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Rajan A, Fame RM. Brain development and bioenergetic changes. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106550. [PMID: 38849103 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioenergetics describe the biochemical processes responsible for energy supply in organisms. When these changes become dysregulated in brain development, multiple neurodevelopmental diseases can occur, implicating bioenergetics as key regulators of neural development. Historically, the discovery of disease processes affecting individual stages of brain development has revealed critical roles that bioenergetics play in generating the nervous system. Bioenergetic-dependent neurodevelopmental disorders include neural tube closure defects, microcephaly, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, mTORopathies, and oncogenic processes. Developmental timing and cell-type specificity of these changes determine the long-term effects of bioenergetic disease mechanisms on brain form and function. Here, we discuss key metabolic regulators of neural progenitor specification, neuronal differentiation (neurogenesis), and gliogenesis. In general, transitions between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation are regulated in early brain development and in oncogenesis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial maturity play key roles later in differentiation. We also discuss how bioenergetics interface with the developmental regulation of other key neural elements, including the cerebrospinal fluid brain environment. While questions remain about the interplay between bioenergetics and brain development, this review integrates the current state of known key intersections between these processes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Rajan
- Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ryann M Fame
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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2
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González M, Maurelia F, Aguayo J, Amigo R, Arrué R, Gutiérrez JL, Torrejón M, Farkas C, Caprile T. Uncovering the role of the subcommissural organ in early brain development through transcriptomic analysis. Biol Res 2024; 57:49. [PMID: 39068496 PMCID: PMC11282827 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The significant role of embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF) in the initial stages of brain development has been thoroughly studied. This fluid contains crucial molecules for proper brain development such as members of the Wnt and FGF families, apolipoproteins, and retinol binding protein. Nevertheless, the source of these molecules remains uncertain since they are present before the formation of the choroid plexus, which is conventionally known as the primary producer of cerebrospinal fluid. The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a highly conserved gland located in the diencephalon and is one of the earliest differentiating brain structures. The SCO secretes molecules into the eCSF, prior to the differentiation of the choroid plexus, playing a pivotal role in the homeostasis and dynamics of this fluid. One of the key molecules secreted by the SCO is SCO-spondin, a protein involved in maintenance of the normal ventricle size, straight spinal axis, neurogenesis, and axonal guidance. Furthermore, SCO secretes transthyretin and basic fibroblast growth factor 2, while other identified molecules in the eCSF could potentially be secreted by the SCO. Additionally, various transcription factors have been identified in the SCO. However, the precise mechanisms involved in the early SCO development are not fully understood. RESULTS To uncover key molecular players and signaling pathways involved in the role of the SCO during brain development, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis comparing the embryonic chick SCO at HH23 and HH30 stages (4 and 7 days respectively). Additionally, a public transcriptomic data from HH30 entire chick brain was used to compare expression levels between SCO and whole brain transcriptome. These analyses revealed that, at both stages, the SCO differentially expresses several members of bone morphogenic proteins, Wnt and fibroblast growth factors families, diverse proteins involved in axonal guidance, neurogenic and differentiative molecules, cell receptors and transcription factors. The secretory pathway is particularly upregulated at stage HH30 while the proliferative pathway is increased at stage HH23. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the SCO has the capacity to secrete several morphogenic molecules to the eCSF prior to the development of other structures, such as the choroid plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryori González
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Maurelia
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jaime Aguayo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Roberto Amigo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Arrué
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - José Leonardo Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marcela Torrejón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Farkas
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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3
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Zhang M, Hu X, Wang L. A Review of Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation and the Pathogenesis of Congenital Hydrocephalus. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1123-1136. [PMID: 38337135 PMCID: PMC10991002 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The brain's ventricles are filled with a colorless fluid known as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). When there is an excessive accumulation of CSF in the ventricles, it can result in high intracranial pressure, ventricular enlargement, and compression of the surrounding brain tissue, leading to potential damage. This condition is referred to as hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is classified into two categories: congenital and acquired. Congenital hydrocephalus (CH) poses significant challenges for affected children and their families, particularly in resource-poor countries. Recognizing the psychological and economic impacts is crucial for developing interventions and support systems that can help alleviate the distress and burden faced by these families. As our understanding of CSF production and circulation improves, we are gaining clearer insights into the causes of CH. In this article, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding CSF circulation pathways and the underlying causes of CH. The main causes of CH include abnormalities in the FoxJ1 pathway of ventricular cilia, dysfunctions in the choroid plexus transporter Na+-K+-2Cl- contransporter isoform 1, developmental abnormalities in the cerebral cortex, and structural abnormalities within the brain. Understanding the causes of CH is indeed crucial for advancing research and developing effective treatment strategies. In this review, we will summarize the findings from existing studies on the causes of CH and propose potential research directions to further our understanding of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhao Zhang
- Laboratory of pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiangjun Hu
- Laboratory of pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Laboratory of pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
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4
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Radoszkiewicz K, Bzinkowska A, Chodkowska M, Rybkowska P, Sypecka M, Zembrzuska-Kaska I, Sarnowska A. Deciphering the impact of cerebrospinal fluid on stem cell fate as a new mechanism to enhance clinical therapy development. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1332751. [PMID: 38282622 PMCID: PMC10811009 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1332751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) hold a very significant promise as candidates for cell therapy due to their robust neuroprotective and regenerative properties. Preclinical studies using NSCs have shown enough encouraging results to perform deeper investigations into more potential clinical applications. Nevertheless, our knowledge regarding neurogenesis and its underlying mechanisms remains incomplete. To understand them better, it seems necessary to characterize all components of neural stem cell niche and discover their role in physiology and pathology. Using NSCs in vivo brings challenges including limited cell survival and still inadequate integration within host tissue. Identifying overlooked factors that might influence these outcomes becomes pivotal. In this review, we take a deeper examination of the influence of a fundamental element that is present in the brain, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which still remains relatively unexplored. Its role in neurogenesis could be instrumental to help find novel therapeutic solutions for neurological disorders, eventually advancing our knowledge on central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Sarnowska
- Translational Platform for Regenerative Medicine, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Nickle A, Ko S, Merrill AE. Fibroblast growth factor 2. Differentiation 2023:S0301-4681(23)00072-5. [PMID: 37858405 PMCID: PMC11009566 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2), also known as basic fibroblast growth factor, is a potent stimulator of growth and differentiation in multiple tissues. Its discovery traces back over 50 years ago when it was first isolated from bovine pituitary extracts due to its ability to stimulate fibroblast proliferation. Subsequent studies investigating the genomic structure of FGF2 identified multiple protein isoforms, categorized as the low molecular weight and high molecular weight FGF2. These isoforms arise from alternative translation initiation events and exhibit unique molecular and cellular functions. In this concise review, we aim to provide an overview of what is currently known about the structure, expression, and functions of the FGF2 isoforms within the contexts of development, homeostasis, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Nickle
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Sebastian Ko
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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6
