1
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Schmitz BW, Polanco JA, Chen H, Manaktala A, Gu X, Goh SG, Gin KYH. Virus surrogates throughout a full-scale advanced water reuse system. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121556. [PMID: 38604066 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Water reuse as an alternative water supply is increasing throughout the world due to water stress and scarcity; however, there are no standard practices for monitoring virus pathogens in such systems. This study aimed to identify suitable surrogates for virus fate, transport, and removal throughout a water reuse scheme. Various microbial targets (11 viruses, two phage, and three bacteria) were monitored using molecular and culture methods across all treatment stages in a wastewater reclamation facility and advanced water treatment facility. Criteria were established for identifying suitable surrogates, which included reliable detection, observable fate and transport, calculable log-reduction values (LRVs), correlations with other targets, and various morphological types. In total, five viruses (PMMoV, AiV, GII NoV, AdV, FRNA GII) met these stringent criteria and were suggested as potential virus surrogates. These surrogates enabled successful comparison of assigned versus actual LRVs throughout a water reuse scheme. Results suggest that virus pathogens are effectively removed throughout water reuse treatment and the suggested surrogates can be utilized for monitoring treatment performance and ensuring public health safety. This study provides a framework that water utilities across the world can reference for establishing virus monitoring practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W Schmitz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-03, No. 1 Engineering Drive 2 117576, Singapore; Current affiliation: Loudoun Water, 44865 Loudoun Water Way, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
| | - Julio A Polanco
- Orange County Water District (OCWD), Department of Research and Development, 18700 Ward St., Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-03, No. 1 Engineering Drive 2 117576, Singapore
| | - Avnika Manaktala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-03, No. 1 Engineering Drive 2 117576, Singapore
| | - Xiaoqiong Gu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-03, No. 1 Engineering Drive 2 117576, Singapore
| | - Shin Giek Goh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-03, No. 1 Engineering Drive 2 117576, Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-03, No. 1 Engineering Drive 2 117576, Singapore
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2
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Ma JX, Wang X, Pan YR, Wang ZY, Guo X, Liu J, Ren NQ, Butler D. Data-driven systematic analysis of waterborne viruses and health risks during the wastewater reclamation process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:100328. [PMID: 37965045 PMCID: PMC10641159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne viral epidemics are a major threat to public health. Increasing interest in wastewater reclamation highlights the importance of understanding the health risks associated with potential microbial hazards, particularly for reused water in direct contact with humans. This study focused on identifying viral epidemic patterns in municipal wastewater reused for recreational applications based on long-term, spatially explicit global literature data during 2000-2021, and modelled human health risks from multiple exposure pathways using a well-established quantitative microbial risk assessment methodology. Global median viral loads in municipal wastewater ranged from 7.92 × 104 to 1.4 × 106 GC L-1 in the following ascending order: human adenovirus (HAdV), norovirus (NoV) GII, enterovirus (EV), NoV GI, rotavirus (RV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Following secondary or tertiary wastewater treatment, NoV GI, NoV GII, EV, and RV showed a relatively higher and more stable log reduction value with medians all above 0.8 (84%), whereas SARS-CoV-2 and HAdV showed a relatively lower reduction, with medians ranging from 0.33 (53%) to 0.55 (72%). A subsequent disinfection process effectively enhanced viral removal to over 0.89-log (87%). The predicted event probability of virus-related gastrointestinal illness and acute febrile respiratory illnesses in reclaimed recreational water exceeded the World Health Organization recommended recreational risk benchmark (5% and 1.9%, respectively). Overall, our results provided insights on health risks associated with reusing wastewater for recreational purposes and highlighted the need for establishing a regulatory framework ensuring the safety management of reclaimed waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Ma
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Rong Pan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhao-Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xuesong Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Junxin Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - David Butler
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
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3
