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Labohá P, Sychrová E, Brózman O, Sovadinová I, Bláhová L, Prokeš R, Ondráček J, Babica P. Cyanobacteria, cyanotoxins and lipopolysaccharides in aerosols from inland freshwater bodies and their effects on human bronchial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 98:104073. [PMID: 36738853 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Components of cyanobacterial water blooms were quantified in aerosols above agitated water surfaces of five freshwater bodies. The thoracic and respirable aerosol fraction (0.1-10 µm) was sampled using a high-volume sampler. Cyanotoxins microcystins were detected by LC-MS/MS at levels 0.3-13.5 ng/mL (water) and < 35-415 fg/m3 (aerosol). Lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) were quantified by Pyrogene rFC assay at levels < 10-119 EU/mL (water) and 0.13-0.64 EU/m3 (aerosol). Cyanobacterial DNA was detected by qPCR at concentrations corresponding to 104-105 cells eq./mL (water) and 101-103 cells eq./m3 (aerosol). Lipopolysaccharides isolated from bloom samples induced IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine release in human bronchial epithelial cells Beas-2B, while extracted cyanobacterial metabolites induced both pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects. Bloom components detected in aerosols and their bioactivities observed in upper respiratory airway epithelial cells together indicate that aerosols formed during cyanobacterial water blooms could induce respiratory irritation and inflammatory injuries, and thus present an inhalation health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Labohá
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Sychrová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Brózman
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Sovadinová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bláhová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Atmospheric Matter Fluxes and Long-range Transport, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Ondráček
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 135, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Zhang G, Wang T, Zhou J, Guo H, Qu G, Guo X, Jia H, Zhu L. Intrinsic mechanisms underlying the highly efficient removal of bacterial endotoxin and related risks in tailwater by dielectric barrier discharge plasma. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 226:119214. [PMID: 36240712 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxin is widely present in aquatic environments and can induce adverse health effects. In this study, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma was used to remove bacterial endotoxin from the tailwater of a wastewater treatment plant. The removal efficiency of total endotoxin activity was up to 92% with low electrical energy consumption (0.43 J mL-1%-1) after 180 s of the DBD plasma treatment, which was better than other previously reported methods. In the early stage of DBD plasma oxidation, the expression of genes related to cell morphology and bacterial antioxidant enzyme synthesis was distinctly down-regulated, suggesting that cell integrity was destroyed, leading to endotoxin release into the solution. Additionally, endotoxin synthesis in the cells was suppressed. The endotoxin in the solution was effectively removed by ·OH, 1O2, and O2·-generated by the DBD plasma, with second-order reaction rates of 2.69 × 1010, 2.20 × 107, and 8.60 × 108 mol-1 L s-1, respectively. The core toxic component of endotoxin (lipid A) was attacked by these strong oxidative species, generating smaller molecular fragments with low toxicity. Consequently, the inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-β, and TNF-α of endotoxin decreased by 3.4-4.8 folds after the DBD plasma treatment, implying that the health risks posed by endotoxin were greatly reduced. This study revealed the intrinsic mechanisms of the highly efficient removal of bacterial endotoxin by DBD plasma oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - He Guo
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Guangzhou Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xuetao Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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Bacterial Species Associated with Highly Allergenic Plant Pollen Yield a High Level of Endotoxins and Induce Chemokine and Cytokine Release from Human A549 Cells. Inflammation 2022; 45:2186-2201. [PMID: 35668156 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sensitization to pollen allergens has been increasing in Europe every year. Most studies in this field are related to climate change, phenology, allergens associated with different pollens, and allergic disorders. As a plant microhabitat, pollen is colonized by diverse microorganisms, including endotoxin-producing bacteria which may contribute to pollen allergy (pollinosis). Therefore, bacteria isolated from high allergenic and low allergenic plant pollen, as well as the pollen itself with all microbial inhabitants, were used to assess the effect of the pollen by measuring the endotoxins lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) concentrations and their effect on chemokine and cytokine release from transwell cultured epithelial A549 cells as a model of epithelial lung barrier. High allergenic pollen showed a significantly higher level of bacterial endotoxins; interestingly, the endotoxin level found in the bacterial isolates from high allergenic pollen was significantly higher compared to that of bacteria from low allergenic pollen. Moreover, bacterial LPS concentrations across different pollen species positively correlated with the LPS concentration across their corresponding bacterial isolates. Selected bacterial isolates from hazel pollen (HA5, HA13, and HA7) co-cultured with A549 cells induced a potent concentration-dependent release of the chemokine interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 as well as the cytokine TNF-alpha and interleukin-2 to both apical and basal compartments of the transwell model. This study clearly shows the role of bacteria and bacterial endotoxins in the pollen allergy as well as seasonal allergic rhinitis.
