filters, were effective in removing antibiotics especially with the trickling filter and the impact of the sedimentation stage after activated sludge treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Faleye
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa.
| | - A A Adegoke
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - K Ramluckan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - F Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - T A Stenström
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Molé RA, Good CJ, Stebel EK, Higgins JF, Pitell SA, Welch AR, Minarik TA, Schoenfuss HL, Edmiston PL. Correlating effluent concentrations and bench-scale experiments to assess the transformation of endocrine active compounds in wastewater by UV or chlorination disinfection. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:565-575. [PMID: 30953901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of endocrine active compounds (EACs) by either chlorination (Cl-D) or UV disinfection (UV-D) was studied by field sampling and bench-scale validation studies. Field testing assessed concentration of 13 EACs in effluent at two Chicago area 250 MGD wastewater reclamation plants (WRP) over two years. One WRP uses chlorination/dechlorination while the other employs UV disinfection. Target compounds included bupropion, carbamazepine, citalopram, duloxetine, estradiol, estrone, fluoxetine, nonylphenol, norfluoxetine, norsertraline, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine. Concentrations of 9/13 target compounds were partially reduced after disinfection (5-65% reduction). None of the target compounds were fully transformed by either chlorination or UV treatment at the WRP scale. In bench-scale experiments each compound was spiked into deionized water or effluent and treated in a process mimicking plant-scale disinfection to validate transformations. Correlation was observed between compounds that were transformed in bench-testing and those that decreased in concentration in post-disinfection WRP effluent (10/13 compounds). A survey of potential reaction products was made. Chlorination of some amine containing compounds produced chloramine by-products that reverted to the initial form after dechlorination. Transformation products produced upon simulated UV disinfection were more diverse. Laboratory UV-induced transformation was generally more effective under stirred conditions, suggesting that indirect photo-induced reactions may predominate over direct photolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Molé
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, 943 College Mall, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Christopher J Good
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, 943 College Mall, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Eva K Stebel
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, 943 College Mall, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Julia F Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, 943 College Mall, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Sarah A Pitell
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, 943 College Mall, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Arielle R Welch
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, 943 College Mall, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Thomas A Minarik
- Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, Cicero, IL, 60804, USA
| | - Heiko L Schoenfuss
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, 56301, USA
| | - Paul L Edmiston
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, 943 College Mall, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
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Hu Y, Zhang T, Jiang L, Luo Y, Yao S, Zhang D, Lin K, Cui C. Occurrence and reduction of antibiotic resistance genes in conventional and advanced drinking water treatment processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:777-784. [PMID: 30897436 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is extensively detected in drinking water sources, threatening its safety and human health, which deserves further attention to the removal of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the drinking water system. In this study, the occurrence and reduction of integrase gene intI1 and forty-one ARG subtypes, which confers resistance to six antibiotic classes (β-lactam, aminoglycoside, macrolide, tetracycline, sulfonamide, and quinolone), were investigated in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). Seventeen ARG subtypes with absolute concentrations ranging from 1.4 × 100 to 7.3 × 105 and 3.9 × 104 genes/mL (intI1) were detected in the raw water; and sul1 and sul2 were the two dominant ARG subtypes. Overall, the whole DWTPs achieved 0.03-2.4 log reduction of ARGs compared with those presented in raw water. The reduction efficiencies of sul1, strA, and intI1 were the highest (1.0-2.4 log) in both conventional and advanced processes. However, the levels of sul1, sul2, and ermC still remained high (1.3 × 100-1.9 × 104 genes/mL) in finished water. The treatment units, including pre-flocculation/sedimentation/sand filtration, and ozonation units, were beneficial for the reduction of ARGs, which was mostly ascribed to the decline in biomass and the strong oxidizing properties of ozone. However, the reduction effect was subsequently counteracted by the granular activated carbon and chlorination units. This study provides basic data for ARG pollution in the drinking water system, and suggests that ARGs persist in drinking water, even after conventional chlorination or advanced treatment processes, highlighting the need for new and efficient water purification technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tianyang Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Yi Luo
