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Yang S, Guo T, Fu H, Zheng S, Sun J, Qu X. Catalytic hydrodehalogenation activity and selectivity of polyiodinated phenolic disinfection byproducts at ambient conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173905. [PMID: 38871330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Iodo-phenolic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) widely occur in disinfected water, posing potential risks to human health and the ecosystem as they possess higher toxicity than the bromo- and chloro-analogs. Herein, we elucidated the catalytic hydrodehalogenation (HDH) activity and selectivity of polyiodinated phenolic DBPs on supported noble metal catalysts at ambient conditions. Both 2,4,6-triiodophenol and 4-chloro-2,6-diiodophenol can be efficiently eliminated on Pd/TiO2 and Rh/TiO2 within 20 min, with Pd/TiO2 exhibiting higher turnover frequency. The HDH reactions proceeded in both stepwise and concerted pathways on Pd/TiO2, while they were dominantly stepwise on Rh/TiO2. Experimental results and theoretical calculations revealed that the HDH selectivity depends on the position and the bond energy of halo-substitutions. For the HDH of 2,4,6-triiodophenol, the para-substituted iodine was more favorable to be dehalogenated than the ortho-substituted ones due to the steric hindrance of the hydroxyl group. For the HDH of 4-chloro-2,6-diiodophenol, the ortho-substituted iodine was removed before the para-substituted chlorine as CI bond had higher reactivity than CCl bond. Significant catalyst deactivation was observed for the HDH of 4-chloro-2,6-diiodophenol on Pd/TiO2 due to iodine poisoning, resulting in 4-chlorophenol as the dominant product. In contrast, Rh/TiO2 can completely hydrodehalogenate 4-chloro-2,6-diiodophenol into cyclohexanone with little iodine poisoning. Our results suggest that HDH is an efficient process for abating iodo-phenolic DBPs. Rh/TiO2 is a more promising HDH catalyst for iodinated DBP removal than Pd/TiO2 with excellent resistance to iodine poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China; Nanjing University (Suzhou) High-tech Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Heyun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China; Nanjing University (Suzhou) High-tech Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shourong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jingya Sun
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing XiaoZhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China.
| | - Xiaolei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China; Nanjing University (Suzhou) High-tech Institute, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Chen C, Zhao X, Chen H, Wang J, Wang Y, Xian Q. The investigation of quenching conditions for the analysis of total organic halogen, aliphatic and aromatic halogenated disinfection byproducts formed from chlor(am)ination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134918. [PMID: 38878428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Total organic halogen (TOX) is used to describe total amount of halogenated DBPs. Typically, once a chlor(am)inated water sample is collected, it is necessary to add a quenching agent to quench the residual disinfectant so that further reactions to form more DBPs during the holding time can be prevented. In this study, we evaluated the effects of four quenching agents: ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), ascorbic acid, sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) on the decomposition of TOX, aliphatic and aromatic halogenated DBPs under various quenching conditions (quenching time, pH, quenching ratio, temperature). The results showed that ascorbic acid had the least impact on TOX. Ascorbic acid appeared to be the most suitable quenching agent for aliphatic halogenated DBPs, especially since it could preserve more haloacetonitriles than other quenching agents. Both ascorbic acid and Na2SO3 could be used for the analysis of aromatic halogenated DBPs. The lower pH (pH 6.0), not excessive quenching agents and lower temperature (4 ºC) were all conducive to the preservation of TOX and halogenated DBPs. Importantly, unknown TOX (UTOX) also contained significantly toxic components. It was also found that addition of quenching agents might lead to underestimation of UTOX by researchers. SYNOPSIS: The quenching agents and quenching conditions for the analysis of total organic halogen, aliphatic and aromatic halogenated DBPs formed from chlor(am)ination were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiating Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Choi SY, Ji H, Park J, Choe JK. Iodide enhances degradation of histidine sidechain and imidazoles and forms new iodinated aromatic disinfection byproducts during chlorination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134748. [PMID: 38815391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Peptide-bound histidines and imidazoles are important constituents of dissolved organic matter in water, and understanding the formation of halogenated disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation from these compounds during disinfection is important for ensuring a safe drinking water supply. Previous studies suggested that histidine has low reactivity with chlorine only; this study indicates that iodide substantially enhances histidine reactivity with the disinfectant at a time scale from days to hours. Mono- and di-iodinated histidines were identified as dominant transformation products with cumulative molar yields of 3.3 % at 6 h and they were stable in water over 7 days. These products were formed via electrophilic substitution of iodine to imidazole ring when hypoiodous acid reacted with histidine sidechain. Bromide minimally influenced the formation yields of these iodinated products, and higher pH increased yields up to 12 % for pH in the range 5-9. The cumulative concentration of low-molecular-weight DBPs, such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, was less than 0.3 % under the same conditions. Similar iodinated imidazole analogs were also identified from other imidazoles (i.e., imidazole-carboxylic and phenyl-imidazole-carboxylic acids). This study demonstrated that peptide-bound histidine and imidazoles can serve as important precursors to iodinated aromatic DBPs, facilitating the identification of less-known iodinated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Yeong Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hojoong Ji
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyeong Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kwon Choe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea.
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Wang L, Zhong H, Chen X, Chen X, Zhou Q, Li A, Pan Y. A group of emerging heterocyclic nitrogenous disinfection byproducts: Formation and cytotoxicity of halopyridinols in drinking water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134569. [PMID: 38743981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Recently, a new group of halopyridinol disinfection byproducts (DBPs) was reported in drinking water. The in vivo developmental and acute toxicity assays have shown that they were more toxic than a few commonly known aliphatic DBPs such as bromoform and iodoacetic acid. However, many pyridinol DBPs with the same main structures but different halogen substitutions were still unknown due to complicated water quality conditions and various disinfection methods applied in drinking water treatment plants. Studies on their transformation mechanisms in drinking water disinfection were quite limited. In this study, comprehensive detection and identification of halopyridinols were conducted, and five new halopyridinols were first reported, including 2-chloro-3-pyridinol, 2,6-dichloro-3-pyridinol, 2-bromo-5-chloro-3-pyridinol, 2,4,6-trichloro-3-pyridinol and 2,5,6-trichloro-3-pyridinol. Formation conditions and mechanisms of the halopyridinols were explored, and results showed that chlorination promoted their formation compared with chloramination. Halopyridinols were intermediate DBPs that could undergo further transformation/degradation with increasing contact time, disinfectant dose, bromide concentration, and pH. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the halopyridinols was evaluated using human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Results showed that the cytotoxicity of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol was the highest (EC50 = 474.3 μM), which was 13.0 and 1.6 times higher than that of 2-bromo-3-pyridinol (EC50 = 6214.5 μM) and tribromomethane (EC50 = 753.6 μM), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongli Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xun Chen
- Yangtze River Innovation Center for Ecological Civilization, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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Justen PT, Beavers CA, Forster ALB, Richardson SD. Better Together: Tandem Mass Spectrometry Achieves up to 50 Times Lower Quantification of 62 Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38943047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are ubiquitous contaminants present in nearly all drinking water and are associated with adverse health effects in human epidemiologic studies. The most toxic DBPs are unregulated and often occur at concentrations well below regulated DBPs; thus, quantification at low parts-per-trillion (ng/L) levels is critical in assessing exposure. We developed a new liquid-liquid extraction-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LLE-GC-MS/MS) method with the first analysis by tandem gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of 23 priority unregulated DBPs including 13 haloacetamides, 3 haloacetic acids, 2 haloacetonitriles, 1 haloacetaldehyde, 2 haloketones, and 2 halonitromethanes. When combined with our previous GC-MS/MS method for haloacetic acids and previously reported MS/MS transitions that we optimized for this method, the analysis of 62 regulated and priority unregulated DBPs at lower quantification limits is achieved. Limits of quantification for most DBPs were between 5 and 30 ng/L with r2 > 0.99 and an average of 9 times lower limits of quantification (LOQs) compared to LLE-GC-MS using selected ion monitoring (SIM). Relative standard deviations ranged from 0.7 to 30% for 61 DBPs in spiked samples. This new method was validated using tap waters from four US cities, where individual DBP concentrations ranged from 5 to 126,882 ng/L. This project provides the most comprehensive GC-MS/MS method for DBP analysis to date and is capable of analyzing volatile and semivolatile DBPs across nine different compound classes, including a class not previously analyzed by GC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Justen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Coley A Beavers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Alexandria L B Forster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Guo X, Ji X, Liu Z, Feng Z, Zhang Z, Du S, Li X, Ma J, Sun Z. Complex impact of metals on the fate of disinfection by-products in drinking water pipelines: A systematic review. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 261:121991. [PMID: 38941679 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Metals in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS) play an important role on the fate of disinfection by-products (DBPs). They can increase the formation of DBPs through several mechanisms, such as enhancing the proportion of reactive halogen species (RHS), catalysing the reaction between natural organic matter (NOM) and RHS through complexation, or by increasing the conversion of NOM into DBP precursors. This review comprehensively summarizes these complex processes, focusing on the most important metals (copper, iron, manganese) in DWDS and their impact on various DBPs. It organizes the dispersed 'metals-DBPs' experimental results into an easily accessible content structure and presents their underlying common or unique mechanisms. Furthermore, the practically valuable application directions of these research findings were analysed, including the toxicity changes of DBPs in DWDS under the influence of metals and the potential enhancement of generalization in DBP model research by the introduction of metals. Overall, this review revealed that the metal environment within DWDS is a crucial factor influencing DBP levels in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China
| | - Xiaoyue Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China
| | - Zihan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China
| | - Zhuoran Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China
| | - ZiFeng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shuang Du
- Institute of NBC Defense. PLA Army, P.O.Box1048, Beijing 102205 China
| | - Xueyan Li
- Suzhou University Science & Technology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150096, China.