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Madrigal M, Martín P, Lamus F, Fernandez JM, Gato A, Alonso MI. Embryonic cerebrospinal fluid influence in the subependymal neurogenic niche in adult mouse hippocampus. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102120. [PMID: 37285750 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The adult mouse hippocampal neurogenic niche is a complex structure which is not completely understood. It has mainly been related to the Subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus; however, as a result of differential neural stem cell populations reported in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and associated with the hippocampus, the possibility remains of a multifocal niche reproducing developmental stages. Here, using a set of molecular markers for neural precursors, we describe in the adult mouse brain hippocampus the existence of a disperse population of neural precursors in the Subependymal Zone, the Dentate Migratory Stream and the hilus; these display dynamic behaviour compatible with neurogenesis. This supports the idea that the adult hippocampal niche cannot be restricted to the dentate gyrus subgranular layer. In other neurogenic niches such as the Subventricular Zone, a functional periventricular dependence has been shown due to the ability to respond to embryonic cerebro-spinal fluid. In this study, we demonstrate that neural precursors from the three areas studied (Sub-ependymal Zone, Dentate Migratory Stream and hilus) are able to modify their behaviour by increasing neurogenesis in a locally differential manner. Our results are compatible with the persistence in the adult mouse hippocampus of a neurogenic niche with the same spatial structure as that seen during development and early postnatal stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Madrigal
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, C/ Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Universidad de Valladolid, C/ Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - P Martín
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, C/ Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Universidad de Valladolid, C/ Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - F Lamus
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, C/ Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Universidad de Valladolid, C/ Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - J M Fernandez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, C/ Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología, Universidad de Valladolid, C/ Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - A Gato
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, C/ Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Universidad de Valladolid, C/ Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
| | - M I Alonso
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, C/ Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Universidad de Valladolid, C/ Ramón y Cajal 7, 47005 Valladolid, Spain; Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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7
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Abstract
The brain harbors a unique ability to, figuratively speaking, shift its gears. During wakefulness, the brain is geared fully toward processing information and behaving, while homeostatic functions predominate during sleep. The blood-brain barrier establishes a stable environment that is optimal for neuronal function, yet the barrier imposes a physiological problem; transcapillary filtration that forms extracellular fluid in other organs is reduced to a minimum in brain. Consequently, the brain depends on a special fluid [the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] that is flushed into brain along the unique perivascular spaces created by astrocytic vascular endfeet. We describe this pathway, coined the term glymphatic system, based on its dependency on astrocytic vascular endfeet and their adluminal expression of aquaporin-4 water channels facing toward CSF-filled perivascular spaces. Glymphatic clearance of potentially harmful metabolic or protein waste products, such as amyloid-β, is primarily active during sleep, when its physiological drivers, the cardiac cycle, respiration, and slow vasomotion, together efficiently propel CSF inflow along periarterial spaces. The brain's extracellular space contains an abundance of proteoglycans and hyaluronan, which provide a low-resistance hydraulic conduit that rapidly can expand and shrink during the sleep-wake cycle. We describe this unique fluid system of the brain, which meets the brain's requisites to maintain homeostasis similar to peripheral organs, considering the blood-brain-barrier and the paths for formation and egress of the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaag Rasmussen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Humberto Mestre
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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8
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Sepúlveda V, Maurelia F, González M, Aguayo J, Caprile T. SCO-spondin, a giant matricellular protein that regulates cerebrospinal fluid activity. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:45. [PMID: 34600566 PMCID: PMC8487547 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear fluid that occupies the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces within and around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is a dynamic signaling milieu that transports nutrients, waste materials and neuroactive substances that are crucial for the development, homeostasis and functionality of the central nervous system. The mechanisms that enable cerebrospinal fluid to simultaneously exert these homeostatic/dynamic functions are not fully understood. SCO-spondin is a large glycoprotein secreted since the early stages of development into the cerebrospinal fluid. Its domain architecture resembles a combination of a matricellular protein and the ligand-binding region of LDL receptor family. The matricellular proteins are a group of extracellular proteins with the capacity to interact with different molecules, such as growth factors, cytokines and cellular receptors; enabling the integration of information to modulate various physiological and pathological processes. In the same way, the LDL receptor family interacts with many ligands, including β-amyloid peptide and different growth factors. The domains similarity suggests that SCO-spondin is a matricellular protein enabled to bind, modulate, and transport different cerebrospinal fluid molecules. SCO-spondin can be found soluble or polymerized into a dynamic threadlike structure called the Reissner fiber, which extends from the diencephalon to the caudal tip of the spinal cord. Reissner fiber continuously moves caudally as new SCO-spondin molecules are added at the cephalic end and are disaggregated at the caudal end. This movement, like a conveyor belt, allows the transport of the bound molecules, thereby increasing their lifespan and action radius. The binding of SCO-spondin to some relevant molecules has already been reported; however, in this review we suggest more than 30 possible binding partners, including peptide β-amyloid and several growth factors. This new perspective characterizes SCO-spondin as a regulator of cerebrospinal fluid activity, explaining its high evolutionary conservation, its apparent multifunctionality, and the lethality or severe malformations, such as hydrocephalus and curved body axis, of knockout embryos. Understanding the regulation and identifying binding partners of SCO-spondin are crucial for better comprehension of cerebrospinal fluid physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Maurelia
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maryori González
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jaime Aguayo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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Kumar V, Umair Z, Kumar S, Goutam RS, Park S, Kim J. The regulatory roles of motile cilia in CSF circulation and hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:31. [PMID: 34233705 PMCID: PMC8261947 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an ultra-filtrated colorless brain fluid that circulates within brain spaces like the ventricular cavities, subarachnoid space, and the spine. Its continuous flow serves many primary functions, including nourishment, brain protection, and waste removal. Main body The abnormal accumulation of CSF in brain cavities triggers severe hydrocephalus. Accumulating evidence had indicated that synchronized beats of motile cilia (cilia from multiciliated cells or the ependymal lining in brain ventricles) provide forceful pressure to generate and restrain CSF flow and maintain overall CSF circulation within brain spaces. In humans, the disorders caused by defective primary and/or motile cilia are generally referred to as ciliopathies. The key role of CSF circulation in brain development and its functioning has not been fully elucidated. Conclusions In this review, we briefly discuss the underlying role of motile cilia in CSF circulation and hydrocephalus. We have reviewed cilia and ciliated cells in the brain and the existing evidence for the regulatory role of functional cilia in CSF circulation in the brain. We further discuss the findings obtained for defective cilia and their potential involvement in hydrocephalus. Furthermore, this review will reinforce the idea of motile cilia as master regulators of CSF movements, brain development, and neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Zobia Umair
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Shiv Kumar
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Mary's Quad, South Street. St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Ravi Shankar Goutam
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-Do, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Voukali E, Veetil NK, Němec P, Stopka P, Vinkler M. Comparison of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid proteomes identifies gene products guiding adult neurogenesis and neural differentiation in birds. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5312. [PMID: 33674647 PMCID: PMC7935914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins regulate neurogenesis, brain homeostasis and participate in signalling during neuroinflammation. Even though birds represent valuable models for constitutive adult neurogenesis, current proteomic studies of the avian CSF are limited to chicken embryos. Here we use liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS) to explore the proteomic composition of CSF and plasma in adult chickens (Gallus gallus) and evolutionarily derived parrots: budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) and cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus). Because cockatiel lacks a complete genome information, we compared the cross-species protein identifications using the reference proteomes of three model avian species: chicken, budgerigar and zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) and found the highest identification rates when mapping against the phylogenetically closest species, the budgerigar. In total, we identified 483, 641 and 458 unique proteins consistently represented in the CSF and plasma of all chicken, budgerigar and cockatiel conspecifics, respectively. Comparative pathways analyses of CSF and blood plasma then indicated clusters of proteins involved in neurogenesis, neural development and neural differentiation overrepresented in CSF in each species. This study provides the first insight into the proteomics of adult avian CSF and plasma and brings novel evidence supporting the adult neurogenesis in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Voukali
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Nithya Kuttiyarthu Veetil
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Němec
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Stopka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vinkler
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic.
