Facilitated bio-mineralization of N,N-dimethylformamide in anoxic denitrification system: Long-term performance and biological mechanism

Investigation of Nitrogen Removal in Flue Gas Desulfurization and Denitrification Wastewater Utilizing Halophilic Activated Sludge

In the process of flue gas desulfurization and denitrification, the generation of high-sulfate wastewater containing nitrogen is a significant challenge for biological wastewater treatment. In this study, halophilic activated sludge was inoculated in a Sequencing Batch Reactor to remove nitrogen from wastewater with a high sulfate concentration (60 g/L). With the influent concentration of 180 mg/L, the removal rate of total nitrogen was more than 96.7%. The effluent ammonium nitrogen concentration was lower than 1.94 mg/L, and the effluent nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen concentrations were even lower than 0.77 mg/L. The salt tolerance of activated sludge is mainly related to the increase in the content of ectoine in microbial cells. The Specific Nitrite Oxidation Rate is quite low, while the Specific Nitrite Reduction Rate and Specific Nitrate Reduction Rate are relatively strong. In the system, there are various nitrogen metabolic processes, including aerobic nitrification, anaerobic denitrification, and simultaneous nitrification-denitrification processes. By analyzing the nitrogen metabolic mechanisms and microbial community structure of the reaction system, dominate bacteria can be identified, such as Azoarcus, Thauera, and Halomonas, which have significant nitrogen removal capabilities.

Sponge iron enriches autotrophic/aerobic denitrifying bacteria to enhance denitrification in sequencing batch reactor

Sponge iron (SFe) coupled with a sludge system has great potential for improving biological denitrification; however, the underlying mechanism is not yet fully understood. In this study, the denitrification performance and microbial characteristics of ordinary sludge and SFe-sludge systems were investigated. Overall, the SFe-sludge reactor had faster ammonium degradation rate (94.0 %) and less nitrate accumulation (1.5-53.3 times lower) than ordinary reactor during the complete operation cycle of sequencing batch reactors. The addition of SFe increased the activities of nitrate and nitrite reductases. The total relative abundance of autotrophic denitrifying bacteria (Acidovorax, Arenimonas, etc.) in the SFe-sludge system after 38 days of operation was found to be 10.6 % higher than that in the ordinary sludge reactor. The aerobic denitrifying bacteria (Dokdonella, Phaeodactylibacter, etc.) was 5.3 % higher than ordinary sludge. The SFe-sludge system improved denitrification by enriching autotrophic/aerobic denitrifying bacteria in low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio wastewater treatment.

Microbial interactions facilitating efficient methane driven denitrification via in-situ utilization of short chain fatty acids

High nitrate pollution in agriculture and industry poses a challenge to emerging methane oxidation coupled denitrification. In this study, an efficient nitrate removal efficiency of 100 % was achieved at an influent loading rate of 400 mg-N/L·d, accompanied by the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) with a maximum value of 80.9 mg/L. Batch tests confirmed that methane was initially converted to acetate, which then served as a carbon source for denitrification. Microbial community characterization revealed the dominance of heterotrophic denitrifiers, including Simplicispira (22.8 %), Stappia (4.9 %), and the high‑nitrogen-tolerant heterotrophic denitrifier Diaphorobacter (19.0 %), at the nitrate removal rate of 400 mg-N/L·d. Notably, the low abundance of methanotrophs ranging from 0.24 % to 3.75 % across all operational stages does not fully align with the abundance of pmoA genes, suggesting the presence of other functional microorganisms capable of methane oxidation and SCFAs production. These findings could facilitate highly efficient denitrification driven by methane and contributed to the development of denitrification using methane as an electron donor.

Insight into the mechanism of chlorinated nitroaromatic compounds anaerobic reduction with mackinawite (FeS) nanoparticles

Anaerobic biotechnology for wastewaters treatment can nowadays be considered as state of the art methods. Nonetheless, this technology exhibits certain inherent limitations when employed for industrial wastewater treatment, encompassing elevated substrate consumption, diminished electron transfer efficiency, and compromised system stability. To address the above issues, increasing interest is being given to the potential of using conductive non-biological materials, e,g., iron sulfide (FeS), as a readily accessible electron donor and electron shuttle in the biological decontamination process. In this study, Mackinawite nanoparticles (FeS NPs) were studied for their ability to serve as electron donors for p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) anaerobic reduction within a coupled system. This coupled system achieved an impressive p-CNB removal efficiency of 78.3 ± 2.9% at a FeS NPs dosage of 1 mg/L, surpassing the efficiencies of 62.1 ± 1.5% of abiotic and 30.6 ± 1.6% of biotic control systems, respectively. Notably, the coupled system exhibited exclusive formation of aniline (AN), indicating the partial dechlorination of p-CNB. The improvements observed in the coupled system were attributed to the increased activity in the electron transport system (ETS), which enhanced the sludge conductivity and nitroaromatic reductases activity. The analysis of equivalent electron donors confirmed that the S2- ions dominated the anaerobic reduction of p-CNB in the coupled system. However, the anaerobic reduction of p-CNB would be adversely inhibited when the FeS NPs dosage exceeded 5 g/L. In a continuous operation, the p-CNB concentration and HRT were optimized as 125 mg/L and 40 h, respectively, resulting in an outstanding p-CNB removal efficiency exceeding 94.0% after 160 days. During the anaerobic reduction process, as contributed by the predominant bacterium of Thiobacillus with a 6.6% relative abundance, a mass of p-chloroaniline (p-CAN) and AN were generated. Additionally, Desulfomonile was emerged with abundances ranging from 0.3 to 0.7%, which was also beneficial for the reduction of p-CNB to AN. The long-term stable performance of the coupled system highlighted that anaerobic technology mediated by FeS NPs has a promising potential for the treatment of wastewater containing chlorinated nitroaromatic compounds, especially without the aid of organic co-substrates.

Effects of nitrate reduction on the biotransformation of 1H-1,2,4-triazole: Mechanism and community evolution

Due to the refractory of 1 H-1,2,4-triazole (TZ), conventional anaerobic biological treatment technology is usually restricted by low removal efficiency and poor system stability. In this study, TZ biodegradation and nitrate reduction was coupled to improve the removal efficiency of TZ from polluted wastewater. Batch assay was performed with pure culture strain Raoultella sp. NJUST42, which was reported to have the capability to degrade TZ in our previous study. Based on batch assay result, complete removal of TZ could be achieved in the presence of nitrate, whereas only 50% of TZ could be removed in the control system. Long-term stability experiment indicated that the relative abundance of microorganisms (Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17, Georgenia, Anaerolinea, etc) was obviously enhanced under nitrate reduction condition. During long-term period, major intermediates for TZ biodegradation such as [1,2,4]Triazolidine-3,5-diol, hydrazine dibasic carboxylic acid and carbamic acid were detected. A novel TZ biotransformation approach via hydration, TZ-ring cleavage, deamination and oxidation was speculated. PICRUSt1 and KEGG pathway analyses indicated that hydration (dch), oxidation (adhD, oah, pucG, fdhA) of TZ and nitrate reduction (Nar, napA, nrfA, nirBK, norB, nosZ) were significantly enhanced in the presence of nitrate. Moreover, the significant enrichment of TCA cycle (gab, sdh, fum, etc.) indicated that carbon and energy metabolism were facilitated with the addition of nitrate, thus improved TZ catabolism. The proposed mechanism demonstrated that TZ biodegradation coupled with nitrate reduction would be a promising approach for efficient treatment of wastewater contaminated by TZ.