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Wang D, Chen X, Luo J, Shi P, Zhou Q, Li A, Pan Y. Comparison of chlorine and chlorine dioxide disinfection in drinking water: Evaluation of disinfection byproduct formation under equal disinfection efficiency. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 260:121932. [PMID: 38906077 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection efficiency and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation are two important aspects deserving careful consideration when evaluating different disinfection protocols. However, most of the previous studies on the selection of disinfection methods by comparing DBP formation were carried out under the same initial/residual dose and contact time of different disinfectants, and such a practice may cause overdose or underdose of a certain disinfectant, leading to the inaccurate evaluation of disinfection. In this study, a comprehensive and quantitative comparison of chlorine (Cl2) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) disinfection was conducted with regard to their DBP formation under equal disinfection efficiency. The microbial inactivation models as well as the Cl2 and ClO2 demand models were developed. On such basis, the integral CT (ICT) values were determined and used as a bridge to connect disinfection efficiency and DBP formation. For 3-log10 and 4-log10 reductions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ClO2 had 1.5 and 5.8 times higher inactivation ability than Cl2, respectively. In the premise of equal disinfection efficiency (i.e., the ICT ratios of Cl2 to ClO2 = 1.5 and 5.8), the levels of total organic chlorine, total organic bromine, and total organic halogen formed in the Cl2 disinfection were significantly higher than those formed in the ClO2 disinfection. Among the 35 target aliphatic DBPs, trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) were the dominant species formed in both Cl2 and ClO2 disinfection. The total THM levels formed in Cl2 disinfection were 14.6 and 30.3 times higher than those in ClO2 disinfection, respectively. The total HAA levels formed in Cl2 disinfection were 3.5 and 5.4 times higher than those in ClO2 disinfection, respectively. Formation of the target 48 aromatic DBPs was much favored in Cl2 disinfection than that in ClO2 disinfection, and the formation levels was dominated by contact time. This study demonstrated that ClO2 had significant advantages over Cl2, especially at higher microorganism inactivation and lower DBP formation requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xueyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jiayi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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Cao J, Xue B, Yang S, Yang X, Zhang X, Qiu Z, Shen Z, Wang J. Chlorite and bromate alter the conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes: Co-regulation of oxidative stress and energy supply. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134257. [PMID: 38636236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The widespread use of disinfectants during the global response to the 2019 coronavirus pandemic has increased the co-occurrence of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Although DBPs pose major threats to public health globally, there is limited knowledge regarding their biological effects on ARGs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of two inorganic DBPs (chlorite and bromate) on the conjugative transfer of RP4 plasmid among Escherichia coli strains at environmentally relevant concentrations. Interestingly, the frequency of conjugative transfer was initially inhibited when the exposure time to chlorite or bromate was less than 24 h. However, this inhibition transformed into promotion when the exposure time was extended to 36 h. Short exposures to chlorite or bromate were shown to impede the electron transport chain, resulting in an ATP shortage and subsequently inhibiting conjugative transfer. Consequently, this stimulates the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of the SOS response. Upon prolonged exposure, the resurgent energy supply promoted conjugative transfer. These findings offer novel and valuable insights into the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of inorganic DBPs on the conjugative transfer of ARGs, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the management of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Cao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Bin Xue
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Shuran Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China.
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Sun H, Liu Y, Wu C, Ma LQ, Guan D, Hong H, Yu H, Lin H, Huang X, Gao P. Dihalogenated nitrophenols in drinking water: Prevalence, resistance to household treatment, and cardiotoxic impact on zebrafish embryo. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH 2024; 3:183-191. [PMID: 38646095 PMCID: PMC11031730 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Dihalogenated nitrophenols (2,6-DHNPs), an emerging group of aromatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) detected in drinking water, have limited available information regarding their persistence and toxicological risks. The present study found that 2,6-DHNPs are resistant to major drinking water treatment processes (sedimentation and filtration) and households methods (boiling, filtration, microwave irradiation, and ultrasonic cleaning). To further assess their health risks, we conducted a series of toxicology studies using zebrafish embryos as the model organism. Our findings reveal that these emerging 2,6-DHNPs showed lethal toxicity 248 times greater than that of the regulated DBP, dichloroacetic acid. Specifically, at sublethal concentrations, exposure to 2,6-DHNPs generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), caused apoptosis, inhibited cardiac looping, and induced cardiac failure in zebrafish. Remarkably, the use of a ROS scavenger, N-acetyl-l-cysteine, considerably mitigated these adverse effects, emphasizing the essential role of ROS in 2,6-DHNP-induced cardiotoxicity. Our findings highlight the cardiotoxic potential of 2,6-DHNPs in drinking water even at low concentrations of 19 μg/L and the beneficial effect of N-acetyl-l-cysteine in alleviating the 2,6-DHNP-induced cardiotoxicity. This study underscores the urgent need for increased scrutiny of these emerging compounds in public health discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Chunxiu Wu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Lena Q. Ma
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dongxing Guan
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huachang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Haiying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Hongjun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xianfeng Huang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, United States
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10
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Hu S, Li X, He F, Qi Y, Zhang B, Liu R. Cytotoxicity of emerging halophenylacetamide disinfection byproducts in drinking water: Mechanism and prediction. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121562. [PMID: 38604064 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Halophenylacetamides (HPAcAms) have been identified as a new group of nitrogenous aromatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water, but the toxicity mechanisms associated with HPAcAms remain almost completely unknown. In this work, the cytotoxicity of HPAcAms in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells was evaluated, intracellular oxidative stress/damage levels were analyzed, their binding interactions with antioxidative enzyme were explored, and a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was established. Results indicated that the EC50 values of HPAcAms ranged from 2353 μM to 9780 μM, and the isomeric structure as well as the type and number of halogen substitutions could obviously induce the change in the cytotoxicity of HPAcAms. Upon exposure to 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acetamide (3,4-DCPAcAm), various important biomarkers linked to oxidative stress and damage, such as reactive oxygen species, 8‑hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, and cell apoptosis, exhibited a significant increase in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, 3,4-DCPAcAm could directly bind with Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and induce the alterations in the structure and activity, and the formation of complexes was predominantly influenced by the van der Waals force and hydrogen bonding. The QSAR model supported that the nucleophilic reactivity as well as the molecular compactness might be highly important in their cytotoxicity mechanisms in HepG2 cells, and 2-(2,4-dibromophenyl)acetamide and 2-(3,4-dibromophenyl)acetamide deserved particular attention in future studies due to the relatively higher predicted cytotoxicity. This study provided the first comprehensive investigation on the cytotoxicity mechanisms of HPAcAm DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiangxiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Falin He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yuntao Qi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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11
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Cao X, Mo Y, Zhang F, Zhou Y, Liu YD, Zhong R. Reaction sites of pyrimidine bases and nucleosides during chlorination: A computational study. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142189. [PMID: 38688350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
As important components of soluble microbial products in water, nucleobases have attracted much attention due to the high toxicity of their direct aromatic halogenated disinfection by-products (AH-DBPs) during chlorination. However, multiple halogenation sites of AH-DBPs pose challenges to identify them. In this study, reaction sites of pyrimidine bases and nucleosides during chlorination were investigated by quantum chemical computational method. The results indicate that the anion salt forms play key roles in chlorination of uracil, thymine, and their nucleosides, while neutral forms make predominant contributions to cytosine and cytidine. In view of both kinetics and thermodynamics, C5 is the most reactive site for uracil and thymine, N3/C5 and N3 for respective uridine and thymidine, N1/C5/N4 and N4 for respective cytosine and cytidine, whose estimated apparent rate constants kobs-est of ∼103, 103/102, 106/102/104, and 103 M-1 s-1, respectively, in consistent with the known experimental results. C6 in all pyrimidine compounds is hardly attacked by Cl+ in HOCl ascribed to its positive charge, but readily attacked by OH‾ in hydrolysis and the N1=C6 bond was found to possess the highest reactivity in hydrolysis among all double bonds. In addition, the structure-kinetic reactivity relationship study reveals a relatively strong correlation between lgkobs-est and APT charge in all pyrimidine compounds rather than FED2 (HOMO). The results are helpful to further understand the reactivity of various reaction sites in aromatic compounds during chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Yonghang Mo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Fuhao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Yong Dong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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12
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Wei X, Zhang Z, Li G. Preparation of MIL-101(Cr)-NH 2@TAPB-DVA-COF based membrane solid-phase extraction for efficient enrichment and sensitive determination of trace aromatic disinfection by-products in juice drinks. Talanta 2024; 273:125901. [PMID: 38503122 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Aromatic disinfection by-products (DBPs) have garnered considerable interest in recent years for their potential carcinogenicity. However, efficient separation and enrichment of DBPs in complex samples is a challenge due to the extremely low content of aromatic DBPs and the complexity of sample matrices. In this study, a MIL-101(Cr)-NH2@TAPB-DVA-COF hybrid material was prepared as the enrichment medium of membrane solid-phase extraction (M-SPE) to efficiently determine trace emerging aromatic DBPs. This medium exhibited excellent enrichment capacity and selectivity for aromatic DBPs because of the strong hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions. An efficient analytical method for five aromatic DBPs in juice drinks was successfully established by use of this hybrid material as the enrichment medium for M-SPE in combination with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The limits of detection of the established method were from 0.50 to 3.00 ng/L. Moreover, the method had been successfully used in real juice drinks to determine trace five aromatic DBPs with the spiked recoveries ranging from 84.1% to 125%. The method possessed high analytical sensitivity and accuracy for these five aromatic DBPs in juice drinks with the aid of the efficient M-SPE technology proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Wei
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhuomin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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13