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11
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Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex is the pinnacle of brain evolution, reaching its maximum complexity in terms of neuron number, diversity and functional circuitry. The emergence of this outstanding complexity begins during embryonic development, when a limited number of neural stem and progenitor cells manage to generate myriads of neurons in the appropriate numbers, types and proportions, in a process called neurogenesis. Here we review the current knowledge on the regulation of cortical neurogenesis, beginning with a description of the types of progenitor cells and their lineage relationships. This is followed by a review of the determinants of neuron fate, the molecular and genetic regulatory mechanisms, and considerations on the evolution of cortical neurogenesis in vertebrates leading to humans. We finish with an overview on how dysregulation of neurogenesis is a leading cause of human brain malformations and functional disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Villalba
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München & Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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12
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Fame RM, Lehtinen MK. Emergence and Developmental Roles of the Cerebrospinal Fluid System. Dev Cell 2020; 52:261-275. [PMID: 32049038 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We summarize recent work illuminating how cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) regulates brain function. More than a protective fluid cushion and sink for waste, the CSF is an integral CNS component with dynamic and diverse roles emerging in parallel with the developing CNS. This review examines the current understanding about early CSF and its maturation and roles during CNS development and discusses open questions in the field. We focus on developmental changes in the ventricular system and CSF sources (including neural progenitors and choroid plexus). We also discuss concepts related to the development of fluid dynamics including flow, perivascular transport, drainage, and barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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13
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Mallela AN, Deng H, Bush A, Goldschmidt E. Different Principles Govern Different Scales of Brain Folding. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4938-4948. [PMID: 32347310 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The signature folds of the human brain are formed through a complex and developmentally regulated process. In vitro and in silico models of this process demonstrate a random pattern of sulci and gyri, unlike the highly ordered and conserved structure seen in the human cortex. Here, we account for the large-scale pattern of cortical folding by combining advanced fetal magnetic resonance imaging with nonlinear diffeomorphic registration and volumetric analysis. Our analysis demonstrates that in utero brain growth follows a logistic curve, in the absence of an external volume constraint. The Sylvian fissure forms from interlobar folding, where separate lobes overgrow and close an existing subarachnoid space. In contrast, other large sulci, which are the ones represented in existing models, fold through an invagination of a flat surface, a mechanistically different process. Cortical folding is driven by multiple spatially and temporally different mechanisms; therefore regionally distinct biological process may be responsible for the global geometry of the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arka N Mallela
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hansen Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alan Bush
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ezequiel Goldschmidt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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14
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Fame RM, Cortés-Campos C, Sive HL. Brain Ventricular System and Cerebrospinal Fluid Development and Function: Light at the End of the Tube: A Primer with Latest Insights. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900186. [PMID: 32078177 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The brain ventricular system is a series of connected cavities, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that forms within the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS). The hollow neural tube is a hallmark of the chordate CNS, and a closed neural tube is essential for normal development. Development and function of the ventricular system is examined, emphasizing three interdigitating components that form a functional system: ventricle walls, CSF fluid properties, and activity of CSF constituent factors. The cellular lining of the ventricle both can produce and is responsive to CSF. Fluid properties and conserved CSF components contribute to normal CNS development. Anomalies of the CSF/ventricular system serve as diagnostics and may cause CNS disorders, further highlighting their importance. This review focuses on the evolution and development of the brain ventricular system, associated function, and connected pathologies. It is geared as an introduction for scholars with little background in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Hazel L Sive
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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15
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Lamus F, Martín C, Carnicero E, Moro J, Fernández J, Mano A, Gato Á, Alonso M. FGF2/EGF contributes to brain neuroepithelial precursor proliferation and neurogenesis in rat embryos: the involvement of embryonic cerebrospinal fluid. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:141-153. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Lamus
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Valladolid Valladolid Spain
| | - C. Martín
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Valladolid Valladolid Spain
| | - E. Carnicero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Valladolid Valladolid Spain
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL)Universidad de Valladolid Valladolid Spain
| | | | - J.M.F. Fernández
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología; Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Valladolid Valladolid Spain
| | - A. Mano
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Valladolid Valladolid Spain
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL)Universidad de Valladolid Valladolid Spain
| | - Á. Gato
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Valladolid Valladolid Spain
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL)Universidad de Valladolid Valladolid Spain
| | - M.I. Alonso
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Valladolid Valladolid Spain
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL)Universidad de Valladolid Valladolid Spain
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16
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Subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid is essential for normal development of the cerebral cortex. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:28-39. [PMID: 31786096 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system develops around a fluid filled space which persists in the adult within the ventricles, spinal canal and around the outside of the brain and spinal cord. Ventricular fluid is known to act as a growth medium and stimulator of proliferation and differentiation to neural stem cells but the role of CSF in the subarachnoid space has not been fully investigated except for its role in the recently described "glymphatic" system. Fundamental changes occur in the control and coordination of CNS development upon completion of brain stem and spinal cord development and initiation of cortical development. These include changes in gene expression, changes in fluid and fluid source from neural tube fluid to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), changes in fluid volume, composition and fluid flow pathway, with exit of high volume CSF into the subarachnoid space and the critical need for fluid drainage. We used a number of experimental approaches to test a predicted critical role for CSF in development of the cerebral cortex in rodents and humans. Data from fetuses affected by spina bifida and/or hydrocephalus are correlated with experimental evidence on proliferation and migration of cortical cells from the germinal epithelium in rodent neural tube defects, as well as embryonic brain slice experiments demonstrating a requirement for CSF to contact both ventricular and pial surfaces of the developing cortex for normal proliferation and migration. We discuss the possibility that complications with the fluid system are likely to underlie developmental disorders affecting the cerebral cortex as well as function and integrity of the cortex throughout life.
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17
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Gato A, Alonso MI, Lamus F, Miyan J. Neurogenesis: A process ontogenically linked to brain cavities and their content, CSF. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:21-27. [PMID: 31786097 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is the process underlying the development of the highly evolved central nervous system (CNS) in vertebrates. Neurogenesis takes place by differentiation of specific Neural Precursor Cells in the neurogenic niche. The main objective of this review is to highlight the specific relationship between the brain cavities, and neurogenesis from neural precursors. Brain cavities and their content, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), establish a key relation with the neurogenic "niche" because of the presence in this fluid of neurogenic signals able to control neural precursor cell behaviour, inducing precursor proliferation and neuronal differentiation. This influence seems to be ontogenically preserved, despite the temporal and spatial variations that occur throughout life. In order to better understand this concept, we consider three main life periods in the CSF-Neurogenesis interaction: The "Embryonic" period, which take place at the Neural Tube stage and extends from the isolation of the neural tube at the end of "neurulation" to the beginning of Choroid Plexus activity; the "Fetal" period, which includes the remaining developmental and the early postnatal stages; and the "Adult" period, which continues for the rest of adult life. Each period has specific characteristics in respect of CSF synthesis and composition, and the location, extension and neurogenic activity of the neurogenic niche. However, CSF interaction with the neurogenic niche is a common factor, which should be taken into account to better understand the ontogeny of neuron formation and replacement, as well as its potential role in the success or failure of therapies for the ageing, injured or diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gato
- Departamento De Anatomía Y Radiología, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad De Valladolid, C/ Ramón Y Cajal 7, 47005, Valladolid, Spain; Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso. Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL). Universidad de Valladolid. Valladolid, Spain.
| | - M I Alonso
- Departamento De Anatomía Y Radiología, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad De Valladolid, C/ Ramón Y Cajal 7, 47005, Valladolid, Spain; Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso. Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL). Universidad de Valladolid. Valladolid, Spain
| | - F Lamus
- Departamento De Anatomía Y Radiología, Facultad De Medicina, Universidad De Valladolid, C/ Ramón Y Cajal 7, 47005, Valladolid, Spain; Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso. Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL). Universidad de Valladolid. Valladolid, Spain
| | - J Miyan
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, the University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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18
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Bueno D, Parvas M, Nabiuni M, Miyan J. Embryonic cerebrospinal fluid formation and regulation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 102:3-12. [PMID: 31615690 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate brain is organized, from its embryonic origin and throughout adult life, around a dynamic and complex fluid, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). There is growing interest in the composition, dynamics and function of the CSF in brain development research. It has been demonstrated in higher vertebrates that CSF has key functions in delivering diffusible signals and nutrients to the developing brain, contributing to the proliferation, differentiation and survival of neural progenitor cells, and to the patterning of the brain. It has also been shown that the composition and the homeostasis of CSF are tightly regulated following the closure of the anterior neuropore, just before the initiation of primary neurogenesis in the neural tissue surrounding brain cavities, before the formation of functional choroid plexus. In this review we draw together existing literature about the composition and formation of embryonic cerebrospinal fluid in birds and mammals, from the closure of the anterior neuropore to the formation of functional fetal choroid plexus, including mechanisms regulating its composition and homeostasis. The significance of CSF regulation within embryonic brain is also discussed from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bueno
- Section of Biomedical, Evolutionary and Developmental Genetics, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643. Barcelona 08028, Catalonia Spain.
| | - Maryam Parvas
- Section of Biomedical, Evolutionary and Developmental Genetics, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643. Barcelona 08028, Catalonia Spain
| | - Mohammad Nabiuni
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road. Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jaleel Miyan
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road. Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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19
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Functional Analyses of Embryonic Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31432405 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9706-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF) influences neuroepithelial cell behavior, affecting proliferation, differentiation, and survival. One major question to resolve in the field is to precisely describe the eCSF molecules responsible and to understand how these molecules interact in order to exert their functions. Here we describe an in vitro protocol to analyze the influence of eCSF components on neuroepithelium development.