Low-voltage stimulated denitrification performance of high-salinity wastewater using halotolerant microorganisms

Nitrate is a common contaminant in high-salinity wastewater, which has adverse effects on both the environment and human health. However, conventional biological treatment exhibits poor denitrification performance due to the high-salinity shock. In this study, an innovative approach using an electrostimulating microbial reactor (EMR) was explored to address this challenge. With a low-voltage input of 1.2 V, the EMR reached nitrate removal kinetic parameter (kNO3-N) of 0.0166-0.0808 h-1 under high-salinities (1.5 %-6.5 %), which was higher than that of the microbial reactor (MR) (0.0125-0.0478 h-1). The mechanisms analysis revealed that low-voltage significantly enhanced microbial salt-in strategy and promoted the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances. Halotolerant denitrification microorganisms (Pseudomonas and Nitratireductor) were also enriched in EMR. Moreover, the EMR achieved a NO3-N removal efficiency of 73.64 % in treating high-salinity wastewater (salinity 4.69 %) over 18-cycles, whereas the MR only reached 54.67 %. In summary, this study offers an innovative solution for denitrification of high-salinity wastewater.

Micro-aeration and low influent C/N are key environmental factors for achieving ANAMMOX in livestock farming wastewater treatment plants

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX)-mediated system is a cost-effective green nitrogen removal process. However, there are few examples of successful application of this advanced wastewater denitrification process in wastewater treatment plants, and the understanding of how to implement anaerobic ammonia oxidation process in full-scale is still limited. In this study, it was found that the abundance of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) in the two livestock wastewater plants named J1 and J2, respectively, showed diametrically opposed trends of waxing and waning with time. The microbial communities of the activated sludge in the two plants at different time were sampled and analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Structural equation models (SEMs) were used to reveal the key factors affecting the realization of the ANAMMOX. Changes in the concentration of dissolved oxygen and C/N had a significant effect on the relative abundance of anaerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria (AnAOB). The low concentration of DO (0.2∼0.5 mg/L) could inhibit the activity of nitrifying bacteria (NOB) to achieve partial oxidation of ammonia nitrogen and provide sufficient substrate for the growth of AnAOB, similar to the CANON (Completely Autotrophic Nitrogen removal Over Nitrite). Unlike CANON, heterotrophic denitrification is also a particularly critical part of the livestock wastewater treatment, and a suitable C/N of about 0.6 could reduce the competition risk of heterotrophic microorganisms to AnAOB and ensure a good ecological niche for AnAOB. Based on the results of 16S rRNA and microbial co-occurrence networks, it was discovered that microorganisms in the sludge not only had a richer network interaction, but also achieved a mutually beneficial symbiotic interaction network among denitrifying bacteria (Pseudomonas sp., Terrimonas sp., Dokdonella sp.), AnAOB (Candidatus Brocadia sp.) at DO of 0.2∼0.5 mg/L and C/N of 0.6. Among the top 20 in abundance of genus level, AnAOB had a high relative abundance of 27.66%, followed by denitrifying bacteria of 3.67%, AOB of 0.64% and NOB of 0.26%, which is an essential indicator for the emergence of an AnAOB-dominated nitrogen removal cycle. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of dissolved oxygen and C/N regulation by analyzing the mechanism of ANAMMOX sludge extinction and growth in two plants under anthropogenic regulation of AnAOB in full-scale wastewater treatment systems.

DMF mineralization and substrate specificity mechanism of Aminobacter ciceronei DMFA1

N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is widely used in various industries, but its direct release into water poses high risks to human beings. Although a lot of DMF-degrading bacteria has been isolated, limited studies focus on the degradation preference among DMF and its analogues. In this study, an efficient DMF mineralization bacterium designated Aminobacter ciceronei DMFA1 was isolated from marine sediment. When exposed to a 0.2% DMF (∼1900 mg/L), strain DMFA1 exhibited a degradation efficiency of 100% within 4 days. The observed growth using formamide as the sole carbon source implied the possible DMF degradation pathway of strain DMFA1. Meanwhile,the strain DMFA1 possesses a broad-spectrum substrate degradation, which could effectively degraded 0.2% N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and N-methylformamide (NMF). Genomic analysis further confirmed the supposed pathway through annotating the genes encoding N, N-dimethylformamidase (DMFase), formamidase, and formate dehydrogenase. The existence of sole DMFase indicating its substrate specificity controlled the preference of DMAc of strain DMFA1. By integrating multiple sequence alignment, homology modeling and molecular docking, the preference of the DMFase in strain DMFA1 towards DMAc are related to: 1) Mutations in key active site residues; 2) the absence of small subunit; and 3) no energy barrier for substrates entering the active site.

Impact analysis of hydraulic residence time and dissolved oxygen on performance efficiency and microbial community in N, N-dimethylformamide wastewater treated by an AnSBR-ASBR

Suitable operating parameters are one of the key factors to efficient and stable biological wastewater treatment of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) wastewater. In this study, an improved AnSBR-ASBR reactor (anaerobic sequencing batch reactor, AnSBR, and aerobic SBR, ASBR, run in series) was used to investigated the effects of operating conditions such as hydraulic residence time (HRT), AnSBR stirring speed and ASBR dissolved oxygen (DO) for DMF wastewater treatment. When HRT decreased from 24 h to 12 h, the average removal rates of COD by the AnSBR were 34.59% and 39.54%, respectively. Meanwhile, the removal rate of NH4+-N by ASBR decreased from 88.38% to 62.81%. The DMF removal rate reached the best at 18 h and the expression of dehydrogenase was the highest in the AnSBR. The abundance of Megasphaera, the dominant sugar-degrading bacteria in the AnSBR, continued to decline due to the decrease of HRT. The relative abundance of Methanobacterium gradually increased to 80.2% with the decrease of HRT and that hydrotrophic methanogenesis dominated the methanogenic process. The HRT decrease promoted butyrate and pyruvate metabolism in anaerobic sludge, but the proportion of glycolysis and methane metabolism decreased. The AnSBR-ASBR reactor had the best operation performance when HRT was 18 h, AnSBR speed was 220 r/min, and ASBR DO content was 3-4 mg/L. This study provided an effective reference for the reasonable selection of operating parameters in the treatment of DMF-containing wastewater by the AnSBR-ASBR.

Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics Facilitate Nitrous Oxide Production in Partial Nitritation Systems

Partial nitritation (PN) is an important partner with anammox in the sidestream line treating high-strength wastewater and primarily contributes to nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in such a hybrid system, which also suffers from ubiquitous microplastics because of the growing usage and disposal levels of plastics. In this study, the influences of polyvinyl chloride microplastics (PVC-MPs) on N2O-contributing pathways were experimentally revealed to fill the knowledge gap on N2O emission from the PN system under microplastics stress. The long-term results showed that the overall PN performance was hardly affected by the low-dose PVC-MPs (0.5 mg/L) while obviously deteriorated by the high dose (5 mg/L). According to the batch tests, PVC-MPs reduced biomass-specific ammonia oxidation rates (AORs) by 5.78-21.94% and stimulated aerobic N2O production by 9.22-88.36%. Further, upon increasing dissolved oxygen concentrations from 0.3 to 0.9 mg O2/L, the degree of AOR inhibition increased but that of N2O stimulation was lightened. Site preference analysis in combination with metabolic inhibitors demonstrated that the contributions of hydroxylamine oxidation and heterotrophic denitrification to N2O production at 0.3 mg O2/L were enhanced by 18.84 and 10.34%, respectively, accompanied by a corresponding decreased contribution of nitrifier denitrification. Finally, the underlying mechanisms proposed for negative influences of PVC-MPs were bisphenol A leaching and reactive oxygen species production, which led to more cell death, altered sludge properties, and reshaped microbial communities, further resulting in enhanced N2O emission. Overall, this work implied that the ubiquitous microplastics are a hidden danger that cannot be ignored in the PN system.