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Yang W, Zhang Y, Huang J, Yang X, Jiang N. Analysis of brominide disinfection by-products (DBPs) in aquaculture water using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-tof/MS). ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3209-3219. [PMID: 38713168 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00396a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND halogenic disinfectants have been shown to produce toxic and carcinogenic disinfection by-products in the water disinfection process. Dibromohydantoin (DBDMH) is a commonly used water disinfectant in aquaculture. Aquaculture water has more complex matrix, and the analytical method for disinfection by-products (DBPs) have not been reported. Since the content of DBPs is related to the external conditions such as ultraviolet irradiation, temperatures, pH and humic acid. The semi-target screening method for mainly DBPs based on tracing mass spectrometry fragments of bromide and accurate mass of high resolution mass spectrometry was established by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-tof/MS). Br-DBPs as a important class of DBPs from DBDMH, which quantification analysis methods were developed based on accurate mass of high resolution mass spectrometry. METHODS through screening method to identify unknown Br-DBPs and quantitative analysis of the typical 4-bromophenol by-product of accurate mass was established. The conditions of the instrument parameters of mass spectrometry and SPE sample preparation procedure in complex real sample were optimized. The high efficiency method was demonstrated for the determination of Br-DBPs with a good linear correlation (R2 = 0.999) in the range of 0.500-200 μg L-1 and limit of detections (LODs) and limit of quantifications (LOQs) were 0.0250 ng L-1 and 0.0834 ng L-1, respectively. CONCLUSION the developed screening and quantification analytical strategy for Br-DBPs is rapid, accurate and sensitivity applicable for environmental in aquaculture water monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Yang
- Physics Laboratory, Industrial Training Centre, Shenzhen Polytechinc University, Shahe River Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechinc University, Shahe River Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jilong Huang
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechinc University, Shahe River Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xing Yang
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechinc University, Shahe River Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ning Jiang
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Polytechinc University, Shahe River Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Yu R, Qian Y, Chen Y, Shi Y, Guo J, An D. Computational-aided analysis of the pathway and mechanism of dichloroacetonitrile formation from phenylalanine upon chloramination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171995. [PMID: 38547977 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) is an emerging disinfection by-product (DBP) that is widespread in drinking water. However, the pathway for DCAN formation from aromatic amino acids remains unclear, leading to a lack of an understanding of its explicit fate during chloramination. In this study, we investigated the specific formation mechanism of DCAN during the chloramination of phenylalanine based on reaction kinetics and chemical thermodynamics. The reason for differences between aldehyde and decarboxylation pathways was explained, and kinetic parameters of the pathways were obtained through quantum chemistry calculations. The results showed that the reaction rate constant of the rate-limiting step of the aldehyde pathway with 1.9 × 10-11 s-1 was significantly higher than that of decarboxylation (3.6 × 10-16 s-1 M-1), suggesting that the aldehyde pathway is the main reaction pathway for DCAN formation during the chloramination of phenylalanine to produce DCAN. Subsequently, theoretical calculations were performed to elucidate the effect of pH on the formation mechanism, which aligned well with the experimental results. Dehydrohalogenation was found to be the rate-limiting step under acidic conditions with reaction rate constants higher than those of the rate-limiting step (expulsion of amines) under neutral conditions, increasing the rate of DCAN formation. This study highlights the differences in DCAN formation between the decarboxylation and aldehyde pathways during the chloramination of precursors at both molecular and kinetic levels, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the reaction mechanisms by which aromatic free amino acids generate DCAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Yunkun Qian
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China.
| | - Yanan Chen
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Yijun Shi
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Dong An
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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15
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Qin X, Zhuang Y, Shi B. PFAS promotes disinfection byproduct formation through triggering particle-bound organic matter release in drinking water pipes. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121339. [PMID: 38432003 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Loose deposit particles in drinking water distribution system commonly exist as mixtures of metal oxides, organic materials, bacteria, and extracellular secretions. In addition to their turbidity-causing effects, the hazards of such particles in drinking water are rarely recognized. In this study, we found that trace per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) could dramatically promote the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) by triggering the release of particle-bound organic matter. Carboxylic PFASs have a greater ability to increase chloroacetic acid than sulfonic PFASs, and PFASs with longer chains have a greater ability to increase trichloromethane release than shorter-chain PFASs. Characterization by organic carbon and organic nitrogen detectors and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry revealed that the released organic matter was mainly composed of proteins, carbohydrates, lignin, and condensed aromatic structures, which are the main precursors for the formation of DBPs, particularly highly toxic aromatic DBPs. After the release of organic matter, the particles exhibit a decrease in surface functional groups, an increase in surface roughness, and a decrease in particle size. The findings provide new insights into the risks of loose deposits and PFASs in drinking water, not only on PFASs per se but also on its effect of increasing toxic DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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16
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Kalita I, Kamilaris A, Havinga P, Reva I. Assessing the Health Impact of Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water. ACS ES&T WATER 2024; 4:1564-1578. [PMID: 38633371 PMCID: PMC11019713 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive investigation of the impact of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) on human health, with a particular focus on DBPs present in chlorinated drinking water, concentrating on three primary DBP categories (aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic). Additionally, it explores pivotal factors influencing DBP formation, encompassing disinfectant types, water source characteristics, and environmental conditions, such as the presence of natural materials in water. The main objective is to discern the most hazardous DBPs, considering criteria such as regulation standards, potential health impacts, and chemical diversity. It provides a catalog of 63 key DBPs alongside their corresponding parameters. From this set, 28 compounds are meticulously chosen for in-depth analysis based on the above criteria. The findings strive to guide the advancement of water treatment technologies and intelligent sensory systems for the efficient water quality surveillance. This, in turn, enables reliable DBP detection within water distribution networks. By enriching the understanding of DBP-associated health hazards and offering valuable insights, this research is aimed to contribute to influencing policy-making in regulations and treatment strategies, thereby protecting public health and improving safety related to chlorinated drinking water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Kalita
- Computing
& Data Sciences (CDS), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- CYENS
Centre of Excellence, Nicosia 1016, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Kamilaris
- CYENS
Centre of Excellence, Nicosia 1016, Cyprus
- Pervasive
Systems Group, University of Twente, Enschede 7522, Netherlands
| | - Paul Havinga
- Pervasive
Systems Group, University of Twente, Enschede 7522, Netherlands
| | - Igor Reva
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, CERES, University
of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal
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17
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Ren J, Tang M, Wang L, Chu W, Shi W, Zhou Q, Pan Y. How to achieve adequate quenching for DBP analysis in drinking water? WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121264. [PMID: 38335842 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Quenching is an important step to terminate disinfection during preparation of disinfected water samples for the analysis of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). However, an incomplete quenching might result in continued reactions of residual chlorine, whereas an excessive quenching might decompose target DBPs. Therefore, an adequate quenching to achieve simultaneous disinfection termination and DBP preservation is of particular importance. In this study, the two-stage reaction kinetics of chlorine and three commonly used quenching agents (i.e., ascorbic acid, sodium thiosulfate, and sodium sulfite) were determined. Stopping quenching during the first stage prevented interactions of residual chlorine with natural organic matter. Complete quenching was achieved by minimizing the quenching time for ascorbic acid and sodium sulfite, while limiting the quenching time to less than 3 min for sodium thiosulfate. At the optimized quenching times, the molar ratios (MRs) of quenching agent to chlorine were 1.05, 1.10, and 0.75 for ascorbic acid, sodium sulfite, and sodium thiosulfate, respectively. The destructive effects of the three quenching agents on total organic halogen (TOX) followed the rank order of ascorbic acid (33.7-64.8 %) < sodium sulfite (41.6-72.8 %) < sodium thiosulfate (43.3-73.2 %), and the destructive effects on aliphatic DBPs also followed the rank order of ascorbic acid (29.5-44.5 %) < sodium sulfite (34.9-51.9 %) < sodium thiosulfate (46.9-53.2 %). For total organic chlorine (TOCl) and aliphatic DBPs, the quenching behavior itself had more significant destructive effect than the quenching agent type/dose and quenching time, but for total organic bromine (TOBr), the destructive effect caused by quenching agent type/dose and quenching time was more significant. High-dose, long-duration quenching enhanced the reduction of TOX, but had little effect on aliphatic DBPs. Additionally, the three quenching agents reduced the levels of halophenols (except for tribromophenol), while maintained or increased the levels of tribromophenol, halobenzoic/salicylic acids, and halobenzaldehydes/salicylaldehydes. To achieve adequate quenching for overall DBP analysis in chlorinated water samples, it is recommended to use ascorbic acid at a quenching agent-to-chlorine MR of 1.0 for a quenching time of < 0.5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Mengmeng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Leyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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18
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Liu Y, Jin X, Ye Y, Xu Z, Du Z, Hong H, Yu H, Lin H, Huang X, Sun H. Emerging disinfection byproducts 3-bromine carbazole induces cardiac developmental toxicity via aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation in zebrafish larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123609. [PMID: 38395134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
3-bromine carbazole (3-BCZ) represents a group of emerging aromatic disinfection byproducts (DBP) detected in drinking water; however, limited information is available regarding its potential cardiotoxicity. To assess its impacts, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 0.06, 0.14, 0.29, 0.58, 1.44 or 2.88 mg/L of 3-BCZ for 120 h post fertilization (hpf). Our results revealed that ≥1.44 mg/L 3-BCZ exposure induced a higher incidence of heart malformation and an elevated pericardial area in zebrafish larvae; it also decreased the number of cardiac muscle cells and thins the walls of the ventricle and atrium while increasing cardiac output and impeding cardiac looping. Furthermore, 3-BCZ exposure also exhibited significant effects on the transcriptional levels of genes related to both cardiac development (nkx2.5, vmhc, gata4, tbx5, tbx2b, bmp4, bmp10, and bmp2b) and cardiac function (cacna1ab, cacna1da, atp2a1l, atp1b2b, atp1a3b, and tnnc1a). Notably, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a reactive oxygen species scavenger, may alleviate the failure of cardiac looping induced by 3-BCZ but not the associated cardiac dysfunction or malformation; conversely, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist CH131229 can completely eliminate the cardiotoxicity caused by 3-BCZ. This study provides new evidence for potential risks associated with ingesting 3-BCZ as well as revealing underlying mechanisms responsible for its cardiotoxic effects on zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, PR China
| | - Xudong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, PR China
| | - Yanan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, PR China
| | - Zeqiong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, PR China
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Huachang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, PR China
| | - Haiying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, PR China
| | - Hongjun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, PR China
| | - Xianfeng Huang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Hongjie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Security, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, PR China.
