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Heffron J, Samsami M, Juedemann S, Lavin J, Tavakoli Nick S, Kieke BA, Mayer BK. Mitigation of viruses of concern and bacteriophage surrogates via common unit processes for water reuse: A meta-analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121242. [PMID: 38342066 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Water reuse is a growing global reality. In regulating water reuse, viruses have come to the fore as key pathogens due to high shedding rates, low infectious doses, and resilience to traditional wastewater treatments. To demonstrate the high log reductions required by emerging water reuse regulations, cost and practicality necessitate surrogates for viruses for use as challenge organisms in unit process evaluation and monitoring. Bacteriophage surrogates that are mitigated to the same or lesser extent than viruses of concern are routinely used for individual unit process testing. However, the behavior of these surrogates over a multi-barrier treatment train typical of water reuse has not been well-established. Toward this aim, we performed a meta-analysis of log reductions of common bacteriophage surrogates for five treatment processes typical of water reuse treatment trains: advanced oxidation processes, chlorination, membrane filtration, ozonation, and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. Robust linear regression was applied to identify a range of doses consistent with a given log reduction of bacteriophages and viruses of concern for each treatment process. The results were used to determine relative conservatism of surrogates. We found that no one bacteriophage was a representative or conservative surrogate for viruses of concern across all multi-barrier treatments (encompassing multiple mechanisms of virus mitigation). Rather, a suite of bacteriophage surrogates provides both a representative range of inactivation and information about the effectiveness of individual processes within a treatment train. Based on the abundance of available data and diversity of virus treatability using these five key water reuse treatment processes, bacteriophages MS2, phiX174, and Qbeta were recommended as a core suite of surrogates for virus challenge testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Heffron
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management Research Unit, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, WI 54449, USA.
| | - Maryam Samsami
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Samantha Juedemann
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Jennifer Lavin
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Shadi Tavakoli Nick
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Burney A Kieke
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, 1000 N Oak Ave., Marshfield, WI 54449, USA
| | - Brooke K Mayer
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, 1637 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
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2
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Monnot M, Ollivier J, Taligrot H, Garry P, Cordier C, Stravakakis C, Le Guyader FS, Moulin P. Retention of Virus Versus Surrogate, by Ultrafiltration in Seawater: Case Study of Norovirus Versus Tulane. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2024; 16:14-24. [PMID: 38184502 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
In the field of chemical engineering and water treatment, the study of viruses, included surrogates, is well documented. Often, surrogates are used to study viruses and their behavior because they can be produced in larger quantities in safer conditions and are easier to handle. In fact, surrogates allow studying microorganisms which are non-infectious to humans but share some properties similar to pathogenic viruses: structure, composition, morphology, and size. Human noroviruses, recognized as the leading cause of epidemics and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis across all age groups, may be mimicked by the Tulane virus. The objectives of this work were to study (i) the ultrafiltration of Tulane virus and norovirus to validate that Tulane virus can be used as a surrogate for norovirus in water treatment process and (ii) the retention of norovirus and the surrogate as a function of water quality to better understand the use of the latter pathogenic viruses. Ultrafiltration tests showed significant logarithmic reduction values (LRV) in viral RNA: around 2.5 for global LRV (i.e., based on the initial and permeate average concentrations) and between 2 and 6 for average LRV (i.e., retention rate considering the increase of viral concentration in the retentate), both for norovirus and the surrogate Tulane virus. Higher reduction rates (from 2 to 6 log genome copies) are obtained for higher initial concentrations (from 101 to 107 genome copies per mL) due to virus aggregation in membrane lumen. Tulane virus appears to be a good surrogate for norovirus retention by membrane processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monnot
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, Equipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Europôle de l'Arbois, Pavillon Laennec, Hall C, BP80, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - J Ollivier
- Ifremer - U. Microbiologie, Aliment, Santé et Environnement (LSEM/RBE), Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, Cedex 3, France
| | - H Taligrot
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, Equipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Europôle de l'Arbois, Pavillon Laennec, Hall C, BP80, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - P Garry
- Ifremer - U. Microbiologie, Aliment, Santé et Environnement (LSEM/RBE), Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, Cedex 3, France
| | - C Cordier
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, Equipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Europôle de l'Arbois, Pavillon Laennec, Hall C, BP80, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - C Stravakakis
- Ifremer - EMMA Plateforme Expérimentale Mollusques Marins Atlantique, 85230, Bouin, France
| | - F S Le Guyader
- Ifremer - U. Microbiologie, Aliment, Santé et Environnement (LSEM/RBE), Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, Cedex 3, France
| | - P Moulin
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, Equipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Europôle de l'Arbois, Pavillon Laennec, Hall C, BP80, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France.
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3
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Wang H, Yu Z, Liao M, Wu C, Yang J, Zhao J, Wang J, Bai L, Li G, Liang H. Replacing traditional pretreatment in one-step UF with natural short-distance riverbank filtration: Continuous contaminants removal and TMP increase relief. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 249:120948. [PMID: 38064787 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Scientists have been focusing on applying more natural processes instead of industrial chemicals in drinking water treatment to achieve the purpose of carbon emissions reduction. In this study, we shortened the infiltration range of riverbank filtration, a natural water purification process, to form the short-distance riverbank filtration (sRBF) which retained its ability in water quality improvement and barely influenced the groundwater environment, and integrated it with ultrafiltration (UF) to form a one-step sRBF-UF system. This naturalness-artificiality combination could realize stable contaminants removal and trans-membrane pressure (TMP) increase relief for over 30 days without dosing chemicals. Generally, both sRBF and UF played the important role in river water purification, and the interaction between them made the one-step sRBF-UF superior in long-term operation. The sRBF could efficiently remove contaminants (90 % turbidity, 60 % total nitrogen, 30 % ammonia nitrogen, and 25 % total organic carbon) and reduce the membrane fouling potential of river water under its optimum operation conditions, i.e., a hydraulic retention time of 48 h, an operation temperature of 20 °C, and a synergistic filter material of aquifer and riverbank soil. Synergistic adsorption, interception, and microbial biodegradation were proved to be the mechanisms of contaminants and foulants removal for sRBF. The sequential UF also participated in the reduction of impurities and especially played a role in intercepting microbial metabolism products and possibly leaked microorganisms from sRBF, assuring the safety of product water. To date, the one-step sRBF-UF was a new attempt to combine a natural process with an artificial one, and realized a good and stable product quality in long-term operation without doing industrial chemicals, which made it a promised alternative for water purification for cities alongside the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Zhangjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Mengzhe Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Chuandong Wu
- Harbin Institute of Technology National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources Co., Ltd., Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Jiaxuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
| | - Langming Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Guibai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