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20
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Singh SV, Staes N, Guevara EE, Schapiro SJ, Ely JJ, Hopkins WD, Sherwood CC, Bradley BJ. Evolution of ASPM coding variation in apes and associations with brain structure in chimpanzees. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 18:e12582. [PMID: 31119860 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studying genetic mechanisms underlying primate brain morphology can provide insight into the evolution of human brain structure and cognition. In humans, loss-of-function mutations in the gene coding for ASPM (Abnormal Spindle Microtubule Assembly) have been associated with primary microcephaly, which is defined by a significantly reduced brain volume, intellectual disability and delayed development. However, less is known about the effects of common ASPM variation in humans and other primates. In this study, we characterized the degree of coding variation at ASPM in a large sample of chimpanzees (N = 241), and examined potential associations between genotype and various measures of brain morphology. We identified and genotyped five non-synonymous polymorphisms in exons 3 (V588G), 18 (Q2772K, K2796E, C2811Y) and 27 (I3427V). Using T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of brains, we measured total brain volume, cerebral gray and white matter volume, cerebral ventricular volume, and cortical surface area in the same chimpanzees. We found a potential association between ASPM V588G genotype and cerebral ventricular volume but not with the other measures. Additionally, we found that chimpanzee, bonobo, and human lineages each independently show a signature of accelerated ASPM protein evolution. Overall, our results suggest the potential effects of ASPM variation on cerebral cortical development, and emphasize the need for further functional studies. These results are the first evidence suggesting ASPM variation might play a role in shaping natural variation in brain structure in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheel V Singh
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Nicky Staes
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elaine E Guevara
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Steven J Schapiro
- Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas
| | | | - William D Hopkins
- Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Brenda J Bradley
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
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21
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Neural precursor cells form integrated brain-like tissue when implanted into rat cerebrospinal fluid. Commun Biol 2018; 1:114. [PMID: 30271994 PMCID: PMC6123740 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is tremendous interest in transplanting neural precursor cells for brain tissue regeneration. However, it remains unclear whether a vascularized and integrated complex neural tissue can be generated within the brain through transplantation of cells. Here, we report that early stage neural precursor cells recapitulate their seminal properties and develop into large brain-like tissue when implanted into the rat brain ventricle. Whereas the implanted cells predominantly differentiated into glutamatergic neurons and astrocytes, the host brain supplied the intact vasculature, oligodendrocytes, GABAergic interneurons, and microglia that seamlessly integrated into the new tissue. Furthermore, local and long-range axonal connections formed mature synapses between the host brain and the graft. Implantation of precursor cells into the CSF-filled cavity also led to a formation of brain-like tissue that integrated into the host cortex. These results may constitute the basis of future brain tissue replacement strategies. Nikorn Pothayee et al. show that early neural precursor cells (NPCs) derived from the embryonic telencephalon or midbrain can develop into brain-like tissue when implanted into the rat brain ventricle. Telencephalon-derived NPCs also form brain tissue in the host cortex when implanted into a CSF-filled cavity formed by cortical ablation.
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22
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Ren C, Yin P, Ren N, Wang Z, Wang J, Zhang C, Ge W, Geng D, Wang X. Cerebrospinal fluid-stem cell interactions may pave the path for cell-based therapy in neurological diseases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018. [PMID: 29523182 PMCID: PMC5845187 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that the regulation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) or transplanting of exogenous nerve cells are the newest and most promising methods for the treatment of dementia and other neurological diseases. The special location and limited number of endogenous NSCs, however, restrict their clinical application. The success in directional differentiation of exogenous stem cells from other tissue sources into neural cells has provided a novel source for NSCs. Study on the relative mechanisms is still at the preliminary stage. Currently the induction methods include: 1) cell growth factor induction; 2) chemical induction; 3) combined growth factor-chemical induction; or 4) other induction methods such as traumatic brain tissue homogenate, gene transfection, traditional Chinese medicine, and coculture induction. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as a natural medium under physiological conditions, contains a variety of progrowth peptide factors that can promote the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) into neural cells through the corresponding receptors on the cell surface. This suggests that CSF can not only nourish the nerve cells, but also become an effective and suitable inducer to increase the yield of NSCs. However, some other studies believed that CSF contained certain inhibitory components against the differentiation of primary stem cells into mature neural cells. Based on the above background, here we review the relative literature on the influence of the CSF on stem cells in order to provide a more comprehensive reference for the wide clinical application of NSCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Peiyuan Yin
- Department of Blood Supply, Yantai Center Blood Station, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Neng Ren
- Department of Inervention Therapy, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Caiyi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Deqin Geng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China.
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23
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Ghersi-Egea JF, Strazielle N, Catala M, Silva-Vargas V, Doetsch F, Engelhardt B. Molecular anatomy and functions of the choroidal blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in health and disease. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:337-361. [PMID: 29368213 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The barrier between the blood and the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is located at the choroid plexuses. At the interface between two circulating fluids, these richly vascularized veil-like structures display a peculiar morphology explained by their developmental origin, and fulfill several functions essential for CNS homeostasis. They form a neuroprotective barrier preventing the accumulation of noxious compounds into the CSF and brain, and secrete CSF, which participates in the maintenance of a stable CNS internal environment. The CSF circulation plays an important role in volume transmission within the developing and adult brain, and CSF compartments are key to the immune surveillance of the CNS. In these contexts, the choroid plexuses are an important source of biologically active molecules involved in brain development, stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and brain repair. By sensing both physiological changes in brain homeostasis and peripheral or central insults such as inflammation, they also act as sentinels for the CNS. Finally, their role in the control of immune cell traffic between the blood and the CSF confers on the choroid plexuses a function in neuroimmune regulation and implicates them in neuroinflammation. The choroid plexuses, therefore, deserve more attention while investigating the pathophysiology of CNS diseases and related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Ghersi-Egea
- Fluid Team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, University Lyon-1, Lyon, France.