Enhanced azo dye reduction at semiconductor-microbe interface: The key role of semiconductor band structure

Low-energy environmental remediation could be achieved by biocatalysis with assistance of light-excited semiconductor, in which the energy band structure of semiconductor has a significant influence on the metabolic process and electron transfer of microbes. In this study, direct Z-scheme and type II heterojunction semiconductor with different energy band structure were successfully synthesized for constructing semiconductor-microbe interface with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 to achieve acid orange7 (AO7) biodegradation. UV-vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectra and photoelectrochemical analysis revealed that the direct Z-scheme heterojunction semiconductor had stronger reduction power and faster separation of photoelectron-hole, which was beneficial for the AO7 biodegradation at semiconductor-microbe interface. Riboflavin was also involved in electron transfer between the semiconductor and microbes during AO7 reduction. Transcriptome results illustrated that functional gene expression of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 was upregulated significantly with photo-stimulation of direct Z-scheme semiconductor, and Mtr pathway and conductive pili played the important roles in the photoelectron utilization by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. This work is expected to provide alternative ideas for designing semiconductor-microbial interface with efficient electron transfer and broadening their applications in bioremediation.

Allyl methyl disulfide (AMDS) prevents N,N-dimethyl formamide-induced liver damage by suppressing oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation

N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), a widely consumed industrial solvent with persistent characteristics, can induce occupational liver damage and pose threats to the general population due to the enormous DMF-containing industrial efflux and emission from indoor facilities. This study was performed to explore the roles of allyl methyl disulfide (AMDS) in liver damage induced by DMF and the underlying mechanisms. AMDS was found to effectively suppress the elevation in the liver weight/body weight ratio and serum aminotransferase activities, and reduce the mortality of mice induced by DMF. In addition, AMDS abrogated DMF-elicited increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) levels and decreases in glutathione (GSH) levels in mouse livers. The increase in macrophage number, mRNA expression of M1 macrophage biomarkers, and protein expression of key components in the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome induced by DMF exposure were all suppressed by AMDS in mouse livers. Furthermore, AMDS inhibited DMF-induced cell damage and NF-κB activation in cocultured AML12 hepatocytes and J774A.1 macrophages. However, AMDS per se did not significantly affect the protein level and activity of CYP2E1. Collectively, these results demonstrate that AMDS effectively ameliorates DMF-induced acute liver damage possibly by suppressing oxidative stress and inactivating the NF-κB pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome.

Nitrification-denitrification co-metabolism in an algal-bacterial aggregates system for simultaneous pyridine and nitrogen removal

Photosynthetic oxygenation in algal-bacterial symbiotic (ABS) system was mainly concerned to enhance contaminant biodegradation by developing an aerobic environment, while the role of nitrification-denitrification involved is often neglected. In this study, an algal-bacterial aggregates (ABA) system was developed with algae and activated sludge (PBR-1) to achieve simultaneous pyridine and nitrogen removal. In PBR-1, as high as 150 mg·L-1 pyridine could be completely removed at hydraulic residence time of 48 h. Besides, total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency could be maintained above 80%. Nitrification-denitrification was verified as the crucial process for nitrogen removal, accounting for 79.3% of TN removal at 180 μmol·m-2·s-1. Moreover, simultaneous pyridine and nitrogen removal was enhanced through nitrification-denitrification co-metabolism in the ABA system. Integrated bioprocesses in PBR-1 including photosynthesis, pyridine biodegradation, carbon and nitrogen assimilation, and nitrification-denitrification, were revealed at metabolic and transcriptional levels. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis indicated that algae and aerobic species were located in the surface layer, while denitrifiers were situated in the inner layer. Microelectrode analysis confirmed the microenvironment of ABA with dissolved oxygen and pH gradients, which was beneficial for simultaneous pyridine and nitrogen removal. Mechanism of nitrification-denitrification involved in pyridine and nitrogen removal was finally elucidated under the scale of ABA.

Reclaimed water influences bacterioplankton and bacteriobenthos communities differently in river networks

Reclaimed water reuse is a promising strategy for addressing water scarcity; however, its potential ecological impact remains largely unknown. In particular, the differential effects of reclaimed water on microbial communities in various habitats remain poorly understood. Here, we aimed to elucidate the distinct effects of reclaimed water on bacterioplankton and bacteriobenthos communities in reclaimed water-receiving river networks from multiple perspectives, including community structure, co-occurrence patterns, assembly mechanisms, and nitrogen cycle function. Significant differences in microbial composition were observed between the plankton and benthic habitats, and the average numbers of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) that originated from the wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) sites were 310.0 and 613.3, respectively, indicating a stronger association between WWTP and benthic habitats. Random forest and network co-occurrence analyses identified the genus Clostridium_sensu_stricto as a biomarker and key module hub. The assembly of bacteriobenthos communities was driven primarily by deterministic processes (58.74% for River-S and 58.94% for WWTP-S), whereas for bacterioplankton communities, this proportion was reduced to 18.02% (River-W) and 19.09% (WWTP-W). The qPCR revealed a large difference in abundance between the N cycling related genes of bacteriobenthos (average 2.47 × 106 copies/ng) and bacterioplankton (average 3.11 × 103 copies/ng) communities, and different interaction patterns with functional genes. Variance partitioning analysis (VPA) indicated that nitrogen was the most important pollutant, affecting the structure and ecological functions of microbial communities. Moreover, pathway analysis suggested that the reuse of reclaimed water may have enhanced the N-cycling functions of microbial communities and the emission of nitrous oxide.

New insights into enhanced biodegradation of 4-bromphenol in a nitrate-reducing system: Process performance and mechanism

Due to the recalcitrant nature of halogenated phenol, conventional anaerobic bioprocess is often limited by low removal efficiency and poor process stability. At the presence of electron acceptors such as nitrate, 4-bromophenol (4-BP) removal efficiency is significantly higher than that in the anaerobic control system, but the mechanism involved is still unclear. Therefore, an up-flow nitrate-reducing bioreactor (NRBR) was designed and consecutively performed for 215 days to explore the synergistic mechanism for BPs biodegradation and nitrate reduction. Complete 4-BP biodegradation could be obtained in NRBR at HRT and 4-BP loading rate of 24 h and 0.29 mol m - 3d - 1, while the TOC removal and nitrate reduction efficiencies were as high as 91.33±2.11% and 98.31±1.33%, respectively. Population evolution analyses revealed that the microorganisms involved in 4-BP debromination and biodegradation (Candidatus Peregrinibacteria, Denitratisoma, Anaerolineaceae and Ignavibacterium) as well as nitrate reduction (Denitratisoma, Anaerolineaceae, Limnobacter and Ignavibacterium) were significantly enriched in NRBR. Major intermediates during 4-BP biodegradation, including 4-bromocatechol, 4‑bromo-6-oxo-hexanoic acid and succinic acid were identified, while a distinct 4-BP biodegradation pathway via hydration, aromatic-ring cleavage, hydrolysis debromination and oxidation was expounded. Metagenomic analysis indicated that oxidation (had, pht4, boh, butA), hydrolysis debromination ((S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase) and bio-mineralization (gabD, sdhA) of 4-BP were largely enhanced in NRBR. Moreover, carbon, nitrogen, energy and amino acid metabolisms were significantly facilitated with the injection of nitrate in order to provide energy and electron, thus enhanced microbial activities and enzymatic reactions in NRBR. The proposed mechanism provides new insights into our mechanistic understanding of halogenated phenol biodegradation and the development of sustainable bioremediation strategies.