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Carine MR, Pagilla KR. A mass balance approach for quantifying the role of natural decay and fate mechanisms on SARS-CoV-2 genetic marker removal during water reclamation. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2024; 96:e11015. [PMID: 38599573 DOI: 10.1002/wer.11015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak yielded substantial data regarding virus fate and prevalence at water reclamation facilities (WRFs), identifying influential factors as natural decay, adsorption, light, pH, salinity, and antagonistic microorganisms. However, no studies have quantified the impact of these factors in full scale WRFs. Utilizing a mass balance approach, we assessed the impact of natural decay and other fate mechanisms on genetic marker removal during water reclamation, through the use of sludge and wastewater genetic marker loading estimates. Results indicated negligible removal of genetic markers during P/PT (primary effluent (PE) p value: 0.267; preliminary and primary treatment (P/PT) accumulation p value: 0.904; and thickened primary sludge (TPS) p value: 0.076) indicating no contribution of natural decay and other fate mechanisms toward removal in P/PT. Comparably, adsorption and decomposition was found to be the dominant pathway for genetic marker removal (thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) log loading 9.75 log10 GC/day); however, no estimation of log genetic marker accumulation could be carried out due to high detections in TWAS. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The mass balance approach suggested that the contribution of natural decay and other fate mechanisms to virus removal during wastewater treatment are negligible compared with adsorption and decomposition in P/PT (p value: 0.904). During (P/PT), a higher viral load remained in the (PE) (14.16 log10 GC/day) compared with TPS (13.83 log10 GC/day); however, no statistical difference was observed (p value: 0.280) indicting that adsorption/decomposition most probably did not occur. In secondary treatment (ST), viral genetic markers in TWAS were consistently detected (13.41 log10 GC/day) compared with secondary effluent (SE), indicating that longer HRT and the potential presence of extracellular polymeric substance-containing enriched biomass enabled adsorption/decomposition. Estimations of total solids and volatile solids for TPS and TWAS indicated that adsorption affinity was different between solids sampling locations (p value: <0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline R Carine
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Krishna R Pagilla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
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4
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Li L, Haak L, Guarin TC, Teel L, Sundaram V, Pagilla KR. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances removal in multi-barrier advanced water purification system for indirect potable reuse. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2024; 96:e10990. [PMID: 38291828 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The study evaluated the removal efficacy of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) across various advanced water treatment (AWT) processes in a field-scale AWT train using secondary effluent samples from a full-scale water reclamation facility (WRF). Samples collected from April to October 2020 revealed PFCAs as the dominant PFAS compounds in the WRF secondary effluent, with PFPeA having the highest average concentration and PFSAs in notably lower amounts. Temporal fluctuations in total PFAS concentrations peaked in September 2020, which may reflect the seasonality in PFAS discharges related to applications like AFFFs and pesticides. In assessing AWT processes, coagulation-flocculation-clarification-filtration system showed no notable PFAS reduction, while ozonation resulted in elevated PFBS and PFBA concentrations. Biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration effectively removed long-chain PFAS like PFOS and PFHxS but saw increased concentrations of short-chain PFAS post-treatment. Granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration was the most effective treatment, reducing all PFSAs below the detection limits and significantly decreasing most PFCAs, though short-chain PFCAs persisted. UV treatment did not remove short-chain PFCAs such as PFBA, PFPeA, and PFHxA. The findings highlight the efficacy of AWT processes like GAC in PFAS reduction for potable reuse, but also underscore the challenge presented by short-chain PFAS, emphasizing the need for tailored treatment strategies. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Secondary effluents showed higher concentrations of PFCAs compared to PFSAs. Advanced water treatment effectively removes long-chain PFAS but not short-chain. Ozonation may contribute to formation of short-chain PFAS. BAC is less effective on short-chain PFAS, requiring further GAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Laura Haak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Tatiana C Guarin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
- UNAB's Circular Bioeconomy Research Center, Autonomous University of Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Lydia Teel
- Truckee Meadows Water Authority, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | | | - Krishna R Pagilla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
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5