| | - Nathalie Strazielle
- Fluid Team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, University Lyon-1, Lyon, France
- Brain-i, Lyon, France
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Mª Isabel Alonso
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid; Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Angel Gato
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid; Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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25
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Alonso MI, Lamus F, Carnicero E, Moro JA, de la Mano A, Fernández JMF, Desmond ME, Gato A. Embryonic Cerebrospinal Fluid Increases Neurogenic Activity in the Brain Ventricular-Subventricular Zone of Adult Mice. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:124. [PMID: 29311854 PMCID: PMC5742215 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is a very intensive process during early embryonic brain development, becoming dramatically restricted in the adult brain in terms of extension and intensity. We have previously demonstrated the key role of embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in developing brain neurogenic activity. We also showed that cultured adult brain neural stem cells (NSCs) remain competent when responding to the neurogenic influence of embryonic CSF. However, adult CSF loses its neurogenic inductive properties. Here, by means of an organotypic culture of adult mouse brain sections, we show that local administration of embryonic CSF in the subventricular zone (SVZ) niche is able to trigger a neurogenic program in NSCs. This leads to a significant increase in the number of non-differentiated NSCs, and also in the number of new neurons which show normal migration, differentiation and maturation. These new data reveal that embryonic CSF activates adult brain NSCs, supporting the previous idea that it contains key instructive components which could be useful in adult brain neuroregenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Alonso
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Francisco Lamus
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Estela Carnicero
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose A Moro
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Anibal de la Mano
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose M F Fernández
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mary E Desmond
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, United States
| | - Angel Gato
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Teratología del Sistema Nervioso, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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26
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Hou N, Zhang M, Xu Y, Sun Z, Wang J, Zhang L, Zhang Q. Polysaccharides and their depolymerized fragments from Costaria costata: Molecular weight and sulfation-dependent anticoagulant and FGF/FGFR signal activating activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:1511-1518. [PMID: 28619642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Crude polysaccharides from Costaria costata were extracted by hot water and further fractionated by anion exchange chromatography into three polysaccharide fractions. Three low molecular weight fragments were then prepared by degradation of the polysaccharides with hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid. The structural features of the polysaccharides and their low molecular weight fragments were elucidated for the first time based on the HGPC, FT-IR, NMR, MS, monosaccharide composition, and other chemical analyses. Their anticoagulant and FGF-1, -2, -7, -8, -9, -10/FGFR1c signaling activation activities in BaF3 cells were also examined. Our studies showed that the polysaccharides were sulfated at different positions of galactose and fucose residues. The APTT-, PT- and TT-based anticoagulant assay results indicated that a high molecular weight and a higher degree of sulfation were essential for their anticoagulant activities. In contrast, not only the polysaccharides but also the depolymerized fragments showed significant FGF/FGFR signal activating activities in a FGF-, molecular weight-, and sulfation-dependent manner. The results presented in current study demonstrated the potential use of the polysaccharides and their fragments as anticoagulants and FGF signal regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Hou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Lab for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Lab for Marine Sci. & Tech, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yingjie Xu
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhongmin Sun
- Lab for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Lab for Marine Sci. & Tech, Qingdao 266071, China; Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Lab for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Lab for Marine Sci. & Tech, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Quanbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Lab for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Lab for Marine Sci. & Tech, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Control of cortex development by ULK4, a rare risk gene for mental disorders including schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31126. [PMID: 27670918 PMCID: PMC5037360 DOI: 10.1038/srep31126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating familial neuropsychiatric disorder which affects 1% of people worldwide. Although the heritability for schizophrenia approaches 80% only a small proportion of the overall genetic risk has been accounted for, and to date only a limited number of genetic loci have been definitively implicated. We have identified recently through genetic and in vitro functional studies, a novel serine/threonine kinase gene, unc-51-like kinase 4 (ULK4), as a rare risk factor for major mental disorders including schizophrenia. Now using the approach of in utero gene transfer we have discovered that Ulk4 plays a key modulatory role in corticogenesis. Knockdown of Ulk4 leads to significantly decreased cell proliferation in germinal zones and profound deficits in radial migration and neurite ramification. These abnormalities can be reversed successfully by Ulk4 gene supplementation. Ulk4 also regulated acetylation of α-tubulin, an important post-translational modification of microtubules. We conclude that Ulk4 plays an essential role in normal brain development and when defective, the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia is increased.
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Atsuta Y, Takahashi Y. Early formation of the Müllerian duct is regulated by sequential actions of BMP/Pax2 and FGF/Lim1 signaling. Development 2016; 143:3549-3559. [PMID: 27578782 DOI: 10.1242/dev.137067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Müllerian duct (MD) and Wolffian duct (WD) are embryonic tubular tissues giving rise to female and male reproductive tracts, respectively. In amniote embryos, both MD and WD emerge in both sexes, but subsequently degenerate in the males and females, respectively. Here, by using MD-specific gene manipulations in chicken embryos, we identify the molecular and cellular mechanisms that link early MD specification to tubular invagination. Early (pre-)specification of MD precursors in the coelomic epithelium requires BMP signaling and its downstream target Pax2 in a WD-independent process. Subsequently, the BMP/Pax2 axis induces Lim1 expression, a hallmark of MD specification, for which FGF/ERK and WD-derived signals are also required. Finally, the sequential actions of the BMP/Pax2 and FGF/Lim1 axes culminate in epithelial invagination to form a tubular structure driven by an apical constriction, where apical accumulation of phospho-myosin light chain is positively regulated by FGF/ERK signaling. Our study delineates mechanisms governing the early formation of the MD, and also serves as a model of how an epithelial cell sheet is transformed to a tubular structure, a process seen in a variety of developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Atsuta
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Takahashi
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan AMED Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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Fame RM, Chang JT, Hong A, Aponte-Santiago NA, Sive H. Directional cerebrospinal fluid movement between brain ventricles in larval zebrafish. Fluids Barriers CNS 2016; 13:11. [PMID: 27329482 PMCID: PMC4915066 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-016-0036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contained within the brain ventricles contacts neuroepithelial progenitor cells during brain development. Dynamic properties of CSF movement may limit locally produced factors to specific regions of the developing brain. However, there is no study of in vivo CSF dynamics between ventricles in the embryonic brain. We address CSF movement using the zebrafish larva, during the major period of developmental neurogenesis. METHODS CSF movement was monitored at two stages of zebrafish development: early larva [pharyngula stage; 27-30 h post-fertilization (hpf)] and late larva (hatching period; 51-54 hpf) using photoactivatable Kaede protein to calculate average maximum CSF velocity between ventricles. Potential roles for heartbeat in early CSF movement were investigated using tnnt2a mutant fish (tnnt2a (-/-)) and chemical [2,3 butanedione monoxime (BDM)] treatment. Cilia motility was monitored at these stages using the Tg(βact:Arl13b-GFP) transgenic fish line. RESULTS In wild-type early larva there is net CSF movement from the telencephalon to the combined diencephalic/mesencephalic superventricle. This movement directionality reverses at late larval stage. CSF moves directionally from diencephalic to rhombencephalic ventricles at both stages examined, with minimal movement from rhombencephalon to diencephalon. Directional movement is partially dependent on heartbeat, as indicated in assays of tnnt2a (-/-) fish and after BDM treatment. Brain cilia are immotile at the early larval stage. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate directional movement of the embryonic CSF in the zebrafish model during the major period of developmental neurogenesis. A key conclusion is that CSF moves preferentially from the diencephalic into the rhombencephalic ventricle. In addition, the direction of CSF movement between telencephalic and diencephalic ventricles reverses between the early and late larval stages. CSF movement is partially dependent on heartbeat. At early larval stage, the absence of motile cilia indicates that cilia likely do not direct CSF movement. These data suggest that CSF components may be compartmentalized and could contribute to specialization of the early brain. In addition, CSF movement may also provide directional mechanical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jessica T Chang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | - Alex Hong
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | | | - Hazel Sive
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA.