Detoxification of typical nitrogenous heterocyclic compound from pharmaceutical wastewater by mixed microbial consortia

Microbial consortia HY3 and JY3 with high degradation efficiency of 2-Diethylamino-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine (DHMP) were isolated from aerobic and parthenogenic ponds of DHMP-containing pharmaceutical wastewater, respectively. Both consortia were enriched and reached stable degradation performance with a DHMP concentration of 1500 mg L^-1. The DHMP degradation efficiencies of HY3 and JY3 were 95.66% ± 0.24% and 92.16% ± 2.34% under the condition of shaking at 180 r·min^-1 and the temperature of 30 °C for 72 h. And the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand were 89.14% ± 4.78% and 80.30% ± 11.74%, respectively. High-throughput sequencing results indicated that three bacterial phyla of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were dominant in both HY3 and JY3, but their dominances varied. At the genus level, the richness of Unclassified Comamonadaceae (34.23%), Paracoccus (14.75%), and Brevundimonas (13.94%) ranked top three in HY3 whereas Unclassified Comamonadaceae (40.80%), Unclassified Burkholderiales (13.81%) and Delftia (13.11%) were dominant in JY3. The metabolites of DHMP degradation by HY3 and JY3 were analyzed in detail. Two pathways for cleavage of the nitrogenous heterocyclic ring were speculated, one of which was identified for the first time in this study.

Simultaneous removal of ammonia nitrogen, recovery of phosphate, and immobilization of nickel in a polyester fiber with shell powder and iron carbon spheres bioreactor: Optimization and pathways mechanism

Composite pollutants are prevalent in wastewater, whereas, the simultaneous accomplishment of efficient nitrogen removal and resources recovery remains a challenge. In this study, a bioreactor was constructed to contain Pseudomonas sp. Y1 using polyester fiber wrapped with shell powder and iron carbon spheres, achieving ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) removal, phosphate (PO₄^3--P) recovery, and nickel (Ni²⁺) immobilization. The optimal performance of bioreactor was average removal efficiencies of NH₄⁺-N, PO₄^3--P, calcium (Ca²⁺), and Ni²⁺ as 82.42, 96.67, 76.13, and 98.29% at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 h, pH of 7.0, and influent Ca²⁺ and Ni²⁺ concentrations of 100.0 and 3.0 mg L^-1, respectively. The bioreactor could remove PO₄^3--P, Ca²⁺, and Ni²⁺ by biomineralization, co-precipitation, adsorption, and lattice substitution. Moreover, microbial community analysis suggested that Pseudomonas was the predominant genus and had possessed tolerance to Ni²⁺ toxicity in wastewater. This study presented an effective method to synchronously remove NH₄⁺-N, recover PO₄^3--P, and fix heavy metals through microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) and heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (HNAD) technology.

Long-term biofiltration of gaseous N,N-dimethylformamide: Operational performance and microbial diversity analysis at different conditions

N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is an organic solvent produced in large quantities worldwide. It is considered as a hazardous air pollutant and its emission should be controlled. However, only a limited number of studies have been performed on the removal of gaseous DMF by biological technologies. In this paper, we evaluate the removal of DMF under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions in a lab-scale biofilter for 472 days. The results show that, at ambient temperature, the biofilter achieved an average removal efficiency (RE) of 99.7 ± 0.3 % at Inlet Loads (ILs) up to 297 ± 52 g DFM m^-3 h^-1 (Empty Bed Residence Time (EBRTs) of 10.7 s). However, a decrease in EBRT (6.4 s) led to an unstable outlet concentration and, thus, to a drop in the biofilter performance (average RE: 90 ± 9 %). Moreover, an increase in temperature up to 65 °C led to a gradual decrease in RE (till 91 ± 7 %). Microbial analysis indicates that once the microorganisms encountered DMF, Rhizobiaceae dominated followed by Alcaligenaceae. Afterwards, a strong decrease in Rhizobiaceae was observed at every increase in temperature, and at 65 °C, the taxa were more heterogeneous. Overall, our experimental results indicate that biofiltration is a promising technique to remove DMF from waste gas streams.

Comparison of nitrogen removal performance and mechanism from low-polluted wastewater by constructed wetlands with two oxygen supply strategies: Tidal flow and intermittent aeration

Due to dissolved oxygen (DO) limited nitrogen removal efficiency in constructed wetlands (CWs), two representative oxygen-suppling CWs, i.e., tidal flow constructed wetlands (TFCWs) and intermittently aerated constructed wetlands (IACWs) were proposed to compare the effect of oxygen supply strategies on the nitrogen removal performance and mechanism. Results showed that the removal efficiencies of NH₄⁺-N and COD in IACWs were as high as 90.35-97.14% and 91.14-92.44%, respectively. In terms of TN, TFCWs (83.82%) showed a significantly higher removal efficiency than IACWs, and this result was derived with the flooded/drained phase (FP/DP) ratio of 21 h:3 h in TFCWs, because rhythmic FP and DP formed a high oxygen gradient at different depths of the system, which intensified the nitrification and denitrification simultaneously. The potential nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria (e.g., Nitrospira, Azospira, Haliangium, Bradyrhizobium and Arenimonas) were enriched more significantly in TFCWs compared with IACWs, as well as Bacillus for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, which promoted nitrogen transformation together. Also, the results of molecular ecological network analysis showed that bacterial community structure in IACWs was more complex and robust than in TFCWs, because there were obviously more nodes and links as well as a higher proportion of negative interference. However, the relationship between genera in TFCWs was closer depending on shorter path distances, and the keystone genus (Nitrosomonas) in related to nitrification was considered to play an important role in nitrogen transformation performance.

Coupling continuous poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) synthesis with piperazine-contained wastewater treatment: Fermentation performance and microbial contamination deciphering

Open poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) fermentation is of great potential, and batch PHB synthesis with piperazine as the nitrogen switch has been realized. However, it is vital to explore the feasibility of continuous PHB fermentation with piperazine-contained wastewater remediation collaboratively. Here, an aerobic membrane bioreactor was constructed for consecutive PHB synthesis. The removal efficiency of piperazine decreased from 100 % to 82.6 % after three cycles, meanwhile, the PHB concentration was 0.39 g·L^-1, 0.18 g·L^-1, and undetected for each cycle. Microbial community analysis showed that Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Bacteroidota were the main contaminating microbes. Furthermore, three metagenome-assembled genomes related to Flavobacterium collumnare, Herbaspirillum aquaticum, and Microbacterium enclense were identified as the dominant contaminating strains. These microbes obtained nitrogenous substrates transformed by Paracoccus sp. TOH, such as amino acids and dissolved organic matter, as nutrient for accumulation. This study verified the practicability of coupling continuous PHB synthesis with industrial wastewater treatment and revealed the derivation mechanism of contaminating species, which could provide a reference for the targeted nitrogen release gene knockout of functional PHB fermentation chassis.

Novel electro-assisted micro-aerobic cathode biological technology induces oxidative demethylation of N, N-dimethylformamide for efficient ammonification of refractory membrane-making wastewater

Recalcitrant and toxicological membrane-making wastewater displays negative impacts on environment, and this is difficult to treat efficiently using conventional hydrolytic acidification. In this study, a novel electro-assisted biological reactor with micro-aerobic cathode (EABR-MAC) was developed to improve the biodegradation and ammonification of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in membrane-making wastewater, and the metabolic mechanism using metagenomic sequencing as comprehensively illustrated. The results showed that EABR-MAC significantly improved the ammonification of refractory organonitrogen and promoted DMF oxidative degradation by driving the electron transferred to the cathode. Additionally, the inhibition rates of oxygen uptake rate and nitrification in EABR-MAC were both lower under different cathode aeration frequency conditions. Microbial community analysis indicated that the functional fermentation bacteria and exoelectrogens, which were correlated with COD removal, ammonification, and detoxification, were significantly enriched upon electrostimulation, and the positive biological connections increased to form highly connected communities instead of competition. The functional genes revealed that EABR-MAC forcefully intervened with the metabolic pathway, so that DMF converted to formamide and ammonia by oxidative demethylation and formamide hydrolysis. The results of this study provide a promising strategy for efficient conversion of organonitrogen into ammonia nitrogen, and offer a new insight into the effects of electrostimulation on microbial metabolism.

