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Barton LJ, Sanny J, Packard Dawson E, Nouzova M, Noriega FG, Stadtfeld M, Lehmann R. Juvenile hormones direct primordial germ cell migration to the embryonic gonad. Curr Biol 2024; 34:505-518.e6. [PMID: 38215744 PMCID: PMC10872347 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Germ cells are essential to sexual reproduction. Across the animal kingdom, extracellular signaling isoprenoids, such as retinoic acids (RAs) in vertebrates and juvenile hormones (JHs) in invertebrates, facilitate multiple processes in reproduction. Here we investigated the role of these potent signaling molecules in embryonic germ cell development, using JHs in Drosophila melanogaster as a model system. In contrast to their established endocrine roles during larval and adult germline development, we found that JH signaling acts locally during embryonic development. Using an in vivo biosensor, we observed active JH signaling first within and near primordial germ cells (PGCs) as they migrate to the developing gonad. Through in vivo and in vitro assays, we determined that JHs are both necessary and sufficient for PGC migration. Analysis into the mechanisms of this newly uncovered paracrine JH function revealed that PGC migration was compromised when JHs were decreased or increased, suggesting that specific titers or spatiotemporal JH dynamics are required for robust PGC colonization of the gonad. Compromised PGC migration can impair fertility and cause germ cell tumors in many species, including humans. In mammals, retinoids have many roles in development and reproduction. We found that like JHs in Drosophila, RA was sufficient to impact mouse PGC migration in vitro. Together, our study reveals a previously unanticipated role of isoprenoids as local effectors of pre-gonadal PGC development and suggests a broadly shared mechanism in PGC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacy J Barton
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Justina Sanny
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Emily Packard Dawson
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marcela Nouzova
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8(th) Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Fernando Gabriel Noriega
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8(th) Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Parasitology, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Stadtfeld
- Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 E 69th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth Lehmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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2
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Qi Z, Etebari K, Nouzova M, Noriega FG, Asgari S. Differential gene expression and microRNA profile in corpora allata-corpora cardiaca of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with weak juvenile hormone signalling. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:113. [PMID: 38273232 PMCID: PMC10811912 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The corpora allata-corpora cardiaca (CA-CC) is an endocrine gland complex that regulates mosquito development and reproduction through the synthesis of juvenile hormone (JH). Epoxidase (Epox) is a key enzyme in the production of JH. We recently utilized CRISPR/Cas9 to establish an epoxidase-deficient (epox-/-) Aedes aegypti line. The CA from epox-/- mutants do not synthesize epoxidated JH III but methyl farneosate (MF), a weak agonist of the JH receptor, and therefore have reduced JH signalling. Illumina sequencing was used to examine the differences in gene expression between the CA-CC from wild type (WT) and epox-/- adult female mosquitoes. From 18,034 identified genes, 317 were significantly differentially expressed. These genes are involved in many biological processes, including the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis, energy metabolism, and nutritional uptake. In addition, the same CA-CC samples were also used to examine the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of epox-/- and WT mosquitoes. A total of 197 miRNAs were detected, 24 of which were differentially regulated in epox-/- mutants. miRNA binding sites for these particular miRNAs were identified using an in silico approach; they target a total of 101 differentially expressed genes. Our results suggest that a lack of epoxidase, besides affecting JH synthesis, results in the diminishing of JH signalling that have significant effects on Ae. aegypti CA-CC transcriptome profiles, as well as its miRNA repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Qi
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kayvan Etebari
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Marcela Nouzova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Fernando G Noriega
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Parasitology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sassan Asgari
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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3
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Posnien N, Hunnekuhl VS, Bucher G. Gene expression mapping of the neuroectoderm across phyla - conservation and divergence of early brain anlagen between insects and vertebrates. eLife 2023; 12:e92242. [PMID: 37750868 PMCID: PMC10522337 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression has been employed for homologizing body regions across bilateria. The molecular comparison of vertebrate and fly brains has led to a number of disputed homology hypotheses. Data from the fly Drosophila melanogaster have recently been complemented by extensive data from the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum with its more insect-typical development. In this review, we revisit the molecular mapping of the neuroectoderm of insects and vertebrates to reconsider homology hypotheses. We claim that the protocerebrum is non-segmental and homologous to the vertebrate fore- and midbrain. The boundary between antennal and ocular regions correspond to the vertebrate mid-hindbrain boundary while the deutocerebrum represents the anterior-most ganglion with serial homology to the trunk. The insect head placode is shares common embryonic origin with the vertebrate adenohypophyseal placode. Intriguingly, vertebrate eyes develop from a different region compared to the insect compound eyes calling organ homology into question. Finally, we suggest a molecular re-definition of the classic concepts of archi- and prosocerebrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Posnien
- Department of Developmental Biology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, University GoettingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Vera S Hunnekuhl
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Gregor Bucher
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
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4
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Hernández K, Godoy L, Newquist G, Kellermeyer R, Alavi M, Mathew D, Kidd T. Dscam1 overexpression impairs the function of the gut nervous system in Drosophila. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:156-171. [PMID: 36454543 PMCID: PMC9812936 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Down syndrome (DS) patients have a 100-fold increase in the risk of Hirschsprung syndrome of the colon and rectum (HSCR), a lack of enteric neurons in the colon. The leading DS candidate gene is trisomy of the Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM). RESULTS We find that Dscam1 protein is expressed in the Drosophila enteric/stomatogastric nervous system (SNS). Axonal Dscam1 phenotypes can be rescued equally by diverse isoforms. Overexpression of Dscam1 resulted in frontal and hindgut nerve overgrowth. Expression of dominant negative Dscam1-ΔC led to a truncated frontal nerve and increased branching of the hindgut nerve. Larval locomotion is influenced by feeding state, and we found that the average speed of larvae with Dscam1 SNS expression was reduced, whereas overexpression of Dscam1-ΔC significantly increased the speed. Dscam1 overexpression reduced the efficiency of food clearance from the larval gut. CONCLUSION Our work demonstrates that overexpression of Dscam1 can perturb gut function in a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Godoy
- Biology/MS 314, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | | | | | - Maryam Alavi
- Biology/MS 314, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Dennis Mathew
- Biology/MS 314, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Thomas Kidd
- Biology/MS 314, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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García-Ferrés M, Sánchez-Higueras C, Espinosa-Vázquez JM, C-G Hombría J. Specification of the endocrine primordia controlling insect moulting and metamorphosis by the JAK/STAT signalling pathway. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010427. [PMID: 36191039 PMCID: PMC9560620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpora allata and the prothoracic glands control moulting and metamorphosis in insects. These endocrine glands are specified in the maxillary and labial segments at positions homologous to those forming the trachea in more posterior segments. Glands and trachea can be homeotically transformed into each other suggesting that all three evolved from a metamerically repeated organ that diverged to form glands in the head and respiratory organs in the trunk. While much is known about tracheal specification, there is limited information about corpora allata and prothorathic gland specification. Here we show that the expression of a key regulator of early gland development, the snail gene, is controlled by the Dfd and Scr Hox genes and by the Hedgehog and Wnt signalling pathways that induce localised transcription of upd, the ligand of the JAK/STAT signalling pathway, which lies at the heart of gland specification. Our results show that the same upstream regulators are required for the early gland and tracheal primordia specification, reinforcing the hypothesis that they originated from a segmentally repeated organ present in an ancient arthropod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar García-Ferrés