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Rasuli L, Dehghani MH, Aghaei M, Mahvi AH, Mubarak NM, Karri RR. Occurrence and fate of bacterial endotoxins in the environment (air, water, wastewater) and remediation technologies: An overview. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135089. [PMID: 35623438 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxins as the outer membrane of most Gram-Negative Bacteria (GNB) and typical toxic biochemical produced by microorganisms are identified as one of the emerging pollutants. These microbial by-products are harmful compounds that can be present in various environments including air, water, soil, and other ecosystems which was discussed in detail in this review. Environmental and occupational exposure caused by endotoxin occurs in water and wastewater treatment plants, industrial plants, farming, waste recovery, and composting facilities. Even though the health risk related to endotoxin injection in intravenous and dialysis are well identified, the harmful effects of ingestion, inhalation, and other way of exposure are not well quantified and there is insufficient information on the potential health risks of endotoxins exposure in water environments, and another exposures. Because of limited studies, the outbreaks of diseases related to endotoxins in the various source of exposure not been well documented. Endotoxin removal from different environments are investigated in this review. The results of various studies have shown that conventional treatment methods have been unable to remove endotoxins from water and wastewater, therefore, monitoring the effectiveness of these processes in controlling this contaminant and also using the appropriate removal method is essential. However, management of water and wastewater treatment processes and the use of advanced processes such as Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) can be effective in monitoring and reducing endotoxin levels during water and wastewater treatment. One of the limitations of endotoxin monitoring is the lack of sufficient information to develop monitoring levels. In addition, the lack of guidelinesand methods of controlling them at high levels may cause irreparable disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rasuli
- Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Environmental Research, Center for Solid Waste Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mina Aghaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Environmental Research, Center for Solid Waste Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Rama Rao Karri
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
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Mesoporous metal organic frameworks functionalized with the amino acids as advanced sorbents for the removal of bacterial endotoxins from water: Optimization, regression and kinetic models. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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Hannon G, Prina-Mello A. Endotoxin contamination of engineered nanomaterials: Overcoming the hurdles associated with endotoxin testing. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1738. [PMID: 34254460 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are highly susceptible to endotoxin contamination due their large surface-to-volume ratios and endotoxins propensity to associate readily to hydrophobic and cationic surfaces. Additionally, the stability of endotoxin ensures it cannot be removed efficiently through conventional sterilization techniques such as autoclaving and ionizing radiation. In recent times, the true significance of this hurdle has come to light with multiple reports from the United States Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, in particular, along with our own experiences of endotoxin testing from multiple Horizon 2020-funded projects which highlight the importance of this issue for the clinical translation of nanomaterials. Herein, we provide an overview on the topic of endotoxin contamination of nanomaterials intended for biomedical applications. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Hannon
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland.,Laboratory of Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland.,Laboratory of Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, CRANN institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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7
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Integrated strategy for the separation of endotoxins from biofluids. LPS capture on newly synthesized protein. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Embedding of L–Arginine into graphene oxide (GO) for endotoxin removal from water: Modeling and optimization approach. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wang K, Li Y, Huang J, Xu L, Yin L, Ji Y, Wang C, Xu Z, Niu J. Insights into electrochemical decomposition mechanism of lipopolysaccharide using TiO 2 nanotubes arrays electrode. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 391:122259. [PMID: 32062543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical decomposition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was firstly investigated over titania nanotubes (TNTs) arrays electrode. The TNTs layer of this electrode consisted of numerous tubular structures which arranged tightly, and the average diameter of each nanotube is 100 ± 5 nm. The degradation of LPS and polysaccharides followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The optimal LPS removal ratio was nearly 80 %. The endotoxin toxicity of LPS steadily decreased during the electrolysis process. The acute toxicity of the intermediates increased suddenly at the beginning of electrochemical degradation process (< 5 min), then maintained high inhibition ratio (> 95 %) for about 150 min, and decreased significantly (< 10 %) after electrolysis for 240 min. After 20 min of electrolysis, LPS with molecular weight of 116,854 Da was transformed into small molecular compounds with molecular weights of 59,312 - 12,209 Da. Possible degradation and detoxification mechanisms of LPS including electric-field-force-driving accumulation, adsorption and direct electron transfer on TNTs arrays electrode, and •OH oxidation were proposed. This study underscores that electrochemical technique can be applied to eliminate and decrease the toxicity of LPS from contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Wang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Junxiong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Lei Xu
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China
| | - Lifeng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yangyuan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Chong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Zesheng Xu
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China.
