1
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Tait CC, Ramirez MD, Katz PS. Egg-laying hormone expression in identified neurons across developmental stages and reproductive states of the nudibranch Berghia stephanieae. Horm Behav 2024; 164:105578. [PMID: 38925074 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Neuropeptides play essential roles in coordinating reproduction. Egg-laying hormone (ELH) is conserved in genetic sequence and behavioral function across molluscs, where neuronal clusters secrete ELH to modulate and induce egg-laying. Here we investigated ELH in the nudibranch mollusc, Berghia stephanieae. ELH preprohormone gene orthologs, which showed clade-specific differences at the C-terminus of the predicted bioactive peptide, were identified in brain transcriptomes across several nudipleuran species, including B. stephanieae. ELH shares deep homology with the corticotropin-releasing hormone gene family, which has roles broadly in stress response. Injection of synthesized B. stephanieae ELH peptide into mature individuals induced egg-laying. ELH gene expression in the brain and body was mapped using in-situ hybridization chain reaction. Across the adult brain, 300-400 neurons expressed ELH. Twenty-one different cell types were identified in adults, three of which were located unilaterally on the right side, which corresponds to the location of the reproductive organs. Ten cell types were present in pre-reproductive juvenile stages. An asymmetric cluster of approximately 100 small neurons appeared in the right pedal ganglion of late-stage juveniles. Additional neurons in the pleural and pedal ganglia expressed ELH only in adults that were actively laying eggs and sub-adults that were on the verge of doing so, implicating their direct role in reproduction. Outside the brain, ELH was expressed on sensory appendages, including in presumptive sensory neurons. Its widespread expression in the nudibranch B. stephanieae suggests that ELH plays a role beyond reproduction in gastropod molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne C Tait
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States of America.
| | - M Desmond Ramirez
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States of America
| | - Paul S Katz
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States of America; Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States of America
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2
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Ramirez MD, Bui TN, Katz PS. Cellular-resolution gene expression mapping reveals organization in the head ganglia of the gastropod, Berghia stephanieae. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25628. [PMID: 38852042 PMCID: PMC11198006 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Gastropod molluscs such as Aplysia, Lymnaea, and Tritonia have been important for determining fundamental rules of motor control, learning, and memory because of their large, individually identifiable neurons. Yet only a small number of gastropod neurons have known molecular markers, limiting the ability to establish brain-wide structure-function relations. Here we combine high-throughput, single-cell RNA sequencing with in situ hybridization chain reaction in the nudibranch Berghia stephanieae to identify and visualize the expression of markers for cell types. Broad neuronal classes were characterized by genes associated with neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine, glutamate, serotonin, and GABA, as well as neuropeptides. These classes were subdivided by other genes including transcriptional regulators and unannotated genes. Marker genes expressed by neurons and glia formed discrete, previously unrecognized regions within and between ganglia. This study provides the foundation for understanding the fundamental cellular organization of gastropod nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thi N. Bui
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst
| | - Paul S. Katz
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst
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3
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Aguillon R, Rinsky M, Simon-Blecher N, Doniger T, Appelbaum L, Levy O. CLOCK evolved in cnidaria to synchronize internal rhythms with diel environmental cues. eLife 2024; 12:RP89499. [PMID: 38743049 PMCID: PMC11093582 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock enables anticipation of the day/night cycle in animals ranging from cnidarians to mammals. Circadian rhythms are generated through a transcription-translation feedback loop (TTFL or pacemaker) with CLOCK as a conserved positive factor in animals. However, CLOCK's functional evolutionary origin and mechanism of action in basal animals are unknown. In the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis, pacemaker gene transcript levels, including NvClk (the Clock ortholog), appear arrhythmic under constant darkness, questioning the role of NvCLK. Utilizing CRISPR/Cas9, we generated a NvClk allele mutant (NvClkΔ), revealing circadian behavior loss under constant dark (DD) or light (LL), while maintaining a 24 hr rhythm under light-dark condition (LD). Transcriptomics analysis revealed distinct rhythmic genes in wild-type (WT) polypsunder LD compared to DD conditions. In LD, NvClkΔ/Δ polyps exhibited comparable numbers of rhythmic genes, but were reduced in DD. Furthermore, under LD, the NvClkΔ/Δ polyps showed alterations in temporal pacemaker gene expression, impacting their potential interactions. Additionally, differential expression of non-rhythmic genes associated with cell division and neuronal differentiation was observed. These findings revealed that a light-responsive pathway can partially compensate for circadian clock disruption, and that the Clock gene has evolved in cnidarians to synchronize rhythmic physiology and behavior with the diel rhythm of the earth's biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Aguillon
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
- The Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
| | - Mieka Rinsky