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Khan IA, Kim JO. Role of inorganic foulants in the aging and deterioration of low-pressure membranes during the chemical cleaning process in surface water treatment: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140073. [PMID: 37689156 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Low-pressure membrane (LPM) filtration, including microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF), is a promising technology for the treatment of surface water for drinking and other purposes. Various configurations and operational sequences have been developed to ensure the sustainable provision of clean water by overcoming fouling problems. In the literature, various periodic physical and/or chemical approaches to the cleaning of LPMs have been reported, but little data is available on the aging of MF/UF membranes that results from the interaction between the foulants and the cleaning agent. Periodic physical cleaning of the membrane is expected to return the membrane to its original performance capacity, but it only recovers to a certain level because the remaining foulants cause irreversible fouling. Chemical cleaning can then be employed to recover the membrane from this irreversible fouling but, in the process, it can cause irrecoverable damage to the membrane. In this review, the foulants responsible for irrecoverable damage to MF/UF membranes are summarized, and their interaction with cleaning agents and other foulants is described. The impact of these foulants on various membrane parameters, including filtration efficiency, flux decline, permeability, membrane characterization, and membrane integrity are also summarized and discussed in detail. In addition, mitigation options and future prospects are also discussed with regard to increasing the operational life span of a membrane in a cost-effective manner. Ultimately, this review suggests an advanced control system based on membrane-foulant interactions under the impact of various operational parameters to mitigate the integrity loss of membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Afzal Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Panizzolo M, Gea M, Carraro E, Gilli G, Bonetta S, Pignata C. Occurrence of human pathogenic viruses in drinking water and in its sources: A review. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 132:145-161. [PMID: 37336605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Since many waterborne diseases are caused by human pathogenic viruses, virus monitoring of drinking water (DW) and DW sources is crucial for public health. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the occurrence of human pathogenic viruses in DW and DW sources; the occurrence of two viruses proposed as novel indicators of human faecal contamination (Pepper mild mottle virus and Tobacco mosaic virus) was also reported. This research was focused on articles that assessed viral occurrence using molecular methods in the surface water used for DW production (SW-D), groundwater used for DW production (GW-D), DW and bottled-DW (BW). A total of 1544 studies published in the last 10 years were analysed, and 79 were ultimately included. In considering the detection methods, filtration is the most common concentration technique, while quantitative polymerase chain reaction is the most common quantification technique. Regarding virus occurrence in SW-D, GW-D, and DW, high percentages of positive samples were reported for adenovirus, polyomavirus and Pepper mild mottle virus. Viral genomes were frequently detected in SW-D and rarely in GW-D, suggesting that GW-D may be a safe DW source. Viral genomes were also detected in DW, posing a possible threat to human health. The lowest percentages of positive samples were found in Europe, while the highest were found in Asia and South America. Only three articles assessed viral occurrence in BW. This review highlights the lack of method standardization and the need for legislation updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Panizzolo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Gea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gilli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Bonetta
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Pignata
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy
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6
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Wu S, Ma B, Hu C, Hua X, Fan H, Ulbricht M, Qu J. Cake layer 3D structure regulation to optimize water channels during Al-based coagulation-ultrafiltration process. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 236:119941. [PMID: 37054609 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The variation in cake layer three-dimensional (3D) structures and related water channel characteristics induced by coagulation pretreatment remains unclear; however, gaining such knowledge will aid in improving ultrafiltration (UF) efficiency for water purification. Herein, the regulation of cake layer 3D structures (3D distribution of organic foulants within cake layers) by Al-based coagulation pretreatment was analyzed at the micro/nanoscale. The sandwich-like cake layer of humic acids and sodium alginate induced without coagulation was ruptured, and foulants were gradually uniformly distributed within the floc layer (toward an isotropic structure) with increasing coagulant dosage (a critical dosage was observed). Furthermore, the structure of the foulant-floc layer was more isotropic when coagulants with high Al13 concentrations were used (either AlCl3 at pH 6 or polyaluminum chloride, in comparison with AlCl3 at pH 8 where small-molecular-weight humic acids were enriched near the membrane). These high Al13 concentrations lead to a 48.4% higher specific membrane flux than that seen for UF without coagulation. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that with increasing Al13 concentration (Al13: 6.2% to 22.6%), the water channels within the cake layer were enlarged and more connected, and the water transport coefficient was improved by up to 54.1%, indicating faster water transport. These findings demonstrate that facilitating an isotropic foulant-floc layer with highly connected water channels by coagulation pretreatment with high-Al13-concentration coagulants (having a strong ability to complex organic foulants) is the key issue in optimizing the UF efficiency for water purification. The results should provide further understanding of the underlying mechanisms of coagulation-enhancing UF behavior and inspire precise design of coagulation pretreatment to achieve efficient UF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baiwen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany.
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Hua
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hongwei Fan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mathias Ulbricht
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Ren Z, Cao H, Desmond P, Liu B, Ngo HH, He X, Li G, Ma J, Ding A. Ions play different roles in virus removal caused by different NOMs in UF process: Removal efficiency and mechanism analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137644. [PMID: 36577454 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of different compositions of aquatic natural organic matter (NOM) and ions on virus removal by ultrafiltration (UF). MS2 bacteriophage was used as a surrogate. Humic acid (HA) improved the MS2 removal rate from 1.95 ± 0.09 LRV to 2.40 ± 0.03 LRV at the HA dosage of 9 mg/L through the combined mechanisms of size exclusion, electrostatic repulsion and hydrophobicity. MS2 removal rate further increased to 3.10 ± 0.05 LRV by 10 mmol/L Na+ dosage and 3.19 ± 0.12 LRV by Ca2+ 1 mmol/L in the HA-containing UF system. Size exclusion turned into the dominant virus removal mechanism according to the results of the fouling model fitting and the weakening of electrostatic repulsion and hydrophobicity. The complexation of Ca2+ also played a role in MS2 removal based on the analysis of interaction force. MS2 removal rate by bovine serum albumin (BSA) was poor, which was 2.07 ± 0.06 LRV at the BSA dosage of 9 mg/L. Hydrophobicity was greatly reduced and the dominant virus removal mechanisms were size exclusion and electrostatic repulsion. 10 mmol/L Na+ in the presence of BSA deteriorated MS2 removal rate to 2.02 ± 0.07 LRV by the weakening of electrostatic repulsion, hydrophobicity and size exclusion. Electrostatic repulsion severely decreased by 1 mmol/L Ca2+ and the enhanced adsorption barrier represented competitive adsorption of Ca2+ by BSA and MS2 contributed for MS2 removal further decline (1.99 ± 0.05 LRV). Complex components in water will have different effects on virus removal due to their properties and interactions. This study can provide references for selecting more efficient water treatment methods according to the different compositions of raw water in actual water treatment applications during the UF process. Moreover, the retention of virus by UF can be predicted based on our study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Haiyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Peter Desmond
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (ISA), RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bingsheng Liu
- China Construction Third Bureau Green Industry Investment Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Xu He
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Guibai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - An Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
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Al-Hazmi HE, Shokrani H, Shokrani A, Jabbour K, Abida O, Mousavi Khadem SS, Habibzadeh S, Sonawane SH, Saeb MR, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Badawi M. Recent advances in aqueous virus removal technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135441. [PMID: 35764113 PMCID: PMC9233172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has triggered a massive research, but still urgent detection and treatment of this virus seems a public concern. The spread of viruses in aqueous environments underlined efficient virus treatment processes as a hot challenge. This review critically and comprehensively enables identifying and classifying advanced biochemical, membrane-based and disinfection processes for effective treatment of virus-contaminated water and wastewater. Understanding the functions of individual and combined/multi-stage processes in terms of manufacturing and economical parameters makes this contribution a different story from available review papers. Moreover, this review discusses challenges of combining biochemical, membrane and disinfection processes for synergistic treatment of viruses in order to reduce the dissemination of waterborne diseases. Certainly, the combination technologies are proactive in minimizing and restraining the outbreaks of the virus. It emphasizes the importance of health authorities to confront the outbreaks of unknown viruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanieh Shokrani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Shokrani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Karam Jabbour
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Otman Abida
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | | | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Surface Reaction and Advanced Energy Materials Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shirish H Sonawane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, 506004, Telangana, India
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Michael Badawi
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques LPCT UMR CNRS, 7019, Nancy, France.