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Zhang C, Tian F, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Bai M, Guo G, Zheng W, Wang Q, Shi Y, Wang L. Endotoxin contamination, a potentially important inflammation factor in water and wastewater: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 681:365-378. [PMID: 31108357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxins, also referred to as lipopolysaccharides or pyrogens, are major components embedded in the outer cell wall membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria and some cyanobacteria. As common pyrogens and strong immune stimulators, health hazards associated with endotoxins in water and wastewater have been attracting attention in recent years. In this paper, the characteristics, existing forms, and detection assays of endotoxins in water and wastewater are reviewed. Cellular response and pathophysiological effects, and main exposure tracts of endotoxins in water and wastewater are discussed. Levels of endotoxin contamination in water, wastewater, and their aerosols are presented. The removal effects of different water and wastewater treatment processes are summarized. Hence, it is important to: (i) Improve investigations into endotoxin contamination in water and wastewater in order to identify their source, occurrence, and fate. (ii) Implement water and wastewater treatment processes capable of ensuring low levels of endotoxins. This review aims to identify efficient water and wastewater treatment processes capable of ensuring the production of WTPs and WWTPs effluents with a low level of endotoxin activity, and to guarantee the reduction of endotoxin exposure risks to the consumers of water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Fang Tian
- School of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China
| | - Minglu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Miao Bai
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Guang Guo
- School of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100071, China
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Shamsollahi HR, Ghoochani M, Jaafari J, Moosavi A, Sillanpää M, Alimohammadi M. Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its health outcomes: A systematic review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:236-244. [PMID: 30831472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to endotoxin occurs environmentally and occupationally. There are several differences between them in terms of the variety and severity of health outcomes, possible exposed groups and type and route of exposure. Occupational exposures caused adverse health outcomes in almost all cases, but there is disparity in the incidence of significant health outcomes due to environmental exposure to endotoxin. This study has therefore endeavoured to investigate health outcomes from environmental exposure to endotoxin. A systematic review was conducted of three databases and non-occupational studies reporting the environmental concentration of endotoxin, and observed health outcomes in exposed groups were included in the review (n = 27). The studies showed that first exposure to endotoxin occurs in infancy by the inhalation route. Inhalation is the only exposure route that can induce inflammation as the main symptom of exposure to endotoxin. The studies included were conducted using four approaches: molecular immunology, measurement of lung volumes, clinical sensitisation test and diagnosis of asthmatic and respiratory symptoms such as wheezing. By the immunological approach, all the included studies reported that environmental exposure to endotoxin, especially at a younger age, has a protective effect on the incidence of asthma in adolescence. The main disparity observed was in studies using the approach of diagnosed asthma. Overall, however, they confirm the protective effect of exposure to endotoxin although, in the case of children with non-atopic asthma, the results could be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Shamsollahi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahboobeh Ghoochani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jalil Jaafari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Azam Moosavi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran.