Submergence in the Dry Season Alters Microbial Nitrogen Transformations in the Root Zone of Carex cinerascens: A Mesocosm Study in One Floodplain Lake

The increasing demand for water resources has triggered a series of water level regulation (WLR) projects, which exerts considerable effects on local hydrologic conditions. In particular, artificial impoundments, which may occur during the dry season in wetlands, increase the periods of waterlogging. However, little is known about their potential effects on biogeochemical cycling. To evaluate how impoundments affect nitrogen (N) cycling in the floodplain ecosystem, we conducted a mesocosm experiment to investigate N dynamics and the potential N-gene changes in the root-zone soil of the dominant plant in one large floodplain lake (Poyang Lake, China). The results indicated that, compared with the control, the 12 cm submergence treatment (SP₁₂) caused NH₄ ⁺-N accumulation in the root-zone soil on day 14 and day 41. On the contrary, NO₃ ^--N levels in SP₁₂ were statistically lower than those in the control from day 7 to day 28. The curve of organic N had a tendency of declining as a whole. Changes in N-gene abundances revealed that SP₁₂ significantly inhibited nitrification and enhanced denitrification in root-zone soil. Moreover, SP₁₂ enhanced the links and complexity of the N-gene network, reflecting the increased correlations among the N transformations under flooding stress. Considering the increasing demand for WLR worldwide, the study about the effects of anti-seasonal submergence on biogeochemical cycling in floodplains provides insight into the ecological impacts of anthropogenic activities.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13157-022-01656-1.

Accelerating denitrification and mitigating nitrite accumulation by multiple electron transfer pathways between Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and denitrifying microbial community

The bio-denitrification was usually retarded by the unbalance of electron generation and consumption. In this study, mixing S. oneidensis MR-1 with denitrifying microbial community increased the nitrogen removal rate by 74.74 % via the interspecies electron transfer (IET), and reduced the accumulated nitrite from 9.90 ± 0.81 to 0.02 ± 0.03 mg/L. Enhanced denitrification still appeared but relatively decreased, when S. oneidensis MR-1 was separated by a dialysis bag (MW < 3000), indicating mediated interspecies electron transfer (MIET) counted in IET. The results of electron transfer activity and sludge conductivity suggested DIET and MIET jointly transfer electrons from MR-1 to electroactive denitrifying bacteria (EDB), improving denitrifying reductase activities. Electron distribution among denitrifying reductases was found to be associated with the IET rate. Microbial insights showed the total abundance of EDB was increased, and denitrifying genes were correspondingly enriched. Pseudomonas was found to cooperate with exoelectrogens in a complicated microbial community.

Anaerobic membrane bioreactor for carbon-neutral treatment of industrial wastewater containing N, N-dimethylformamide: Evaluation of electricity, bio-energy production and carbon emission

The feasibility of anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) for the treatment of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF)-containing wastewater was theoretically compared with the conventional activated sludge (CAS) process in this study. The electricity consumption and expenditure, bio-energy production and CO₂ emission were investigated using the operational results of a lab-scale AnMBR operated in a long-term operation. The AnMBR was capable of producing bio-methane from wastewater and generated 3.45 kWh/m³ of electricity as recovered bio-energy while the CAS just generated 1.17 kWh/m³ of electricity from the post-treatment of excessive sludge disposal. The large quantity of bio-methane recovered by the AnMBR can also be sold as sustainable bioresource for the use of household natural gas with a theoretical profit gain of 29,821 US$/year, while that of the CAS was unprofitable. The AnMBR was also demonstrated to significantly reduce the carbon emission by obtaining a theoretical negative CO₂ production of -2.34 kg CO₂/m³ with the recycle of bio-energy while that for the CAS was 4.50 kg CO₂/m³. The results of this study demonstrate that the AnMBR process has promising potential for the carbon-neutral treatment of high-strength DMF-containing wastewater in the future.

Linking fluorescent dissolved organic matters to microbial carbon metabolism in the overlying water during submerged macrophyte Potamogeton crispus L decomposition in the presence/absence of Vallisneria natans

Multi-species submerged plants grow with succession patterns in the same habit and play an important role in the aquatic ecosystems. The decomposition of submerged plants in aquatic environments was a disturbance that affected the water quality and microbial community structures. However, the responses of the microbial community function in surface water to the disturbance remain poorly understood. In this study, the effects of submerged macrophyte Potamogeton crispus L decomposition on the water quality and microbial carbon metabolism functions (MCMF) in the overlying water were investigated in the presence/absence of Vallisneria natans. The result showed that the decomposition rapidly released a large amount of organic matter and nutrients into the overlying water. The presence of Vallisneria natans promoted the removal of dissolved organic carbon and fluorescent component C3, resulting in lower values of the percentage content of C3 (C3%). Under various decomposition processes, the MCMF changed over time and significantly negatively correlated with C3%. The functional diversity of MCMF significantly correlated with the fluorescence organic matters, such as the richness and Simpson index correlated with the amount of C1, C1+C2+C3, and C3%. But UV-visible absorption indexes and nutrients in the overlying water had no relationship with the MCMF, except for the total nitrogen correlated with the richness. These results suggested that under various decomposition conditions, the fluorescent dissolved organic matter could be used as an indicator for quick prediction of MCMF in surface water.

Enhanced nitritation/denitritation and potential mechanism in an electrochemically assisted sequencing batch biofilm reactor treating sludge digester liquor with extremely low C/N ratios

Nitritation/denitritation is a promising strategy to treat sludge digester liquor but would be unstable and inefficient at extremely low C/N ratios. Here, a novel electrochemically assisted sequencing batch biofilm reactor (E-SBBR) was established to treat synthetic/real sludge digester liquor with decreasing C/N ratios. The results showed that the E-SBBR achieved stable nitritation and appreciable TN removal (>70 %) even at C/N < 0.5. The high-strength free ammonium (FA) (91.1-132.8 mg NH₃-N/L) and long inhibition time (>9h) magnified by electrolysis promoted the robustness of nitritation through efficient nitrite-oxidizing bacteria elimination. Meanwhile, mass balance denoted that heterotrophic denitritation dominated in the enhanced TN removal and relied on carbon supplementation from cell apoptosis/lysis stimulated by electrolysis and high-strength FA, further supported by the recovery of heterotrophic denitrifiers, fermentation bacteria, and relevant functional genes at extremely low C/N ratios. This study provides a novel nitrogen removal approach for the sludge digester liquor treatment.

Migration and transformation of main components during perishable waste bio-drying process

Bio-drying can significantly reduce the moisture content of waste. The factors, functional microorganisms, and the transformation of main components were investigated during bio-drying of perishable waste. This study provides a scientific basis for the improvement of the bio-drying process and the necessity for secondary pollutant control. Reaction temperature and microbial biomass were main factors during the bio-drying process. The ideal bio-drying conditions included an initial temperature above 20 °C, intermittent ventilation, and appropriate microbial inoculation. The main microorganisms included Alcaligenes, Aquamicrobium, and Brevundimonas. From each gram of the carbonaceous, nitrogenous, sulfur-containing compounds, and phosphorus-containing substances in the perishable waste, approximately 0.74 g, 0.66 g, 0.40 g, and 0.94 g, respectively, were transferred as gas-phase products; consisting mainly of ammonia and volatile organic compounds: 2-heptanone, dimethyl heptanone, and benzene. In the leachate, the respective amounts of the carbonaceous, nitrogenous, sulfur-containing compounds, and phosphorus-containing substances were 3.20 × 10^-3 g, 4.08 × 10^-3 g, 0.33 g, and 9.52 × 10^-3 g, while those of the residual substances remaining in solid were 0.26 g, 0.33 g, 0.28 g, and 0.05 g.