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19
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Liu S, Liu J. An Integrated Approach of Bioassays and Non-Target Screening for the Assessment of Endocrine-Disrupting Activities in Tap Water and Identification of Novel Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. TOXICS 2024; 12:247. [PMID: 38668470 PMCID: PMC11054029 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The safety of drinking water is a significant environmental issue of great concern for human health since numerous contaminants are often detected in drinking water and its sources. Boiling is a common household method used to produce relatively high-quality drinking water in some countries and regions. In this study, with the aid of an integrated approach of in vitro bioassays and non-target analysis based on high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography, alterations in endocrine-disrupting activities in tap water samples without and with boiling were revealed, as well as the potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) contributing to these alterations were identified. The organic extracts of tap water had no significant (ant)agonistic activities against an estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) at enrichment concentrations of ≤10 times, posing no immediate or acute health risk to humans. However, the presence of agonistic activities against PR and MR and antagonistic activities against ER, PR, GR, and MR in OEs of tap water at relatively higher enrichment concentrations still raise potential health concerns. Boiling effectively reduced antagonistic activities against these steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) but increased estrogenic and glucocorticoid activities in drinking water. Four novel potential EDCs, including one UV filter (phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid, PBSA) and three natural metabolites of organisms (beta-hydroxymyristic acid, 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, and isorosmanol) were identified in drinking water samples, each of which showed (ant)agonistic activities against different SHRs. Given the widespread use of UV filters in sunscreens to prevent skin cancer, the health risks posed by PBSA as an identified novel EDC are of concern. Although boiling has been thought to reduce the health risk of drinking water contamination, our findings suggest that boiling may have a more complex effect on the endocrine-disrupting activities of drinking water and, therefore, a more comprehensive assessment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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20
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Zhang C, Li S, Sun H, Li X, Fu L, Zhang C, Sun S, Zhou D. Assessing the impact of low organic loading on effluent safety in wastewater treatment: Insights from an activated sludge reactor study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133083. [PMID: 38181593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
In this study, an organic loading (OL) of 300 mg/(L d) was set as the relative normal condition (OL-300), while 150 mg/(L d) was chosen as the condition reflecting excessively low organic loading (OL-150) to thoroughly assess the associated risks in the effluent of the biological wastewater treatment process. Compared with OL-300, OL-150 did not lead to a significant decrease in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, but it did improve dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) levels by ∼63 %. Interestingly, the dissolved organic matter (DOM) exhibited higher susceptibility to transformation into chlorinated disinfection by-products (Cl-DBPs) in OL-150, resulting in an increase in the compound number of Cl-DBPs by ∼16 %. Additionally, OL-150 induced nutrient stress, which promoted engendered human bacterial pathogens (HBPs) survival by ∼32 % and led to ∼51 % increase in the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) abundance through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). These findings highlight the importance of carefully considering the potential risks associated with low organic loading strategies in wastewater treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongjun Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Shaoran Li
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Liang Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Chaofan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Shijun Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
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21
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Chen Y, Tian L, Liu W, Mei Y, Xing QJ, Mu Y, Zheng LL, Fu Q, Zou JP, Wu D. Controllable Pyridine N-Oxidation-Nucleophilic Dechlorination Process for Enhanced Dechlorination of Chloropyridines: The Cooperation of HCO 4- and HO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4438-4449. [PMID: 38330552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Dechlorination of chloropyridines can eliminate their detrimental environmental effects. However, traditional dechlorination technology cannot efficiently break the C-Cl bond of chloropyridines, which is restricted by the uncontrollable nonselective species. Hence, we propose the carbonate species-activated hydrogen peroxide (carbonate species/H2O2) process wherein the selective oxidant (peroxymonocarbonate ion, HCO4-) and selective reductant (hydroperoxide anion, HO2-) controllably coexist by manipulation of reaction pH. Taking 2-chloropyridine (Cl-Py) as an example, HCO4- first induces Cl-Py into pyridine N-oxidation intermediates, which then suffer from the nucleophilic dechlorination by HO2-. The obtained dechlorination efficiencies in the carbonate species/H2O2 process (32.5-84.5%) based on the cooperation of HCO4- and HO2- are significantly higher than those in the HO2--mediated sodium hydroxide/hydrogen peroxide process (0-43.8%). Theoretical calculations confirm that pyridine N-oxidation of Cl-Py can effectively lower the energy barrier of the dechlorination process. Moreover, the carbonate species/H2O2 process exhibits superior anti-interference performance and low electric energy consumption. Furthermore, Cl-Py is completely detoxified via the carbonate species/H2O2 process. More importantly, the carbonate species/H2O2 process is applicable for efficient dehalogenation of halogenated pyridines and pyrazines. This work offers a simple and useful strategy to enhance the dehalogenation efficiency of halogenated organics and sheds new insights into the application of the carbonate species/H2O2 process in practical environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tian
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
| | - Wen Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yi Mei
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Ju Xing
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
| | - Yi Mu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Zheng
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
| | - Qian Fu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Zou
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Daishe Wu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 337000, P. R. China
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22
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Pérez-Albaladejo E, Casado M, Postigo C, Porte C. Non-regulated haloaromatic water disinfection byproducts act as endocrine and lipid disrupters in human placental cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123092. [PMID: 38072025 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The disinfection of drinking water generates hundreds of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), including haloaromatic DBPs. These haloaromatic DBPs are suspected to be more toxic than haloaliphatic ones, and they are currently not regulated. This work investigates their toxicity and ability to interfere with estrogen synthesis in human placental JEG-3 cells, and their genotoxic potential in human alveolar A549 cells. Among the haloaromatic DBPs studied, halobenzoquinones (2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ) and 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (DBBQ)) showed the highest cytotoxicity (EC50: 18-26 μg/mL). They induced the generation of very high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and up-regulated the expression of genes involved in estrogen synthesis (cyp19a1, hsd17b1). Increased ROS was linked to significant depletion of polyunsaturated lipid species from inner cell membranes. The other DBPs tested showed low or no significant cytotoxicity (EC50 ≥ 100 μg/mL), while 2,4,6-trichloro-phenol (TCP), 2,4,6-tribromo-phenol (TBP) and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (DCHB) induced the formation of micronuclei at concentrations much higher than those typically found in water (100 μg/mL). This study reveals the different modes of action of haloaromatic DBPs, and highlights the toxic potential of halobenzoquinones, which had a significant impact on the expression of placenta steroid metabolism related genes and induce oxidative stress, implying potential adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Casado
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA -CSIC-, C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Technologies for Water Management and Treatment Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, Avda Severo Ochoa s/n, Campus de Fuentenueva, Granada, 18071, Spain; Institute for Water Research (IdA), University of Granada, Ramón y Cajal 4, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Cinta Porte
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA -CSIC-, C/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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23
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Xu L, Song S, Graham NJD, Yu W. Direct generation of DBPs from city dust during chlorine-based disinfection. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 248:120839. [PMID: 37980862 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine-based disinfectants, such as sodium hypochlorite, are extensively used in our daily lives. In particular, during the recent Covid-19 pandemic and post-pandemic period, excessive amounts of chlorine-based disinfectants were used both indoors and outdoors to interrupt virus transmission. However, the interaction between disinfectants and city dust during the disinfection process has not been sufficiently evaluated. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into the intrinsic characteristics (e.g. morphology, size, elemental composition, and organic content, etc.) of dust collected from various indoor and outdoor areas. The results showed that the organic carbon content of indoor dust reached 6.14 %, with a corresponding measured dissolved organic carbon value of 4.17 ± 0.23 mg/g (normalized to the dust weight). Concentrations of regulated DBPs, resulting from the interaction between dust and NaClO, ranged from 57.78 ± 2.72 to 102.80 ± 22.63 µg/g for THMs and from 119.18 ± 6.50 to 285.14 ± 36.95 µg/g for HAAs (normalized to the dust weight). More significantly, using non-target analysis through gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-qTOF-MS), we identified a total of 68, 89, and 87 types of halogenated DBPs from three typical indoor and outdoor sites (R-QH, C-JS, and W-BR, respectively). These unknown DBPs included compounds with higher toxicity compared to regulated DBPs. These findings highlight that city dust is a significant source of DBP generation during chlorine-based disinfection, posing potential harm to both the ecological environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Shian Song
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Nigel J D Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Wenzheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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24
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Ul'yanovskii NV, Varsegov IS, Sypalov SA, Mazur DM, Kosyakov DS, Lebedev AT. Cocamidopropyl betaine - a potential source of nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products in pool water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:2314-2326. [PMID: 38057675 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Water treatment for most public pools involves disinfection with active chlorine leading to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Among them, nitrogen-containing compounds (N-DBPs) having increased toxicity and adverse effects on human health are of the greatest concern. Being the major component of various body washers for swimmers, cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) represents a potential and still underestimated anthropogenic precursor of N-DBPs in pool water. The purpose of this study was to investigate CAPB transformation pathways and mechanisms under the aqueous chlorination conditions. High-performance liquid and two-dimensional gas chromatography hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry were used for the search and tentative identification of the primary and final CAPB transformation products. A wide range of DBPs containing up to five chlorine atoms including these in combination with hydroxyl and additional carbonyl groups has been revealed in model chlorination experiments for the first time. The proposed mechanism of their formation involves nucleophilic substitution of the secondary amide hydrogen atom at the first stage with subsequent free radical and electrophilic addition reactions resulting in non-selective introduction of halogen atoms and hydroxyl groups in the alkyl chain. The deep transformation products include short-chain chlorinated hydrocarbons and their oxidation products as well as dimethylcarbamoyl chloride possessing high toxicity and carcinogenic properties. Targeted analysis of real swimming pool water samples confirmed the results of model experiments enabling semi-quantitative determination of CAPB (0.8 µg L-1) and 18 primary DBPs, including 10 chlorine-containing compounds with the total concentration of 0.1 µg L-1. Among them, monochloro (50%) and hydroxydichloro (25%) derivatives predominate. The toxicity and health of the main DBPs has been estimated using QSAR/QSTR approach. Thus, the possibility of formation of new classes of potentially toxic chlorine-containing DBPs associated with the widespread use of detergents and cosmetics was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Ul'yanovskii
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia.