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, Mikkeli, Finland.
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Water Quality Research (CWQI), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Amini Tapouk F, Nabizadeh R, Nasseri S, Mesdaghinia A, Khorsandi H, Mahvi AH, Gholibegloo E, Alimohammadi M, Khoobi M. Endotoxin removal from aqueous solutions with dimethylamine-functionalized graphene oxide: Modeling study and optimization of adsorption parameters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 368:163-177. [PMID: 30677648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Novel graphene oxide (GO)-based adsorbent embedded with epichlorohydrin (ECH) as a coupling agent and dimethylamine (DMA) as a ligand (GO-ECH-DMA) were prepared and employed for endotoxin removal from aqueous solutions. The physicochemical properties of nanocomposite were fully characterized. The model attributed to batch adsorption process was optimized employing response surface methodology (RSM) via various parameters such as pH, GO-ECH-DMA dosage, and contact time and endotoxin concentration. The p-value with low probability (<0.00001), determination coefficient (R2=0.99) and the non-significant lack of fit (p > 0.05) showed a quadratic model with a good fit with experimental terms. The synergistic effects of the linear term of contact time and GO-ECH-DMA dosage on endotoxin removal were significant. The optimum condition for endotoxin removal was obtained at pH of 5.52, GO-ECH-DMA dosage of 21 mgL-1, contact time of 56 min and endotoxin concentration of 51.3 endotoxin units per milliliter (EUmL-1). The equilibrium was the better explained by Langmuir isotherm with the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 121.47 EUmg-1, while the kinetics of the endotoxin adsorption process was followed by the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorbent could be recycled with NaOH. The possible mechanisms of endotoxin adsorption were proposed by hydrogen-bonding, π-π stacking, and electrostatic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Amini Tapouk
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Nasseri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mesdaghinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Khorsandi
- Department of Environmental Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Gholibegloo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medicinal Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Equity Research Center (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Water Quality Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Biomaterials Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medicinal Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Simazaki D, Hirose M, Hashimoto H, Yamanaka S, Takamura M, Watanabe J, Akiba M. Occurrence and fate of endotoxin activity at drinking water purification plants and healthcare facilities in Japan. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 145:1-11. [PMID: 30103048 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of residual endotoxin activity (ET) in dialysis water and also tap water as its source is a matter of great concern to medical professionals conducting dialysis therapy at healthcare facilities (HCFs). The present study was performed to determine the occurrence and fate of the ET at selected Japanese drinking water purification plants and HCFs between 2014 and 2016. Chemical coagulation and sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and membrane filtration were highly effective to decrease both ET dissolved in water (free-ET) and ET bound to cells/particles (bound-ET). Moderate decreases in bound-ET and limited decreases in free-ET were observed by chlorination and ozonation. Bacterial activated carbon filtration was a major cause of significant increases in endotoxin activity during the course of drinking water purification process. Levels of residual ET in water supplied to HCFs were strongly affected by their source waters and the configurations of water purification processes served. Microbial regrowth on the premises, from water tanks to faucets at HCFs could also contribute to ET increases in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Simazaki
- Water Management Section, Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Wako, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Hirose
- Department of Public Health and Medical Affairs, Osaka Prefectual Government, 2-1-22 Ohtemae, Osaka, Osaka, 540-0008, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hashimoto
- Water Quality Laboratory, Hanshin Water Supply Authority, 5-11-1 Tanou, Amagasaki, Hyougo, 661-0951, Japan
| | - Shunji Yamanaka
- Nagoya City Environmental Science Research Institute, 5-16-8, Toyoda, Minami, Nagoya, Aichi, 457-0841, Japan
| | - Mitsuteru Takamura
- Water Quality Management Center, Morioka City Waterworks and Sewerage Bureau, 86 Aza Sakurayama, Kagano, Morioka, Iwate, 020-0807, Japan
| | - Junya Watanabe
- Imabari City Waterworks Bureau, Imabari City Government, 1-4-1 Bekkucho, Imabari, Ehime, 794-8511, Japan
| | - Michihiro Akiba
- Water Management Section, Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Wako, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan
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14