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Bueno D, Garcia-Fernàndez J. Evolutionary development of embryonic cerebrospinal fluid composition and regulation: an open research field with implications for brain development and function. Fluids Barriers CNS 2016; 13:5. [PMID: 26979569 PMCID: PMC4793645 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-016-0029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the consolidated field of evolutionary development, there is emerging research on evolutionary aspects of central nervous system development and its implications for adult brain structure and function, including behaviour. The central nervous system is one of the most intriguing systems in complex metazoans, as it controls all body and mind functions. Its failure is responsible for a number of severe and largely incurable diseases, including neurological and neurodegenerative ones. Moreover, the evolution of the nervous system is thought to be a critical step in the adaptive radiation of vertebrates. Brain formation is initiated early during development. Most embryological, genetic and evolutionary studies have focused on brain neurogenesis and regionalisation, including the formation and function of organising centres, and the comparison of homolog gene expression and function among model organisms from different taxa. The architecture of the vertebrate brain primordium also reveals the existence of connected internal cavities, the cephalic vesicles, which in fetuses and adults become the ventricular system of the brain. During embryonic and fetal development, brain cavities and ventricles are filled with a complex, protein-rich fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, CSF has not been widely analysed from either an embryological or evolutionary perspective. Recently, it has been demonstrated in higher vertebrates that embryonic cerebrospinal fluid has key functions in delivering diffusible signals and nutrients to the developing brain, thus contributing to the proliferation, differentiation and survival of neural progenitor cells, and to the expansion and patterning of the brain. Moreover, it has been shown that the composition and homeostasis of CSF are tightly controlled in a time-dependent manner from the closure of the anterior neuropore, just before the initiation of primary neurogenesis, up to the formation of functional choroid plexuses. In this review, we draw together existing literature about the formation, function and homeostatic regulation of embryonic cerebrospinal fluid, from the closure of the anterior neuropore to the formation of functional fetal choroid plexuses, from an evolutionary perspective. The relevance of these processes to the normal functions and diseases of adult brain will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bueno
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Unit of Biomedical, Evolutionary and Developmental Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Unit of Biomedical, Evolutionary and Developmental Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Kaur C, Rathnasamy G, Ling EA. The Choroid Plexus in Healthy and Diseased Brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:198-213. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlv030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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32
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Anticoagulant and FGF/FGFR signal activating activities of the heparinoid propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate and its oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:641-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Development and functions of the choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid system. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:445-57. [PMID: 26174708 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) is the principal source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which has accepted roles as a fluid cushion and a sink for nervous system waste in vertebrates. Various animal models have provided insights into how the ChP-CSF system develops and matures. In addition, recent studies have uncovered new, active roles for this dynamic system in the regulation of neural stem cells, critical periods and the overall health of the nervous system. Together, these findings have brought about a paradigm shift in our understanding of brain development and health, and have stimulated new initiatives for the treatment of neurological disease.
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Chang JT, Lehtinen MK, Sive H. Zebrafish cerebrospinal fluid mediates cell survival through a retinoid signaling pathway. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:75-92. [PMID: 25980532 PMCID: PMC4644717 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) includes conserved factors whose function is largely unexplored. To assess the role of CSF during embryonic development, CSF was repeatedly drained from embryonic zebrafish brain ventricles soon after their inflation. Removal of CSF increased cell death in the diencephalon, indicating a survival function. Factors within the CSF are required for neuroepithelial cell survival as injected mouse CSF but not artificial CSF could prevent cell death after CSF depletion. Mass spectrometry analysis of the CSF identified retinol binding protein 4 (Rbp4), which transports retinol, the precursor to retinoic acid (RA). Consistent with a role for Rbp4 in cell survival, inhibition of Rbp4 or RA synthesis increased neuroepithelial cell death. Conversely, ventricle injection of exogenous human RBP4 plus retinol, or RA alone prevented cell death after CSF depletion. Zebrafish rbp4 is highly expressed in the yolk syncytial layer, suggesting Rbp4 protein and retinol/RA precursors can be transported into the CSF from the yolk. In accord with this suggestion, injection of human RBP4 protein into the yolk prevents neuroepithelial cell death in rbp4 loss‐of‐function embryos. Together, these data support the model that Rbp4 and RA precursors are present within the CSF and used for synthesis of RA, which promotes embryonic neuroepithelial survival. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 75–92, 2016
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica T Chang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Hazel Sive
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
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35
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Bueno D, Parvas M, Garcia-Fernàndez J. The embryonic blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier function before the formation of the fetal choroid plexus: role in cerebrospinal fluid formation and homeostasis. Croat Med J 2015; 55:306-16. [PMID: 25165045 PMCID: PMC4157384 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2014.55.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has attracted interest as an active signaling milieu that regulates brain development, homeostasis, and course disease. CSF is a nutrient-rich fluid, which also contains growth factors and signaling molecules that regulate multiple cell functions in the central nervous system (CNS). CSF constitution is controlled tightly and constituent concentrations are maintained narrow, depending on developmental stage. From fetal stages to adult life, CSF is produced mainly by the choroid plexus. The development and functional activities of the choroid plexus, and other blood-brain barrier systems in adults, have been extensively analyzed. However, the study of CSF production and homeostasis in embryos from the closure of the anterior neuropore, when the brain cavities become physiologically sealed, to the formation of the functional fetal choroid plexus has been largely neglected. This developmental stage is characterized by tightly controlled morphological and cellular events in the anterior part of the CNS, such as rapid brain anlagen growth and initiation of primary neurogenesis in the neural progenitor cells lining the cavities, events which are driven by specific molecules contained within the embryonic CSF. In this article, we review the existing literature on formation and function of the temporary embryonic blood-CSF barrier, from closure of the anterior neuropore to the formation of functional fetal choroid plexuses, with regard to crucial roles that embryonic CSF plays in neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bueno
- David Bueno, Departament de Genética, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia (Spain),
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Gato A, Alonso MI, Martín C, Carnicero E, Moro JA, De la Mano A, Fernández JMF, Lamus F, Desmond ME. Embryonic cerebrospinal fluid in brain development: neural progenitor control. Croat Med J 2015; 55:299-305. [PMID: 25165044 PMCID: PMC4157377 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2014.55.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the effort of several research teams across the world, today we have a solid base of knowledge on the liquid contained in the brain cavities, its composition, and biological roles. Although the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is among the most relevant parts of the central nervous system from the physiological point of view, it seems that it is not a permanent and stable entity because its composition and biological properties evolve across life. So, we can talk about different CSFs during the vertebrate life span. In this review, we focus on the CSF in an interesting period, early in vertebrate development before the formation of the choroid plexus. This specific entity is called “embryonic CSF.” Based on the structure of the compartment, CSF composition, origin and circulation, and its interaction with neuroepithelial precursor cells (the target cells) we can conclude that embryonic CSF is different from the CSF in later developmental stages and from the adult CSF. This article presents arguments that support the singularity of the embryonic CSF, mainly focusing on its influence on neural precursor behavior during development and in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Gato
- Ángel Gato Casado, Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, C/ Ramón y Cajal 7, E-47005-Valladolid, Spain,
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Vera A, Recabal A, Saldivia N, Stanic K, Torrejón M, Montecinos H, Caprile T. Interaction between SCO-spondin and low density lipoproteins from embryonic cerebrospinal fluid modulates their roles in early neurogenesis. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:72. [PMID: 26074785 PMCID: PMC4446542 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
During early stages of development, encephalic vesicles are composed by a layer of neuroepithelial cells surrounding a central cavity filled with embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF). This fluid contains several morphogens that regulate proliferation and differentiation of neuroepithelial cells. One of these neurogenic factors is SCO-spondin, a giant protein secreted to the eCSF from early stages of development. Inhibition of this protein in vivo or in vitro drastically decreases the neurodifferentiation process. Other important neurogenic factors of the eCSF are low density lipoproteins (LDL), the depletion of which generates a 60% decrease in mesencephalic explant neurodifferentiation. The presence of several LDL receptor class A (LDLrA) domains (responsible for LDL binding in other proteins) in the SCO-spondin sequence suggests a possible interaction between both molecules. This possibility was analyzed using three different experimental approaches: (1) Bioinformatics analyses of the SCO-spondin region, that contains eight LDLrA domains in tandem, and of comparisons with the LDL receptor consensus sequence; (2) Analysis of the physical interactions of both molecules through immunohistochemical colocalization in embryonic chick brains and through the immunoprecipitation of LDL with anti-SCO-spondin antibodies; and (3) Analysis of functional interactions during the neurodifferentiation process when these molecules were added to a culture medium of mesencephalic explants. The results revealed that LDL and SCO-spondin interact to form a complex that diminishes the neurogenic capacities that both molecules have separately. Our work suggests that the eCSF is an active signaling center with a complex regulation system that allows for correct brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- América Vera