| | - Ilya S Varsegov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - Sergey A Sypalov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - Dmitrii M Mazur
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Kosyakov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - Albert T Lebedev
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
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25
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Xia S, Liu M, Yu H, Zou D. Pressure-driven membrane filtration technology for terminal control of organic DBPs: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166751. [PMID: 37659548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs), a series of undesired secondary contaminants formed during the disinfection processes, deteriorate water quality, threaten human health and endanger ecological safety. Membrane-filtration technologies are commonly used in the advanced water treatment and have shown a promising performance for removing trace contaminants. In order to gain a clearer understanding of the behavior of DBPs in membrane-filtration processes, this work dedicated to: (1) comprehensively reviewed the retention efficiency of microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) for DBPs. (2) summarized the mechanisms involved size exclusion, electrostatic repulsion and adsorption in the membrane retention of DBPs. (3) In conjunction with principal component analysis, discussed the influence of various factors (such as the characteristics of membrane and DBPs, feed solution composition and operating conditions) on the removal efficiency. In general, the characteristics of the membranes (salt rejection, molecular weight cut-off, zeta potential, etc.) and DBPs (molecular size, electrical property, hydrophobicity, polarity, etc.) fundamentally determine the membrane-filtration performance on retaining DBPs, and the actual operating environmental factors (such as solute concentration, coexisting ions/NOMs, pH and transmembrane pressure) exert a positive/negative impact on performance to some extent. Current researches indicate that NF and RO can be effective in removing DBPs, and looking forward, we recommend that multiple factors should be taken into account that optimize the existed membrane-filtration technologies, rationalize the selection of membrane products, and develop novel membrane materials targeting the removal of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xia
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, 2519 Jiefang Road, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Meijun Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, 2519 Jiefang Road, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Donglei Zou
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, 2519 Jiefang Road, Changchun 130021, PR China.
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26
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Ma Y, Li M, Huo Y, Zhou Y, Jiang J, Xie J, He M. Differences in the degradation behavior of disinfection by-products in UV/PDS and UV/H 2O 2 processes and the effect of their chemical properties. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140457. [PMID: 37839744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, sixteen typical chlorinated and brominated aromatic disinfection by-products (DBPs) were selected as examples to investigate their different degradation mechanisms initiated by HO• and SO4•-. Addition reactions were the main mode of degradation of DBPs by HO•, while SO4•- dominated H-abstraction reactions and single electron transfer reactions. Chlorinated compounds had higher reactivity than brominated compounds. Furthermore, substituents with stronger electron-donating effects promoted the electrophilic reaction of DBPs with the two radicals. In addition, we developed a model based on the chemical properties LUMO, fmax-, and hardness for predicting the average reaction energy barriers for the initial reactions of DBPs with HO• and SO4•-. The model had good predictive performance for the difficulty of degradation of different DPBs by HO• and SO4•-, with R2 values of 0.85 and 0.87, respectively. Through the degradation efficiency simulation, we found that longer reaction times, higher oxidant concentrations and lower pollutant concentrations were more favorable for the removal of DBPs. The UV/PDS process showed better degradation of DBPs than the UV/H2O2 process. In addition, most degradation products of DBPs exhibited less toxicity to aquatic organisms than their parent compounds. This study provided theoretical guidance for the degradation and removal of other aromatic DBPs at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Ma
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Mingxue Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yanru Huo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Jinchan Jiang
- Weihai Water Conservancy Service Center, Weihai, 264200, PR China
| | - Ju Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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27
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Xue B, Guo X, Cao J, Yang S, Qiu Z, Wang J, Shen Z. The occurrence, ecological risk, and control of disinfection by-products from intensified wastewater disinfection during the COVID-19 pandemic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165602. [PMID: 37478942 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Increased disinfection of wastewater to preserve its microbiological quality during the coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have inevitably led to increased production of toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). However, there is limited information on such DBPs (i.e., trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, nitrosamines, and haloacetonitriles). This review focused on the upsurge of chlorine-based disinfectants (such as chlorine, chloramine and chlorine dioxide) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the global response to COVID-19. The formation and distribution of DBPs in wastewater were then analyzed to understand the impacts of these large-scale usage of disinfectants in WWTPs. In addition, potential ecological risks associated with DBPs derived from wastewater disinfection and its receiving water bodies were summarized. Finally, various approaches for mitigating DBP levels in wastewater and suggestions for further research into the environmental risks of increased wastewater disinfection were provided. Overall, this study presented a comprehensive overview of the formation, distribution, potential ecological risks, and mitigating approaches of DBPs derived from wastewater disinfection that will facilitate appropriate wastewater disinfection techniques selection, potential ecological risk assessment, and removal approaches and regulations consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xue
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Xuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Jinrui Cao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Shuran Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin, 300050, China.
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28
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Lei X, Xie Z, Sun Y, Qiu J, Yang X. Recent progress in identification of water disinfection byproducts and opportunities for future research. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122601. [PMID: 37742858 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Numerous disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed from reactions between disinfectants and organic/inorganic matter during water disinfection. More than seven hundred DBPs that have been identified in disinfected water, only a fraction of which are regulated by drinking water guidelines, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite. Toxicity assessments have demonstrated that the identified DBPs cannot fully explain the overall toxicity of disinfected water; therefore, the identification of unknown DBPs is an important prerequisite to obtain insights for understanding the adverse effects of drinking water disinfection. Herein, we review the progress in identification of unknown DBPs in the recent five years with classifications of halogenated or nonhalogenated, aliphatic or aromatic, followed by specific halogen groups. The concentration and toxicity data of newly identified DBPs are also included. According to the current advances and existing shortcomings, we envisioned future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziyan Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yijia Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junlang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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29
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Yin J, Li D, Zheng T, Hu B, Wang P. Gastrointestinal Degradation and Toxicity of Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water Using In Vitro Models and the Roles of Gut Microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:16219-16231. [PMID: 37847491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water are mainly exposed to the human body after oral ingestion and degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. The role of gastrointestinal degradation in the toxic effects of DBPs still needs further investigation. In this study, the degradation of five categories of DBPs (22 DBPs) in the stomach and small intestine was investigated based on a semicontinuous steady-state gastrointestinal simulation system, and 22 DBPs can be divided into three groups based on their residual proportions. The degradation of chloroacetonitrile (CAN), dibromoacetic acid (DBAA), and tetrabromopyrrole (FBPy) was further analyzed based on the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem inoculating the gut microbiota, and approximately 60% of CAN, 45% of DBAA, and 80% of FBPy were degraded in the stomach and small intestine, followed by the complete degradation of remaining DBPs in the colon. Meanwhile, gastrointestinal degradation can reduce oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage and apoptosis induced by DBPs in DLD-1 cells, but the toxicity of DBPs did not disappear with the complete degradation of DBPs, possibly because of their interferences on gut microbiota. This study provides new insights into investigating the gastrointestinal toxic effects and mechanisms of DBPs through oral exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Dingxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Tianming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
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30
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Du Z, Ding S, Xiao R, Fang C, Jia R, Chu W. Disinfection by-product precursors introduced by sandstorm events: Composition, formation characteristics and potential risks. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120429. [PMID: 37542764 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Sandstorms, a natural meteorological event, occur repeatedly during the dry season and can accumulate large amounts of natural/anthropogenic pollutants during the deposition process, potentially introducing disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors into surface waters. In this study, the characteristics of sandstorm-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its DBP formation potential were elucidated. Overall, sandstorm-derived DOM mainly consisted of low-molecular-weight, low-aromaticity, high-nitrogen organic matter, with a dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release yield of 14.4 mg-DOC/g. The halogenated DBP formation potential (calculated as total organic halogen) of sandstorm-derived DOM was comparable to that of surface water, while the normalized DBP-associated toxicity was 1.96 times higher. Similar to DOM introduced by other depositional pathways, sandstorm-derived DOM also had higher yields of highly cytotoxic DBPs (haloacetaldehydes [HALs], haloacetonitriles [HANs] and halonitromethanes [HNMs]). The average atmospheric deposition flux for DOM during the sandstorm event (50.4 ± 2.1 kg km-2 day-1) was 6.95 times higher than that of dry deposition, indicating a higher probability of contaminant input. Simultaneously, the estimation revealed that the sandstorm will increase the formation potential of toxicity forcing agents, such as HALs, HANs and HNMs, in surface water by 3.87%, 2.39% and 9.04%, respectively. Considering the high frequency of sandstorm events and the sorption of other organic pollutants by sand and dust, the impact of sandstorms on surface water quality should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Centre, Jinan 250101, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Centre, Jinan 250101, China.
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China.