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9
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Li J, Liu J, Yu H, Zhao W, Xia X, You S, Zhang J, Tong H, Wei L. Sources, fates and treatment strategies of typical viruses in urban sewage collection/treatment systems: A review. DESALINATION 2022; 534:115798. [PMID: 35498908 PMCID: PMC9033450 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) throughout the world has severely threatened the global economy and public health. Due to receiving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a wide variety of sources (e.g., households, hospitals, slaughterhouses), urban sewage treatment systems are regarded as an important path for the transmission of waterborne viruses. This review presents a quantitative profile of the concentration distribution of typical viruses within wastewater collection systems and evaluates the influence of different characteristics of sewer systems on virus species and concentration. Then, the efficiencies and mechanisms of virus removal in the units of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are summarized and compared, among which the inactivation efficiencies of typical viruses by typical disinfection approaches under varied operational conditions are elucidated. Subsequently, the occurrence and removal of viruses in treated effluent reuse and desalination, as well as that in sewage sludge treatment, are discussed. Potential dissemination of viruses is emphasized by occurrence via aerosolization from toilets, the collection system and WWTP aeration, which might have a vital role in the transmission and spread of viruses. Finally, the frequency and concentration of viruses in reclaimed water, the probability of infection are also reviewed for discussing the potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Weixin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xinhui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hailong Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Liangliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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10
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Jarvis P, Carra I, Jafari M, Judd SJ. Ceramic vs polymeric membrane implementation for potable water treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 215:118269. [PMID: 35298992 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The continued technological developments and decreased purchase costs of ceramic membranes have seen increased recent interest in the technology as an alternative to the more widely used polymeric membranes. This paper assesses the relative technical, practical and economic merits of the two membrane materials in the context of potable water production from surface water sources. The work focuses on phenomena of direct technoeconomic significance, namely cleaning efficacy (manifested as permeability recovery), membrane integrity and incurred labour effort. Topics reviewed thus comprise: (a) practical comparison of the two technologies challenged with the same feedwater, (b) comparative technoeconomic analyses, (c) membrane integrity studies of polymeric membranes - incorporating aged samples extracted from operating installations, (d) sludging incidents, and (e) pilot and full-scale data. Available relevant data reveal: (a) bench-scale comparative tests do not indicate a consistent significant difference in the net permeability between the two membranes; (b) polymeric membranes are subject to a decline in both mechanical strength and permeability from the loss of the hydrophilic agent over a period of years from the action of hypochlorite used for cleaning; (c) the decreased mechanical strength with age of polymeric membranes increases the manual repair requirement and shortens membrane life, respectively impacting on labour and membrane replacement costs where the latter is also determined by the permeability; (d) the chemical and mechanical robustness of ceramic membranes permits more aggressive chemical cleaning, which then affects the chemicals consumption cost; and (e) anecdotal evidence suggests that polymeric membranes challenged with pre-coagulated surface waters may be subject to sludging, the agglomeration of solids in the membrane channels, which may also be age-related. Notwithstanding the above, data from published comparative technoeconomic studies indicate a linear relationship between the overall cost benefit and the membrane module cost ratio mitigated by the relative membrane life and operating flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jarvis
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Beds, UK
| | - I Carra
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Beds, UK
| | - M Jafari
- PWNT, Velserbroek, the Netherland
| | - S J Judd
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Beds, UK.
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11
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Jeffrey P, Yang Z, Judd SJ. The status of potable water reuse implementation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 214:118198. [PMID: 35259687 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A review of the current status of direct and indirect potable water reuse (DPR/IPR) implementation has been conducted, focusing on the regulatory and practical aspects and with reference to the most recent published literature. The review encompasses (a) the principal contaminant types, their required removal and the methods by which their concentration is monitored, (b) regulatory approaches and stipulations in assessing/ratifying treatment schemes and maintaining treated water quality, and (c) existing full-scale installations. Analytical methods discussed include established in-line monitoring tools, such as turbidity measurement, to more recent polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay methods for microbial detection. The key risk assessment tools of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) and water safety plans (WSPs) are considered in relation to their use in selecting/ratifying treatment schemes, and the components of the treatment schemes from 40 existing IPR/DPR installations summarised. Five specific schemes are considered in more detail. The review reveals:Whilst there are a number of ongoing projects where RO is not used because of the challenge imposed by disposal of RO concentrate, the prevalence of the sequential RO-UV combination implies the importance of quantifying the impact of process upsets on these unit operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jeffrey
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield, Beds, United Kingdom.
| | - Z Yang
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield, Beds, United Kingdom
| | - S J Judd
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield, Beds, United Kingdom.