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Sun T, Liu Y, Gao S, Qin X, Lin Z, Dou X, Wang X, Zhang H, Dong Q. Distribution-based maximum likelihood estimation methods are preferred for estimating Salmonella concentration in chicken when contamination data are highly left-censored. Food Microbiol 2023; 113:104283. [PMID: 37098436 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a common chicken-borne pathogen that causes human infections. Data below the detection limit, referred to as left-censored data, are frequently encountered in the detection of pathogens. The approach of handling the censored data was regarded to affect the estimation accuracy of microbial concentration. In this study, a set of Salmonella contamination data was collected from chilled chicken samples using the most probable number (MPN) method, which consisted of 90.42% (217/240) non-detect values. Two simulated datasets with fixed censoring degrees of 73.60% and 90.00% were generated based on the real-sampling Salmonella dataset for comparison. Three methodologies were applied for handling left-censored data: (i) substitution with different alternatives, (ii) the distribution-based maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method, and (iii) the multiple imputation (MI) method. For each dataset, the negative binomial (NB) distribution-based MLE and zero-modified NB distribution-based MLE were preferable for highly censored data and resulted in the least root mean square error (RMSE). Replacing the censored data with half the limit of quantification was the next best method. The mean concentration of Salmonella monitoring data estimated by the NB-MLE and zero-modified NB-MLE methods was 0.68 MPN/g. This study provided an available statistical method for handling bacterial highly left-censored data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmei Sun
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangtai Liu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shufei Gao
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Qin
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijie Lin
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Dou
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Maidana-Kulesza MN, Poma HR, Sanguino-Jorquera DG, Reyes SI, Del Milagro Said-Adamo M, Mainardi-Remis JM, Gutiérrez-Cacciabue D, Cristóbal HA, Cruz MC, Aparicio González M, Rajal VB. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 in rivers as a tool for epidemiological surveillance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022. [PMID: 35908692 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.17.21259122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate if rivers could be used for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance. Five sampling points from three rivers (AR-1 and AR-2 in Arenales River, MR-1 and MR-2 in Mojotoro River, and CR in La Caldera River) from Salta (Argentina), two of them receiving discharges from wastewater plants (WWTP), were monitored from July to December 2020. Fifteen water samples from each point (75 in total) were collected and characterized physico-chemically and microbiologically and SARS-CoV-2 was quantified by RT-qPCR. Also, two targets linked to human contributions, human polyomavirus (HPyV) and RNase P, were quantified and used to normalize SARS-CoV-2 concentration, which was compared to reported COVID-19 cases. Statistical analyses allowed us to verify the correlation between SARS-CoV-2 and the concentration of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), as well as to find similarities and differences between sampling points. La Caldera River showed the best water quality; FIBs were within acceptable limits for recreational activities. Mojotoro River's water quality was not affected by the northern WWTP of the city. Instead, Arenales River presented the poorest water quality; at AR-2 was negatively affected by the discharges of the southern WWTP, which contributed to significant increase of fecal contamination. SARS-CoV-2 was found in about half of samples in low concentrations in La Caldera and Mojotoro Rivers, while it was high and persistent in Arenales River. No human tracers were detected in CR, only HPyV was found in MR-1, MR-2 and AR-1, and both were quantified in AR-2. The experimental and normalized viral concentrations strongly correlated with reported COVID-19 cases; thus, Arenales River at AR-2 reflected the epidemiological situation of the city. This is the first study showing the dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 concentration in an urban river highly impacted by wastewater and proved that can be used for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance to support health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Noel Maidana-Kulesza
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Hugo Ramiro Poma
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Diego Gastón Sanguino-Jorquera
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Sarita Isabel Reyes
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - María Del Milagro Said-Adamo
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, UNSa, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Juan Martín Mainardi-Remis
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina; Facultad de Ingeniería, UNSa, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Dolores Gutiérrez-Cacciabue
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina; Facultad de Ingeniería, UNSa, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Héctor Antonio Cristóbal
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, UNSa, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Cecilia Cruz
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Mónica Aparicio González
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Verónica Beatriz Rajal
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina; Facultad de Ingeniería, UNSa, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Science Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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7