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Antonia Recabal
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Natalia Saldivia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Karen Stanic
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Marcela Torrejón
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Hernán Montecinos
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
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38
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Bueno D, Parvas M, Hermelo I, Garcia-Fernàndez J. Embryonic blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier formation and function. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:343. [PMID: 25389383 PMCID: PMC4211391 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development and adult life, brain cavities and ventricles are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF has attracted interest as an active signaling medium that regulates brain development, homeostasis and disease. CSF is a complex protein-rich fluid containing growth factors and signaling molecules that regulate multiple cell functions in the central nervous system (CNS). The composition and substance concentrations of CSF are tightly controlled. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that embryonic CSF (eCSF) has a key function as a fluid pathway for delivering diffusible signals to the developing brain, thus contributing to the proliferation, differentiation and survival of neural progenitor cells, and to the expansion and patterning of the brain. From fetal stages through to adult life, CSF is primarily produced by the choroid plexus. The development and functional activities of the choroid plexus and other blood-brain barrier (BBB) systems in adults and fetuses have been extensively analyzed. However, eCSF production and control of its homeostasis in embryos, from the closure of the anterior neuropore when the brain cavities become physiologically sealed, to the formation of the functional fetal choroid plexus, has not been studied in as much depth and remains open to debate. This review brings together the existing literature, some of which is based on experiments conducted by our research group, concerning the formation and function of a temporary embryonic blood-CSF barrier in the context of the crucial roles played by the molecules in eCSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bueno
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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39
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Johansson PA. The choroid plexuses and their impact on developmental neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:340. [PMID: 25386116 PMCID: PMC4208491 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain development the neural stem cells are regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic sources. One site of origin of extrinsic regulation is the developing choroid plexuses, primely situated inside the cerebral ventricles. The choroid plexuses are very active in terms of both secretion and barrier function as soon as they appear during development and control the production and contents of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This suggests that regulated secretion of signaling molecules from the choroid plexuses into CSF can regulate neural stem cell behavior (as they are in direct contact with CSF) and thereby neurogenesis and brain development. Here, choroid plexus development, particularly with regards to molecular regulation and specification, is reviewed. This is followed by a review and discussion of the role of the developing choroid plexuses in brain development. In particular, recent evidence suggests a region-specific reciprocal regulation between choroid plexuses and the neural stem cells. This is accomplished by site-specific secretion of signaling molecules from the different choroid plexuses into CSF, as well as brain region specific competence of the neural stem cells to respond to the signaling molecules present in CSF. In conclusion, although in its infancy, the field of choroid plexus regulation of neurogenesis has already and will likely continue to shed new light on our understanding of the control and fine-tuning of overall brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia A Johansson
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich, Germany
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40
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García-González D, Murcia-Belmonte V, Esteban PF, Ortega F, Díaz D, Sánchez-Vera I, Lebrón-Galán R, Escobar-Castañondo L, Martínez-Millán L, Weruaga E, García-Verdugo JM, Berninger B, de Castro F. Anosmin-1 over-expression increases adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and neuroblast migration to the olfactory bulb. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:239-60. [PMID: 25300351 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0904-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
New subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived neuroblasts that migrate via the rostral migratory stream are continuously added to the olfactory bulb (OB) of the adult rodent brain. Anosmin-1 (A1) is an extracellular matrix protein that binds to FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) to exert its biological effects. When mutated as in Kallmann syndrome patients, A1 is associated with severe OB morphogenesis defects leading to anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Here, we show that A1 over-expression in adult mice strongly increases proliferation in the SVZ, mainly with symmetrical divisions, and produces substantial morphological changes in the normal SVZ architecture, where we also report the presence of FGFR1 in almost all SVZ cells. Interestingly, for the first time we show FGFR1 expression in the basal body of primary cilia in neural progenitor cells. Additionally, we have found that A1 over-expression also enhances neuroblast motility, mainly through FGFR1 activity. Together, these changes lead to a selective increase in several GABAergic interneuron populations in different OB layers. These specific alterations in the OB would be sufficient to disrupt the normal processing of sensory information and consequently alter olfactory memory. In summary, this work shows that FGFR1-mediated A1 activity plays a crucial role in the continuous remodelling of the adult OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego García-González
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain.
- Clinical Neurobiology, German Center for Cancer Research (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Verónica Murcia-Belmonte
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro F Esteban
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
| | - Felipe Ortega
- University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - David Díaz
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León-INCyL, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Irene Sánchez-Vera
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad mixta de Esclerosis múltiple y neurorregeneración, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Lebrón-Galán
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Luis Martínez-Millán
- Departmento de Neurosciencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Spain
| | - Eduardo Weruaga
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León-INCyL, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | - Benedikt Berninger
- University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain.
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Retinoic Acid, under Cerebrospinal Fluid Control, Induces Neurogenesis during Early Brain Development. J Dev Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/jdb2020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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The choroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid: emerging roles in development, disease, and therapy. J Neurosci 2013; 33:17553-9. [PMID: 24198345 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3258-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although universally recognized as the source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the choroid plexus (ChP) has been one of the most understudied tissues in neuroscience. The reasons for this are multiple and varied, including historical perceptions about passive and permissive roles for the ChP, experimental issues, and lack of clinical salience. However, recent work on the ChP and instructive signals in the CSF have sparked new hypotheses about how the ChP and CSF provide unexpected means for regulating nervous system structure and function in health and disease, as well as new ChP-based therapeutic approaches using pluripotent stem cell technology. This minisymposium combines new and established investigators to capture some of the newfound excitement surrounding the ChP-CSF system.
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McGowan LD, Alaama RA, Striedter GF. FGF2 delays tectal neurogenesis, increases tectal cell numbers, and alters tectal lamination in embryonic chicks. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79949. [PMID: 24265789 PMCID: PMC3827156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular injections of the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) are known to increase the size of the optic tectum in embryonic chicks. Here we show that this increase in tectum size is due to a delay in tectal neurogenesis, which by definition extends the proliferation of tectal progenitors. Specifically, we use cumulative labeling with the thymidine analog EdU to demonstrate that FGF2 treatment on embryonic day 4 (ED4) reduces the proportion and absolute number of unlabeled cells in the rostroventral tectum when EdU infusions are begun on ED5, as one would expect if FGF2 retards tectal neurogenesis. We also examined FGF2′s effect on neurogenesis in the caudodorsal tectum, which is born 2-3 days after the rostroventral tectum, by combining FGF2 treatment on ED4 with EDU infusions beginning on ED8. Again, FGF2 treatment reduced the proportion and number of EdU-negative (i.e., unlabeled) cells, consistent with a delay in neurogenesis. Collectively, these data indicate FGF2 in embryonic chicks delays neurogenesis throughout much of the tectum and continues to do so for several days after the FGF2 injection. One effect of this delay in neurogenesis is that tectal cell numbers more than double. In addition, tectal laminae that are born early in development become abnormally thin and cell-sparse after FGF2 treatment, whereas late-born layers remain unaffected. Combined with the results of prior work, these data indicate that FGF2 delays tectal neurogenesis and, thereby, triggers a cascade of changes in tectum size and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. McGowan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Roula A. Alaama
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Georg F. Striedter