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12
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Vivaldi GA, Camposeo S, Caponio G, Lopriore G, Discipio F, Apollonio F, Triggiano F, De Giglio O, Montagna MT. Irrigation of Olives with Reclaimed Wastewaters and Deficit Strategies Affect Pathogenic Bacteria Contamination of Water and Soil. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050488. [PMID: 35631009 PMCID: PMC9147680 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate pathogenic bacterial contamination of the water-soil-plant system in potted olive trees irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. Desalinated water (DW) obtained by treating municipal wastewater (SW) and reclaimed water (RW) obtained by mixing SW with the brine (BR) produced by DESERT technology (tertiary treatment by ultrafiltration, active carbon and reverse osmosis) were used. Two different irrigation regimes were compared: full irrigation (FI) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI). During two irrigation seasons the concentrations of Escherichia coli, enterococci, spores of sulfite-reducing Clostridia (SRC) and Salmonella spp. were monitored in water, soil and fruit samples. Microbial concentrations in DW were always below the threshold for reuse in agriculture, while RW showed the highest level of contamination for all observed parameters. RDI management appeared to increase the soil content of SRC spores with respect to FI. Sporadically low SRC spore contamination was recorded in some fruits only in 2018, regardless of the irrigation source, probably because of accidental contamination during sampling or post-harvest handling. This study encourages the creation of a better regulatory framework reference, with specific guidelines for the use of RW as part of integrated environmental systems for the management of sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Alessandro Vivaldi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.A.V.); (S.C.); (G.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Salvatore Camposeo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.A.V.); (S.C.); (G.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Gabriele Caponio
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.A.V.); (S.C.); (G.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Giuseppe Lopriore
- Department of Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Francesco Discipio
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.A.V.); (S.C.); (G.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Francesca Apollonio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.A.); (F.T.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Francesco Triggiano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.A.); (F.T.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Osvalda De Giglio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.A.); (F.T.); (M.T.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Teresa Montagna
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.A.); (F.T.); (M.T.M.)
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13
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Jacquet N, Wurtzer S, Darracq G, Wyart Y, Moulin L, Moulin P. Effect of concentration on virus removal for ultrafiltration membrane in drinking water production. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Xin C, Wang J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Jia H, Li L. Application of UV-vis absorption spectrum to test the membrane integrity of Membrane bioreactor (MBR). WATER RESEARCH 2021; 198:117153. [PMID: 33940502 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, UV-vis absorption spectrum of the membrane integrity analysis based on slopes of log-transformed absorbance spectra, differential absorbance spectroscopy (DAS), and absorption coefficient α(254) were studied at different number of breakage fibers and filtration times. Moreover, we analyze the influence of Fe2+ and Ca2+concentration on UV spectrum detection results. Cluster analysis and the change ratio Rs were used to determine the dissolved organic matter (DOM) leakage stages. As a result, the correlation coefficient between slope280-350 value and the number of breakage fibers is 0.901. Seven gaussian bands were successfully model from the DAS, and A4 (312 nm), A5 (339 nm), A6 (367 nm) were chosen to indicate the extent of breakage fiber. Peak 4(A4) is minimally affected by ions concentration. The α(254) could be used as a good indicator for detecting industrial wastewater treatment process which correlation coefficient between the number of breakage fibers is 0.955. The DOM leakage process was divided into three stages which were bulk leakage stage, development stage and stabilization stage. The UV-vis absorption spectrum can effectively detect the membrane integrity more sensitive than particle counter and three analyse methods are suitable for different substance in feed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Hui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China.
| | - Lan Li
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
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15
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Judd SJ, Carra I. Low-pressure membrane technology for potable water filtration: true costs. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 191:116826. [PMID: 33454648 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The overall cost, expressed as the present value (PV), of the construction and operation of low-pressure membrane filtration of inland water for potable water supply has been determined for membrane installations across the UK. The analysis was based on 15 full-scale installations installed with hollow fibre and capillary tube polymeric membranes, for which cost and related data were available. The analysis encompassed labour, in addition to energy, chemicals and critical component replacement. PV data were presented as functions of flow capacity (i.e. as cost curves), delineated as capital (CAPEX), operating (OPEX) and total PV normalised against flow rate (PV') the CAPEX excluding the site-specific civil engineering costs. Captured CAPEX data revealed these to be lower than those previously reported, and with a reduced economy of scale. The OPEX PV exceeded the CAPEX by a factor of 3-6 based on a 20-year life cycle, the difference increasing with decreasing flow capacities. Costs associated with unplanned (or "reactive") maintenance, partly associated with the repair of breached membranes and/or permeability recovery following membrane clogging, were found to make up around half the labour costs. Labour costs as a proportion of the flow increased with decreasing flow, exceeding the CAPEX at flows below 30,000 m3/d. Outcomes indicate labour costs associated with process upsets to contribute significantly to the overall cost of the installation over its life cycle, particularly at flows below ~30,000 m3/d. A clear trade-off exists between supplementary capital investment to allay process upsets and the operational costs associated with such events.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Judd
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University MK43 0AL.