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Wei Jin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shijie Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Changzheng Cui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Kanagamani K, Muthukrishnan P, Shankar K, Kathiresan A, Barabadi H, Saravanan M. Antimicrobial, Cytotoxicity and Photocatalytic Degradation of Norfloxacin Using Kleinia grandiflora Mediated Silver Nanoparticles. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jia X, Jin J, Gao R, Feng T, Huang Y, Zhou Q, Li A. Degradation of benzophenone-4 in a UV/chlorine disinfection process: Mechanism and toxicity evaluation. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 222:494-502. [PMID: 30721807 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the degradation of benzophenone-4 (BP-4) in a UV/chlorine disinfection process, with chlorination and UV disinfection as comparisons. With a degradation efficiency of 80% after 10 s, the UV/chlorine process significantly enhanced the degradation of BP-4. However, a rebound of 36% of the initial concentration was observed in the UV/chlorine process ([free active chlorine (FAC)]0:[BP-4]0 = 1:1, pH = 7). The same tendency appeared under the addition of alkalinity, Cl-, and humic acid (HA). This work interpreted this interesting kinetic tendency from the perspective of mechanism. In fact, the transformation between the chlorinated product P1 and BP-4 was reversible under certain conditions. The inhomogeneous charge distribution of the CCl bond in P1 led to the photolytic dechlorination of P1. This transformation caused an increase in BP-4 concentration. In addition, the increase in the UV light power promoted the photodecomposition of P1 under the experimental condition. In addition, this study evaluated the change in absorbable organic halogens (AOX) and three kinds of toxicity changes in the BP-4 solution after chlorination and the UV/chlorine process, including the acute toxicity of luminescent bacteria, endocrine disrupting effect and cytotoxicity. The UV/chlorine process exhibited lower ecotoxicity than chlorination in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Tianyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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31
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Yu X, Zhang M, Zuo J, Shi X, Tang X, Chen L, Li Z. Evaluation of antibiotic resistant lactose fermentative opportunistic pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and bla TEM-2 gene in cephalosporin wastewater and its discharge receiving river. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 228:458-465. [PMID: 30245270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the concentration of cephalosporin, the resistant levels of lactose fermentative opportunistic pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae bacteria (LFOPEB) against seven antibiotics and one cephalosporin-resistant gene in cephalosporin wastewater (CPWW) treatment plant and its discharge receiving river. Although large numbers of bacteria have been removed during the CPWW treatment process, the antibiotic resistant rates of the isolates to β-lactam antibiotics significantly increased (p = 0.032) after treatment, while the percentage of resistant LFOPEB to non-β-lactam antibiotics did not change dramatically. Furthermore, the discharge of the effluent of CPWW treatment plant (CPWWeff) led to an obvious increase in the percentages of β-lactam antibiotic-resistant LFOPEB and relative abundance of the blaTEM-2 gene in the downstream receiving river (RWdown) in comparison with those in the upstream receiving river (RWup). The antibiotic resistant phenotypes of isolates in the influent of CPWW treatment plant (CPWWin), CPWWeff and RWdown appeared to be seriously affected by the cephalosporin residues, which suggested that main antibiotic resistance phenotypes in antibiotic contaminated water were closely associated with its antibiotic composition. Therefore, CPWW treatment process has been proved to result in selective growth of ARB and proliferation of ARG. Besides, CPWWeff was also proved to be an important supplier of ARB and ARG to the receiving river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; China Academy of Urban Planning & Design, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; China Urban Construction Design & Research Institute CO.LTD, Beijing 100120, China
| | - Jiane Zuo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xuchuan Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinyao Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zaixing Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
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32
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Hu Y, Jiang L, Zhang T, Jin L, Han Q, Zhang D, Lin K, Cui C. Occurrence and removal of sulfonamide antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in conventional and advanced drinking water treatment processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:364-372. [PMID: 30130695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamides (SAs) and sul antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been extensively detected in drinking water sources and warrant further studies on the removal of them in different drinking water treatment processes (DWTPs). The prevalence of 13 SAs, sul1, sul2 and class I integrase gene intI1 in conventional and advanced processes was investigated using HPLC-MS/MS and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), respectively. The most abundant SA was sulfamethoxazole, with the maximum concentration of 67.27 ng/L. High concentration of sulfamethoxazole was also measured in finished water in both conventional (22.05 ng/L) and advanced (11.24 ng/L) processes. Overall, the removal efficiency of advanced process for each SA was higher than that of conventional process, except for sulfameter. The absolute concentrations of sul1, sul2 and intI1 in raw water ranged from 1.8 × 103 to 2.4 × 105 gene abundance/mL. After treatment, the residual sul ARGs and intI1 in finished water still remained at 102 - 104 gene abundance/mL. Conventional treatment units, including flocculation/sedimentation/sand filtration, played a more important role in removing sul1, sul2 and intI1 than oxidation (chlorination or ozonation) and granular activated carbon filtration treatments. Based on this work, more investigations are needed to help improve the removal of both antibiotics and ARGs in DWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Tianyang Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lei Jin