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31
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Li X, Liu S, Wang S, Feng L, Gao P, Liu Y, Zhang L. Removal performance of dissolved organic matter from municipal secondary effluent by different advanced treatment processes and preventing the formation of disinfection by-products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:109738-109750. [PMID: 37776432 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Various advanced treatment processes including ultrafiltration (UF), ozonation, enhanced coagulation, and biological aerated filter (BAF) have been applied to reduce dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the secondary effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs). In this study, DOM were characterized and the relationship between DOM characteristics and disinfection by-products (DBPs) generation was investigated systematically. Results showed that BAF and ozonation processes could significantly affect DOM characteristics in the treated effluents and the following DBP generation. UF and enhanced coagulation reduced the production of DBPs by removing large molecular hydrophobic organics. The removal of low molecule DOM by BAF resulted in a 67.6% reduction in trihalomethanes (THMs) production. Ozonation could oxidize large hydrophobic DOM into small hydrophilic molecules containing aldehyde and ketone groups, leading to 54% increase of halogenated aldehydes (HALs) and halogenated ketones (HKs). Humic acid (HA) was the main organic type in DOM and important precursor for THMs and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) formation. The generation of trichloromethane (TCM) showed a significant positive correlation (R2 = 0.987) with the specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA). Large molecule hydrophobic DOM devoted the most to the formation of carbonaceous disinfection by-products and [Formula: see text]-N content was an important factor affecting the generation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products. These results are important for the optimization of advanced treatment process in MWTPs, and controlling DBPs should consider the removal of low MW hydrophobic DOM and the reduction of SUVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Li Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yongze Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liqiu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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32
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Zhuang Y, Li P, Shi B. NO 3- Promotes Nitrogen-Containing Disinfection Byproduct Formation in Corroded Iron Drinking Water Pipes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11251-11258. [PMID: 37459399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) are highly toxic DBPs in drinking water. Though, under normal conditions, NO3- could not directly participate in disinfection reactions to generate N-DBPs, here, we first found that NO3- could promote the formation of N-DBPs in corroded iron drinking water pipes. The coexistence of corrosion produced Fe(II) and iron oxides is a critical condition for the transformation of N species; meanwhile, most of the newly generated N-DBPs had aromatic fractions. The Fe-O-C bond formed between iron corrosion products and natural organic matter promoted electron transfer for the N transformation with pyrrolic N as the intermediate N species. Density functional calculation confirmed that the coexistence of Fe(II) and iron oxides effectively reduced the Gibbs free energy for NO3- reduction. ΔG of the key rate-determining step from NO* to NOH* decreased from 1.55 eV on FeOOH to 1.35 eV on Fe(II)+FeOOH. In addition, the large decrease of cell viability of the water samples from 74.3% to 45.4% further confirmed the formation of highly toxic N-DBPs. Thus, in a drinking water distribution system with corroded iron pipes, the low toxic NO3- may increase toxicity risks via N-DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Penglu Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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33
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Liu Y, Gao J, Zhu Q, Zhou X, Chu W, Huang J, Liu C, Yang B, Yang M. Zerovalent Iron/Cu Combined Degradation of Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts and Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11241-11250. [PMID: 37461144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that zerovalent iron (ZVI) can reduce several aliphatic groups of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) (e.g., haloacetic acids and haloacetamides) effectively, and the removal efficiency can be significantly improved by metallic copper. Information regarding ZVI/Cu combined degradation of different types of halogenated DBPs can help understand the fate of overall DBPs in drinking water distribution and storage systems consisting of unlined cast iron/copper pipes and related potential control strategies. In this study, we found that, besides aliphatic DBPs, many groups of new emerging aromatic DBPs formed in chlorinated and chloraminated drinking water can be effectively degraded by ZVI/Cu; meanwhile, total organic halogen and total ion intensity were reduced significantly after treatment. Moreover, a robust quantitative structure-activity relationship model was developed and validated based on the ZVI/Cu combined degradation rate constants of 14 typical aromatic DBPs; it can predict the degradation rate constants of other aromatic DBPs for screening and comparative purposes, and the optimized descriptors indicate that DBPs possessing a lower value of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy and a higher value of dipole moment tend to present higher degradation rate constants. In addition, toxicity data of 47 DBPs (belonging to 18 groups) were predicted by two previously established toxicity models, demonstrating that, although most DBPs exhibit higher toxicity than their dehalogenated products, some DBPs show lower toxicity than their lowly halogenated analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jianfa Gao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qingyao Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jingxiong Huang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Changkun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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An Z, Yang D, Li M, Huo Y, Jiang J, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Hou W, Zhang J, He M. Hydroxylation of some emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in water environment: Halogenation induced strong pH-dependency. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131233. [PMID: 36948122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the hydroxylation mechanisms and kinetics of some emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been systematically investigated through theoretical calculation methods. Five chlorophenols and eleven halogenated pyridinols were chosen as the model compounds to study their pH-dependent reaction laws in UV/H2O2 system. For the reactions of HO• with 37 different dissociation forms, radical adduct formation (RAF) was the main reaction pathway, and the reactivity decreased with the increase of halogenation degree. The kapp values (at 298 K) increased with the increase of pH from 0 to 10, and decreased with the increase of pH from 10 to 14. Compared with phenol, the larger the chlorination degree in chlorophenols was, the stronger the pH sensitivity of the kapp values; compared with chlorophenols, the pH sensitivity in halogenated pyridinols was further enhanced. As the pH increased from 2 to 10.5, the degradation efficiency increased at first and then decreased. With the increase of halogenation degree, the degradation efficiency range increased, the pH sensitivity increased, the optimal degradation efficiency slightly increased, and the optimal degradation pH value decreased. The ecotoxicity and bioaccumulation of most hydroxylated products were lower than their parental compounds. These findings provided meaningful insights into the strong pH-dependent hydroxylation of emerging DBPs on molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexiu An
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Dongchen Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Mingxue Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanru Huo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jinchan Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yuhui Ma
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wenlong Hou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jinlin Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Yang H, Xu L, Li Y, Liu H, Wu X, Zhou P, Graham NJD, Yu W. Fe xO/FeNC modified activated carbon packing media for biological slow filtration to enhance the removal of dissolved organic matter in reused water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131736. [PMID: 37295334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The biological slow filtration reactor (BSFR) process has been found to be moderately effective for the removal of refractory dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the treatment of reused water. In this study, bench scale experiments were conducted using a mixture of landscape water and concentrated landfill leachate as feed water, to compare a novel iron oxide (FexO)/FeNC modified activated carbon (FexO@AC) packed BSFR, with a conventional activated carbon packed BSFR (AC-BSFR), operated in parallel. The results showed that the FexO@AC packed BSFR had a refractory DOM removal rate of 90%, operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 h at room temperature for 30 weeks, while under the same conditions the removal by the AC-BSFR was only 70%. As a consequence, the treatment by the FexO@AC packed BSFR substantially reduced the formation potential of trihalomethanes, and to a less extent, haloacetic acids. The modification of FexO/FeNC media raised the conductivity and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) efficiency of the AC media to accelerate the anaerobic digestion by consuming the electrons that are generated by anaerobic digestion itself, which lead to the marked improvement in refractory DOM removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hankun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao 266033, Shandong, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Colleges of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Mail Box 306, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Nigel J D Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Wenzheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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36
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Wang Y, Peng F, Zhao R, Dong X, Yang Z, Li H. Removal and transformation of disinfection by-products in water during boiling treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 326:138426. [PMID: 36931400 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) remain an ongoing issue because of their widespread occurrence and toxicity. Boiling is the most popular household water treatment method and can effectively remove some DBPs. However, the transformation behavior of DBPs during boiling is still unclear, and the key contributors to toxicity have not been identified. In this study, the changes in the concentrations of DBPs in the single-DBP systems and the multi-DBP systems during boiling were monitored, and in-depth discussions on the removal and transformation of DBPs in both systems were carried out. The results showed that boiling was effective in removing volatile DBPs (over 90% for TCAL, TCAN, and DCAN, and over 60% for TCM), but ineffective for non-volatile DBPs (around 20% for TCAA and below 10% for DCAA and MCAA). By hydrolysis and decarboxylation, the transformation occurred among DBPs, i.e., 55% TCAL to TCM, followed by 23% DCAN to DCAA, 22% TCAN to TCAA, and 10% TCAA to TCM. The transformations were found to be significantly influenced by other co-existing DBPs. In multi-DBP systems, the transformations of DCAN to DCAA and TCAN to TCAA were both promoted, while the transformation of TCAN to TCAA was inhibited. Transformation and volatilization are the two processes responsible for DBP removal. Toxicity estimates indicated that boiling was effective in reducing the toxicity of DBPs and improving the safety of the water, despite the interconversion of DBPs in drinking water during boiling. This study emphasized the importance of studying the interconversion behaviors of DBPs in drinking water during boiling and provided practical information for end-use drinking water safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyang Wang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Fangyuan Peng
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Ruiyang Zhao
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xuelian Dong
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha, 410083, China.
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37
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Peng F, Lu Y, Dong X, Wang Y, Li H, Yang Z. Advances and research needs for disinfection byproducts control strategies in swimming pools. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131533. [PMID: 37146331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The control of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pools is of great significance due to the non-negligible toxicity and widespread existence of DBPs. However, the management of DBPs remains challenging as the removal and regulation of DBPs is a multifactorial phenomenon in pools. This study summarized recent studies on the removal and regulation of DBPs, and further proposed some research needs. Specifically, the removal of DBPs was divided into the direct removal of the generated DBPs and the indirect removal by inhibiting DBP formation. Inhibiting DBP formation seems to be the more effective and economically practical strategy, which can be achieved mainly by reducing precursors, improving disinfection technology, and optimizing water quality parameters. Alternative disinfection technologies to chlorine disinfection have attracted increasing attention, while their applicability in pools requires further investigation. The regulation of DBPs was discussed in terms of improving the standards on DBPs and their preccursors. The development of online monitoring technology for DBPs is essential for implementing the standard. Overall, this study makes a significant contribution to the control of DBPs in pool water by updating the latest research advances and providing detailed perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Peng
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Xuelian Dong
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Yingyang Wang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, PR China.