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He X, Ding L, Su W, Ma H, Huang H, Wang Y, Ren H. Distribution of endotoxins in full scale pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants and its relationship with microbial community structure. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 77:2397-2406. [PMID: 29893728 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxins are potential toxics impacting human health through respiration derived in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), yet the formation of endotoxins during wastewater treatment processes is still lacking research. In our study, the distribution of endotoxins and bacterial community structure in the wastewater of three full scale pharmaceutical WWTPs were explored using the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test and MiSeq technique. Results showed that higher endotoxin activities in the influent of Plant A and Plant C (560 and 1140 EU/mL), stemming from the fermentation process, were found compared to that of Plant B (135 EU/mL), coming from the process of chemical synthesis. During the anaerobic treatment and the cyclic activated sludge system (CASS) in the three WWTPs, the endotoxin activity increased, while it declined in the aerobic treatment system. In all bioreactors, the relative abundance of Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 50.0-94.6%. Bacteria with high lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in LAL assay were found at the genus level of Bacteroides, Enterococcus, Desulfovibrio, and Megasphaera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lili Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenbo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haijun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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15
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Zhang C, Fang Z, Liu W, Tian F, Bai M. Rapid removal of bacterial endotoxin and natural organic matter in water by dielectric barrier discharge plasma: Efficiency and toxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 318:15-23. [PMID: 27388420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature plasma was used to control bacteria, endotoxins and natural organic matter (NOM) in water by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) device. Results indicate that DBD plasma has an obvious inactivation effect on various bacteria in water. The degree of inactivation from difficult to easy is as follows: Bacillus subtilis>Escherichia coli>Staphylococcus aureus. Activated ultrapure water treated using DBD plasma exhibited a sustained sterilization effect, but this sterilization effect decreased gradually after 1h. The total-endotoxin (free-endotoxin and bound-endotoxin) released by Escherichia coli during inactivation, as well as artificially simulated endotoxin in a control solution, was significantly controlled by DBD plasma. Both the metabolites that appeared after inactivation of microorganisms by plasma treatment, and the NOM in filtration effluent of a water treatment plant were well removed by DBD plasma if the treatment duration was sufficiently long. However, the acute toxicity increased significantly, and persisted for at least 2h, indicating that some long-life active substances were generated during the DBD process. Therefore, the removal of bacteria, endotoxins or NOM does not mean a safe water is produced. It is also important to eliminate the toxicity and byproducts produced during water treatment for the continuous promotion and industrial application of DBD plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Zhendong Fang
- Department of National Defense Architecture Planning & Environmental Engineering, Logistic Engineering University, Chongqing 401311, China.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fang Tian
- School of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China
| | - Miao Bai
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
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16
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Li H, Hitchins VM, Wickramasekara S. Rapid detection of bacterial endotoxins in ophthalmic viscosurgical device materials by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 943:98-105. [PMID: 27769383 PMCID: PMC5500980 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides bound to the bacterial cell wall and released when bacteria rupture or disintegrate. Possible contamination of endotoxin in ophthalmic devices can cause a painful eye inflammation or result in toxic anterior segment syndrome after cataract surgery. Measurement of bacterial endotoxin in medical device materials is difficult since endotoxin binds with polymer matrix and some of the materials are very viscous and non-water soluble, where traditional enzyme-based Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay cannot be applied. Here we propose a rapid and high throughput ambient ionization mass spectrometric (MS) method using direct analysis in real time (DART) for the evaluation of endotoxin contamination in medical device materials. Large and structurally complex endotoxin instantaneously breaks down into low-mass characteristic fragment ions using DART and is detected by MS in both positive and negative ion modes. This method enables the identification and separation of endotoxin from medical materials with a detection limit of 0.03 ng mL-1 endotoxins in aqueous solution. Ophthalmic viscosurgical device materials including sodium hyaluronate (NaHA), non-water soluble perfluoro-n-octane (PFO) and silicone oil (SO) were spiked with different known concentrations of endotoxin and analyzed by DART MS, where the presence of endotoxin was successfully detected and featured small mass fragment ions were generated for NaHA, PFO and SO as well. Current findings showed the feasibility of measuring endotoxin contamination in medical device materials using DART-MS, which can lead to a one-step analysis of endotoxins in different matrices, avoiding any potential contamination during sample pre-treatment steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Li
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Victoria M Hitchins
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States
| | - Samanthi Wickramasekara
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States.