Enhanced anaerobic reduction of nitrobenzene at high salinity by betaine acting as osmoprotectant and regulator of metabolism

Anaerobic technology is extensively applied in the treatment of industrial organic wastewater, but high salinity always triggers microbial cell dehydration, causing the failure of the anaerobic process. In this work, betaine, one kind of compatible solutes which could balance the osmotic pressure of anaerobic biomass, was exogenously added for enhancing the anaerobic reduction of nitrobenzene (NB) at high salinity. Only 100 mg L^-1 betaine dosing could significantly promote the removal efficiency of NB within 35 h at 9% salinity (36.92 ± 4.02% without betaine and 72.94 ± 6.57% with betaine). The relieving effects on salt stress could be observed in the promotion of more extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secretion with betaine addition. Additionally, the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), as well as the electron transfer system (ETS) value, was increased with betaine addition, which was reflected in the improvement of system removal efficiency and enzyme activity. Microbial community analysis demonstrated that Bacillus and Clostridiisalibacter which were positively correlated with the stability of the anaerobic process were enriched with betaine addition at high salinity. Metagenomic analysis speculated that the encoding genes for salt tolerance (kdpB/oadA/betA/opuD/epsP/epsH) and NB degradation (nfsA/wrbA/ccdA/menC) obtained higher relative abundance with betaine addition under high salt environment, which might be the key to improving salt tolerance of anaerobic biomass. The long-term assessment demonstrated that exogenous addition betaine played an important role in maintaining the stability of the anaerobic system, which would be a potential strategy to achieve a high-efficiency anaerobic process under high salinity conditions.

Carbon-neutral treatment of N, N-dimethylformamide-containing industrial wastewater by anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR): Bio-energy recovery and CO2 emission reduction

High-strength industrial wastewater containing approximately 2000 mg/L of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was treated by the anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) during a long-term operation with the concept of carbon neutrality in this study. Bio-methane was recovered as bio-energy or bio-resource from DMF-containing wastewater along with the CO₂ emission reduction. The results are clear evidence of the feasibility of carbon-neutral treatment of DMF-containing wastewater by the AnMBR. With an effective degradation under the organic loading rate of 6.53 COD kg/m³/d at the HRT of 12 h, the AnMBR completely covered the energy consumption during long-term operation by saving electricity of 4.16 kWh/m³ compared with the conventional activated sludge process. The CO₂ emission of the AnMBR was just 1.06 kg/m³, remarkably reducing 1.45 kg/m³ of CO₂. The treatment of DMF-containing wastewater by the AnMBR perfectly realized the goal of carbon neutrality, and was considered as an alternative to the conventional activated sludge process.

Electro-dissolved ozone flotation (E-DOF) integrated anoxic/oxic membrane reactor for leachate treatment from a waste transfer station

With high organics and ammonia, leachate from waste transfer stations (WTSs) is among the most complex wastewater that cannot be easily disposed by signal biological processes. In this study, an electro-dissolved ozone flotation (E-DOF) was established, in which dissolved ozone flotation (DOF) and electro-coagulation (EC) occurred concurrently in one unit and integrated with anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor (A/O-MBR) to dispose leachate from a WTS. In the integrated reactor, E-DOF acted as pretreatment and advanced treatment unit. A/O-MBR acted as secondary treatment unit. The E-DOF pretreatment achieved 34.48% COD and 16.96% NH3-N removal efficiency through synergistic effect between EC and DOF. BOD5/COD of leachate was increased from 0.32 to 0.51 after E-DOF pretreatment, indicating the enhancement of biodegradability. Molecular weight distribution (MWD) and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) analysis demonstrate that the reduction of molecular weight and elimination of refractory organics through EC, ozone, and their interacted product (•OH) are attributed to biodegradability enhancement in lechate. Microbial community analysis proved that chemoheterotrophy and oxic chemoheterotrophy functions, mainly provided by Truepera, Aquamicrobium, Saprospiraceae, and Lentimicrobiaceae, ensured the efficient degradation of organic in the secondary processes. E-DOF advanced treatment effectively disposed residual contaminant in MBR effluent. The E-DOF advanced treatment mainly disposed residual contaminant in MBR effluent. High removal efficiency of COD (98.59 ± 0.27%), NH3-N (95.59 ± 0.50%), TN (95.37 ± 0.73%), and TP (96.75 ± 1.66%) were observed in the integrated reactor, and final effluent met the discharge standards for inclusion in the sewage pipe network in China.

A novel electrochemical sensor based on autotropic and heterotrophic nitrifying biofilm for trichloroacetic acid toxicity monitoring

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a toxic substance produced in the disinfection process of wastewater treatment plants, will accumulate in the receiving water. The detection of TCA in the water can achieve the purpose of early warning. However, currently there are few reports on microbial sensors used for TCA detection, and the characteristics of their microbial communities are still unclear. In this work, a toxicity monitoring microbial system (TMMS) with nitrifying biofilm as a sensing element and cathode oxygen reduction as a current signal was successfully constructed for TCA detection. The current and nitrification rate showed a linear relationship with low TCA concentration from 0 to 50 μg/L (R²_current = 0.9892, R²_{nitrification} = 0.9860), and high concentration range from 50 to 5000 μg/L (R²_current = 0.9883, R²_{nitrification} = 0.9721). High-throughput sequencing revealed that the TMMS was composed of autotrophic/heterotrophic nitrifying and denitrifying microorganisms. Further analysis via symbiotic relationship network demonstrated that Arenimonas and Hyphomicrobium were the core nodes for maintaining interaction between autotropic and heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that after adding TCA to TMMS, the carbon metabolism and the abundance of the tricarboxylic acid cycle pathway were reduced, and the activity of microorganisms was inhibited. TCA stress caused a low abundance of nitrifying and denitrifying functional enzymes, resulting in low oxygen consumption in the nitrification process, but more oxygen supply for cathode oxygen reduction. This work explored a novel sensor combined with electrochemistry and autotrophic/heterotrophic nitrification, which provided a new insight into the development of microbial monitoring of toxic substances.

Impact of selenium on rhizosphere microbiome of a hyperaccumulation plant Cardamine violifolia

Cardamine violifolia is the only selenium hyperaccumulation plant found in China. It has been developed as a source of medicinal and edible products that we can consume as selenium supplements. Many planting approaches have been developed to increase the selenium content of C. violifolia for nutrient biofortification. However, the contribution of rhizosphere microbes of C. violifolia to selenium enrichment has not been investigated. In this study, four types of selenium, i.e., selenate, selenite, nanoparticles selenium from Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis-Se), and organic selenium from yeast (yeast-Se), were added to the soil that C. violifolia was grown in, respectively. Selenate led to the greatest accumulation of selenium in C. violifolia, followed by selenite, B. subtilis-Se, and yeast-Se. Except for yeast-Se, the concentration of selenium in C. violifolia positively correlated with the amount of selenium added to the soil. Furthermore, the different types of exogenous selenium exhibited distinct effects on the rhizosphere microbiome of C. violifolia. Alpha and beta diversity analyses demonstrated that rhizosphere microbiome was more obviously affected by selenium from B. subtilis and yeast than from selenate and selenite. Different microbial species were enriched in the rhizosphere of C. violifolia under various exogenous selenium treatments. B. subtilis-Se application enhanced the abundance of Leucobacter, Sporosarcina, Patulibacter, and Denitrobacter, and yeast-Se application enriched the abundance of Singulishaera, Lactobacillus, Bdellovibrio, and Bosea. Bosea and the taxon belonging to the order Solirubrobacterales were enriched in the samples with selenate and selenite addition, respectively, and the abundances of these were linearly related to the concentrations of selenate and selenite applied in the rhizosphere of C. violifolia. In summary, this study revealed the response of the rhizosphere microbiome of C. violifolia to exogenous selenium. Our findings are useful for developing suitable selenium fertilizers to increase the selenium hyperaccumulation level of this plant.