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-JA-UPO, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | - James C-G Hombría
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-JA-UPO, Seville, Spain,* E-mail:
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Vidal B, Gulez B, Cao WX, Leyva-Diaz E, Reilly MB, Tekieli T, Hobert O. The enteric nervous system of the C. elegans pharynx is specified by the Sine oculis-like homeobox gene ceh-34. eLife 2022; 11:76003. [PMID: 35324425 PMCID: PMC8989417 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Overarching themes in the terminal differentiation of the enteric nervous system, an autonomously acting unit of animal nervous systems, have so far eluded discovery. We describe here the overall regulatory logic of enteric nervous system differentiation of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that resides within the foregut (pharynx) of the worm. A C. elegans homolog of the Drosophila Sine oculis homeobox gene, ceh-34, is expressed in all 14 classes of interconnected pharyngeal neurons from their birth throughout their life time, but in no other neuron type of the entire animal. Constitutive and temporally controlled ceh-34 removal shows that ceh-34 is required to initiate and maintain the neuron type-specific terminal differentiation program of all pharyngeal neuron classes, including their circuit assembly. Through additional genetic loss of function analysis, we show that within each pharyngeal neuron class, ceh-34 cooperates with different homeodomain transcription factors to individuate distinct pharyngeal neuron classes. Our analysis underscores the critical role of homeobox genes in neuronal identity specification and links them to the control of neuronal circuit assembly of the enteric nervous system. Together with the pharyngeal nervous system simplicity as well as its specification by a Sine oculis homolog, our findings invite speculations about the early evolution of nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Vidal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, United States
| | - Burcu Gulez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, United States
| | - Wen Xi Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, United States
| | - Eduardo Leyva-Diaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, United States
| | - Molly B Reilly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, United States
| | - Tessa Tekieli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, United States
| | - Oliver Hobert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, United States
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7
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Hughson BN. The Glucagon-Like Adipokinetic Hormone in Drosophila melanogaster - Biosynthesis and Secretion. Front Physiol 2021; 12:710652. [PMID: 35002748 PMCID: PMC8733639 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.710652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis requires the precise regulation of circulating sugar titers. In mammals, homeostatic control of circulating sugar titers requires the coordinated secretion and systemic activities of glucagon and insulin. Metabolic homeostasis is similarly regulated in Drosophila melanogaster through the glucagon-like adipokinetic hormone (AKH) and the Drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILPs). In flies and mammals, glucagon and AKH are biosynthesized in and secreted from specialized endocrine cells. KATP channels borne on these cells respond to fluctuations in circulating glucose titers and thereby regulate glucagon secretion. The influence of glucagon in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus is now recognized, and a crucial mechanism that regulates glucagon secretion was reported nearly a decade ago. Ongoing efforts to develop D. melanogaster models for metabolic syndrome must build upon this seminal work. These efforts make a critical review of AKH physiology timely. This review focuses on AKH biosynthesis and the regulation of glucose-responsive AKH secretion through changes in CC cell electrical activity. Future directions for AKH research in flies are discussed, including the development of models for hyperglucagonemia and epigenetic inheritance of acquired metabolic traits. Many avenues of AKH physiology remain to be explored and thus present great potential for improving the utility of D. melanogaster in metabolic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryon N. Hughson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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8
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Nelson JM, Saunders CJ, Johnson EC. The Intrinsic Nutrient Sensing Adipokinetic Hormone Producing Cells Function in Modulation of Metabolism, Activity, and Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7515. [PMID: 34299134 PMCID: PMC8307046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
All organisms confront the challenges of maintaining metabolic homeostasis in light of both variabilities in nutrient supplies and energetic costs of different physiologies and behaviors. While all cells are nutrient sensitive, only relative few cells within Metazoans are nutrient sensing cells. Nutrient sensing cells organize systemic behavioral and physiological responses to changing metabolic states. One group of cells present in the arthropods, is the adipokinetic hormone producing cells (APCs). APCs possess intrinsic nutrient sensors and receive contextual information regarding metabolic state through other endocrine connections. APCs express receptors for different hormones which modulate APC physiology and the secretion of the adipokinetic hormone (AKH). APCs are functionally similar to alpha cells in the mammalian pancreas and display a similar physiological organization. AKH release results in both hypertrehalosemia and hyperlipidemia through high affinity binding to the AKH receptor (AKHR). Another hallmark of AKH signaling is heightened locomotor activity, which accompanies starvation and is thought to enhance foraging. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of nutrient sensing and modulation of AKH release. Additionally, we compare the organization of AKH/AKHR signaling in different taxa. Lastly, we consider the signals that APCs integrate as well as recent experimental results that have expanded the functional repertoire of AKH signaling, further establishing this as both a metabolic and stress hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Nelson
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (J.M.N.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Cecil J. Saunders
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (J.M.N.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Erik C. Johnson
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (J.M.N.); (C.J.S.)
- Center of Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
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9
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Ben-Menahem D. GnRH-Related Neurohormones in the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22095035. [PMID: 34068603 PMCID: PMC8126107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic and phylogenetic analyses of various invertebrate phyla revealed the existence of genes that are evolutionarily related to the vertebrate’s decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the GnRH receptor genes. Upon the characterization of these gene products, encoding peptides and putative receptors, GnRH-related peptides and their G-protein coupled receptors have been identified. These include the adipokinetic hormone (AKH) and corazonin (CRZ) in insects and their cognate receptors that pair to form bioactive signaling systems, which network with additional neurotransmitters/hormones (e.g., octopamine and ecdysone). Multiple studies in the past 30 years have identified many aspects of the biology of these peptides that are similar in size to GnRH and function as neurohormones. This review briefly describes the main activities of these two neurohormones and their receptors in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The similarities and differences between Drosophila AKH/CRZ and mammalian GnRH signaling systems are discussed. Of note, while GnRH has a key role in reproduction, AKH and CRZ show pleiotropic activities in the adult fly, primarily in metabolism and stress responses. From a protein evolution standpoint, the GnRH/AKH/CRZ family nicely demonstrates the developmental process of neuropeptide signaling systems emerging from a putative common ancestor and leading to divergent activities in distal phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ben-Menahem
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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10
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Tsuchiya R, Kaneshima A, Kobayashi M, Yamazaki M, Takasu Y, Sezutsu H, Tanaka Y, Mizoguchi A, Shiomi K. Maternal GABAergic and GnRH/corazonin pathway modulates egg diapause phenotype of the silkworm Bombyx mori. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020028118. [PMID: 33443213 PMCID: PMC7817158 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020028118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diapause represents a major developmental switch in insects and is a seasonal adaptation that evolved as a specific subtype of dormancy in most insect species to ensure survival under unfavorable environmental conditions and synchronize populations. However, the hierarchical relationship of the molecular mechanisms involved in the perception of environmental signals to integration in morphological, physiological, behavioral, and reproductive responses remains unclear. In the bivoltine strain of the silkworm Bombyx mori, embryonic diapause is induced transgenerationally as a maternal effect. Progeny diapause is determined by the environmental temperature during embryonic development of the mother. Here, we show that the hierarchical pathway consists of a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and corazonin signaling system modulating progeny diapause induction via diapause hormone release, which may be finely tuned by the temperature-dependent expression of plasma membrane GABA transporter. Furthermore, this signaling pathway possesses similar features to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) signaling system for seasonal reproductive plasticity in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Tsuchiya