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Qi Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Changzheng Cui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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33
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Ribeiro AR, Sures B, Schmidt TC. Cephalosporin antibiotics in the aquatic environment: A critical review of occurrence, fate, ecotoxicity and removal technologies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:1153-1166. [PMID: 30029325 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to their widespread occurrence in the aquatic environment, human and veterinary cephalosporin antibiotics have been studied as water pollutants. In order to characterize environmental risks of this compound class, this review evaluates relevant data about physicochemical properties, occurrence, ecotoxicity and degradation of cephalosporins. Although application of cephalosporins is rather low compared to other antibiotics and their environmental life-time is believed to be short (i.e. days), the available data is insufficient to draw conclusions on their environmental relevance. Few studies concerning the fate of cephalosporins in soil are available, while hydrolysis and photo-degradation are suggested as the main attenuation processes in the aquatic environment. Cephalosporins have been detected in different aqueous matrices in concentrations ranging from 0.30 ng L-1 to 0.03 mg L-1, with sewage and wastewater being the main matrices with positive findings. For wastewater treatment purposes, several technologies have been tested for the abatement of cephalosporins, including photolysis and adsorption. In most cases, the technology employed led to complete or significant removal (>95%) of parental drugs but few authors reported on cephalosporins' metabolites and transformation products. Furthermore, the present ecotoxicological data are insufficient for comprehensive ecological risk quotient calculations. Considering the total of 53 cephalosporins, effective values (EC, LC, NOAEC, NOAEL, etc.) are only available for around 30% of parental drugs and are very scarce for cyanobacteria, which is considered to be the most sensitive group of organisms to antibiotics. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that cephalosporins' transformation products can be more toxic and more persistent than the parental drugs. Few investigations considering this possibility are available. Consequently, more effort on ecotoxicological data generation and verification of biological inactivation of cephalosporins-related products is needed. Likewise, the lack of natural depletion rates and knowledge gaps on mixture effects for cephalosporins' degradation and toxicity have to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson R Ribeiro
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; Centre of Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Bernd Sures
- Centre of Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 4514, Essen, Germany.
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; Centre of Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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34
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Degradation of chlortetracycline using nano micro-electrolysis materials with loading copper. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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35
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Influence of Ammonium Ions, Organic Load and Flow Rate on the UV/Chlorine AOP Applied to Effluent of a Wastewater Treatment Plant at Pilot Scale. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061276. [PMID: 29914154 PMCID: PMC6025302 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the influence of ammonium ions and the organic load (chemical oxygen demand (COD)) on the UV/chlorine AOP regarding the maintenance of free available chlorine (FAC) and elimination of 16 emerging contaminants (ECs) from wastewater treatment plant effluent (WWTE) at pilot scale (UV chamber at 0.4 kW). COD inhibited the FAC maintenance in the UV chamber influent at a ratio of 0.16 mg FAC per mg COD (kHOCl–COD = 182 M−1s−1). An increase in ammonium ion concentration led to a stoichiometric decrease of the FAC concentration in the UV chamber influent. Especially in cold seasons due to insufficient nitrification, the ammonium ion concentration in WWTE can become so high that it becomes impossible to achieve sufficiently high FAC concentrations in the UV chamber influent. For all ECs, the elimination effect by the UV/combined Cl2 AOP (UV/CC) was not significantly higher than that by sole UV treatment. Accordingly, the UV/chlorine AOP is very sensitive and loses its effectiveness drastically as soon as there is no FAC but only CC in the UV chamber influent. Therefore, within the electrical energy consumption range tested (0.13–1 kWh/m3), a stable EC elimination performance of the UV/chlorine AOP cannot be maintained throughout the year.