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
| | - Noa Simon-Blecher
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
| | - Tirza Doniger
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
| | - Lior Appelbaum
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
- The Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
| | - Oren Levy
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
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4
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Salinas-Saavedra M. SABER-FISH in Hydractinia. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2784:77-85. [PMID: 38502479 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3766-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
In situ hybridization allows the detection of nucleic acid sequences in fixed cells and tissues. The gelatinous nature of cnidarians and Hydractinia demands extensive and exhausting protocols to detect RNA transcripts with traditional methods (e.g., colorimetric in situ hybridization). Signal amplification by exchange reaction (SABER) fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) enables simplifying and multiplex imaging of RNA targets in a rapid and cost-effective manner. In one enzymatic reaction, SABER-FISH uses a strand-displacing polymerase and catalytic DNA hairpin to generate FISH probes with adjustable signal amplification, allowing highly sensitive detection of nucleic acids and reducing the number of required probes. Here I describe the methodology to detect transcripts within the cells of Hydractinia by SABER-FISH in whole-mount samples.
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5
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Watanabe K, Chiu H, Anderson DJ. HI-FISH: WHOLE BRAIN IN SITU MAPPING OF NEURONAL ACTIVATION IN DROSOPHILA DURING SOCIAL BEHAVIORS AND OPTOGENETIC STIMULATION. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.28.560045. [PMID: 37808781 PMCID: PMC10557720 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.560045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring neuronal activity at single-cell resolution in freely moving Drosophila engaged in social behaviors is challenging because of their small size and lack of transparency. Extant methods, such as Flyception, are highly invasive. Whole-brain calcium imaging in head-fixed, walking flies is feasible but the animals cannot perform the consummatory phases of social behaviors like aggression or mating under these conditions. This has left open the fundamental question of whether neurons identified as functionally important for such behaviors using loss- or gain-of-function screens are actually active during the natural performance of such behaviors, and if so during which phase(s). Here we describe a method, called HI-FISH, for brain-wide mapping of active cells expressing the Immediate Early Gene hr38 using a high-sensitivity/low background amplification method called HCR-3.0. Using double-labeling for hr38 mRNA and for GFP, we describe the activity of several classes of aggression-promoting neurons during courtship and aggression, including P1a cells, an intensively studied population of male-specific interneurons. Using HI-FISH in combination with optogenetic activation of aggression-promoting neurons (opto-HI-FISH) we identify candidate downstream functional targets of these cells in a brain-wide, unbiased manner. Finally we compare the activity of P1a neurons during sequential performance of courtship and aggression, using intronic vs. exonic hr38 probes to differentiate newly synthesized nuclear transcripts from cytoplasmic transcripts synthesized at an earlier time. These data provide evidence suggesting that different subsets of P1a neurons may be active during courtship vs. aggression. HI-FISH and associated methods may help to fill an important lacuna in the armamentarium of tools for neural circuit analysis in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Watanabe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
- Present address: International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
- Present address: Department of Medical Research for Intractable Disease, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hui Chiu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
- Present address: Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - David J. Anderson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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6
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Boen JRA, Pintelon I, Gevaert AB, Segers VFM, van Craenenbroeck EM. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization for miRNA Combined with Staining of Proteins. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e880. [PMID: 37728252 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The last decades have illustrated the importance of microRNAs (miRNAs) in various biological and pathological processes. The combined visualization of miRNAs using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and proteins using immunofluorescence (IF) can reveal their spatiotemporal distribution in relation to the cell and tissue morphology and can provide interesting insights into miRNA-protein interactions. However, standardized protocols for co-localization of miRNAs and proteins are currently lacking, and substantial technical obstacles still need to be addressed. In particular, the incompatibility of protein IF protocols with steps required for miRNA FISH, such as proteolytic pretreatments and ethylcarbodiimide post-fixation, as well as hurdles related to low signal intensity of low-copy miRNAs, remains challenging. Our technique may considerably enhance miRNA-based research, as current detection techniques lack the ability to elucidate cellular and subcellular localization. Here, we describe an optimized 2-day protocol for combined detection of low-abundant miRNAs and proteins in cryosections of cardiac tissue, without the need for protease-dependent pretreatment or post-fixation treatment. We successfully demonstrate endothelial-specific localization of low-abundant miR-181c-5p in cardiac tissue. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Fluorescent in situ hybridization for miRNA combined with staining of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jente R A Boen