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Aino Kaneshima
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kobayashi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Maki Yamazaki
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yoko Takasu
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 305-8634 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 305-8634 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tanaka
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 305-8634 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, Nisshin 470-0195, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Shiomi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan;
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11
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Nässel DR, Zandawala M. Hormonal axes in Drosophila: regulation of hormone release and multiplicity of actions. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:233-266. [PMID: 32827072 PMCID: PMC7584566 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hormones regulate development, as well as many vital processes in the daily life of an animal. Many of these hormones are peptides that act at a higher hierarchical level in the animal with roles as organizers that globally orchestrate metabolism, physiology and behavior. Peptide hormones can act on multiple peripheral targets and simultaneously convey basal states, such as metabolic status and sleep-awake or arousal across many central neuronal circuits. Thereby, they coordinate responses to changing internal and external environments. The activity of neurosecretory cells is controlled either by (1) cell autonomous sensors, or (2) by other neurons that relay signals from sensors in peripheral tissues and (3) by feedback from target cells. Thus, a hormonal signaling axis commonly comprises several components. In mammals and other vertebrates, several hormonal axes are known, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis or the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis that regulate reproduction and metabolism, respectively. It has been proposed that the basic organization of such hormonal axes is evolutionarily old and that cellular homologs of the hypothalamic-pituitary system can be found for instance in insects. To obtain an appreciation of the similarities between insect and vertebrate neurosecretory axes, we review the organization of neurosecretory cell systems in Drosophila. Our review outlines the major peptidergic hormonal pathways known in Drosophila and presents a set of schemes of hormonal axes and orchestrating peptidergic systems. The detailed organization of the larval and adult Drosophila neurosecretory systems displays only very basic similarities to those in other arthropods and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick R. Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meet Zandawala
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
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12
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Miroschnikow A, Schlegel P, Pankratz MJ. Making Feeding Decisions in the Drosophila Nervous System. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R831-R840. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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13
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Dufour S, Quérat B, Tostivint H, Pasqualini C, Vaudry H, Rousseau K. Origin and Evolution of the Neuroendocrine Control of Reproduction in Vertebrates, With Special Focus on Genome and Gene Duplications. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:869-943. [PMID: 31625459 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, as in the other mammals, the neuroendocrine control of reproduction is ensured by the brain-pituitary gonadotropic axis. Multiple internal and environmental cues are integrated via brain neuronal networks, ultimately leading to the modulation of the activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. The decapeptide GnRH is released into the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood system and stimulates the production of pituitary glycoprotein hormones, the two gonadotropins luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. A novel actor, the neuropeptide kisspeptin, acting upstream of GnRH, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Other neuropeptides, such as gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone/RF-amide related peptide, and other members of the RF-amide peptide superfamily, as well as various nonpeptidic neuromediators such as dopamine and serotonin also provide a large panel of stimulatory or inhibitory regulators. This paper addresses the origin and evolution of the vertebrate gonadotropic axis. Brain-pituitary neuroendocrine axes are typical of vertebrates, the pituitary gland, mediator and amplifier of brain control on peripheral organs, being a vertebrate innovation. The paper reviews, from molecular and functional perspectives, the evolution across vertebrate radiation of some key actors of the vertebrate neuroendocrine control of reproduction and traces back their origin along the vertebrate lineage and in other metazoa before the emergence of vertebrates. A focus is given on how gene duplications, resulting from either local events or from whole genome duplication events, and followed by paralogous gene loss or conservation, might have shaped the evolutionary scenarios of current families of key actors of the gonadotropic axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Bruno Quérat
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Hervé Tostivint
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Catherine Pasqualini
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Karine Rousseau
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
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14
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Knockdown of the neuronal gene Lim3 at the early stages of development affects mitochondrial function and lifespan in Drosophila. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 181:29-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2019.111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Bernardo-Garcia FJ, Syed M, Jékely G, Sprecher SG. Glass confers rhabdomeric photoreceptor identity in Drosophila, but not across all metazoans. EvoDevo 2019; 10:4. [PMID: 30873275 PMCID: PMC6399963 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Across metazoans, visual systems employ different types of photoreceptor neurons (PRs) to detect light. These include rhabdomeric PRs, which exist in distantly related phyla and possess an evolutionarily conserved phototransduction cascade. While the development of rhabdomeric PRs has been thoroughly studied in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, we still know very little about how they form in other species. To investigate this question, we tested whether the transcription factor Glass, which is crucial for instructing rhabdomeric PR formation in Drosophila, may play a similar role in other metazoans. Glass homologues exist throughout the animal kingdom, indicating that this protein evolved prior to the metazoan radiation. Interestingly, our work indicates that glass is not expressed in rhabdomeric photoreceptors in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea nor in the annelid Platynereis dumerilii. Combined with a comparative analysis of the Glass DNA-binding domain, our data suggest that the fate of rhabdomeric PRs is controlled by Glass-dependent and Glass-independent mechanisms in different animal clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier Bernardo-Garcia
- 1Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,2Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Maryam Syed
- 1Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- 3Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
| | - Simon G Sprecher
- 1Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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16
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A cell surface protein controls endocrine ring gland morphogenesis and steroid production. Dev Biol 2018; 445:16-28. [PMID: 30367846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Identification of signals for systemic adaption of hormonal regulation would help to understand the crosstalk between cells and environmental cues contributing to growth, metabolic homeostasis and development. Physiological states are controlled by precise pulsatile hormonal release, including endocrine steroids in human and ecdysteroids in insects. We show in Drosophila that regulation of genes that control biosynthesis and signaling of the steroid hormone ecdysone, a central regulator of developmental progress, depends on the extracellular matrix protein Obstructor-A (Obst-A). Ecdysone is produced by the prothoracic gland (PG), where sensory neurons projecting axons from the brain integrate stimuli for endocrine control. By defining the extracellular surface, Obst-A promotes morphogenesis and axonal growth in the PG. This process requires Obst-A-matrix reorganization by Clathrin/Wurst-mediated endocytosis. Our data identifies the extracellular matrix as essential for endocrine ring gland function, which coordinates physiology, axon morphogenesis, and developmental programs. As Obst-A and Wurst homologs are found among all arthropods, we propose that this mechanism is evolutionary conserved.