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Kafaei R, Papari F, Seyedabadi M, Sahebi S, Tahmasebi R, Ahmadi M, Sorial GA, Asgari G, Ramavandi B. Occurrence, distribution, and potential sources of antibiotics pollution in the water-sediment of the northern coastline of the Persian Gulf, Iran. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:703-712. [PMID: 29426195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence and frequency of six most prescribed antibiotics (tetracycline, norfloxacin, azithromycin, anhydro erythromycin, cephalexin, and amoxicillin) were assessed in three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and in water and sediments of the Persian Gulf at Bushehr coastline, Iran. The antibiotics concentration in the influent and effluent of septic tank (the hospital WWTP), activated sludge (the hospital WWTP), and stabilization pond (municipal WWTP) ranged between 7.89 and 149.63, 13.49-198.47, 6.55-16.37 ng/L, respectively. Conventional treatment resulted in incomplete removal of most of the studied antibiotics. Furthermore, the activated sludge was more effective in terms of antibiotic elimination compared to the stabilization pond or septic tank. The mean concentration of antibiotics ranged 1.21-51.50 ng/L in seawater and 1.40-25.32 ng/g in sediments during summer and winter. Norfloxacin was the dominant detected antibiotic in seawater, sediments, and influent of two hospital WWTPs. Seasonal comparisons showed significant differences for erythromycin and amoxicillin concentrations in seawater. Spatial variation indicated the role of physicochemical properties on distribution of antibiotics in seawater and sediments. The results emphasize the need to pay attention to antibiotic contamination in water and sediments of the Persian Gulf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Kafaei
- School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Papari
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Seyedabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Soleyman Sahebi
- Research and Technology Center of Membrane Processes (RTCMP), School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahim Tahmasebi
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ahmadi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - George A Sorial
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA
| | - Ghorban Asgari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center (SDHRC), Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Environmental Health Engineering Department, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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37
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Comprehensive evaluation of autohydrogenotrophic membrane biofilm reactor treating OTC-enriched water medium. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:1261-1269. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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38
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Wang L, Deng S, Wang S, Su H. Analysis of aerobic granules under the toxic effect of ampicillin in sequencing batch reactors: Performance and microbial community. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 204:152-159. [PMID: 28869824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To study the change of the aerobic granules' microbial community in the present of antibiotics, ampicillin (AMP) was selected as a model component. With acetate as carbon source, different concentrations of AMP (5, 10 and 15 mg L-1) were applied to the inflow intermittently and the results showed that the stability of the aerobic granules was maintained below 10 mg L-1 AMP. Simultaneously, under exposure to 5 and 10 mg L-1 AMP, the COD removal efficiency in the batch reactors remained at 86% and AMP was degraded almost completely with a removal efficiency of 97%. However, the EPS concentration and dehydrogenase activity decreased constantly with increasing AMP dosage. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that Proteobacteria was the most prominent phylum in the whole experiment and contributed to the degradation of AMP. The percentages of Azoarcus and Mycoplana increased at 10 mg L-1 AMP. In addition, Hydrogenophaga and Enterococcus played a key role in the microbial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Shuang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Haijia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
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39