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17
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Altintas Z, Abdin MJ, Tothill AM, Karim K, Tothill IE. Ultrasensitive detection of endotoxins using computationally designed nanoMIPs. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 935:239-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Zhang J, Xue J, Xu B, Xie J, Qiao J, Lu Y. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide induced acute inflammation in lung by chlorination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 303:131-6. [PMID: 26530889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, also called endotoxin) is a pro-inflammatory constituent of gram negative bacteria and cyanobacteria, which causes a potential health risk in the process of routine urban application of reclaimed water, such as car wash, irrigation, scenic water refilling, etc. Previous studies indicated that the common disinfection treatment, chlorination, has little effect on endotoxin activity removal measured by Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. However, in this study, significant decrease of acute inflammatory effects was observed in mouse lung, while LAL assay still presented a moderate increase of endotoxin activity. To explore the possible mechanisms, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results showed the chlorination happened in alkyl chain of LPS molecules, which could affect the interaction between LPS and LPS-binding protein. Also the size of LPS aggregates was found to drop significantly after treatment, which could be another results of chlorination caused polarity change. In conclusion, our observation demonstrated that chlorination is effective to reduce the LPS induced inflammation in lung, and it is recommended to use health effect-based methods to assess risk removal of water treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Zhang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinling Xue
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bi Xu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiani Xie
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Juan Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yun Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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19
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In silico designed nanoMIP based optical sensor for endotoxins monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 67:177-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Ohkouchi Y, Tajima S, Nomura M, Itoh S. Inflammatory responses and potencies of various lipopolysaccharides from bacteria and cyanobacteria in aquatic environments and water supply systems. Toxicon 2015; 97:23-31. [PMID: 25666398 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory substances derived from indigenous bacteria in aquatic environments or water systems are of great concern. Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), one of the major inflammatory substances in water, are usually identified using Limurus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay on the basis of their endotoxic activity, but endotoxin levels do not accurately represent their inflammatory potency in humans. In this investigation, the cellular endotoxin contents of pure-cultured bacteria/cyanobacteria, which are frequently detected in water sources and distribution systems, and of indigenous bacteria in a river and in biologically activated carbon (BAC) effluent, were investigated. The indigenous bacteria showed the highest endotoxin contents exceeding 10(-3)EU/cell. The LPSs were then purified from those samples, and their inflammatory potencies were examined using a human monocytic cell line. The LPSs from Acinetobacter lwoffii culture, the river water, and the BAC effluent sample revealed a unique cytokine secretion pattern; they induced both IL-8 and TNF-α more strongly than the other tested bacterial LPSs. These results suggest that natural bacterial/cyanobacterial flora in aquatic environments and water distribution systems have the potential to induce relatively strong inflammatory responses in humans; therefore, further accumulation of data on water quality from the perspective of not just endotoxins but inflammatory potency is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Ohkouchi
- Department of Global Ecology, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura CI-2-233, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Tajima
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura CI-2-233, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nomura
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura CI-2-233, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Itoh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura CI-2-233, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
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21