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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Gaber ZB, Butler SJ, Novitch BG. PLZF regulates fibroblast growth factor responsiveness and maintenance of neural progenitors. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001676. [PMID: 24115909 PMCID: PMC3792860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A transcription factor called Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger (PLZF) calibrates the balance between spinal cord progenitor maintenance and differentiation by enhancing their sensitivity to mitogens that are present in developing embryos. Distinct classes of neurons and glial cells in the developing spinal cord arise at specific times and in specific quantities from spatially discrete neural progenitor domains. Thus, adjacent domains can exhibit marked differences in their proliferative potential and timing of differentiation. However, remarkably little is known about the mechanisms that account for this regional control. Here, we show that the transcription factor Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger (PLZF) plays a critical role shaping patterns of neuronal differentiation by gating the expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Receptor 3 and responsiveness of progenitors to FGFs. PLZF elevation increases FGFR3 expression and STAT3 pathway activity, suppresses neurogenesis, and biases progenitors towards glial cell production. In contrast, PLZF loss reduces FGFR3 levels, leading to premature neuronal differentiation. Together, these findings reveal a novel transcriptional strategy for spatially tuning the responsiveness of distinct neural progenitor groups to broadly distributed mitogenic signals in the embryonic environment. The embryonic spinal cord is organized into an array of discrete neural progenitor domains along the dorsoventral axis. Most of these domains undergo two periods of differentiation, first producing specific classes of neurons and then generating distinct populations of glial cells at later times. In addition, each of these progenitors pools exhibit marked differences in their proliferative capacities and propensity to differentiate to produce the appropriate numbers and diversity of neurons and glia needed to form functional neural circuits. The mechanisms behind this regional control of neural progenitor behavior, however, remain unclear. In this study, we identify the transcription factor Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger (PLZF) as a critical regulator of this process in the chick spinal cord. We show that PLZF is initially expressed by all spinal cord progenitors and then becomes restricted to a central domain, where it helps to limit the rate of neuronal differentiation and to preserve the progenitor pool for subsequent glial production. We also demonstrate that PLZF acts by promoting the expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) Receptor 3, thereby enhancing the proliferative response of neural progenitors to FGFs present in developing embryos. Together, these findings reveal a novel developmental strategy for spatially controlling neural progenitor behavior by tuning their responsiveness to broadly distributed growth-promoting signals in the embryonic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary B. Gaber
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Samantha J. Butler
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Bennett G. Novitch
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The influence of cerebrospinal fluid on epidermal neural crest stem cells may pave the path for cell-based therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:84. [PMID: 23867009 PMCID: PMC3854676 DOI: 10.1186/scrt235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSCs) in the bulge of hair follicles are a promising source for cell-replacement therapies in neurodegenerative diseases. A prominent factor in cell-based therapy is the practicalities of different routes of administration. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), owing to its adaptive library of secreted growth factors, can provide a trophic environment for transplanted cells. Thus, the effect of CSF on the behavior of EPI-NCSC was studied here. Methods In this study, the highly pure population of EPI-NCSCs was obtained from the bulge of mouse hair follicle. Migrated cells were characterized with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry. Subsequently isolated stem cells were cultured in CSF, which was collected from the cisterna magna of the adult rat. The expression of pertinent markers was assessed at the gene and protein levels with RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Colorimetric immunoassay was used to quantify the rate of proliferation of EPI-NCSCs after cultivation in CSF. Results Isolated EPI-NCSCs could survive in the CSF, and they maintained the expression of nestin, β–tubulin ІІІ (early neuronal marker), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, glia marker) in this environment. In addition, CSF decreased the proliferation rate of EPI-NCSCs significantly in comparison to primary and expansion culture medium. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that CSF as a cocktail of growth factors helps EPI-NCSCs to acquire some desirable traits, and because of its circulatory system that is in close contact with different parts of the central nervous system (CNS), can be a practical route of administration for delivery of injected stem cells.
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Abstract
Embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (E-CSF) is a protein-containing fluid present in brain cavities that plays key roles in neuronal development and function. From the beginning of primary brain neurogenesis, E-CSF composition and homeostasis are precisely tuned by a transient blood-CSF barrier function, which controls protein transport and their relative concentration of within-brain cavities. One of the proteins found in E-CSF is ovalbumin, which is postulated to play a role in nutrition. Here, we address the question of whether neuroepithelial progenitor cells in developing chick embryos use ovalbumin as a highly specific nutritional source of amino acids or alternatively whether they use other amino acid sources, despite the fact that they cannot be transported from blood serum to brain cavities under physiological conditions. Although ovalbumin was not found to be a key protein required for neurogenesis and cell survival, our observations reinforce the crucial role of the embryonic blood-CSF barrier, as its precise regulation of protein transport and E-CSF homeostasis ensures the maximum efficiency of neural development.
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Choroid-plexus-derived Otx2 homeoprotein constrains adult cortical plasticity. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1815-23. [PMID: 23770240 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain plasticity is often restricted to critical periods in early life. Here, we show that a key regulator of this process in the visual cortex, Otx2 homeoprotein, is synthesized and secreted globally from the choroid plexus. Consequently, Otx2 is maintained in selected GABA cells unexpectedly throughout the mature forebrain. Genetic disruption of choroid-expressed Otx2 impacts these distant circuits and in the primary visual cortex reopens binocular plasticity to restore vision in amblyopic mice. The potential to regulate adult cortical plasticity through the choroid plexus underscores the importance of this structure in brain physiology and offers therapeutic approaches to recovery from a broad range of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Vera A, Stanic K, Montecinos H, Torrejón M, Marcellini S, Caprile T. SCO-spondin from embryonic cerebrospinal fluid is required for neurogenesis during early brain development. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:80. [PMID: 23761733 PMCID: PMC3669746 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) develops from the neural tube, a hollow structure filled with embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF) and surrounded by neuroepithelial cells. Several lines of evidence suggest that the eCSF contains diffusible factors regulating the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of the neuroepithelium, although these factors are only beginning to be uncovered. One possible candidate as eCSF morphogenetic molecule is SCO-spondin, a large glycoprotein whose secretion by the diencephalic roof plate starts at early developmental stages. In vitro, SCO-spondin promotes neuronal survival and differentiation, but its in vivo function still remains to be elucidated. Here we performed in vivo loss of function experiments for SCO-spondin during early brain development by injecting and electroporating a specific shRNA expression vector into the neural tube of chick embryos. We show that SCO-spondin knock down induces an increase in neuroepithelial cells proliferation concomitantly with a decrease in cellular differentiation toward neuronal lineages, leading to hyperplasia in both the diencephalon and the mesencephalon. In addition, SCO-spondin is required for the correct morphogenesis of the posterior commissure and pineal gland. Because SCO-spondin is secreted by the diencephalon, we sought to corroborate the long-range function of this protein in vitro by performing gain and loss of function experiments on mesencephalic explants. We find that culture medium enriched in SCO-spondin causes an increased neurodifferentiation of explanted mesencephalic region. Conversely, inhibitory antibodies against SCO-spondin cause a reduction in neurodifferentiation and an increase of mitosis when such explants are cultured in eCSF. Our results suggest that SCO-spondin is a crucial eCSF diffusible factor regulating the balance between proliferation and differentiation of the brain neuroepithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vera
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepción Biobío Region, Chile
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Zappaterra MW, LaMantia AS, Walsh CA, Lehtinen MK. Isolation of cerebrospinal fluid from rodent embryos for use with dissected cerebral cortical explants. J Vis Exp 2013:e50333. [PMID: 23524481 DOI: 10.3791/50333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The CSF is a complex fluid with a dynamically varying proteome throughout development and in adulthood. During embryonic development, the nascent CSF differentiates from the amniotic fluid upon closure of the anterior neural tube. CSF volume then increases over subsequent days as the neuroepithelial progenitor cells lining the ventricles and the choroid plexus generate CSF. The embryonic CSF contacts the apical, ventricular surface of the neural stem cells of the developing brain and spinal cord. CSF provides crucial fluid pressure for the expansion of the developing brain and distributes important growth promoting factors to neural progenitor cells in a temporally-specific manner. To investigate the function of the CSF, it is important to isolate pure samples of embryonic CSF without contamination from blood or the developing telencephalic tissue. Here, we describe a technique to isolate relatively pure samples of ventricular embryonic CSF that can be used for a wide range of experimental assays including mass spectrometry, protein electrophoresis, and cell and primary explant culture. We demonstrate how to dissect and culture cortical explants on porous polycarbonate membranes in order to grow developing cortical tissue with reduced volumes of media or CSF. With this method, experiments can be performed using CSF from varying ages or conditions to investigate the biological activity of the CSF proteome on target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro W Zappaterra
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, USA
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50
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Carnicero E, Alonso M, Carretero R, Lamus F, Moro J, de la Mano A, Fernández J, Gato A. Embryonic Cerebrospinal Fluid Activates Neurogenesis of Neural Precursors within the Subventricular Zone of the Adult Mouse Brain. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 198:398-404. [DOI: 10.1159/000356983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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