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Liu S, Zhao G, Zhao H, Zhai G, Chen J, Zhao H. Antibiotics in a general population: Relations with gender, body mass index (BMI) and age and their human health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:298-304. [PMID: 28477487 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, increasing regulatory and public attention has been paid to the exposure risks of antibiotics due to their occurrence and antibiotic resistance worldwide. However, limited information on antibiotic levels in general populations is available. Forty antibiotics, including 9 sulfonamides, 5 fluoroquinolones, 4 macrolides, 4 tetracyclines, 3 chloramphenicols, 12 β-lactams and 3 others, were analyzed in 107 serum samples of normal adults collected from a hospital in Dalian, North China, between 2015 and 2016 using solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with HPLC-MS/MS. The results clearly showed that antibiotics were present in the serum of these adults. Specifically, 28 antibiotics were detected in the samples, with detection frequencies ranging from 0.9% to 17.8%. The total antibiotic concentrations in 26.2% of the serum samples were between the LOD and 20.0ng/mL. Importantly, the maximum concentrations of 5 antibiotics (trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, cefaclor, lincomycin and erythromycin) were above 1000ng/mL in 3.7% of the samples. Furthermore, the detection frequencies of 5 veterinary antibiotics, 7 human antibiotics and 16 human/veterinary antibiotics in the serum samples were 23.4%, 17.8% and 29.0%, respectively. Significant differences of the veterinary antibiotics between female and male adults and of the sulfonamides between different BMI (body mass index) groups were observed (p<0.05). The concentrations of sulfonamides in elderly individuals were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in young people. Finally, our results showed that almost all of the adults had no health risks related to exposure to antibiotics at such levels despite the high effect ratio (ER=1.74) for azithromycin in one sample. This study is the first to report the current status of antibiotics in human blood, which can help in better understanding the long-term effects of antibiotics on general populations and in identifying susceptible populations that are at high risk to antibiotic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guodong Zhao
- Gland surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 467, Dalian 116020, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Guangshu Zhai
- 3M Environment, Health, Safety and Sustainability, 3M Center, Building 026-05-N-17, St. Paul, MN 55144-1000, USA
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haidong Zhao
- Gland surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road 467, Dalian 116020, China.
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40
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Yassine MH, Rifai A, Hoteit M, Mazellier P, Al Iskandarani M. Study of the degradation process of ofloxacin with free chlorine by using ESI-LCMSMS: Kinetic study, by-products formation pathways and fragmentation mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:46-54. [PMID: 28926788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to gain a better understanding of the fate of fluoroquinolone antibacterial ofloxacin (OFX) which is the free available chlorine (FAC) in order to determine its effect during water chlorination process. The Direct reactions of FAC with OFX were quite rapid. A half-life of 7.7 s was measured under pseudo-first order conditions in the presence of an excess of total chlorine ([FAC]0 = 13 μM and [OFX]0 = 0.55 μM at pH 7.2 and 20 °C in buffered reagent water. Free chlorine reactions rates were of first-order type in both substrate and oxidant with specific second-order rate constants of 6.8 × 103 M-1 s-1. No induced back reactions or other interference by using thiosulfate to stop the chlorination reaction was shown. The seven products of the reaction were determined by using the LC/MS/MS analysis. Structures were investigated due to the explication of transitions obtained at different CID energies by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Pathways of the formations of these by-products were presented in this study and pathways of the fragmentations of pseudo molecular ions of the structures proposed were presented in supplementary files.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montaha H Yassine
- National Council of Scientific Research (NCSR), Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission (LAEC), Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Pollutants (LAOP), B. P. 11- 8281, Riad El Solh, 1107 2260, Beirut, Lebanon; University University of Bordeaux, Oceanic and Continental Environments and Paleo-environments, Laboratory of Physico- and Toxico- Environmental Chemistry (LPTC), UMR 5805, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Ahmad Rifai
- National Council of Scientific Research (NCSR), Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission (LAEC), Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Pollutants (LAOP), B. P. 11- 8281, Riad El Solh, 1107 2260, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maha Hoteit
- Faculty of Public Health-Section I, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Patrick Mazellier
- University University of Bordeaux, Oceanic and Continental Environments and Paleo-environments, Laboratory of Physico- and Toxico- Environmental Chemistry (LPTC), UMR 5805, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Mohammad Al Iskandarani
- National Council of Scientific Research (NCSR), Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission (LAEC), Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Pollutants (LAOP), B. P. 11- 8281, Riad El Solh, 1107 2260, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Public Health-Section I, Beyrouth, Lebanon.