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR Department, Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Histology, Antwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andreas B Gevaert
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR Department, Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vincent F M Segers
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR Department, Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emeline M van Craenenbroeck
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR Department, Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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7
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Travert M, Boohar R, Sanders SM, Boosten M, Leclère L, Steele RE, Cartwright P. Coevolution of the Tlx homeobox gene with medusa development (Cnidaria: Medusozoa). Commun Biol 2023; 6:709. [PMID: 37433830 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians display a wide diversity of life cycles. Among the main cnidarian clades, only Medusozoa possesses a swimming life cycle stage called the medusa, alternating with a benthic polyp stage. The medusa stage was repeatedly lost during medusozoan evolution, notably in the most diverse medusozoan class, Hydrozoa. Here, we show that the presence of the homeobox gene Tlx in Cnidaria is correlated with the presence of the medusa stage, the gene having been lost in clades that ancestrally lack a medusa (anthozoans, endocnidozoans) and in medusozoans that secondarily lost the medusa stage. Our characterization of Tlx expression indicate an upregulation of Tlx during medusa development in three distantly related medusozoans, and spatially restricted expression patterns in developing medusae in two distantly related species, the hydrozoan Podocoryna carnea and the scyphozoan Pelagia noctiluca. These results suggest that Tlx plays a key role in medusa development and that the loss of this gene is likely linked to the repeated loss of the medusa life cycle stage in the evolution of Hydrozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Travert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Reed Boohar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Steven M Sanders
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Manon Boosten
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Lucas Leclère
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Robert E Steele
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Paulyn Cartwright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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8
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Vetrova AA, Kupaeva DM, Kizenko A, Lebedeva TS, Walentek P, Tsikolia N, Kremnyov SV. The evolutionary history of Brachyury genes in Hydrozoa involves duplications, divergence, and neofunctionalization. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9382. [PMID: 37296138 PMCID: PMC10256749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35979-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachyury, a member of T-box gene family, is widely known for its major role in mesoderm specification in bilaterians. It is also present in non-bilaterian metazoans, such as cnidarians, where it acts as a component of an axial patterning system. In this study, we present a phylogenetic analysis of Brachyury genes within phylum Cnidaria, investigate differential expression and address a functional framework of Brachyury paralogs in hydrozoan Dynamena pumila. Our analysis indicates two duplication events of Brachyury within the cnidarian lineage. The first duplication likely appeared in the medusozoan ancestor, resulting in two copies in medusozoans, while the second duplication arose in the hydrozoan ancestor, resulting in three copies in hydrozoans. Brachyury1 and 2 display a conservative expression pattern marking the oral pole of the body axis in D. pumila. On the contrary, Brachyury3 expression was detected in scattered presumably nerve cells of the D. pumila larva. Pharmacological modulations indicated that Brachyury3 is not under regulation of cWnt signaling in contrast to the other two Brachyury genes. Divergence in expression patterns and regulation suggest neofunctionalization of Brachyury3 in hydrozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Vetrova
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis Evolution, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Vavilova 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Daria M Kupaeva
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1/12, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Alena Kizenko
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Tatiana S Lebedeva
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Centre of Organismal Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Walentek
- Renal Division, Internal Medicine IV, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nikoloz Tsikolia
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, 37085, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stanislav V Kremnyov
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis Evolution, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Vavilova 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1/12, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
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9
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Munro C, Cadis H, Pagnotta S, Houliston E, Huynh JR. Conserved meiotic mechanisms in the cnidarian Clytia hemisphaerica revealed by Spo11 knockout. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd2873. [PMID: 36706182 PMCID: PMC9882977 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