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El Marghani A, Pradhan A, Seyoum A, Khalaf H, Ros T, Forsberg LH, Nermark T, Osterman L, Wiklund U, Ivarsson P, Jass J, Olsson PE. Contribution of pharmaceuticals, fecal bacteria and endotoxin to the inflammatory responses to inland waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 488-489:228-235. [PMID: 24836131 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The increasing contamination of freshwater with pharmaceuticals, surfactants, pesticides and other organic compounds are of major concern. As these contaminants are detected at trace levels in the environment it is important to determine if they elicit biological responses at the observed levels. In addition to chemical pollutants, there is also a concern for increasing levels of bacteria and other microorganisms in freshwater systems. In an earlier study, we observed the activation of inflammatory systems downstream of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in southern Sweden. We also observed that the water contained unidentified components that were pro-inflammatory and potentiated the immune response in human urinary bladder epithelial cells. In order to determine if these effects were unique for the studied site or represent a common response in Swedish water, we have now performed a study on three WWTPs and their recipient waters in central Sweden. Analysis of immune responses in urinary bladder epithelial cells, monocyte-like cells and blood mononuclear cells confirm that these waters activate the immune system as well as induce pro-inflammatory responses. The results indicate that the cytokine profiles correlate to the endotoxin load of the waters rather than to the levels of pharmaceuticals or culturable bacteria load, suggesting that measurements of endotoxin levels and immune responses would be a valuable addition to the analysis of inland waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Marghani
- Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-70182, Sweden
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-70182, Sweden
| | - Asmerom Seyoum
- Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-70182, Sweden
| | - Hazem Khalaf
- Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-70182, Sweden
| | - Torbjön Ros
- Pelagia Miljökonsult AB, Sjöbod 2, Strömpilsplatsen 12, Umeå 90743, Sweden
| | | | - Tomas Nermark
- Karlskoga Energi och Miljö AB, Box 42, Karlskoga 69121, Sweden
| | - Lisa Osterman
- Skebäcks reningsverk, Box 33300, Örebro 70215, Sweden
| | - Ulf Wiklund
- Tyréns AB, Västra Norrlandsgatan 10B, 90327 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Jana Jass
- Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-70182, Sweden.
| | - Per-Erik Olsson
- Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-70182, Sweden.
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22
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Bláhová L, Adamovský O, Kubala L, Švihálková Šindlerová L, Zounková R, Bláha L. The isolation and characterization of lipopolysaccharides from Microcystis aeruginosa, a prominent toxic water bloom forming cyanobacteria. Toxicon 2013; 76:187-96. [PMID: 24140921 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Massive toxic blooms of cyanobacteria represent a major threat to water supplies worldwide, yet serious gaps exist in understanding their complex toxic effects, including the role of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The present comparative study focused on the levels and biological activities of LPS isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa, which is one of the most globally distributed toxic species. Using hot phenol extraction, LPS was isolated from 3 laboratory cultures and 11 natural water blooms. It formed 0.2-0.7% of the original dry biomass of the cyanobacteria, based on gravimetry. Additional analyses by commercial anti-LPS ELISA were correlated with gravimetry but showed concentrations that were about 7-times lower, which indicated either impurities in isolated LPS or the poor cross-reactivity of the antibodies used. LPS isolates from M. aeruginosa were potent pyrogens in the traditional Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)-test, but comparison with the PyroGene test demonstrated the limited selectivity of LAL with several interferences. The determined pyrogenicity (endotoxin units, EU) ranged from very low values in laboratory cultures (less than 0.003 up to 0.008-EU per 100 pg LPS) to higher values in complex bloom samples (0.01-0.078 EU per 100 pg of LPS), which suggested the role of bloom-associated bacteria in the overall effects. Potent pro-inflammatory effects of the studied LPS from both cultures and bloom samples were observed in a highly-relevant ex vivo human blood model by studying reactive oxygen species production in phagocytes as well as increased productions of interleukin 8, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α. LPS from M. aeruginosa seem to modulate several pathways involved in the regulation of both innate immunity and specific responses. In comparison to the standard pathogenic bacterial LPS (World Health Organization Escherichia coli O113:10 endotoxin; activity 1 EU per 100 pg), the studied cyanobacterial samples had pyrogenicity potencies that were at least 12-times lower. However, the health risks associated with LPS from M. aeruginosa should not be underestimated, especially with respect to diverse biological effects observed ex vivo and in the case of massive blooms in drinking water reservoirs, where the estimated pyrogenicity can reach up to 46,000 EU per mL of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bláhová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, Building A29, CZ62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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