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41
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Yassine M, Rifai A, Doumyati S, Trivella A, Mazellier P, Budzinski H, Al Iskandarani M. Oxidation of danofloxacin by free chlorine-kinetic study, structural identification of by-products by LC-MS/MS and potential toxicity of by-products using in silico test. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:7982-7993. [PMID: 28108916 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In this study, we aimed to investigate the kinetics and the mechanism of reaction of the fluoroquinolone antibacterial danofloxacin (DANO) by free available chlorine (FAC) during water chlorination process. Kinetic study was thus performed at pH 7.2, 20 °C in the presence of an excess of total chlorine. Under these experimental conditions, a second-order reaction rate constant (first-order relative to DANO concentration and first-order relative to FAC concentration) was evaluated to k~1446 M-1 s-1. Five degradation products were identified at different reaction times. Their structures were investigated by using fragmentations obtained at different CID collision energies in MS/MS experiments. Moreover, the toxicity of the proposed structures was predicted by using T.E.S.T. PROGRAM The results indicated that all by-products may have a developmental toxicity. The oral rat LD50 concentration was predicted to be lower than that of DANO. Furthermore, two degradation compounds presented a concentration level for fathead minnow LC50 (96 h) lower than that of DANO and presented toxicity for the marine animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montaha Yassine
- National Council of Scientific Research (CNRS)-Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission (LAEC), Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Pollutants (LAOP), 11-8281, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2260, Lebanon
- EPOC, L'équipe de Physico et Toxico Chimie de l'Environnement, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805, 33400, Talence, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR5805, 33400, Talence, France
- Dr. Faculté de Santé Publique, Section I, Hadath, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad Rifai
- National Council of Scientific Research (CNRS)-Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission (LAEC), Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Pollutants (LAOP), 11-8281, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2260, Lebanon
| | - Samah Doumyati
- Dr. Faculté de Santé Publique, Section I, Hadath, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Aurélien Trivella
- EPOC, L'équipe de Physico et Toxico Chimie de l'Environnement, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805, 33400, Talence, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR5805, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Patrick Mazellier
- EPOC, L'équipe de Physico et Toxico Chimie de l'Environnement, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805, 33400, Talence, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR5805, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- EPOC, L'équipe de Physico et Toxico Chimie de l'Environnement, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805, 33400, Talence, France
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR5805, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Mohamad Al Iskandarani
- National Council of Scientific Research (CNRS)-Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission (LAEC), Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Pollutants (LAOP), 11-8281, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2260, Lebanon.
- Dr. Faculté de Santé Publique, Section I, Hadath, Beyrouth, Lebanon.
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42
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Gu H, Xing G, Gu H, Chai Z, Wang X. A novel strategy to promote photo-oxidative and reductive abilities via the construction of a bipolar Bi2WO6/N-SrTiO3 material. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10932f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative and reductive performance of Bi2WO6/N-SrTiO3 composites for TC oxidation and Cr(vi) ion reduction was substantially improved in comparison to the individual components through coupling design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot
- P. R. China
| | - Guanjie Xing
- School of Chemistry
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Huimin Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot
- P. R. China
| | - Zhanli Chai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Inner Mongolia University
- Hohhot
- P. R. China
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43
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Aydın E, Şahin M, Taşkan E, Hasar H, Erdem M. Chlortetracycline removal by using hydrogen based membrane biofilm reactor. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 320:88-95. [PMID: 27513373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, increasing attention has been paid on the presence of antibiotics in aqueous environments due to their ecological damage and potential adverse effects on organisms. Membrane biofilm reactors (MBfR) have been gained a significant popularity as an advanced wastewater treatment technology in removing of organic micro-pollutants. In this study, the performance of H2-MBfR for simultaneous removal of nitrate and chlortetracycline, formation of transformation products and community analysis of the biofilm grown on the gas permeable hollow fiber membranes was evaluated by considering effect of the hydraulic retention time, surface loadings of target pollutants and H2 pressure. The results showed that the simultaneous chlortetracycline (96%) and nitrate removal (99%) took placed successfully under the conditions of 5h HRT and 2psi H2 pressure. It has been determined that the main elimination process was biodegradation and Betaproteobacteria species was responsible for chlortetracycline degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekrem Aydın
- Fırat University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 23279, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Şahin
- Fırat University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 23279, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Ergin Taşkan
- Fırat University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 23279, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Halil Hasar
- Fırat University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 23279, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Erdem
- Fırat University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 23279, Elazığ, Turkey.