During meiosis, DNA recombination allows the shuffling of genetic information between the maternal and paternal chromosomes. Recombination is initiated by double-strand breaks (DSBs) catalyzed by the conserved enzyme Spo11. How this crucial event is connected to other meiotic processes is unexpectedly variable depending on the species. Here, we knocked down Spo11 by CRISPR in the jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica. Germ cells in Clytia Spo11 mutants fail to assemble synaptonemal complexes and chiasmata, and in consequence, homologous chromosome pairs in females remain unassociated during oocyte growth and meiotic divisions, creating aneuploid but fertilizable eggs that develop into viable larvae. Clytia thus shares an ancient eukaryotic dependence of synapsis and chromosome segregation on Spo11-generated DSBs. Phylogenetically, Clytia belongs to Cnidaria, the sister clade to Bilateria where classical animal model species are found, so these results provide fresh evolutionary perspectives on meiosis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Munro
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Villefranche-sur-Mer 06230, France
| | - Hugo Cadis
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Villefranche-sur-Mer 06230, France
| | - Sophie Pagnotta
- Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée, Université Nice Côte d’Azur, Parc Valrose, Nice 06108, France
| | - Evelyn Houliston
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Villefranche-sur-Mer 06230, France
| | - Jean-René Huynh
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
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10
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Steinworth BM, Martindale MQ, Ryan JF. Gene Loss may have Shaped the Cnidarian and Bilaterian Hox and ParaHox Complement. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 15:6889381. [PMID: 36508343 PMCID: PMC9825252 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox and ParaHox transcription factors are important for specifying cell fates along the primary body axes during the development of most animals. Within Cnidaria, much of the research on Hox/ParaHox genes has focused on Anthozoa (anemones and corals) and Hydrozoa (hydroids) and has concentrated on the evolution and function of cnidarian Hox genes in relation to their bilaterian counterparts. Here we analyze together the full complement of Hox and ParaHox genes from species representing all four medusozoan classes (Staurozoa, Cubozoa, Hydrozoa, and Scyphozoa) and both anthozoan classes (Octocorallia and Hexacorallia). Our results show that Hox genes involved in patterning the directive axes of anthozoan polyps are absent in the stem leading to Medusozoa. For the first time, we show spatial and temporal expression patterns of Hox and ParaHox genes in the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana (Scyphozoa), which are consistent with diversification of medusozoan Hox genes both from anthozoans and within medusozoa. Despite unprecedented taxon sampling, our phylogenetic analyses, like previous studies, are characterized by a lack of clear homology between most cnidarian and bilaterian Hox and Hox-related genes. Unlike previous studies, we propose the hypothesis that the cnidarian-bilaterian ancestor possessed a remarkably large Hox complement and that extensive loss of Hox genes was experienced by both cnidarian and bilaterian lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey M Steinworth
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, Florida 32080,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, Florida 32080,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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11
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Lebouvier M, Miramón-Puértolas P, Steinmetz PRH. Evolutionarily conserved aspects of animal nutrient uptake and transport in sea anemone vitellogenesis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4620-4630.e5. [PMID: 36084649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of systemic nutrient transport was a key challenge during animal evolution, yet it is poorly understood. Circulatory systems distribute nutrients in many bilaterians (e.g., vertebrates and arthropods) but are absent in non-bilaterians (e.g., cnidarians and sponges), where nutrient absorption and transport remain little explored at molecular and cellular levels. Vitellogenesis, the accumulation of egg yolk, necessitates high nutrient influx into oocytes and is present throughout animal phyla and therefore represents a well-suited paradigm to study nutrient transport evolution. With that aim, we investigated dietary nutrient transport to the oocytes in the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis (Anthozoa). Using a combination of fluorescent bead labeling and marker gene expression, we found that phagocytosis, micropinocytosis, and intracellular digestion of food components occur within the gonad epithelium. Pulse-chase experiments further show that labelled fatty acids rapidly translocate from the gonad epithelium through the extracellular matrix (ECM) into oocytes. Expression of conserved lipid transport proteins vitellogenin (vtg) and apolipoprotein-B (apoB) and colocalization of labeled fatty acids with a fluorescently tagged ApoB protein further support the lipid-shuttling role of the gonad epithelium. Complementary oocyte expression of very low-density lipoprotein receptor (vldlr) orthologs, which mediate endocytosis of bilaterian ApoB- and Vtg-lipoproteins, supports that this evolutionarily conserved ligand/receptor pair underlies lipid transport during sea anemone vitellogenesis. In addition, we identified lipid- and ApoB-rich cells with potential lipid transport roles in the ECM. Altogether, our work supports a long-standing hypothesis that an ECM-based lipid transport system predated the cnidarian-bilaterian split and provided a basis for the evolution of bilaterian circulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lebouvier
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Paula Miramón-Puértolas
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Patrick R H Steinmetz
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway.