| | - I Carra
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University MK43 0AL
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16
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Vergine P, Amalfitano S, Salerno C, Berardi G, Pollice A. Reuse of ultrafiltered effluents for crop irrigation: On-site flow cytometry unveiled microbial removal patterns across a full-scale tertiary treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:137298. [PMID: 32087587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reuse of treated wastewater for crop irrigation has been widely adopted to mitigate the effects of water scarcity on agricultural yields and to help preserving the integrity of aquatic ecosystems. This paper presents the outcomes of one-year monitoring of a full-scale agro-industrial wastewater treatment plant designed for water reuse, with a multistage tertiary treatment based on sand filtration, membrane ultrafiltration, storage and on-demand UV disinfection. We aimed to test flow cytometry as a monitoring tool to provide on-site indications on tertiary treatment performances and on the quality of treated wastewater along the treatment scheme. Membrane ultrafiltration retained prokaryotic cells and E. coli (>3 log). During storage of treated effluents, a significant decay of E. coli was observed together with the growth of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the UV disinfection was effective only against fecal indicators. The microbial quality of the treated effluent was comparable to the control groundwater locally used for irrigation. On-site rapid assessments by flow cytometry allowed unveiling crucial aspects affecting the microbiological quality of ultrafiltration permeate and treated effluent immediately after sampling, including plant operating performances and microbial removal patterns across the treatment train.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pompilio Vergine
- Water Research Institute (IRSA-CNR), Viale F. De Blasio, 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Amalfitano
- Water Research Institute (IRSA-CNR), Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Salerno
- Water Research Institute (IRSA-CNR), Viale F. De Blasio, 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Berardi
- Water Research Institute (IRSA-CNR), Viale F. De Blasio, 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
| | - Alfieri Pollice
- Water Research Institute (IRSA-CNR), Viale F. De Blasio, 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
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17
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Martín-Díaz J, Lucena F, Blanch AR, Jofre J. Review: Indicator bacteriophages in sludge, biosolids, sediments and soils. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109133. [PMID: 32069755 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Solid or semisolid matrices polluted with fecal remnants can be highly loaded with pathogens, especially viruses, and play a substantial role in the persistence and dispersion of pathogens in the water cycle. Water quality regulations and guidelines are increasingly including bacteriophages infecting enteric bacteria as indicators of fecal and/or viral pollution. However, more data are needed about viral indicators in contaminated solids to develop effective sanitation strategies for the management of raw and treated sludge, fecal sludge, manures and slurries. Also, the exact role of sediments and soil in the transmission cycle of viral pathogens still needs to be determined. This review aims to provide an update on available data for concentrations of indicator bacteriophages in different solid matrices as well as their resistance to treatments and persistence in solids. The conclusion reached is that there is a need for improved and standardized methodologies for bacteriophage extraction, detection and enumeration in solids. Reports indicate that these contain higher levels of somatic coliphages in comparison with traditional bacterial indicators and F-specific RNA coliphages. Water body sediments and soil have been found to be notable reservoirs of somatic coliphages, which are more persistent in nature and resistant to sludge treatments than Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms and F-specific RNA coliphages. Thus, somatic coliphages show up as excellent complementary indicators for the prediction of pathogenic viruses in solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Martín-Díaz
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Avda/ Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, C/ Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco Lucena
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Avda/ Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, C/ Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anicet R Blanch
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Avda/ Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, C/ Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Jofre
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Avda/ Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; The Water Research Institute, University of Barcelona, C/ Montalegre 6, 08001, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Kumar S, Nehra M, Mehta J, Dilbaghi N, Marrazza G, Kaushik A. Point-of-Care Strategies for Detection of Waterborne Pathogens. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E4476. [PMID: 31623064 PMCID: PMC6833035 DOI: 10.3390/s19204476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Waterborne diseases that originated due to pathogen microorganisms are emerging as a serious global health concern. Therefore, rapid, accurate, and specific detection of these microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic pathogens) in water resources has become a requirement of water quality assessment. Significant research has been conducted to develop rapid, efficient, scalable, and affordable sensing techniques to detect biological contaminants. State-of-the-art technology-assisted smart sensors have improved features (high sensitivity and very low detection limit) and can perform in a real-time manner. However, there is still a need to promote this area of research, keeping global aspects and demand in mind. Keeping this view, this article was designed carefully and critically to explore sensing technologies developed for the detection of biological contaminants. Advancements using paper-based assays, microfluidic platforms, and lateral flow devices are discussed in this report. The emerging recent trends, mainly point-of-care (POC) technologies, of water safety analysis are also discussed here, along with challenges and future prospective applications of these smart sensing technologies for water health diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-Haryana 125001, India.
| | - Monika Nehra
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-Haryana 125001, India.
| | - Jyotsana Mehta
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-Haryana 125001, India.
| | - Neeraj Dilbaghi
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-Haryana 125001, India.
| | - Giovanna Marrazza
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- Department of Natural Sciences, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL 33805-8531, USA.
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19
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Xin C, Wang J, Jia H, Wen H, Li J. Hollow fiber membrane integrity warning device based on laser extinction particles detection technology. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Lee S, Tasaki S, Hata A, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Evaluation of virus reduction at a large-scale wastewater reclamation plant by detection of indigenous F-specific RNA bacteriophage genotypes. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:2527-2537. [PMID: 29471753 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1444675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the reduction of virus load in water reclamation plants is important to ensuring the hygienic safety of the reclaimed water. A virus-spiking test is usually used to estimate virus reduction but is not practicable at large-scale plants. Thus, we evaluated virus reduction by ultrafiltration (UF) plus ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at a large-scale reclamation plant (1000 m3/d) by quantifying indigenous F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPHs). To detect the infectious FRNAPH, we used both plaque assay and integrated culture-reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction combined with the most probable number assay, which can detect infectious FRNAPH genotypes. For comparison, we determined reductions of indigenous FRNAPHs and spiked MS2 at a small-scale pilot plant (10 m3/d) at the same time. Reductions by UF were not significantly different among the bacteriophages at pilot plants. This result suggests that indigenous bacteriophages could be used for evaluating virus reduction by UF at large-scale plants. Indigenous Genotype I (GI) FRNAPH showed the highest UV resistance, followed by GII, GIII, and GIV. The resistance of GI-FRNAPH was equivalent to that of spiked MS2. The reduction of the total infectious FRNAPHs determined by plaque assay was affected by the predominant FRNAPH genotype, presumably because of their different UV resistances. Our results reveal that indigenous GI-FRNAPH can be a good alternative indicator to spiked MS2 in view of virus reduction during water reclamation. The reclaimed water from our large-scale reclamation plant could be used for irrigation because the expected reduction (6.3 log10) of indigenous GI-FRNAPH achieved the Title 22 (>5 log10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suntae Lee
- a Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Otsu , Japan
| | - Shota Tasaki
- a Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Otsu , Japan
| | - Akihiko Hata
- a Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Otsu , Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- a Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Otsu , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- a Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Otsu , Japan
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21
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Lee S, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. How Fiber Breakage Reduces Microorganism Removal in Ultrafiltration for Wastewater Reclamation. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2019; 11:167-177. [PMID: 30756312 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes are increasingly being used for wastewater reclamation treatment for their high removal of pathogens and suspended solids. However, breakage of UF membrane fibers could allow leakage of pathogens into the permeate and create health risks in the use of reclaimed water. Here, we assessed the log10 reduction value (LRV) of human enteric viruses and microbial indicators of new and aged UF modules in a pilot-scale UF process to evaluate the influence of fiber breakage. Norovirus genotypes I and II, Aichi virus, and Escherichia coli were not detected in any permeate samples of intact UF modules, but were detected in samples of damaged UF modules. LRVs of all microorganisms assayed decreased as fiber breakage of new UF modules increased, with maximum decreases of > 3.3 log10. Fiber breakage in the aged UF modules did not decrease LRVs of somatic coliphages and MS2, but breakage in the new UF modules did decrease them. Intact new UF modules gave higher LRVs than intact aged UF modules. When the LRV of intact UF module was assumed to be 1 or 2 log10, increasing fiber breakage did not significantly decrease the predicted LRV, but when it was ≥ 3 log10, it did decrease LRV, in good agreement with measured LRVs in the degraded UF modules. These results suggest that the LRV of intact UF modules affects the decrease in LRV and confirm the leakage of human enteric viruses following fiber breakage in UF modules of different ages in the UF process of wastewater reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suntae Lee
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan.
- Innovative Materials and Resources Research Center, Public Works Research Institute, 1-6 Minamihara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8516, Japan.