Ag-TiO2/biofilm/nitrate interface enhanced visible light-assisted biodegradation of tetracycline: The key role of nitrate as the electron accepter

Due to the pivotal role of Ag-TiO₂/biofilm/nitrate interface, enhanced visible light-assisted biodegradation of tetracycline (TC) in anoxic system was realized through both batch experiment and long-term operation in this study. The results of the batch experiment elucidated that 50 mg L^-1 TC could be completely removed within 10 h in Ag-TiO₂/biofilm/nitrate system. The continuous flow experiment was operated for 75 d to evaluate the performance and stability of Ag-TiO₂/biofilm/nitrate system. TC removal efficiency in Ag-TiO₂/biofilm/nitrate system was as high as 92.4 ± 1.6% at influent TC concentration of 50 mg L^-1 TC and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 h, which would be attributed to the promoted separation of photoholes and photoelectrons at the presence of nitrate as electron acceptor. Facilitated electron transfer between semiconductor and biofilm was beneficial for enhancing TC biodegradation, thus lowering toxicity of intermediate products and promoting microbial activity. Moreover, the species related to TC biodegradation (Rhodopseudomonas, Phreatobacter and Stenotrophomonas), denitrification (Thauera) and electron transfer (Delftia) were enriched at Ag-TiO₂/biofilm/nitrate interface. Besides, a possible mechanism involved in enhanced TC degradation and nitrogen removal at Ag-TiO₂/biofilm/nitrate interface was proposed. This study provided a novel and promising strategy to enhance recalcitrant TC removal from industrial wastewater.

Variations of nitrogen-metabolizing enzyme activity and microbial community under typical loading conditions in full-scale leachate anoxic/aerobic system

Influent loading determines the performance of leachate treatment plant (LTP) facing the dynamic conditions, but enzyme expression in microbial community is unclear. Here, six nitrogen-metabolizing enzymes were detected during nitrification failures (NF), high loading (HL), low loading (LL), and low carbon/nitrogen (LCN) in a 500 m³/d LTP. Nitrogen removal in LL was 15 ± 5% higher than that in HL. The activity of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase decreased by 90% as the influent total nitrogen increased from 2450 mg/L to 3100 mg/L, which might be a critical enzyme causing the nitrification failure. Denitrifying enzyme abated by 1.3% as the carbon/nitrogen dropped by 1% in LCN. With the influent chemical oxygen demand decreased from 22000 mg/L to 12000 mg/L, the relative abundance of norank_f_Saprospiraceae dropped from 33.66% to 11.94%, and finally disappeared, which seems to be an indicator of the high load operation. These findings provide the basis for improving the efficiency of LTPs.

Denitrifying bacteria immobilized magnetic mycelium pellets bioreactor: A new technology for efficient removal of nitrate at a low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio

This study integrated spores and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) to form magnetic mycelium pellets (MMP) as bio-carriers immobilized with denitrifying bacteria in a bioreactor. Different carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were established for investigating the performance of the bioreactor. The nitrate removal efficiency was 98.14% at C/N = 2.0 and HRT = 6 h. Gas chromatography (GC) results indicated that the main component of the produced gas was N₂. Fe₃O₄ was well-integrated into MMP according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) results and infrared spectrometer (FTIR) analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed that bacteria were successfully immobilized on MMP. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) indicated that functional bacteria GF2 might enhance the metabolic activity of the microbial community in the bioreactor and microbial activity was highest at C/N = 2.0. Pseudomonas stutzeri sp. GF2 might be immobilized and had a major role in the bioreactor according to high throughput sequencing results.

Promoting the granulation process of aerobic sludge via a sustainable strategy of effluent reflux in view of AHLs-mediated quorum sensing

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) has excellent performance in wastewater treatment. However, the formation and mechanism of AGS by effluent reflux are not fully understood in sequential batch reactors (SBRs). In this study, two reactors were constructed, among which R1 was the control group, and the R2 reactor refluxed one-fourth of the supernatant of the effluent to the influent water. In the reactor of R2, the granules had better COD and TN removal efficiencies and resistance to external shocks, and AGS produced more extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Analysis of microbial community indicated that AHLs-mediated microbes, denitrifying microbes, and EPS producers were enriched. At the same time, the correlation between 3OC6-HSL, C8-HSL, C12-HSL and PN was 0.89*, 0.94** and 0.92* respectively, the possible mechanism of enhanced granulation was mainly the promotion of AHLs by effluent reflux. Therefore, the effluent reflux strategy could be an innovative and sustainable strategy that validates the function of AHLs-mediated QS to accelerate aerobic sludge granulation and maintain its structural stability.

Biofilm carrier type affects biogenic sulfur-driven denitrification performance and microbial community dynamics in moving-bed biofilm reactors

Autotrophic denitrification with biosulfur (ADBIOS) provides a sustainable technological solution for biological nitrogen removal from wastewater driven by biogenic S⁰, derived from biogas desulfurization. In this study, the effect of different biofilm carriers (conventional AnoxK™ 1 and Z-200 with a pre-defined maximum biofilm thickness) on ADBIOS performance and microbiomics was investigated in duplicate moving bed-biofilm reactors (MBBRs). The MBBRs were operated parallelly in continuous mode for 309 days, whilst gradually decreasing the hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 72 to 21 h, and biosulfur was either pumped in suspension (days 92-223) or supplied in powder form. Highest nitrate removal rates were approximately 225 (±11) mg/L·d and 180 (±7) mg NO₃^--N/L·d in the MBBRs operated with K1 and Z-200 carriers, respectively. Despite having the same protected surface area for biofilm development in each MBBR, the biomass attached onto the K1 carrier was 4.8-fold more than that on the Z-200 carrier, with part of the biogenic S⁰ kept in the biofilm. The microbial communities of K1 and Z-200 biofilms could also be considered similar at cDNA level in terms of abundance (R = 0.953 with p = 0.042). A relatively stable microbial community was formed on K1 carriers, while the active portion of the microbial community varied significantly over time in the MBBRs using Z-200 carriers.

Perturbation of clopyralid on bio-denitrification and nitrite accumulation: Long-term performance and biological mechanism

The contaminant of herbicide clopyralid (3,6-dichloro-2- pyridine-carboxylic acid, CLP) poses a potential threat to the ecological system. However, there is a general lack of research devoted to the perturbation of CLP to the bio-denitrification process, and its biological response mechanism remains unclear. Herein, long-term exposure to CLP was systematically investigated to explore its influences on denitrification performance and dynamic microbial responses. Results showed that low-concentration of CLP (<15 mg/L) caused severe nitrite accumulation initially, while higher concentrations (35-60 mg/L) of CLP had no further effect after long-term acclimation. The mechanistic study demonstrated that CLP reduced nitrite reductase (NIR) activity and inhibited metabolic activity (carbon metabolism and nitrogen metabolism) by causing oxidative stress and membrane damage, resulting in nitrite accumulation. However, after more than 80 days of acclimation, almost no nitrite accumulation was found at 60 mg/L CLP. It was proposed that the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) increased from 75.03 mg/g VSS at 15 mg/L CLP to 109.97 mg/g VSS at 60 mg/L CLP, which strengthened the protection of microbial cells and improved NIR activity and metabolic activities. Additionally, the biodiversity and richness of the microbial community experienced a U-shaped process. The relative abundance of denitrification- and carbon metabolism-associated microorganisms decreased initially and then recovered with the enrichment of microorganisms related to the secretion of EPS and N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs). These microorganisms protected microbe from toxic substances and regulated their interactions among inter- and intra-species. This study revealed the biological response mechanism of denitrification after successive exposure to CLP and provided proper guidance for analyzing and treating herbicide-containing wastewater.