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12
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Kao YT, Calabrese S, Borst N, Lehnert M, Lai YK, Schlenker F, Juelg P, Zengerle R, Garstecki P, von Stetten F. Microfluidic One-Pot Digital Droplet FISH Using LNA/DNA Molecular Beacons for Bacteria Detection and Absolute Quantification. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12040237. [PMID: 35448297 PMCID: PMC9032532 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate detection and quantification of bacterial load with a novel microfluidic one-pot wash-free fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay in droplets. The method offers minimal manual workload by only requiring mixing of the sample with reagents and loading it into a microfluidic cartridge. By centrifugal microfluidic step emulsification, our method partitioned the sample into 210 pL (73 µm in diameter) droplets for bacterial encapsulation followed by in situ permeabilization, hybridization, and signal detection. Employing locked nucleic acid (LNA)/DNA molecular beacons (LNA/DNA MBs) and NaCl-urea based hybridization buffer, the assay was characterized with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Proteus mirabilis. The assay performed with single-cell sensitivity, a 4-log dynamic range from a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) at ~3 × 103 bacteria/mL to an upper limit of quantification (ULOQ) at ~3 × 107 bacteria/mL, anda linearity R2 = 0.976. The total time-to-results for detection and quantification was around 1.5 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Kao
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (Y.-T.K.); (N.B.); (Y.-K.L.); (R.Z.)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Silvia Calabrese
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.C.); (M.L.); (F.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Nadine Borst
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (Y.-T.K.); (N.B.); (Y.-K.L.); (R.Z.)
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.C.); (M.L.); (F.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Michael Lehnert
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.C.); (M.L.); (F.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Yu-Kai Lai
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (Y.-T.K.); (N.B.); (Y.-K.L.); (R.Z.)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland;
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.C.); (M.L.); (F.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Franziska Schlenker
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.C.); (M.L.); (F.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Peter Juelg
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.C.); (M.L.); (F.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Roland Zengerle
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (Y.-T.K.); (N.B.); (Y.-K.L.); (R.Z.)
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.C.); (M.L.); (F.S.); (P.J.)
| | - Piotr Garstecki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Felix von Stetten
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK-Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (Y.-T.K.); (N.B.); (Y.-K.L.); (R.Z.)
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (S.C.); (M.L.); (F.S.); (P.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-203-73243
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13
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Houliston E, Leclère L, Munro C, Copley RR, Momose T. Past, present and future of Clytia hemisphaerica as a laboratory jellyfish. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 147:121-151. [PMID: 35337447 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The hydrozoan species Clytia hemisphaerica was selected in the mid-2000s to address the cellular and molecular basis of body axis specification in a cnidarian, providing a reliable daily source of gametes and building on a rich foundation of experimental embryology. The many practical advantages of this species include genetic uniformity of laboratory jellyfish, derived clonally from easily-propagated polyp colonies. Phylogenetic distance from other laboratory models adds value in providing an evolutionary perspective on many biological questions. Here we outline the current state of the art regarding available experimental approaches and in silico resources, and illustrate the contributions of Clytia to understanding embryo patterning mechanisms, oogenesis and regeneration. Looking forward, the recent establishment of transgenesis methods is now allowing gene function and imaging studies at adult stages, making Clytia particularly attractive for whole organism biology studies across fields and extending its scientific impact far beyond the original question of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Houliston
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), France.