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Maidana-Kulesza MN, Poma HR, Sanguino-Jorquera DG, Reyes SI, Del Milagro Said-Adamo M, Mainardi-Remis JM, Gutiérrez-Cacciabue D, Cristóbal HA, Cruz MC, Aparicio González M, Rajal VB. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 in rivers as a tool for epidemiological surveillance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157707. [PMID: 35908692 PMCID: PMC9334864 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate if rivers could be used for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance. Five sampling points from three rivers (AR-1 and AR-2 in Arenales River, MR-1 and MR-2 in Mojotoro River, and CR in La Caldera River) from Salta (Argentina), two of them receiving discharges from wastewater plants (WWTP), were monitored from July to December 2020. Fifteen water samples from each point (75 in total) were collected and characterized physico-chemically and microbiologically and SARS-CoV-2 was quantified by RT-qPCR. Also, two targets linked to human contributions, human polyomavirus (HPyV) and RNase P, were quantified and used to normalize SARS-CoV-2 concentration, which was compared to reported COVID-19 cases. Statistical analyses allowed us to verify the correlation between SARS-CoV-2 and the concentration of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), as well as to find similarities and differences between sampling points. La Caldera River showed the best water quality; FIBs were within acceptable limits for recreational activities. Mojotoro River's water quality was not affected by the northern WWTP of the city. Instead, Arenales River presented the poorest water quality; at AR-2 was negatively affected by the discharges of the southern WWTP, which contributed to significant increase of fecal contamination. SARS-CoV-2 was found in about half of samples in low concentrations in La Caldera and Mojotoro Rivers, while it was high and persistent in Arenales River. No human tracers were detected in CR, only HPyV was found in MR-1, MR-2 and AR-1, and both were quantified in AR-2. The experimental and normalized viral concentrations strongly correlated with reported COVID-19 cases; thus, Arenales River at AR-2 reflected the epidemiological situation of the city. This is the first study showing the dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 concentration in an urban river highly impacted by wastewater and proved that can be used for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance to support health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Noel Maidana-Kulesza
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Hugo Ramiro Poma
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Diego Gastón Sanguino-Jorquera
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Sarita Isabel Reyes
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - María Del Milagro Said-Adamo
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, UNSa, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Juan Martín Mainardi-Remis
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina; Facultad de Ingeniería, UNSa, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Dolores Gutiérrez-Cacciabue
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina; Facultad de Ingeniería, UNSa, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Héctor Antonio Cristóbal
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, UNSa, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Cecilia Cruz
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Mónica Aparicio González
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Verónica Beatriz Rajal
- Laboratorio de Aguas y Suelos, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina; Facultad de Ingeniería, UNSa, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Science Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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8
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Bortagaray V, Gamazo P, Castro S, Grilli M, Colina R, Victoria M. Comparison of the risk of infection of human rotavirus and astrovirus according to fishing and swimming activities at Las Cañas beach, Uruguay. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3523-3533. [PMID: 36000509 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the risk of human Rotavirus (RV) and Astrovirus (HAstV) infections for swimmers and fishers at Las Cañas beach, Uruguay. METHODS AND RESULTS Surface water samples were collected monthly for one year. The dose response models used were β Poisson and 1 F1 hypergeometric for RV and HAstV, respectively. The probabilities of infection were calculated using a kernel density estimate to fitting the data and then sampling from this distribution (Monte Carlo simulation). The probability of RV infection for fishers was between 0 and 65% and for swimmers was between 0 and 50% (<18 years old) and between 0 and 38% (>18 years old). For HAstV, the probability of infection for fishers was between 0% and 45% and for swimmers was between 0 and 38% (<18 years old) and between 0 and 18% (>18 years old). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that fishers are at higher risk of infection for both viruses when compared with swimmers mainly due to higher viral frequency and concentration at the site for fishing activities. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study highlights the different risk of infection for Rotavirus and Astrovirus, determined according to two popular activities such as swimming and fishing evidencing their negative impact in public health when contaminated waters are used mainly in developing countries like Uruguay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Bortagaray
- Laboratorio of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Gamazo
- Department of Water, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Castro
- Department of Mathematics and Estadistic from litoral (DMEL), CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Marcos Grilli