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38
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Rao NRH, Linge KL, Li X, Joll CA, Khan SJ, Henderson RK. Relating algal-derived extracellular and intracellular dissolved organic nitrogen with nitrogenous disinfection by-product formation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119695. [PMID: 36827767 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) pool from algal-derived extracellular and intracellular organic matter (EOM and IOM) comprises proteins, peptides, free amino acids and carbohydrates, of which, proteins can contribute up to 100% of the DON. Previous reports of algal-derived DON character have focused on bulk properties including concentration, molecular weight and hydrophobicity. However, these can be similar between algal species and between the EOM and IOM even when the inherent molecular structures vary. A focus on bulk character presents challenges to the research on algal-derived nitrogenous-disinfection by-product (N-DBP) formation as N-DBP formation is sensitive to the changes in molecular structure. Hence, the main aim of this study was to characterize algal EOM and IOM-derived DON, specifically proteinaceous-DON, using a combination of bulk and molecular characterization techniques to enable a more detailed exploration of the relationship between the character of algal-derived proteins and the N-DBP formation potential. DON from the EOM and IOM of four commonly found algae and cyanobacteria in natural waters were evaluated, namely Chlorella vulgaris, Microcystis aeruginosa, Dolichospermum circinale, and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. It was observed that 77-96% of total DON in all EOM and IOM samples was of proteinaceous origin. In the proteins, DON concentrations were highest in the high molecular weight fraction of IOM-derived bulk proteins (0.13-0.75 mg N L-1) and low to medium molecular weight fraction of EOM-derived bulk proteins (0.15-0.63 mg N L-1) in all species. Similar observations were also made via sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Solid-state 15N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of the EOM and IOM revealed the existence of common aliphatic and heterocyclic N-groups in all samples, including a dominant 2° amide peak. Species dependent variability was also observed in the spectra, particularly in the EOM; e.g. nitro signals were found only in the Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii EOM. Dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and N-nitrosamine concentrations from the EOM of the species evaluated in this study were lower than the guideline limits set by regulatory agencies. It is proposed that the dominant 2° amide in all samples decreased N-DBP formation upon chlorination. For chloramination, the presence of nitro groups and aliphatic and heterocyclic N-DBP precursors could cause variable N-nitrosamine formation. Compared to non-algal impacted waters, algae-laden waters are characterised by low organic carbon: organic nitrogen ratios of ∼7-14 and elevated DON and protein concentrations. Hence, relying only on bulk characterization increases the perceived risk of N-DBP formation from algae-laden waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R H Rao
- AOM Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - K L Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Chemistry, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; ChemCentre, Perth, Australia
| | - X Li
- AOM Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - C A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Chemistry, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - S J Khan
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - R K Henderson
- AOM Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Dong F, Zhu J, Li J, Fu C, He G, Lin Q, Li C, Song S. The occurrence, formation and transformation of disinfection byproducts in the water distribution system: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161497. [PMID: 36634528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is an effective process to inactivate pathogens in drinking water treatment. However, disinfection byproducts (DBPs) will inevitably form and may cause severe health concerns. Previous research has mainly focused on DBPs formation during the disinfection in water treatment plants. But few studies paid attention to the formation and transformation of DBPs in the water distribution system (WDS). The complex environment in WDS will affect the reaction between residual chlorine and organic matter to form new DBPs. This paper provides an overall review of DBPs formation and transformation in the WDS. Firstly, the occurrence of DBPs in the WDS around the world was cataloged. Secondly, the primary factors affecting the formation of DBPs in WDS have also been summarized, including secondary chlorination, pipe materials, biofilm, deposits and coexisting anions. Secondary chlorination and biofilm increased the concentration of regular DBPs (e.g., trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs)) in the WDS, while Br- and I- increased the formation of brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs) and iodinated DBPs (I-DBPs), respectively. The mechanism of DBPs formation and transformation in the WDS was systematically described. Aromatic DBPs could be directly or indirectly converted to aliphatic DBPs, including ring opening, side chain breaking, chlorination, etc. Finally, the toxicity of drinking water in the WDS caused by DBPs transformation was examined. This review is conducive to improving the knowledge gap about DBPs formation and transformation in WDS to better solve water supply security problems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Dong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiani Zhu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jinzhe Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chuyun Fu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Guilin He
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Qiufeng Lin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, United States
| | - Cong Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuang Song
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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40
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Qadafi M, Rosmalina RT, Pitoi MM, Wulan DR. Chlorination disinfection by-products in Southeast Asia: A review on potential precursor, formation, toxicity assessment, and removal technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137817. [PMID: 36640978 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses disinfection by-products' (DBPs) potential precursors, formation, and toxicity, alongside available research on the treatment of DBPs in Southeast Asian countries' water sources. Although natural organic matter (NOM) in the form of humic and fulvic acids is the major precursor of DBPs formation, the presence of anthropogenic organic matter (AOM) also plays essential roles during disinfection using chlorine. NOM has been observed in water sources in Southeast Asian countries, with a relatively high concentration in peat-influenced water sources and a relatively low concentration in non-peat-influenced water sources. Similarly, AOMs, such as microplastics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), have also been detected in water sources in Southeast Asian countries. Although studies regarding DBPs in Southeast Asian countries are available, they focus on regulated DBPs. Here, the formation potential of unregulated DBPs is also discussed. In addition, the toxicity associated with extreme DBPs' formation potential, as well as the effectiveness of treatments such as conventional coagulation, filtration, adsorption, and ozonation in reducing DBPs' formation potential in Southeast Asian sources of water, is also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muammar Qadafi
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Sangkuriang, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia.
| | - Raden Tina Rosmalina
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Sangkuriang, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
| | - Mariska M Pitoi
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Sangkuriang, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
| | - Diana Rahayuning Wulan
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Sangkuriang, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia.
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Zuo Y, Cheng S, Jiang H, Zhang H, Wu J, Sun H, Zhu F, Li A, Huo Z, Li W. Rapid and simultaneous determination of dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, ClO3−, ClO4−, and BrO3− using short-column ion chromatography-tandem electrospray mass spectrometry. Talanta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Li M, Chang M, Li M, An Z, Zhang C, Liu J, He M. Ozone mechanism, kinetics, and toxicity studies of halophenols: Theoretical calculation combined with toxicity experiment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160101. [PMID: 36370799 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are generally more toxic than aliphatic DBPs, have attracted increasing attention. The toxicity of 13 typical halophenols on Scenedesmus obliquus was experimentally investigated, and the ozonation mechanism and kinetics of representative halophenols were further studied by quantum chemical calculations. The results showed that the EC50 values of halophenols ranged from 2.74 to 60.23 mg/L, and their toxicity ranked as follows: di-halogenated phenols > mono-halogenated phenols, mixed halogen-substituted phenols > single halogen-substituted phenols, and iodophenols > bromophenols > chlorophenols. The toxicity of halophenols was well described by the electronegativity index (ω) as lg(EC50)-1 = 6.228ω - 3.869, indicating halophenols capturing electrons as their potential toxicity mechanism. The reactions of O3 with halophenolate anions were dominated by three mechanisms: 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, oxygen addition, and single electron transfer. The kinetic calculation indicated that O3 oxidized aqueous halophenols by reacting with halophenolate anions with the reaction rate constants as high as (0.91-3.47) × 1010 M-1 s-1. The number of halogen substituents affected the kO3, cal values of halophenolate anions, which are in the order of 2,4-dihalophenolate anions >4-halophenolate anions > 2,4,6-trihalophenolate anions. During the ozonation of 2,4,6-tribromophenol (246TBP), the toxic products (dimers and brominated benzoquinones) could be synergistically degraded by O3 and HO•. Thus, ozonation is feasible as a strategy to degrade aromatic DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Mengjie Chang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zexiu An
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Jian Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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Chen Y, Liang Q, Liang W, Li W, Liu Y, Guo K, Yang B, Zhao X, Yang M. Identification of Toxicity Forcing Agents from Individual Aliphatic and Aromatic Disinfection Byproducts Formed in Drinking Water: Implications and Limitations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1366-1377. [PMID: 36633507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a study found that aromatic DBP fractions dominate the overall toxicity of chlorinated drinking water. However, key toxicity drivers have not been reported via comprehensive evaluation based on the formation of aliphatic and aromatic DBPs in drinking water. In this study, the occurrence of 37 aliphatic and 19 aromatic DBPs in drinking samples with different water characteristics collected in a Chinese megacity was explored. According to the individual DBP concentrations and cytotoxicity potencies as well as the "TIC-Tox" method, haloacetonitriles and halonitrophenols were found to be the toxicity drivers among the measured aliphatic and aromatic DBPs, respectively. However, when aromatic and aliphatic DBPs are taken into consideration together, aliphatic DBPs were calculated to present higher toxicity contribution than aromatic DBPs, which is inconsistent with the previous study. TOX showed significant positive correlations with most aliphatic DBPs but no aromatic DBPs, and the overall toxicity of the water sample concentrates is significantly related to the total calculated cytotoxicity and aliphatic DBPs, suggesting that current selected aromatic DBPs are insufficient to represent the overall aromatic DBPs. UV254 and DOC rather than SUVA are better surrogates for predicting DBP formation potential for DOM with a lower humification degree as indicated by fluorescence results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Qiuhong Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Wenjie Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Shenzhen Shenshui Baoan Water Group Co., Ltd., Shenzhen518101, China
| | - Kexin Guo
- Shenzhen Pingshan Drainage Co., Ltd., Shenzhen518118, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100085, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
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Bu L, Chen X, Wu Y, Zhou S. Enhanced formation of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol during chlorination after UV/chlorine process: free amino acid versus oligopeptide. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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45