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17
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Jayakumar S, Hasan G. Neuronal Calcium Signaling in Metabolic Regulation and Adaptation to Nutrient Stress. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:25. [PMID: 29674958 PMCID: PMC5895653 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
All organisms can respond physiologically and behaviorally to environmental fluxes in nutrient levels. Different nutrient sensing pathways exist for specific metabolites, and their inputs ultimately define appropriate nutrient uptake and metabolic homeostasis. Nutrient sensing mechanisms at the cellular level require pathways such as insulin and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling that integrates information from different organ systems like the fat body and the gut. Such integration is essential for coordinating growth with development. Here we review the role of a newly identified set of integrative interneurons and the role of intracellular calcium signaling within these neurons, in regulating nutrient sensing under conditions of nutrient stress. A comparison of the identified Drosophila circuit and cellular mechanisms employed in this circuit, with vertebrate systems, suggests that the identified cell signaling mechanisms may be conserved for neural circuit function related to nutrient sensing by central neurons. The ideas proposed are potentially relevant for understanding the molecular basis of metabolic disorders, because these are frequently linked to nutritional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Jayakumar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Gaiti Hasan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
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18
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Hart JE, Clarke IJ, Risbridger GP, Ferneyhough B, Vega-Hernández M. Mysterious inhibitory cell regulator investigated and found likely to be secretogranin II related. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3833. [PMID: 29043108 PMCID: PMC5642266 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of a hunt for a postulated hormone that is tissue-mass inhibiting and reproductively associated, there is described probable relatedness to a granin protein. A 7–8 kDa polypeptide candidate (gels/MS) appeared in a bioassay-guided fractionation campaign involving sheep plasma. An N-terminal sequence of 14 amino acids was obtained for the polypeptide by Edman degradation. Bioinformatics and molecular biology failed to illuminate any ovine or non-ovine protein which might relate to this sequence. The N-terminal sequence was synthesized as the 14mer EPL001 peptide and surprisingly found to be inhibitory in an assay in vivo of compensatory renal growth in the rat and modulatory of nematode fecundity, in line with the inhibitory hormone hypothesis. Antibodies were raised to EPL001 and their deployment upheld the hypothesis that the EPL001 amino acid sequence is meaningful and relevant, notwithstanding bioinformatic obscurity. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) in sheep, rodents and humans yielded staining of seeming endocrine relevance (e.g. hypothalamus, gonads and neuroendocrine cells in diverse tissues), with apparent upregulation in certain human tumours (e.g. pheochromocytoma). Discrete IHC staining in Drosophila melanogaster embryo brain was seen in glia and in neuroendocrine cells, with staining likely in the corpus cardiacum. The search for the endogenous antigen involved immunoprecipitation (IP) followed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Feedstocks were PC12 conditioned medium and aqueous extract of rat hypothalamus—both of which had anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in an assay in vitro involving rat bone marrow cells, which inhibition was subject to prior immunodepletion with an anti-EPL001 antibody—together with fruit fly embryo material. It is concluded that the mammalian antigen is likely secretogranin II (SgII) related. The originally seen 7–8 kDa polypeptide is suggested to be a new proteoform of secretogranin II of ∼70 residues, SgII-70, with the anti-EPL001 antibody seeing a discontinuous epitope. The fly antigen is probably Q9W2X8 (UniProt), an uncharacterised protein newly disclosed as a granin and provisionally dubbed macrogranin I (MgI). SgII and Q9W2X8 merit further investigation in the context of tissue-mass inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Hart
- Endocrine Pharmaceuticals, Tadley, Hampshire, UK
| | - Iain J Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Gail P Risbridger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Mónica Vega-Hernández
- Department of Zoology, Lawrence Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
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19
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Tissue-specific transcription of the neuronal gene Lim3 affects Drosophila melanogaster lifespan and locomotion. Biogerontology 2017; 18:739-757. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Lim MA, Chitturi J, Laskova V, Meng J, Findeis D, Wiekenberg A, Mulcahy B, Luo L, Li Y, Lu Y, Hung W, Qu Y, Ho CY, Holmyard D, Ji N, McWhirter R, Samuel AD, Miller DM, Schnabel R, Calarco JA, Zhen M. Neuroendocrine modulation sustains the C. elegans forward motor state. eLife 2016; 5:19887. [PMID: 27855782 PMCID: PMC5120884 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulators shape neural circuit dynamics. Combining electron microscopy, genetics, transcriptome profiling, calcium imaging, and optogenetics, we discovered a peptidergic neuron that modulates C. elegans motor circuit dynamics. The Six/SO-family homeobox transcription factor UNC-39 governs lineage-specific neurogenesis to give rise to a neuron RID. RID bears the anatomic hallmarks of a specialized endocrine neuron: it harbors near-exclusive dense core vesicles that cluster periodically along the axon, and expresses multiple neuropeptides, including the FMRF-amide-related FLP-14. RID activity increases during forward movement. Ablating RID reduces the sustainability of forward movement, a phenotype partially recapitulated by removing FLP-14. Optogenetic depolarization of RID prolongs forward movement, an effect reduced in the absence of FLP-14. Together, these results establish the role of a neuroendocrine cell RID in sustaining a specific behavioral state in C. elegans. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19887.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Lim
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jyothsna Chitturi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Valeriya Laskova
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jun Meng
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daniel Findeis
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig Carolo Wilhelmina, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anne Wiekenberg
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig Carolo Wilhelmina, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ben Mulcahy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Linjiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yangning Lu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wesley Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yixin Qu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chi-Yip Ho
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Douglas Holmyard
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ni Ji
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Rebecca McWhirter
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Aravinthan Dt Samuel
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - David M Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Ralf Schnabel
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig Carolo Wilhelmina, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - John A Calarco
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Mei Zhen
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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21
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Cell tracking supports secondary gastrulation in the moon jellyfish Aurelia. Dev Genes Evol 2016; 226:383-387. [PMID: 27535146 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-016-0559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The moon jellyfish Aurelia exhibits a dramatic reorganization of tissue during its metamorphosis from planula larva to polyp. There are currently two competing hypotheses regarding the fate of embryonic germ layers during this metamorphosis. In one scenario, the original endoderm undergoes apoptosis and is replaced by a secondary endoderm derived from ectodermal cells. In the second scenario, both ectoderm and endoderm remain intact through development. In this study, we performed a pulse-chase experiment to trace the fate of larval ectodermal cells. We observed that prior to metamorphosis, ectodermal cells that proliferated early in larval development concentrate at the future oral end of the polyp. During metamorphosis, these cells migrate into the endoderm, extending all the way to the aboral portion of the gut. We therefore reject the hypothesis that larval endoderm remains intact during metamorphosis and provide additional support for the "secondary gastrulation" hypothesis. Aurelia appears to offer the first and only described case where a cnidarian derives its endoderm twice during normal development, adding to a growing body of evidence that germ layers can be dramatically reorganized in cnidarian life cycles.
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22
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Hernández K, Myers LG, Bowser M, Kidd T. Genetic Tools for the Analysis of Drosophila Stomatogastric Nervous System Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128290. [PMID: 26053861 PMCID: PMC4460011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila stomatogastric nervous system (SNS) is a compact collection of neurons that arises from the migration of neural precursors. Here we describe genetic tools allowing functional analysis of the SNS during the migratory phase of development. We constructed GAL4 lines driven by fragments of the Ret promoter, which yielded expression in a subset of migrating neural SNS precursors and also included a distinct set of midgut associated cells. Screening of additional GAL4 lines driven by fragments of the Gfrl/Munin, forkhead, twist and goosecoid (Gsc) promoters identified a Gsc fragment with expression from initial selection of SNS precursors until the end of embryogenesis. Inhibition of EGFR signaling using three identified lines disrupted the correct patterning of the frontal and recurrent nerves. To manipulate the environment traveled by SNS precursors, a FasII-GAL4 line with strong expression throughout the entire intestinal tract was identified. The transgenic lines described offer the ability to specifically manipulate the migration of SNS precursors and will allow the modeling and in-depth analysis of neuronal migration in ENS disorders such as Hirschsprung’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Hernández