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44
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Sayed M, Shah LA, Khan JA, Shah NS, Nisar J, Khan HM, Zhang P, Khan AR. Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Norfloxacin in Aqueous Media by Hydrothermally Synthesized Immobilized TiO2/Ti Films with Exposed {001} Facets. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9916-9931. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza Sayed
- State Key Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
- National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Luqman Ali Shah
- National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Javed Ali Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Noor S. Shah
- National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, 61100 Pakistan
| | - Jan Nisar
- National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Hasan M. Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Pengyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China
| | - Abdur Rahman Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
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45
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Cui C, Jin L, Jiang L, Han Q, Lin K, Lu S, Zhang D, Cao G. Removal of trace level amounts of twelve sulfonamides from drinking water by UV-activated peroxymonosulfate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:244-251. [PMID: 27501423 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Trace levels of residual antibiotics in drinking water may threaten public health and become a serious problem in modern society. In this work, we investigated the degradation of twelve sulfonamides (SAs) at environmentally relevant trace level concentrations by three different methods: ultraviolet (UV) photolysis, peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation, and UV-activated PMS (UV/PMS). Sulfaguanidine, sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole, sulfamethoxydiazine, and sulfadimethoxine were be effectively removed by direct UV photolysis and PMS oxidation. However, sulfanilamide, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, and sulfachloropyridazine were not completely degraded, despite prolonging the UV irradiation time to 30min or increasing the PMS concentration to 5.0mg·L-1. UV/PMS provided more thorough elimination of SAs, as demonstrated by the complete removal of 200ng·L-1 of all SAs within 5min at an initial PMS concentration of 1.0mg·L-1. UV/PMS promoted SA decomposition more efficiently than UV photolysis or PMS oxidation alone. Bicarbonate concentration and pH had a negligible effect on SA degradation by UV/PMS. However, humic acid retarded the process. Removal of 200ng·L-1 of each SA from a sample of sand-filtered effluent from a drinking water treatment plant (DWTPs) was quickly and completely achieved by UV/PMS. Meanwhile, about 41% of the total organic carbon (TOC) was eliminated. Scavenging experiments showed that sulfate radical (SO4-) was the predominant species involved in the degradation. It is concluded that UV/PMS is a rapid and efficient method for removing trace-level SAs from drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzheng Cui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lei Jin
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Qi Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuguang Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Guomin Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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46
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Taşkan B, Hanay Ö, Taşkan E, Erdem M, Hasar H. Hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor for tetracycline removal: biodegradation, transformation products, and microbial community. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21703-21711. [PMID: 27522205 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tetracycline (TC) in aqueous environment could be reductively degraded by using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor (H2-MBfR) under denitrifying conditions as it provides an appropriate environment for the antibiotic-degrading bacteria in biofilm communities. This study evaluates the performance of H2-MBfR for simultaneous removal of nitrate and TC, formation of degradation products of TC, and community analysis of the biofilm grown on the gas-permeable hollow fiber membranes. Hence, a H2-MBfR receiving approximately 20 mg N/l nitrate and 0.5 mg/l TC was operated under different H2 pressures, hydraulic retention times (HRTs), and influent TC concentrations in order to provide various nitrate and TC loadings. The results showed that H2-MBfR accomplished successfully the degradation of TC, and it reached TC removal of 80-95 % at 10 h of HRT and 6 psi (0.41 atm) of H2 gas pressure. TC degradation took placed at increased HRT and H2 pressures while nitrate was the preferred electron acceptor for most of the electrons generated from H2 oxidation used for denitrification. The transformation products of TC were found at part per billion levels through all the experiments, and the concentrations decreased with the increasing HRT regardless of H2 pressure. Analyses from clone library showed that the microbial diversity at the optimal conditions was higher than that at the other periods. The dominant species were revealed to be Betaproteobacteria, Acidovorax caeni, and Alicycliphilus denitrificans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Taşkan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fırat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Özge Hanay
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fırat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ergin Taşkan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fırat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Erdem
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fırat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Halil Hasar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fırat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
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47