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
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22
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Rames E, Macdonald J. The QuantiPhage assay: A novel method for the rapid colorimetric detection of coliphages using cellulose pad materials. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 149:98-110. [PMID: 30423504 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of viral contamination is essential for monitoring the microbial quality of water and protection of public health, as human virus presence is not accurately determined using bacterial indicators. Currently, the time required for conventional viral testing means that water contaminated with human pathogens may be used (e.g. for drinking, recreation or irrigation) days before results are available. Here we report a new rapid method for coliphage enumeration, the QuantiPhage (QP) assay. The novelty of the assay is the use of cellulose absorbent pad materials to support coliphage growth and colorimetric detection, in place of agar that is used in the plaque assay. In addition to saving time associated with agar preparation and tempering, the QP assay enabled enumeration of somatic coliphages in 1.5-2 h and F+ coliphages in 2.5-3 h. The assays were highly sensitive, with a lower detection limit of 1 plaque forming unit (PFU) per mL where 1 mL sample volumes were analysed, and 1 PFU per 10 mL where 10 mL sample volumes were analysed. This is the first rapid culture assay to enable low numbers of coliphages to be reliably detected and to produce directly equivalent results to agar-based plaque assays. A novel gelatin-immobilisation method is also reported, that reduces time to prepare bacterial cells from ∼20 h to 40-60 min (depending on the assay format), and provides a ready to use form of cells, that is compatible with rapid detection and kit formats. When applied to analysis of somatic coliphages in wastewater samples and surface water samples, mean differences in results of the QP assay and the conventional plaque assay were not statistically significant (mean difference ≤ 0.15 log10 PFU/L and 0.5 PFU/10 mL respectively, P > 0.05). The QP is a valuable tool for assessing microbial water quality, which may assist in improving the management of water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rames
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia; Future Biosolutions Pty Ltd, Buddina, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Joanne Macdonald
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA
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Lee S, Hata A, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Evaluation of Virus Reduction by Ultrafiltration with Coagulation-Sedimentation in Water Reclamation. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:453-463. [PMID: 28455611 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of virus reduction in water reclamation processes is essential for proper assessment and management of the risk of infection by enteric viruses. Ultrafiltration (UF) with coagulation-sedimentation (CS) is potentially effective for efficient virus removal. However, its performance at removing indigenous viruses has not been evaluated. In this study, we evaluated the reduction of indigenous viruses by UF with and without CS in a pilot-scale water reclamation plant in Okinawa, Japan, by measuring the concentration of viruses using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Aichi virus (AiV) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) were targeted in addition to the main enteric viruses of concern for risk management, namely, norovirus (NoV) genogroups I and II (GI and GII) and rotavirus (RoV). PMMoV, which is a plant pathogenic virus and is present at high concentrations in water contaminated by human feces, has been suggested as a useful viral indicator. We also investigated the reduction of a spiked model virus (F-specific RNA bacteriophage MS2) to measure the effect of viral inactivation by both qPCR and plaque assay. Efficiencies of removal of NoV GI, NoV GII, RoV, and AiV by UF with and without CS were >0.5 to 3.7 log10, although concentrations were below the detection limit in permeate water. PMMoV was the most prevalent virus in both feed and permeate water following UF, but CS pretreatment could not significantly improve its removal efficiency (mean removal efficiency: UF, 3.1 log10; CS + UF, 3.4 log10; t test, P > 0.05). CS increased the mean removal efficiency of spiked MS2 by only 0.3 log10 by qPCR (t-test, P > 0.05), but by 2.8 log10 by plaque assay (t-test, P < 0.01). This difference indicates that the virus was inactivated during CS + UF. Our results suggest that PMMoV could be used as an indicator of removal efficiency in water reclamation processes, but cultural assay is essential to understanding viral fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suntae Lee
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Hata
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
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Furuya K, Hafuka A, Kuroiwa M, Satoh H, Watanabe Y, Yamamura H. Development of novel polysulfone membranes with embedded zirconium sulfate-surfactant micelle mesostructure for phosphate recovery from water through membrane filtration. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:521-526. [PMID: 28802137 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We prepared novel membranes that could adsorb phosphate from water through membrane filtration for use in a phosphate recovery system. Zirconium sulfate surfactant micelle mesostructure (ZS), which was the phosphate adsorbent, was embedded in a polysulfone matrix and flat sheet ultrafiltration membranes were made by nonsolvent induced phase separation. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the ZS particles existed on both the top surface and in the internal surface of the membrane. Increases in ZS content led to greater pure water flux because of increases in the surface porosity ratio. The amount of phosphate adsorbed on the membrane made from the polymer solution containing 10.5 wt% ZS was 0.071 mg P/cm2 (64.8 mg P/g-ZS) during filtration of 50 mg P/L synthetic phosphate solution. The membrane could be repeatedly used for phosphate recovery after regeneration by filtration of 0.1 M NaOH solution to desorb the phosphate. We applied the membrane to treat the effluent from an anaerobic membrane bioreactor as a real sample and successfully recovered phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Furuya
- Department of Integrated Science and Engineering for Sustainable Society, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan.
| | - Akira Hafuka
- Department of Integrated Science and Engineering for Sustainable Society, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan.
| | - Miho Kuroiwa
- Department of Integrated Science and Engineering for Sustainable Society, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Satoh
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Yoshimasa Watanabe
- Research and Development Initiatives, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yamamura
- Department of Integrated Science and Engineering for Sustainable Society, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan.