- Biology/MS 314, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Logan G. Myers
- Biology/MS 314, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Micah Bowser
- Biology/MS 314, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Thomas Kidd
- Biology/MS 314, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Schlosser G. Vertebrate cranial placodes as evolutionary innovations--the ancestor's tale. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 111:235-300. [PMID: 25662263 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary innovations often arise by tinkering with preexisting components building new regulatory networks by the rewiring of old parts. The cranial placodes of vertebrates, ectodermal thickenings that give rise to many of the cranial sense organs (ear, nose, lateral line) and ganglia, originated as such novel structures, when vertebrate ancestors elaborated their head in support of a more active and exploratory life style. This review addresses the question of how cranial placodes evolved by tinkering with ectodermal patterning mechanisms and sensory and neurosecretory cell types that have their own evolutionary history. With phylogenetic relationships among the major branches of metazoans now relatively well established, a comparative approach is used to infer, which structures evolved in which lineages and allows us to trace the origin of placodes and their components back from ancestor to ancestor. Some of the core networks of ectodermal patterning and sensory and neurosecretory differentiation were already established in the common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians and were greatly elaborated in the bilaterian ancestor (with BMP- and Wnt-dependent patterning of dorsoventral and anteroposterior ectoderm and multiple neurosecretory and sensory cell types). Rostral and caudal protoplacodal domains, giving rise to some neurosecretory and sensory cells, were then established in the ectoderm of the chordate and tunicate-vertebrate ancestor, respectively. However, proper cranial placodes as clusters of proliferating progenitors producing high-density arrays of neurosecretory and sensory cells only evolved and diversified in the ancestors of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schlosser
- School of Natural Sciences & Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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24
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Patthey C, Schlosser G, Shimeld SM. The evolutionary history of vertebrate cranial placodes--I: cell type evolution. Dev Biol 2014; 389:82-97. [PMID: 24495912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate cranial placodes are crucial contributors to the vertebrate cranial sensory apparatus. Their evolutionary origin has attracted much attention from evolutionary and developmental biologists, yielding speculation and hypotheses concerning their putative homologues in other lineages and the developmental and genetic innovations that might have underlain their origin and diversification. In this article we first briefly review our current understanding of placode development and the cell types and structures they form. We next summarise previous hypotheses of placode evolution, discussing their strengths and caveats, before considering the evolutionary history of the various cell types that develop from placodes. In an accompanying review, we also further consider the evolution of ectodermal patterning. Drawing on data from vertebrates, tunicates, amphioxus, other bilaterians and cnidarians, we build these strands into a scenario of placode evolutionary history and of the genes, cells and developmental processes that underlie placode evolution and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Patthey
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - Gerhard Schlosser
- Zoology, School of Natural Sciences & Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sebastian M Shimeld
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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25
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Hammonds AS, Bristow CA, Fisher WW, Weiszmann R, Wu S, Hartenstein V, Kellis M, Yu B, Frise E, Celniker SE. Spatial expression of transcription factors in Drosophila embryonic organ development. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R140. [PMID: 24359758 PMCID: PMC4053779 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-12-r140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Site-specific transcription factors (TFs) bind DNA regulatory elements to control expression of target genes, forming the core of gene regulatory networks. Despite decades of research, most studies focus on only a small number of TFs and the roles of many remain unknown. Results We present a systematic characterization of spatiotemporal gene expression patterns for all known or predicted Drosophila TFs throughout embryogenesis, the first such comprehensive study for any metazoan animal. We generated RNA expression patterns for all 708 TFs by in situ hybridization, annotated the patterns using an anatomical controlled vocabulary, and analyzed TF expression in the context of organ system development. Nearly all TFs are expressed during embryogenesis and more than half are specifically expressed in the central nervous system. Compared to other genes, TFs are enriched early in the development of most organ systems, and throughout the development of the nervous system. Of the 535 TFs with spatially restricted expression, 79% are dynamically expressed in multiple organ systems while 21% show single-organ specificity. Of those expressed in multiple organ systems, 77 TFs are restricted to a single organ system either early or late in development. Expression patterns for 354 TFs are characterized for the first time in this study. Conclusions We produced a reference TF dataset for the investigation of gene regulatory networks in embryogenesis, and gained insight into the expression dynamics of the full complement of TFs controlling the development of each organ system.
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26
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Sánchez-Higueras C, Sotillos S, Castelli-Gair Hombría J. Common origin of insect trachea and endocrine organs from a segmentally repeated precursor. Curr Biol 2013; 24:76-81. [PMID: 24332544 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Segmented organisms have serially repeated structures [1] that become specialized in some segments [2]. We show here that the Drosophila corpora allata, prothoracic glands, and trachea have a homologous origin and can convert into each other. The tracheal epithelial tubes develop from ten trunk placodes [3, 4], and homologous ectodermal cells in the maxilla and labium form the corpora allata and the prothoracic glands. The early endocrine and trachea gene networks are similar, with STAT and Hox genes inducing their activation. The initial invagination of the trachea and the endocrine primordia is identical, but activation of Snail in the glands induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), after which the corpora allata and prothoracic gland primordia coalesce and migrate dorsally, joining the corpora cardiaca to form the ring gland. We propose that the arthropod ectodermal endocrine glands and respiratory organs arose through an extreme process of divergent evolution from a metameric repeated structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sol Sotillos
- CABD, CSIC/JA/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
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The Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster as a Model for Aging Research. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 135:63-77. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Wirmer A, Bradler S, Heinrich R. Homology of insect corpora allata and vertebrate adenohypophysis? ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2012; 41:409-417. [PMID: 22595331 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Animal species of various phyla possess neuroendocrine glands whose hormonal products regulate developmental and physiological mechanisms and directly impact behavior. Two examples, the corpora allata of insects and the vertebrate adenohypophysis have previously been regarded as analogous tissues that evolved independently from diffuse epidermal nerve nets of early metazoans. More recent developmental and functional studies accumulated evidence suggesting that the bilaterian nervous systems including its modern parts (e.g. pallium or cortex and mushroom bodies) and its neuroendocrine appendages (that are considered to be more ancient structures) possess a single evolutionary origin. The corpora allata of insects and the vertebrate adenohypophysis share a number of characteristics in respect of morphology, control of hormone release by RFamides, metabolites produced by closely related cytochrome P450 enzymes and gene expression during embryonic development. This review incorporates latest findings into an extensive description of similarities between insect corpora allata and vertebrate adenohypophysis that should encourage further studies about the onto- and phylogenetic origin of these neuroendocrine glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Wirmer
- Institute for Neurobiology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Posnien N, Koniszewski NDB, Hein HJ, Bucher G. Candidate gene screen in the red flour beetle Tribolium reveals six3 as ancient regulator of anterior median head and central complex development. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002416. [PMID: 22216011 PMCID: PMC3245309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several highly conserved genes play a role in anterior neural plate patterning of vertebrates and in head and brain patterning of insects. However, head involution in Drosophila has impeded a systematic identification of genes required for insect head formation. Therefore, we use the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum in order to comprehensively test the function of orthologs of vertebrate neural plate patterning genes for a function in insect head development. RNAi analysis reveals that most of these genes are indeed required for insect head capsule patterning, and we also identified several genes that had not been implicated in this process before. Furthermore, we show that Tc-six3/optix acts upstream of Tc-wingless, Tc-orthodenticle1, and Tc-eyeless to control anterior median development. Finally, we demonstrate that Tc-six3/optix is the first gene known to be required for the embryonic formation of the central complex, a midline-spanning brain part connected to the neuroendocrine pars intercerebralis. These functions are very likely conserved among bilaterians since vertebrate six3 is required for neuroendocrine and median brain development with certain mutations leading to holoprosencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Posnien
- Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), Göttingen Center of Molecular Biology, Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaus Dieter Bernhard Koniszewski
- Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), Göttingen Center of Molecular Biology, Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Gregor Bucher
- Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), Göttingen Center of Molecular Biology, Caspari-Haus, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Park S, Bustamante EL, Antonova J, McLean GW, Kim SK. Specification of Drosophila corpora cardiaca neuroendocrine cells from mesoderm is regulated by Notch signaling. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002241. [PMID: 21901108 PMCID: PMC3161926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila neuroendocrine cells comprising the corpora cardiaca (CC) are essential for systemic glucose regulation and represent functional orthologues of vertebrate pancreatic α-cells. Although Drosophila CC cells have been regarded as developmental orthologues of pituitary gland, the genetic regulation of CC development is poorly understood. From a genetic screen, we identified multiple novel regulators of CC development, including Notch signaling factors. Our studies demonstrate that the disruption of Notch signaling can lead to the expansion of CC cells. Live imaging demonstrates localized emergence of extra precursor cells as the basis of CC expansion in Notch mutants. Contrary to a recent report, we unexpectedly found that CC cells originate from head mesoderm. We show that Tinman expression in head mesoderm is regulated by Notch signaling and that the combination of Daughterless and Tinman is sufficient for ectopic CC specification in mesoderm. Understanding the cellular, genetic, signaling, and transcriptional basis of CC cell specification and expansion should accelerate discovery of molecular mechanisms regulating ontogeny of organs that control metabolism. The requirement for glucose regulation is conserved in metazoans and crucial for metabolism, growth, and survival. In fruit flies and other insects, neurons secrete insulin-like hormones and neuroendocrine corpora cardiaca cells secrete adipokinetic hormone, a peptide with functional similarities to glucagon. Both hormones are essential for systemic glucose control in Drosophila. To understand the mechanisms governing formation and function of corpora cardiaca cells, we sought to identify their embryonic origin and investigate their developmental genetic regulation. Based on prior reports suggesting a neuroectodermal origin, we were surprised to discover—using genetic lineage tracing methods—that embryonic corpora cardiac progenitors derive from anterior head mesoderm. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of neuroendocrine differentiation from mesoderm in Drosophila. Genetic studies reveal that Notch signaling restricts the number of corpora cardiaca progenitors, and we show that Notch signaling inactivation results in significant expansion of corpora cardiac cells. Loss- and gain-of-function studies identified transcription factors both necessary and sufficient for corpora cardiaca development. These and other findings reveal similarities in the development of fly corpora cardiaca cells and mammalian neuroendocrine cells that develop in the pancreas, pituitary, and from neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangbin Park
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Erika L. Bustamante
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Julie Antonova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Graeme W. McLean
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Seung K. Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Posnien N, Koniszewski N, Bucher G. Insect Tc-six4 marks a unit with similarity to vertebrate placodes. Dev Biol 2010; 350:208-16. [PMID: 21034730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cranial placodes are specialized ectodermal regions in the developing vertebrate head that give rise to both neural and non-neural cell types of the neuroendocrine system and the sense organs of the visual, olfactory and acoustic systems. The cranial placodes develop from a panplacodal region which is specifically marked by genes of the eyes absent/eya and two "six homeobox" family members (sine oculis/six1 and six4). It had been believed that cranial placodes are evolutionary novelties of vertebrates. However, data from non-vertebrate chordates suggest that placode-like structures evolved in the chordate ancestor already. Here, we identify a morphological structure in the embryonic head of the beetle Tribolium castaneum with placode-like features. It is marked by the orthologs of the panplacodal markers Tc-six4, Tc-eya and Tc-sine oculis/six1 (Tc-six1) and expresses several genes known to be involved in adenohypophyseal placode development in vertebrates. Moreover, it contributes to both epidermal and neural tissues. We identify Tc-six4 as a specific marker for this structure that we term the insect head placode. Finally, we reveal the regulatory gene network of the panplacodal genes Tc-six4, Tc-eya and Tc-six1 and identify them as head epidermis patterning genes. Our finding of a placode-like structure in an insect suggests that a placode precursor was already present in the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Posnien
- Center of Molecular Brain Physiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Rybina OY, Pasyukova EG. A naturally occurring polymorphism at Drosophila melanogaster Lim3 Locus, a homolog of human LHX3/4, affects Lim3 transcription and fly lifespan. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12621. [PMID: 20838645 PMCID: PMC2935391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lim3 encodes an RNA polymerase II transcription factor with a key role in neuron specification. It was also identified as a candidate gene that affects lifespan. These pleiotropic effects indicate the fundamental significance of the potential interplay between neural development and lifespan control. The goal of this study was to analyze the causal relationships between Lim3 structural variations, and gene expression and lifespan changes, and to provide insights into regulatory pathways controlling lifespan. Fifty substitution lines containing second chromosomes from a Drosophila natural population were used to analyze the association between lifespan and sequence variation in the 5'-regulatory region, and first exon and intron of Lim3A, in which we discovered multiple transcription start sites (TSS). The core and proximal promoter organization for Lim3A and a previously unknown mRNA named Lim3C were described. A haplotype of two markers in the Lim3A regulatory region was significantly associated with variation in lifespan. We propose that polymorphisms in the regulatory region affect gene transcription, and consequently lifespan. Indeed, five polymorphic markers located within 380 to 680 bp of the Lim3A major TSS, including two markers associated with lifespan variation, were significantly associated with the level of Lim3A transcript, as evaluated by real time RT-PCR in embryos, adult heads, and testes. A naturally occurring polymorphism caused a six-fold change in gene transcription and a 25% change in lifespan. Markers associated with long lifespan and intermediate Lim3A transcription were present in the population at high frequencies. We hypothesize that polymorphic markers associated with Lim3A expression are located within the binding sites for proteins that regulate gene function, and provide general rather than tissue-specific regulation of transcription, and that intermediate levels of Lim3A expression confer a selective advantage and longer lifespan.
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Xiang Y, Liu Z, Huang X. br regulates the expression of the ecdysone biosynthesis gene npc1. Dev Biol 2010; 344:800-8. [PMID: 20621708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The growth and metamorphosis of insects are regulated by ecdysteroid hormones produced in the ring gland. Ecdysone biosynthesis-related genes are both highly and specifically expressed in the ring gland. However, the intrinsic regulation of ecdysone biosynthesis has received little attention. Here we used the Drosophila npc1 gene to study the mechanism of ring gland-specific gene expression. npc1 is important for sterol trafficking in the ring gland during ecdysone biosynthesis. We have identified a conserved ring gland-specific cis-regulatory element (RSE) in the npc1 promoter using promoter fusion reporter analysis. Furthermore, genetic loss-of-function analysis and in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that the ecdysone early response gene broad complex (br) is a vital factor in the positive regulation of npc1 ring gland expression. Moreover, br also affects the ring gland expression of many other ecdysone biosynthetic genes as well as torso and InR, two key factors in the regulation of ecdysone biosynthesis. These results imply that ecdysone could potentially act through its early response gene br to achieve positive feedback regulation of ecdysone biosynthesis during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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34
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Abstract
In the past 20 years, numerous publications on a variety of mammalian and non-mammalian species have appeared in the literature to supplement the excellent comparative work performed in the 70s and 80s by the Falkmer, Epple, and Youson groups. What emerges is that islets are much more complex than once thought and show a lot of similarities in rodents and higher primates. The diversity of lifestyles, metabolic demands, and diets has most likely influenced the great diversity in both structure and cell-type content of islets in lower vertebrate species. In this chapter, I try to provide an overview of the evolution from endocrine cell types in invertebrates to the higher mammals and focus on what has been reported in the literature and some of our own experiences and also include a description of other hormones reported to be found in islets.