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Yang X, Wang C, Zheng Q, Liu Q, Wawryk NJP, Li XF. Emerging Disinfection Byproduct 2,6-Dichlorobenzoquinone-Induced Cardiovascular Developmental Toxicity of Embryonic Zebrafish and Larvae: Imaging and Transcriptome Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45642-45653. [PMID: 36530307 PMCID: PMC9753109 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have observed the potential association of water disinfection byproduct (DBP) exposure with cardiac defects. Aromatic DBPs represent a significant portion of total DBPs, but their effects on cardiovascular development are unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of an aromatic DBP, 2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone (DCBQ), on the cardiovascular development of zebrafish embryos. After exposure to 2, 4, and 8 μM DCBQ, morphological images of growing zebrafish embryos clearly showed cardiovascular malformation. Fluorescent images of transgenic zebrafish strains with fluorescently labeled heart and blood vessels show that DCBQ exposure resulted in deformed atrium-ventricle looping, degenerated abdomen and trunk vessels, pericardial edema, and decreased blood flow. Furthermore, the expression of the marker gene myl7 (essential for the differentiation and motility of cardiomyocytes) was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by DCBQ exposure. Finally, transcriptome analysis found that in the 4 μM DCBQ exposure group, the numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were 113 (50 upregulated and 63 downregulated) at 24 hpf, 2123 (762 upregulated and 1361 downregulated) at 48 hpf, and 61 (11 upregulated and 50 downregulated) at 120 hpf; in the 8 μM DCBQ exposure group, the number of DEGs was 1407 (647 upregulated and 760 downregulated) at 120 hpf. The FoxO signaling pathway was significantly altered. The in vivo results demonstrate the effects of 2,6-DCBQ (0-8 μM) on cardiovascular development, contributing to the understanding of the developmental toxicity of aromatic DBP halobenzoquinones (HBQs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic
Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic
Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Qi Zheng
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic
Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Qiongyu Liu
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic
Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Nicholas J. P. Wawryk
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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46
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Zhao J, Han L, Tan S, Chu W, Dong H, Zhou Q, Pan Y. Revisiting the effect of boiling on halogenated disinfection byproducts, total organic halogen, and cytotoxicity in simulated tap water. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136577. [PMID: 36155016 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Boiling is a widely adopted household tap water treatment method because of its ability to inactivate chlorine-resistant pathogenic bacteria, and to reduce certain groups of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). From a more comprehensive point of view, this study revisited the effect of boiling on four groups of 17 aliphatic DBPs and six groups of 44 aromatic DBPs in both simulated chlorinated and chloraminated tap water samples, with a special focus on the changes of total organic halogen (TOX) and cytotoxicity. Results showed that the concentrations of aliphatic DBPs substantially decreased during boiling via volatilization (trihalomethanes and chloral hydrate) and hydrolysis (haloacetamides) in chlorinated and chloraminated tap water samples. The concentrations of aromatic DBPs during boiling generally followed an increasing trend due to decarboxylation of polycarboxylic precursors in chlorinated tap water samples, and showed a first increasing and then decreasing trend in chloraminated tap water samples. A sharp decreasing of TOX occurred in the heating process of tap water samples from room temperature to 100 °C, and a relatively gentle decreasing was kept in the prolonged boiling process till 5 min. The most abundant DBP group in the tap water samples without boiling was trihalomethanes, and was replaced by haloacetic acids with boiling for 5 min. Continuous boiling for 5 min substantially reduced the cytotoxicity of chlorinated and chloraminated water samples by 52.6% and 21.3%, respectively. Reduction of cytotoxicity matched well with the reduction of TOCl (r = 0.907, P < 0.01), TOBr (r = 0.885, P < 0.01) and TOX (r = 0.905, P < 0.01), suggesting that the cytotoxicity reduction during boiling was mainly ascribed to the reduction of halogenated DBPs. Therefore, boiling of tap water to 100 °C was strongly recommended to reduce the potential health risks induced by tap water ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liangliang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Suo Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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47
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Yang Z, Hou J, Pan Z, Wu M, Zhang M, Wu J, Miao L. A innovative stepwise strategy using magnetic Fe 3O 4-co-graft tannin/polyethyleneimine composites in a coupled process of sulfate radical-advanced oxidation processes to control harmful algal blooms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129485. [PMID: 35868085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel co-graft tannin and polyethyleneimine co-coating magnetic composite (TP@Fe3O4) was prepared in the study. On this premise, an unique stepwise efficient strategy based on magnetic flocculation and Sulfate radical (SO4•-)-advanced oxidation processes (S-AOPs) for eliminating Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) and algal organic matters (AOMs) was presented. Due to the high positive charge of TP@Fe3O4, a > 99 % high algae removal rate was obtained at a modest TP@Fe3O4 dosage of 100 mg/L at pH = 8.0 with a short separation time of 5 min. Further, peroxymonosulfate (PMS) treatment was employed as a pre-oxidation method to lower cell stability and promote M. aeruginosa removal by subsequent TP@Fe3O4 flocculation. The PMS/TP@Fe3O4 system successfully cuts the optimum dose of TP@Fe3O4 in half (50 mg/L) without causing obvious cell damage. Following algal fast magnetic separation, ultraviolet (UV) was introduced to activate PMS to totally degrade AOM and microcystin. Response surface methodology (RSM) demonstrated that UV/PMS oxidation removed > 80 % of DOC and > 94 % of microcystin under optimal conditions. SO4•- was the main radical species that aided in the elimination of AOM. This is the first study to use magnetic flocculation in conjunction with AOPs to mitigate harmful algal blooms, which can enable the non-destructive eradication of M. aeruginosa while also efficiently degrading AOMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Zhengguo Pan
- Wuxi Delinhai Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, China
| | - Miao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Lingzhan Miao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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48
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Dong J, Yang P, Chen J, Ji Y, Lu J. Nitrophenolic byproducts formation during sulfate radical oxidation and their fate in simulated drinking water treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119054. [PMID: 36088770 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite can be transformed to nitrophenolic byproducts in sulfate radical oxidation processes (SR-AOPs). These nitrophenols are highly mobile in subsurface and can potentially contaminate drinking water sources. However, their fate in a drinking water treatment remains ambiguous. Herein, the removal and transformation of four nitrophenolic byproducts formed during a heat activated peroxydisulfate oxidation process, i.e., 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 5-nitrosalicylic acid, and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, in a simulated drinking water treatment train were comprehensively examined. The removal of these nitrophenolic compounds in coagulation by either aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride ranged from 3.8% to 13.4%. In the chlorination process, 4-nitrophenol was removed only by 45.4% in 24 h at a chlorine dose of 5.0 mg/L. The removal of the other three nitrophenolic byproducts were less than 20%. Reaction between nitrophenolic byproducts and chlorine via electrophilic substitution gave rise to their chlorinated derivatives. Chlorinated nitrophenolic byproducts were more recalcitrant and toxic than their parent compounds, but still a tiny fraction of them could undergo further oxidation to form trichloronitromethane. This work implied that once nitrophenolic byproducts enter water source, they can penetrate the drinking water treatment train and react with the residual chlorine in distribution pipelines to form more hazardous byproducts. The findings raised additional concerns to the potential risk of the nitrophenolic byproducts formed in SR-AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Dong
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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49
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Yang H, Ye S, Wang H, Zhou C, Xiong T, Deng Y, Fu Q, Zeng G, Zeng Z, Tan X. Insight into disinfection byproduct formation potential of aged biochar and its effects during chlorination. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 317:115437. [PMID: 35661878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biochar can achieve multiple benefits including solid waste management, polluted water remediation, carbon sequestration, and emission reduction. However, various environmental factors (such as temperature variations and dry-wet alternation) and microbial activity may lead to the fragmentation, dissolution, and oxidation of biochar. These accelerate the dissolution of biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) and then influence disinfection byproducts formation potential (DBPFP) throughout the water treatment process. In this paper, biochars from six biomass feedstocks with five aging processes were prepared, and the DBPFP of biochar and its derived DOM were first studied systematically. Different aging processes might increase the DBPFP of biochar by increasing DOM content and changing the fraction distribution of DOM derived from biochar. Especially, the DBPFP of biochar increased apparently with the chemical aging process. Coexisting with the environmental concentration of humic acid, even aged biochar showed the potential to reduce DBPFP and integrated toxic risk value of the mixed system. In this study, the DBPFP of biochar-derived DOM during the disinfection process is confirmed, and the results can give information to the selection of biomass feedstocks of biochar and its service life in the water treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Shujing Ye
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Chengyun Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Ting Xiong
- Institute of Big Data and Internet Innovation, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, 410205, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Deng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Qianmin Fu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Zhuotong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Xiaofei Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
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50
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Li J, Aziz MT, Granger CO, Richardson SD. Halocyclopentadienes: An Emerging Class of Toxic DBPs in Chlor(am)inated Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11387-11397. [PMID: 35938673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although >700 disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been identified to date, most DBPs in drinking water are still unknown. Identifying unknown DBPs is an important step for improving drinking water quality because known DBPs do not fully account for the adverse health effects noted in epidemiologic studies. Using gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry, six chloro- and bromo-halocyclopentadienes (HCPDs) were identified in chlorinated and chloraminated drinking water via non-target analysis; five HCPDs are reported for the first time as new alicyclic DBPs. Formation pathways were also proposed. Simulated disinfection experiments with Suwannee River natural organic matter (NOM) confirm that NOM is a precursor for these new DBPs. Further, HCPDs are more abundant in chlorinated drinking water (real and simulated) when compared to chloraminated drinking water due to the higher reactivity of chlorine. Of these new DBPs, 1,2,3,4,5,5-hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene is approximately 100,000× more toxic (in vivo) than regulated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) and 20-2000× more toxic than halobenzoquinones, halophenols, and halogenated pyridinols using the available median lethal dose (LD50) and concentration for 50% of maximal effective concentration (EC50) of DBPs to aquatic organisms. The predicted bioconcentration factors of these HCPDs range from 384 to 3980, which are 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than those for regulated and priority DBPs (including THMs, HAAs, halobenzoquinones, haloacetonitriles, haloacetamides, halonitromethanes, haloacetaldehydes, iodo-THMs, and iodo-HAAs). Thus, HCPDs are an important emerging class of DBPs that should be studied to better understand their impact on drinking water quality and long-term human health exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, South Carolina, United States
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Md Tareq Aziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, South Carolina, United States
| | - Caroline O Granger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, South Carolina, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, South Carolina, United States
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