Enhanced thermophilic denitrification performance and potential microbial mechanism in denitrifying granular sludge system

Thermophilic biological nitrogen removal will provide low-cost strategies for the treatment of high-temperature nitrogenous wastewater (greater than 45 ℃). In this study, a thermophilic denitrifying granular sludge system was established at 50 ℃ and compared with mesophilic systems (30 ℃ and 40 ℃). The results showed a significant increase in COD and nitrate removal rate with the elevating temperature. Besides, the microbial community analysis indicated an obvious succession of key functional bacteria at different temperatures. Enriched thermophiles including Truepera, Azoarcus, and Elioraea were the dominant denitrifiers in the thermophilic denitrifying granular sludge system, which ensured the high nitrate removal at 50 ℃. Moreover, the functional gene prediction also denoted an enrichment of nitrate reduction genes and carbon metabolism pathways at 50 ℃, which could explain the enhancement of thermophilic denitrification. These findings could provide new insight into the application of denitrifying granular sludge in thermophilic wastewater treatment.

Facial fabricated biocompatible homogeneous biocarriers involving biochar to enhance denitrification performance in an anoxic moving bed biofilm reactor

Biochar prepared from pineapple peel was facially combined with polyurethane sponges for the first time to form homogeneous biocompatible biocarriers, which can enhance denitrification performance in an anoxic MBBR. The experiments showed that a higher NO₃^--N removal efficiency (96.24 ± 1.3%) and kinetic constant (0.26 h^-1) were obtained in the MBBR employing these new biocarriers (B-MBBR), compared with a control MBBR with polyurethane sponges (C-MBBR). The attached and suspended biomass of the B-MBBR was increased by 47% and 26%, respectively. Biochar significantly enhanced the abundance of functional bacteria in terms of promoting biofilm (i.e., Leptonema), denitrifying bacteria (i.e., Thauera, Enterobacter and Pseudomonas) and electroactive bacteria (i.e., Geobacter) in the B-MBBR. Meanwhile, based on the content of coenzyme I (NADH) and denitrifying enzymes, biochar would also enhance electron transport activity for denitrification. Consequently, these facial prepared biocarriers are effective to enhance denitrification performance in MBBR with application significance.

Simultaneously autotrophic denitrification and organics degradation in low-strength coal gasification wastewater (LSCGW) treatment via microelectrolysis-triggered Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycle

The autotrophic iron-depended denitrification (AIDD), triggered by microelectrolysis, was established in the microelectrolysis-assistant up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (MEA-UASB) with the purpose of low-strength coal gasification wastewater (LSCGW) treatment while control UASB operated in parallel. The results revealed that chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency and total nitrogen (TN) removal load at optimum current (2.5 A/m³) in MEA-UASB (83.2 ± 2.6% and 0.220 ± 0.010 kg N/m³·d) were 1.42-fold and 1.57-fold higher than those (58.5 ± 2.1% and 0.139 ± 0.011 kg N/m³·d) in UASB, verifying that AIDD and following dissimilatory iron reduction (DIR) process could offer the novel pathway to solve the electron donor-deficient and traditionally denitrification-infeasible problems. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing shown that iron-oxidizing denitrifiers (Thiobacillus and Acidovorax species) and iron reducing bacteria (Geothrix and Ignavibacterium speices), acted as microbial iron cycle of contributors, were specially enriched at optimum operating condition. Additionally, the activities of microbial electron transfer chain, electron transporters (complex I, II, III and cytochrome c) and abundance of genes encoding important enzymes (narG, nirK/S, norB and nosZ) were remarkably promoted, suggesting that electron transport and consumption capacities were stimulated during denitrification process. This study could shed light on better understanding about microelectrolysis-triggered AIDD for treatment of refractory LSCGW and further widen its application potential in the future.

A novel additional carbon source derived from rotten fruits: Application for the denitrification from mature landfill leachate and evaluation the economic benefits

Rotten fruits could be used as an available resource due to the high organic content and low pollution introduction. In this study, four kinds of rotten fruits including banana, apple, pear and grape, were utilized as additional carbon source to improve the nitrogen removal from mature landfill leachate. With the optimal condition of carbon-nitrogen ratio 6.5 and operation time 2 d, the rotten banana group had a higher denitrification rate of 11.78 mg/(gVSS·h) than that of other groups, corresponding the 99.55% of nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), 99.36% of total nitrogen and 94.60% of organics removal. High carbon-nitrogen ratio would contribute to more degradation of organic and humus matters, and the low cost of 0.65 €/kgNO3--N was obtained. Biodiversity analysis indicated that denitrificans and organic-degrading bacterial were enriched after the addition of rotten banana. Overall, the novel carbon source of rotten banana was a cost-efficient choice for the denitrification.

Electrode-dependent ammonium oxidation with different low C/N ratios in single-chambered microbial electrolysis cells

Alternative method should be found to solve the ammonia accumulation in anaerobic digestion. Herein, electrode-dependent ammonium oxidation was successfully achieved in anaerobic single-chambered microbial electrolysis cells (MECs)under different low C/N ratios (0, 1, and 1.5), with an applied voltage of 0.6 V as well as an initial NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N concentration of 500 and 300 mg/L. The nitrogen removal performance of MECs and the controls indicated that applying a voltage stimulated nitrogen removal under low C/N ratios of 0, 1, and 1.5. However, the remaining organic carbon in MEC with a relatively higher C/N ratio of 3 inhibited the ammonium oxidation. Current changes and cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that the bioanode with several bioelectrochemical activities could promote ammonium oxidation. The dominant genera Truepera, Aquamicrobium, Nitrosomonas, Arenimonas, Comamonas, and Cryobacterium enriched on both electrodes could be the key functional taxa in MECs with C/N ratios of 0, 1, and 1.5. The remaining sodium acetate in MEC with C/N ratio of 3 inhibits microbial community structure and relative abundance, which may adversely affected nitrogen removal. Further caculation showed that nitrogen balance was essentially achieved, while electron balance was disrupted since electrons may be consumed through NO₃^--N recycle and cell synthesis, and finally caused low coulombic efficiency.

Contribution of N,N-dimethylformamide to formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine by chloramination in sewage treatment plants and receiving rivers

The contribution of specific precursors to N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential (NDMA FP) upon chloramination depends not only on their NDMA molar yields but also on their concentrations in the actual environment. We investigated the seasonal and diurnal patterns of the NDMA precursor N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and NDMA FP in the Yodo River basin, Japan, by examining water samples taken from inside the basin's largest sewage treatment plant (STP) as well as samples from five final effluents from four STPs, two main stream sites, and two tributary sites in the same basin. DMF and NDMA FP were found to be high in influent (raw sewage), and were found to be mostly removed during the STP treatment processes (especially with biological treatment). Nevertheless, DMF was found in concentrations of 0.06 to 31.7 µg/L in chlorinated effluents and in receiving rivers, while NDMA FP was detected in concentrations of 3.57 to 306 ng/L. Thus, STPs were shown to be an important source of DMF and NDMA FP to rivers. A strong positive correlation between NDMA FP and DMF was confirmed in the receiving river (K-M), indicating that DMF was an important NDMA precursor in the Yodo River basin. The contribution of DMF to NDMA FP was 15.8±11.2% (n = 4) in summer and 82.1±10.2% (n = 4) in winter in the main stream (site K-M) of the river due to insufficient dilution of chlorinated effluents from the largest STP. From the viewpoint of NDMA and NDMA FP control at downstream sites, monitoring and control of DMF at upstream sites are important.