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35
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Embryonic development and metamorphosis of the scyphozoan Aurelia. Dev Genes Evol 2008; 218:525-39. [PMID: 18850238 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-008-0254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Foltenyi K, Andretic R, Newport JW, Greenspan RJ. Neurohormonal and neuromodulatory control of sleep in Drosophila. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2008; 72:565-71. [PMID: 18419316 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2007.72.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has emerged in recent years as a tractable system for studying sleep. The sleep-wake dichotomy represents one of the principal transitions in global brain state, and neurohormones and neuromodulators are well known for their ability to change global brain states. Here, we describe studies of two brain systems that regulate sleep in Drosophila, the neurohormonal epidermal growth factor receptor system and the neuromodulatory dopaminergic system, each of which acts through a discrete anatomical locus in the dorsal brain. Both control systems display considerable mechanistic similarity to those in mammals, suggesting possible functional homologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Foltenyi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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The origin of islet-like cells in Drosophila identifies parallels to the vertebrate endocrine axis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:19873-8. [PMID: 18056636 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707465104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell resolution lineage information is a critical key to understanding how the states of gene regulatory networks respond to cell interactions and thereby establish distinct cell fates. Here, we identify a single pair of neural stem cells (neuroblasts) as progenitors of the brain insulin-producing neurosecretory cells of Drosophila, which are homologous to islet beta cells. Likewise, we identify a second pair of neuroblasts as progenitors of the neurosecretory Corpora cardiaca cells, which are homologous to the glucagon-secreting islet alpha cells. We find that both progenitors originate as neighboring cells from anterior neuroectoderm, which expresses genes orthologous to those expressed in the vertebrate adenohypophyseal placode, the source of endocrine anterior pituitary and neurosecretory hypothalamic cells [Whitlock KE (2005) Trends Endocrinol Metab 16:145-151]. This ontogenic-molecular concordance suggests that a rudimentary brain endocrine axis was present in the common ancestor of humans and flies, where it orchestrated the islet-like endocrine functions of insulin and glucagon biology.
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38
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Copenhaver PF. How to innervate a simple gut: familiar themes and unique aspects in the formation of the insect enteric nervous system. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:1841-64. [PMID: 17420985 PMCID: PMC3097047 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Like the vertebrate enteric nervous system (ENS), the insect ENS consists of interconnected ganglia and nerve plexuses that control gut motility. However, the insect ENS lies superficially on the gut musculature, and its component cells can be individually imaged and manipulated within cultured embryos. Enteric neurons and glial precursors arise via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions that resemble the generation of neural crest cells and sensory placodes in vertebrates; most cells then migrate extensive distances before differentiating. A balance of proneural and neurogenic genes regulates the morphogenetic programs that produce distinct structures within the insect ENS. In vivo studies have also begun to decipher the mechanisms by which enteric neurons integrate multiple guidance cues to select their pathways. Despite important differences between the ENS of vertebrates and invertebrates, common features in their programs of neurogenesis, migration, and differentiation suggest that these relatively simple preparations may provide insights into similar developmental processes in more complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip F Copenhaver
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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Foltenyi K, Greenspan RJ, Newport JW. Activation of EGFR and ERK by rhomboid signaling regulates the consolidation and maintenance of sleep in Drosophila. Nat Neurosci 2007; 10:1160-7. [PMID: 17694052 DOI: 10.1038/nn1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in the mammalian hypothalamus is important in the circadian regulation of activity. We have examined the role of this pathway in the regulation of sleep in Drosophila melanogaster. Our results demonstrate that rhomboid (Rho)- and Star-mediated activation of EGFR and ERK signaling increases sleep in a dose-dependent manner, and that blockade of rhomboid (rho) expression in the nervous system decreases sleep. The requirement of rho for sleep localized to the pars intercerebralis, a part of the fly brain that is developmentally and functionally analogous to the hypothalamus in vertebrates. These results suggest that sleep and its regulation by EGFR signaling may be ancestral to insects and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Foltenyi
- Department of Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Tessmar-Raible K. The evolution of neurosecretory centers in bilaterian forebrains: insights from protostomes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 18:492-501. [PMID: 17576082 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Forebrain neurosecretory systems are widespread in the animal kingdom. This review focuses on recent molecular data from protostomes, discusses the original complexity of the bilaterian forebrain neurosecretory system, provides an evolutionary scenario for the emergence of the vertebrate preoptic area/hypothalamus/neurohypophysis and suggests a possible function for an ancient set of sensory-neurosecretory cells present in the medial neurosecretory bilaterian forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Tessmar-Raible
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Dev. Biol. Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, D-69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Pogoda HM, Hammerschmidt M. Molecular genetics of pituitary development in zebrafish. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 18:543-58. [PMID: 17560816 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gland of vertebrates consists of two major parts, the neurohypophysis (NH) and the adenohypophysis (AH). As a central part of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system (HHS), it constitutes a functional link between the nervous and the endocrine system to regulate basic body functions, such as growth, metabolism and reproduction. The development of the AH has been intensively studied in mouse, serving as a model for organogenesis and differential cell specification. However, given that the AH is a relatively recent evolutionary advance of the chordate phylum, it is also interesting to understand its development in lower chordate systems. In recent years, the zebrafish has emerged as a powerful lower vertebrate system for developmental studies, being amenable for large-scale genetic approaches, embryological manipulations, and in vivo imaging. Here, we present an overview of current knowledge of the mechanisms and genetic control of pituitary formation during zebrafish development. First, we describe the components of the zebrafish HHS, and the different pituitary cell types and hormones, followed by a description of the different steps of normal pituitary development. The central part of the review deals with the genes found to be essential for zebrafish AH development, accompanied by a description of the corresponding mutant phenotypes. Finally, we discuss future directions, with particular focus on evolutionary aspects, and some novel functional aspects with growing medical and social relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Martin Pogoda
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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Shiomi K, Fujiwara Y, Yasukochi Y, Kajiura Z, Nakagaki M, Yaginuma T. The Pitx homeobox gene in Bombyx mori: Regulation of DH-PBAN neuropeptide hormone gene expression. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 34:209-18. [PMID: 17166739 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The diapause hormone-pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide gene, DH-PBAN, is expressed exclusively in seven pairs of DH-PBAN-producing neurosecretory cells (DHPCs) on the terminally differentiated processes of the subesophageal ganglion (SG). To help reveal the regulatory mechanisms of cell-specific DH-PBAN expression, we identified a cis-regulatory element that regulates expression in DHPCs using the recombinant AcNPV-mediated gene transfer system and a gel-mobility shift assay. Bombyx mori Pitx (BmPitx), a bicoid-like homeobox transcription factor, binds this element and activates DH-PBAN expression. The BmPitx was expressed in various tissues, including DHPCs in the SG. Suppression of DH-PBAN expression by silencing of the BmPitx successfully induced non-diapaused eggs from a diapause egg producer. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to identify a neuropeptide-encoding gene as a target of the Pitx transcriptional regulator in invertebrates. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that functional conservation of Pitx family members on neuropeptide gene expression occurs through a "combinational code mechanism" in both vertebrate and invertebrate in neuroendocrine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Shiomi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan.