- Laboratorio of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratorio of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Matias Victoria
- Laboratorio of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, Sede Salto, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
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9
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Torii S, Corre MH, Miura F, Itamochi M, Haga K, Katayama K, Katayama H, Kohn T. Genotype-dependent kinetics of enterovirus inactivation by free chlorine and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118712. [PMID: 35691190 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation kinetics of enterovirus by disinfection is often studied using a single laboratory strain of a given genotype. Environmental variants of enterovirus are genetically distinct from the corresponding laboratory strain, yet it is poorly understood how these genetic differences affect inactivation. Here we evaluated the inactivation kinetics of nine coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), ten coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4), and two echovirus 11 (E11) variants by free chlorine and ultraviolet irradiation (UV). The inactivation kinetics by free chlorine were genotype- (i.e., susceptibility: CVB5 < CVB3 ≈ CVB4 < E11) and genogroup-dependent and exhibited up to 15-fold difference among the tested viruses. In contrast, only minor (up to 1.3-fold) differences were observed in the UV inactivation kinetics. The differences in variability between the two disinfectants could be rationalized by their respective inactivation mechanisms: inactivation by UV mainly depends on the genomic size and composition, which was similar for all viruses tested, whereas free chlorine targets the viral capsid protein, which exhibited critical differences between genogroups and genotypes. Finally, we integrated the observed variability in inactivation rate constants into an expanded Chick-Watson model to estimate the overall inactivation of an enterovirus consortium. The results highlight that the distribution of inactivation rate constants and the abundance of each genotype are essential parameters to accurately predict the overall inactivation of an enterovirus population by free chlorine. We conclude that predictions based on inactivation data of a single variant or reference pathogen alone likely overestimate the true disinfection efficiency of free chlorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Torii
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Marie-Hélène Corre
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fuminari Miura
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama-shi, Ehime, Japan; Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Masae Itamochi
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-shi, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kei Haga
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Monitoring coliphages to reduce waterborne infectious disease transmission in the One Water framework. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 240:113921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Gharoon N, Dewan A, Li L, Haak L, Mazurowski L, Guarin T, Pagilla K. Removal of SARS-CoV-2 viral markers through a water reclamation facility. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:2819-2827. [PMID: 34528319 PMCID: PMC8661921 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
There have been multiple reports of COVID-19 virus, SARS-CoV-2 RNA presence in influent wastewater of water reclamation facilities (WRFs) across the world. In this study, the removal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was investigated in a WRF by collecting samples from various stages relayed to hydraulic retention time (HRT) and analyzed for viral RNA (N1 and N2) gene markers and wastewater characteristics. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 28 out of 28 influent wastewater and primary effluent samples. Secondary effluent showed 4 out of 9 positive samples, and all tertiary and final effluent samples were below the detection limit for the viral markers. The reduction was significant (p value < 0.005, one-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] test) in secondary treatment, ranging from 1.4 to 2.0 log10 removal. Adjusted N1 viral marker had a positive correlation with total suspended solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and ammonia concentrations (Spearman's ρ = 0.61, 0.67, and 0.53, respectively, p value < 0.05), while demonstrating a strongly negative correlation with HRT (Spearman's ρ = -0.58, p value < 0.01). PRACTITIONER POINTS: Viral RNA was present in all samples taken from influent and primary effluent of a WRF. SARS-CoV-2 gene marker was detected in secondary effluent in 4 out of 9 samples. Tertiary and final effluent samples tested nondetect for SARS-CoV-2 gene markers. Up to 0.5 and 2.0 log10 virus removal values were achieved by primary and secondary treatment, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Gharoon
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Aimee Dewan
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Laura Haak
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Lauren Mazurowski
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Tatiana Guarin
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Krishna Pagilla
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Nevada RenoRenoNVUSA
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12