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Wu Q, Zhang Z, Cao G, Zhang X. Impact of polymeric membrane breakage on drinking water quality and an online detection method of the breakage. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:1126-1132. [PMID: 28738172 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1342496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric membrane has been widely used for the treatment of drinking water in China, and the total treating capacity has reached up to 3.8 million m3/d. However, the membrane breakage found in the membrane modules in many water treatment plants resulted in an increase in turbidity and bacterial amount in the membrane permeate. In this study, a membrane module running for 3 years in a full-scale application was examined in terms of the breaking positions and the numbers of the broken fibers. It was found that most of the breaking positions were mainly on the outlet side of the module and that the distance from these points to the outlet was about 1/10-2/10 length of the membrane module. The lab-scale tests showed that the increase of the numbers of the breaking fibers in the membrane module (the breaking fibers were from 1 to 4 of 75 fibers) resulted in the increase in turbidity, particle count and the amount of total bacteria and coliform bacteria. Meanwhile, the water quality after the filtration with broken membrane fibers was similar to the quality of the raw water, which indicated that once the membrane fiber breakage occurred in the membrane module, the quality of drinking water after membrane filtration was significantly affected. Furthermore, the breaking position closer to the outlet side of the membrane module exposed much higher microbiological risk than those in the middle or near the bottom side. A pilot scale test was conducted by using a membrane module with 6600 fibers, and the effect of the membrane breakage (1-4 broken fibers) on water quality was also investigated. The results indicated that periodical backwashing caused drastic fluctuation of turbidity, particle count and the bacterial amount in the permeate water, which might be due to the washing force and self-blocking action inside the hollow fibers. Moreover, there is a good quantitative relationship (R2 = 0.945) between particle count and the bacterial amount, which indicated that an online detection of particle count can be used to evaluate the bacterial risk. It was also suggested that the online detection of particle count after backwashing within 100 s would be a quick and precise method to identify any fiber breakage in time. These results are very important for the safety issue in the application of polymeric membrane to water treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Wu
- a Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , China
- b Foshan Water Group , Foshan , Guangdong , China
| | - Zhenghua Zhang
- a Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , China
| | - Guodong Cao
- b Foshan Water Group , Foshan , Guangdong , China
| | - Xihui Zhang
- a Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , China
- c Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory , Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute , Shenzhen , Guangdong , China
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26
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Shirasaki N, Matsushita T, Matsui Y, Murai K. Assessment of the efficacy of membrane filtration processes to remove human enteric viruses and the suitability of bacteriophages and a plant virus as surrogates for those viruses. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 115:29-39. [PMID: 28259077 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Here, we evaluated the efficacy of direct microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) to remove three representative human enteric viruses (i.e., adenovirus [AdV] type 40, coxsackievirus [CV] B5, and hepatitis A virus [HAV] IB), and one surrogate of human caliciviruses (i.e., murine norovirus [MNV] type 1). Eight different MF membranes and three different UF membranes were used. We also examined the ability of coagulation pretreatment with high-basicity polyaluminum chloride (PACl) to enhance virus removal by MF. The removal ratios of two bacteriophages (MS2 and φX174) and a plant virus (pepper mild mottle virus; PMMoV) were compared with the removal ratios of the human enteric viruses to assess the suitability of these viruses to be used as surrogates for human enteric viruses. The virus removal ratios obtained with direct MF with membranes with nominal pore sizes of 0.1-0.22 μm differed, depending on the membrane used; adsorptive interactions, particularly hydrophobic interactions between virus particles and the membrane surface, were dominant factors for virus removal. In contrast, direct UF with membranes with nominal molecular weight cutoffs of 1-100 kDa effectively removed viruses through size exclusion, and >4-log10 removal was achieved when a membrane with a nominal molecular weight cutoff of 1 kDa was used. At pH 7 and 8, in-line coagulation-MF with nonsulfated high-basicity PACls containing Al30 species had generally a better virus removal (i.e., >4-log10 virus removal) than the other aluminum-based coagulants, except for φX174. For all of the filtration processes, the removal ratios of AdV, CV, HAV, and MNV were comparable and strongly correlated with each other. The removal ratios of MS2 and PMMoV were comparable or smaller than those of the three human enteric viruses and MNV, and were strongly correlated with those of the three human enteric viruses and MNV. The removal ratios obtained with coagulation-MF for φX174 were markedly smaller than those obtained for the three human enteric viruses and MNV. However, because MS2 was inactivated after contact with PACl during coagulation pretreatment, unlike AdV, CV, MNV, and PMMoV, the removal ratios of infectious MS2 were probably an overestimation of the ability of coagulation-MF to remove infectious AdV, CV, and caliciviruses. Thus, PMMoV appears to be a suitable surrogate for human enteric viruses, whereas MS2 and φX174 do not, for the assessment of the efficacy of membrane filtration processes to remove viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shirasaki
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
| | - T Matsushita
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Y Matsui
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - K Murai
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
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27
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Lee S, Ihara M, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Improvement of virus removal by pilot-scale coagulation-ultrafiltration process for wastewater reclamation: Effect of optimization of pH in secondary effluent. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 114:23-30. [PMID: 28226246 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed water (i.e., reused advanced-treated wastewater) offers an alternative water resource. To reduce the health risks associated with its use, efficient virus removal such as with advanced wastewater treatment processes is important. Virus removal by coagulation followed by ultrafiltration (UF) for the treatment of drinking water has been well examined. But its efficacy in wastewater reclamation purpose using secondary treated effluent (SE) from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) as feed water is unclear. Here, we optimized the virus removal efficiency of coagulation-UF in pilot-scale wastewater reclamation plants using SE as feed water, using the F-specific RNA bacteriophage MS2 as a model virus, at two wastewater treatment plants in Japan. We investigated how using coagulation as a pretreatment for UF improved virus removal efficiency. The efficiency varied greatly between SEs. To reveal the cause of the variation, we conducted laboratory-scale batch coagulation experiments. The efficiency of viral coagulation was negatively correlated with the concentration of dissolved organic matter in the feed water. The optimum pH for coagulation differed between SEs, and the efficiency of coagulation could be dramatically improved by optimizing the pH. We confirmed that the virus removal efficiency in the pilot-scale facility actually could be improved by adjusting the pH. In addition, we confirmed that coagulation-sedimentation-UF with pH adjustment could operate stably for more than 30 days at the pilot scale, with a high virus removal rate. Thus, the wastewater reclamation process described here offers promise in terms of reduced health risks and practical operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan.
| | - M Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - N Yamashita
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - H Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
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28
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Wu B, Wang R, Fane AG. The roles of bacteriophages in membrane-based water and wastewater treatment processes: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 110:120-132. [PMID: 27998784 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Membrane filtration processes have been widely applied in water and wastewater treatment for many decades. Concerns related to membrane treatment effectiveness, membrane lifespan, and membrane fouling control have been paid great attention. To achieve sustainable membrane operation with regards to low energy and maintenance cost, monitoring membrane performance and applying suitable membrane control strategies are required. As the most abundant species in water and wastewater, bacteriophages have shown great potential to be employed in membrane processes as (1) indicators to assess membrane performance considering their similar properties to human pathogenic waterborne viruses; (2) surrogate particles to monitor membrane integrity due to their nano-sized nature; and (3) biological agents to alleviate membrane fouling because of their antimicrobial properties. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review on the roles of bacteriophages in membrane-based water and wastewater treatment processes, with focuses on their uses for membrane performance examination, membrane integrity monitoring, and membrane biofouling control. The advantages, limitations, and influencing factors for bacteriophage-based applications are reported. Finally, the challenges and prospects of bacteriophage-based applications in membrane processes for water treatment are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wu
- Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One #06-08, 637141, Singapore.