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de Velasco B, Erclik T, Shy D, Sclafani J, Lipshitz H, McInnes R, Hartenstein V. Specification and development of the pars intercerebralis and pars lateralis, neuroendocrine command centers in the Drosophila brain. Dev Biol 2006; 302:309-23. [PMID: 17070515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The central neuroendocrine system in the Drosophila brain includes two centers, the pars intercerebralis (PI) and pars lateralis (PL). The PI and PL contain neurosecretory cells (NSCs) which project their axons to the ring gland, a complex of peripheral endocrine glands flanking the aorta. We present here a developmental and genetic study of the PI and PL. The PI and PL are derived from adjacent neurectodermal placodes in the dorso-medial head. The placodes invaginate during late embryogenesis and become attached to the brain primordium. The PI placode and its derivatives express the homeobox gene Dchx1 and can be followed until the late pupal stage. NSCs labeled by the expression of Drosophila insulin-like peptide (Dilp), FMRF, and myomodulin form part of the Dchx1 expressing PI domain. NSCs of the PL can be followed throughout development by their expression of the adhesion molecule FasII. Decapentaplegic (Dpp), secreted along the dorsal midline of the early embryo, inhibits the formation of the PI and PL placodes; loss of the signal results in an unpaired, enlarged placodeal ectoderm. The other early activated signaling pathway, EGFR, is positively required for the maintenance of the PI placode. Of the dorso-medially expressed head gap genes, only tailless (tll) is required for the specification of the PI. Absence of the corpora cardiaca, the endocrine gland innervated by neurosecretory cells of the PI and PL, does not affect the formation of the PI/PL, indicating that inductive stimuli from their target tissue are not essential for early PI/PL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begona de Velasco
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Pogoda HM, von der Hardt S, Herzog W, Kramer C, Schwarz H, Hammerschmidt M. The proneural gene ascl1a is required for endocrine differentiation and cell survival in the zebrafish adenohypophysis. Development 2006; 133:1079-89. [PMID: 16481349 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian basic helix-loop-helix proteins of the achaete-scute family are proneural factors that, in addition to the central nervous system, are required for the differentiation of peripheral neurons and sensory cells, derivatives of the neural crest and placodal ectoderm. Here, in identifying the molecular nature of the pia mutation, we investigate the role of the zebrafish achaete-scute homologue ascl1a during development of the adenohypophysis, an endocrine derivative of the placodal ectoderm. Similar to mutants deficient in Fgf3 signaling from the adjacent ventral diencepahalon, pia mutants display failure of endocrine differentiation of all adenohypophyseal cell types. Shortly after the failed first phase of cell differentiation, the adenohypophysis of pia mutants displays a transient phase of cell death, which affects most, but not all adenohypophyseal cells. Surviving cells form a smaller pituitary rudiment, lack expression of specific adenohypophyseal marker genes (pit1, neurod), while expressing others (lim3, pitx3), and display an ultrastructure reminiscent of precursor cells. During normal development, ascl1a is expressed in the adenohypophysis and the adjacent diencephalon, the source of Fgf3 signals. However, chimera analyses show that ascl1a is required cell-autonomously in adenohypophyseal cells themselves. In fgf3 mutants, adenohypophyseal expression of ascl1a is absent, while implantation of Fgf3-soaked beads into pia mutants enhances ascl1a, but fails to rescue pit1 expression. Together, this suggests that Ascl1a might act downstream of diencephalic Fgf3 signaling to mediate some of the effects of Fgf3 on the developing adenohypophysis.
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de Velasco B, Mandal L, Mkrtchyan M, Hartenstein V. Subdivision and developmental fate of the head mesoderm in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Genes Evol 2005; 216:39-51. [PMID: 16249873 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-005-0029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we define temporal and spatial subdivisions of the embryonic head mesoderm and describe the fate of the main lineages derived from this tissue. During gastrulation, only a fraction of the head mesoderm (primary head mesoderm; PHM) invaginates as the anterior part of the ventral furrow. The PHM can be subdivided into four linearly arranged domains, based on the expression of different combinations of genetic markers (tinman, heartless, snail, serpent, mef-2, zfh-1). The anterior domain (PHMA) produces a variety of cell types, among them the neuroendocrine gland (corpus cardiacum). PHMB, forming much of the "T-bar" of the ventral furrow, migrates anteriorly and dorsally and gives rise to the dorsal pharyngeal musculature. PHMC is located behind the T-bar and forms part of the anterior endoderm, besides contributing to hemocytes. The most posterior domain, PHMD, belongs to the anterior gnathal segments and gives rise to a few somatic muscles, but also to hemocytes. The procephalic region flanking the ventral furrow also contributes to head mesoderm (secondary head mesoderm, SHM) that segregates from the surface after the ventral furrow has invaginated, indicating that gastrulation in the procephalon is much more protracted than in the trunk. We distinguish between an early SHM (eSHM) that is located on either side of the anterior endoderm and is the major source of hemocytes, including crystal cells. The eSHM is followed by the late SHM (lSHM), which consists of an anterior and posterior component (lSHMa, lSHMp). The lSHMa, flanking the stomodeum anteriorly and laterally, produces the visceral musculature of the esophagus, as well as a population of tinman-positive cells that we interpret as a rudimentary cephalic aorta ("cephalic vascular rudiment"). The lSHM contributes hemocytes, as well as the nephrocytes forming the subesophageal body, also called garland cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begona de Velasco
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Arendt D. Genes and homology in nervous system evolution: comparing gene functions, expression patterns, and cell type molecular fingerprints. Theory Biosci 2005; 124:185-97. [PMID: 17046355 DOI: 10.1007/bf02814483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of the nervous system is one of the most fascinating, but also most nebulous fields of homology research. We do not know for example whether the last common ancestors of human, squid, and fly already possessed an elaborate brain and eyes, or rather had a simple, diffuse nervous system. Nevertheless, in the past decade molecular data has greatly advanced our understanding of bilaterian nervous system evolution. In this methodological review, I explain the four levels on which molecular genetic studies advance the quest for homologies between animal nervous systems. (I) Bioinformatic homology research elucidates the evolutionary history of gene families relevant for nervous system evolution such as the opsin superfamily. It tells us when and in what order genes and their functions have emerged. Based on this, we can (II) infer the organismal complexity of some remote ancestor from the functional diversity of its reconstructed proteome. (III) Most common in molecular homology research has been the comparison of expression patterns of developmental control genes. This approach matches and aligns embryonic regions along the body axes, between remote bilaterians. It does not tell us much, however, about the complexity of structures that developed from these regions in Urbilateria. (IV) This is overcome by a novel variant of molecular homology research, the comparison of cell types. Here, a similar "molecular fingerprint" of cells is taken as indication of cross-bilaterian homology. This approach makes it possible to reconstruct the cell-type repertoire of the urbilaterian nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Arendt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM. Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Dev Biol 2005; 282:494-508. [PMID: 15950613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Revised: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates. Despite their importance for understanding vertebrate origins, the evolutionary origin of placodes has remained obscure. Here, we use a panel of molecular markers from the Six, Eya, Pax, Dach, FoxI, COE and POUIV gene families to examine the tunicate Ciona intestinalis for evidence of structures homologous to vertebrate placodes. Our results identify two domains of Ciona ectoderm that are marked by the genetic cascade that regulates vertebrate placode formation. The first is just anterior to the brain, and we suggest this territory is equivalent to the olfactory/adenohypophyseal placodes of vertebrates. The second is a bilateral domain adjacent to the posterior brain and includes cells fated to form the atrium and atrial siphon of adult Ciona. We show this bares most similarity to placodes fated to form the vertebrate acoustico-lateralis system. We interpret these data as support for the hypothesis that sensory placodes did not arise de novo in vertebrates, but evolved from pre-existing specialised areas of ectoderm that contributed to sensory organs in the common ancestor of vertebrates and tunicates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Mazet
- School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK
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Matthews KA, Kaufman TC, Gelbart WM. Research resources for Drosophila: the expanding universe. Nat Rev Genet 2005; 6:179-93. [PMID: 15738962 DOI: 10.1038/nrg1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has been the subject of research into central questions about biological mechanisms for almost a century. The experimental tools and resources that are available or under development for D. melanogaster and its related species, particularly those for genomic analysis, are truly outstanding. Here we review three types of resource that have been developed for D. melanogaster research: databases and other sources of information, biological materials and experimental services. These resources are there to be exploited and we hope that this guide will encourage new uses for D. melanogaster information, materials and services, both by those new to flies and by experienced D. melanogaster researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Matthews
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-3700, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Caterina
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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