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Hu Q, Zhang XX, Jia S, Huang K, Tang J, Shi P, Ye L, Ren H. Metagenomic insights into ultraviolet disinfection effects on antibiotic resistome in biologically treated wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 101:309-317. [PMID: 27267479 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing-based metagenomic approaches were used to comprehensively investigate ultraviolet effects on the microbial community structure, and diversity and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in biologically treated wastewater. After ultraviolet radiation, some dominant genera, like Aeromonas and Halomonas, in the wastewater almost disappeared, while the relative abundance of some minor genera including Pseudomonas and Bacillus increased dozens of times. Metagenomic analysis showed that 159 ARGs within 14 types were detectable in the samples, and the radiation at 500 mJ/cm(2) obviously increased their total relative abundance from 31.68 ppm to 190.78 ppm, which was supported by quantitative real time PCR. As the dominant persistent ARGs, multidrug resistance genes carried by Pseudomonas and bacitracin resistance gene bacA carried by Bacillus mainly contributed to the ARGs abundance increase. Bacterial community shift and MGEs replication induced by the radiation might drive the resistome alteration. The findings may shed new light on the mechanism behind the ultraviolet radiation effects on antibiotic resistance in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xu-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shuyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kailong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junying Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Environmental Health Research Center, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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48
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Superhydrophilic and antibacterial zwitterionic polyamide nanofiltration membranes for antibiotics separation. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Yang X, Sun J, Fu W, Shang C, Li Y, Chen Y, Gan W, Fang J. PPCP degradation by UV/chlorine treatment and its impact on DBP formation potential in real waters. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 98:309-18. [PMID: 27110887 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ultraviolet/chlorine (UV/chlorine) water purification process was evaluated for its ability to degrade the residues of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) commonly found in drinking water sources. The disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formed after post-chlorination were documented. The performance of the UV/chlorine process was compared with that of the UV/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) process in treating three types of sand-filtered natural water. Except caffeine and carbamazepine residues, the UV/chlorine process was found to be 59-99% effective for feed water with a high level of dissolved organic carbon and alkalinity, and 27-92% effective for water with a high ammonia content. Both chlorine radicals and hydroxyl radicals were found to contribute to the observed PPCP degradation. The removal efficiencies of chlorine- and UV-resistant PPCPs such as carbamazepine and caffeine were 2-3 times greater than in the UV/H2O2 process in waters not enriched with ammonia. UV/chlorine treatment slightly enhanced the formation chloral hydrate (CH), haloketone (HK) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM). It reduced haloacetonitrile (HAN) formation during the post-chlorination in comparison with the UV/H2O2 process. In waters with high concentrations of ammonia, the UV/chlorine process was only 5-7% more effective than the UV/H2O2 process, and it formed slightly more THMs, HKs and TCNM along with reduced formation of CH and HAN. The UV/chlorine process is thus recommended as a good alternative to UV/H2O2 treatment for its superior PPCP removal without significantly enhancing DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jianliang Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wenjie Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Hong Kong Branch of China National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Hong Kong.
| | - Yin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Gan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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50
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Xu L, Ouyang W, Qian Y, Su C, Su J, Chen H. High-throughput profiling of antibiotic resistance genes in drinking water treatment plants and distribution systems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:119-126. [PMID: 26890482 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are present in surface water and often cannot be completely eliminated by drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). Improper elimination of the ARG-harboring microorganisms contaminates the water supply and would lead to animal and human disease. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to determine the most effective ways by which DWTPs can eliminate ARGs. Here, we tested water samples from two DWTPs and distribution systems and detected the presence of 285 ARGs, 8 transposases, and intI-1 by utilizing high-throughput qPCR. The prevalence of ARGs differed in the two DWTPs, one of which employed conventional water treatments while the other had advanced treatment processes. The relative abundance of ARGs increased significantly after the treatment with biological activated carbon (BAC), raising the number of detected ARGs from 76 to 150. Furthermore, the final chlorination step enhanced the relative abundance of ARGs in the finished water generated from both DWTPs. The total enrichment of ARGs varied from 6.4-to 109.2-fold in tap water compared to finished water, among which beta-lactam resistance genes displayed the highest enrichment. Six transposase genes were detected in tap water samples, with the transposase gene TnpA-04 showing the greatest enrichment (up to 124.9-fold). We observed significant positive correlations between ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) during the distribution systems, indicating that transposases and intI-1 may contribute to antibiotic resistance in drinking water. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the diversity and abundance of ARGs in drinking water treatment systems utilizing high-throughput qPCR techniques in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Like Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiying Ouyang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yanyun Qian
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chao Su
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianqiang Su
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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