| | - Rong Wang
- Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One #06-08, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Anthony G Fane
- Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One #06-08, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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29
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Lidén A, Lavonen E, Persson KM, Larson M. Integrity breaches in a hollow fiber nanofilter - Effects on natural organic matter and virus-like particle removal. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 105:231-240. [PMID: 27619499 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration and nanofiltration have become common methods to treat surface water for drinking water purposes. Common aims of a membrane step are removal of natural organic matter (NOM), softening or adding an extra microbiological or chemical barrier. In most cases, the membrane is considered a good disinfection step; commonly the viral removal is at least 4-log. To ensure a working disinfection, reliable integrity tests are required. In the present pilot study with a hollow fiber nanofilter, the membrane achieved a high NOM reduction, and the difference in parameters related to NOM quality before and after treatment proved to be useful indicators of integrity breaches. Changes in total organic carbon (TOC) concentration, UV-absorbance at 254 nm (UVA254) and fluorescence derived parameters in the permeate flow were related to leaking fibers. On average, UVA254 in the permeate was 3 times higher for a membrane with compromised fibers (0.041 cm-1) compared to an intact membrane (0.013 cm-1), while TOC was less than 2 times as high on average. Thus, this membrane had a higher reduction of UVA254 than TOC and the sensitivity for changes from leakage was higher. Therefore, it is suggested that UVA254 could be used as an indicator for membrane integrity. Additionally, there is a significant (P < 0.01) difference in fluorescence derived parameters between a leaking and an intact fiber, showing that fluorescence also has potential to be applied for online monitoring of membrane processes. During fiber failure, around 2% of the permeate flow passes through one single leaking fiber. The transport depends on the distance between the inflow and the leak, which in most cases are similar and most likely close to the middle of the fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Lidén
- Division of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; Sweden Water Research, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, 223 70 Lund, Sweden; Sydvatten AB, Hyllie Stationstorg 21, 215 32 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Elin Lavonen
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kenneth M Persson
- Division of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; Sweden Water Research, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, 223 70 Lund, Sweden; Sydvatten AB, Hyllie Stationstorg 21, 215 32 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Magnus Larson
- Division of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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30
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Tang X, Ding A, Qu F, Jia R, Chang H, Cheng X, Liu B, Li G, Liang H. Effect of operation parameters on the flux stabilization of gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration system for decentralized water supply. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:16771-16780. [PMID: 27189452 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A pilot-scale gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration system under low gravitational pressure without any pre-treatment, backwash, flushing, or chemical cleaning was carried out to investigate the effect of operation parameters (including operation pressure, aeration mode, and intermittent filtration) on the effluent quality and permeability development. The results revealed that GDM system exhibited an efficient performance for the removal of suspended substances and organic compounds. The stabilization of flux occurred and the average values of stable flux were 6.6, 8.1, and 8.6 Lm(-2) h(-1) for pressures of 65, 120, and 200 mbar, respectively. In contrast, flux stabilization was not observed under continuous and intermittent aeration conditions. However, aeration (especially continuous aeration) was effective to improve flux and alleviate membrane fouling during 1-month operation. Moreover, intermittent filtration would influence the stabilization of permeate flux, resulting in a higher stable flux (ranging from 6 to 13 Lm(-2) h(-1)). The stable flux significantly improved with the increase of intermittent period. Additionally, GDM systems exhibited an efficient recovery of flux after simple physical cleaning and the analyses of resistance reversibility demonstrated that most of the total resistance was hydraulic reversible resistance (50-75 %). Therefore, it is expected that the results of this study can develop strategies to increase membrane permeability and reduce energy consumption in GDM systems for decentralized water supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - An Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangshu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- Jinan Water and Wastewater Monitoring Center, No. 68 Weiwu Road, Shizhong District, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Haiqing Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Guibai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Agulló-Barceló M, Galofré B, Sala L, García-Aljaro C, Lucena F, Jofre J. Simultaneous detection of somatic and F-specific coliphages in different settings by Escherichia coli strain CB390. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw180. [PMID: 27481701 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are increasingly being used as water quality indicators. Two groups of phages infecting Escherichia coli, somatic and F-specific coliphages, are being considered as indicators of fecal and viral contamination for several types of water around the world. However, some uncertainties remain regarding which coliphages to assess. Recently, E. coli strain CB390 has been reported to be suitable for simultaneous detection of both groups, which seems to be more informative than determining only one of the groups. Here, a significant number of samples from different settings, mostly those where F-specific phages have been reported to outnumber somatic coliphages, are analyzed for somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA phages by standardized methods and coliphages detected by host strain CB390. The results presented here confirm that the numbers of phages counted using CB390 are equivalent to the sum of the somatic and F-specific coliphages counted independently in all settings. Hence the usefulness of this strain for simultaneous detection of somatic and F-specific coliphages is confirmed. Also, sets of data on the presence of coliphages in reclaimed and groundwater are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Agulló-Barceló
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Galofré
- Aigües de Barcelona, EMGCIA, C/General Batet 1-7, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Sala
- Consorci de la Costa Brava, Plaça Josep Pla I Casadevall, 4, 17001 Girona, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Aljaro
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lucena
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Jofre
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Coliphages as Model Organisms in the Characterization and Management of Water Resources. WATER 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/w8050199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Pype ML, Donose BC, Martí L, Patureau D, Wery N, Gernjak W. Virus removal and integrity in aged RO membranes. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 90:167-175. [PMID: 26724450 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Membrane ageing reduces the quality of the filtered water. Therefore, in order to warrant public health, monitoring membrane performances are of utmost importance. Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are generally used to remove viruses and salt. However, there is no detailed study demonstrating the impact of aged membrane on the rejection of viruses and of membrane integrity indicators. In this paper, the impact of hypochlorite induced RO ageing on the rejection of a virus surrogate (MS2 phage) and four membrane integrity indicators (salt, dissolved organic matter, rhodamine WT and sulphate) was evaluated. Hypochlorite exposure was either active (under filtration) or passive (soaking), and the changes of the membrane surface chemistry were characterised using several autopsy techniques. Under this accelerated ageing condition, the introduction of chlorine in the membrane chemistry and the breakage of amide bonds caused an increase of the water permeability and a decrease of the virus surrogate's and indicators' rejection. Ageing resulted in a more negatively charged membrane and also in a higher hydrophobicity, which lead to the adsorption of MS2 phage. Despite severe physical membrane damage leading to a reduction of salt rejection to 1.2 log (94%), the minimum rejection of MS2 phage stayed on or above 4 log.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Pype
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; INRA, UR0050 Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France
| | - Bogdan C Donose
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Llucia Martí
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dominique Patureau
- INRA, UR0050 Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France
| | - Nathalie Wery
- INRA, UR0050 Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement, Avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France
| | - Wolfgang Gernjak
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona 17003, Spain.
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