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Butte G, Niwagaba C, Nordin A. Assessing the microbial risk of faecal sludge use in Ugandan agriculture by comparing field and theoretical model output. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 197:117068. [PMID: 33845279 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reuse of faecal sludge in agriculture has many potential benefits, but also poses risks to human health. To better understand the potential risks, Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was performed for three population groups in Kampala, Uganda: wastewater and faecal sludge treatment plant workers; farmers using faecal sludge; and consumers of faecal sludge-fertilised vegetables. Two models were applied for farmers and consumers, one based on pathogen concentrations from field sampling of sludge, soils and vegetables, and one based on theoretical pathogen contribution from the last sludge application, including decay and soil to crop transfer of pathogens. The risk was evaluated for two pathogens (enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and Ascaris lumbricoides). The field data on sludge, soil and vegetables indicated that the last application of faecal sludge was not the sole pathogen source. Correspondingly, the model using field data resulted in higher risks for farmers and consumers than the theoretical model assuming risk from sludge only, except when negligible for both. For farmers, the yearly risk of illness, based on measured concentrations, was 26% from EHEC and 70% from Ascaris, compared with 1.2% and 1.4%, respectively, considering the theoretically assumed contribution from the sludge. For consumers, the risk of illness based on field samples was higher from consumption of leafy vegetables (100% from EHEC, 99% from Ascaris) than from consumption of cabbages (negligible for EHEC, 26% from Ascaris). With the theoretical model, the risk of illness from EHEC was negligible for both crops, whereas the risk of illness from Ascaris was 64% and 16% for leafy vegetables and cabbage, respectively. For treatment plant workers, yearly risk of illness was 100% from EHEC and 99.4% from Ascaris. Mitigation practices evaluated could reduce the relative risk by 30-70%. These results can help guide treatment and use of faecal sludge in Kampala, to protect plant workers, farmers and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Butte
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, UK
| | - C Niwagaba
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT), Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - A Nordin
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden..
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13
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Byrne DM, Hamilton KA, Houser SA, Mubasira M, Katende D, Lohman HAC, Trimmer JT, Banadda N, Zerai A, Guest JS. Navigating Data Uncertainty and Modeling Assumptions in Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment in an Informal Settlement in Kampala, Uganda. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5463-5474. [PMID: 33750111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Decision-makers in developing communities often lack credible data to inform decisions related to water, sanitation, and hygiene. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), which quantifies pathogen-related health risks across exposure routes, can be informative; however, the utility of QMRA for decision-making is often undermined by data gaps. This work integrates QMRA, uncertainty and sensitivity analyses, and household surveys in Bwaise, Kampala (Uganda) to characterize the implications of censored data management, identify sources of uncertainty, and incorporate risk perceptions to improve the suitability of QMRA for informal settlements or similar settings. In Bwaise, drinking water, hand rinse, and soil samples were collected from 45 households and supplemented with data from 844 surveys. Quantified pathogen (adenovirus, Campylobacter jejuni, and Shigella spp./EIEC) concentrations were used with QMRA to model infection risks from exposure through drinking water, hand-to-mouth contact, and soil ingestion. Health risks were most sensitive to pathogen data, hand-to-mouth contact frequency, and dose-response models (particularly C. jejuni). When managing censored data, results from upper limits of detection, half of limits of detection, and uniform distributions returned similar results, which deviated from lower limits of detection and maximum likelihood estimation imputation approaches. Finally, risk perceptions (e.g., it is unsafe to drink directly from a water source) were identified to inform risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Byrne
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, 3221 Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kerry A Hamilton
- The School with Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment and The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Stephanie A Houser
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, 3221 Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Muwonge Mubasira
- Community Integrated Development Initiatives, P.O. Box 764, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Katende
- Community Integrated Development Initiatives, P.O. Box 764, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hannah A C Lohman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, 3221 Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John T Trimmer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, 3221 Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Noble Banadda
- Department of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Assata Zerai
- Department of Sociology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Jeremy S Guest
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, 3221 Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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