| | - Lucas Leclère
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), France
| | - Catriona Munro
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), France; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Richard R Copley
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), France
| | - Tsuyoshi Momose
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), France
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14
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Spiniello M, Scalf M, Casamassimi A, Abbondanza C, Smith LM. Towards an Ideal In Cell Hybridization-Based Strategy to Discover Protein Interactomes of Selected RNA Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020942. [PMID: 35055128 PMCID: PMC8779001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins are crucial to the function of coding and non-coding RNAs. The disruption of RNA–protein interactions is involved in many different pathological states. Several computational and experimental strategies have been developed to identify protein binders of selected RNA molecules. Amongst these, ‘in cell’ hybridization methods represent the gold standard in the field because they are designed to reveal the proteins bound to specific RNAs in a cellular context. Here, we compare the technical features of different ‘in cell’ hybridization approaches with a focus on their advantages, limitations, and current and potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Spiniello
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy;
- Division of Immuno-Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Mark Scalf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (M.S.); (L.M.S.)
| | - Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Ciro Abbondanza
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Lloyd M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (M.S.); (L.M.S.)
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15
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Zand E, Froehling A, Schoenher C, Zunabovic-Pichler M, Schlueter O, Jaeger H. Potential of Flow Cytometric Approaches for Rapid Microbial Detection and Characterization in the Food Industry-A Review. Foods 2021; 10:3112. [PMID: 34945663 PMCID: PMC8701031 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As microbial contamination is persistent within the food and bioindustries and foodborne infections are still a significant cause of death, the detection, monitoring, and characterization of pathogens and spoilage microorganisms are of great importance. However, the current methods do not meet all relevant criteria. They either show (i) inadequate sensitivity, rapidity, and effectiveness; (ii) a high workload and time requirement; or (iii) difficulties in differentiating between viable and non-viable cells. Flow cytometry (FCM) represents an approach to overcome such limitations. Thus, this comprehensive literature review focuses on the potential of FCM and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for food and bioindustry applications. First, the principles of FCM and FISH and basic staining methods are discussed, and critical areas for microbial contamination, including abiotic and biotic surfaces, water, and air, are characterized. State-of-the-art non-specific FCM and specific FISH approaches are described, and their limitations are highlighted. One such limitation is the use of toxic and mutagenic fluorochromes and probes. Alternative staining and hybridization approaches are presented, along with other strategies to overcome the current challenges. Further research needs are outlined in order to make FCM and FISH even more suitable monitoring and detection tools for food quality and safety and environmental and clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zand
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Antje Froehling
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (A.F.); (O.S.)
| | - Christoph Schoenher
- Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.S.); (M.Z.-P.)
| | - Marija Zunabovic-Pichler
- Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.S.); (M.Z.-P.)
| | - Oliver Schlueter
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, 14469 Potsdam, Germany; (A.F.); (O.S.)
| | - Henry Jaeger
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria;
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16
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Chari T, Weissbourd B, Gehring J, Ferraioli A, Leclère L, Herl M, Gao F, Chevalier S, Copley RR, Houliston E, Anderson DJ, Pachter L. Whole-animal multiplexed single-cell RNA-seq reveals transcriptional shifts across Clytia medusa cell types. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh1683. [PMID: 34826233 PMCID: PMC8626072 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present an organism-wide, transcriptomic cell atlas of the hydrozoan medusa Clytia hemisphaerica and describe how its component cell types respond to perturbation. Using multiplexed single-cell RNA sequencing, in which individual animals were indexed and pooled from control and perturbation conditions into a single sequencing run, we avoid artifacts from batch effects and are able to discern shifts in cell state in response to organismal perturbations. This work serves as a foundation for future studies of development, function, and regeneration in a genetically tractable jellyfish species. Moreover, we introduce a powerful workflow for high-resolution, whole-animal, multiplexed single-cell genomics that is readily adaptable to other traditional or nontraditional model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Chari
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Brandon Weissbourd
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jase Gehring
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anna Ferraioli
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230, France
| | - Lucas Leclère
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230, France
| | - Makenna Herl
- University of New Hampshire School of Law, Concord, NH 03301, USA
| | - Fan Gao
- Caltech Bioinformatics Resource Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sandra Chevalier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230, France
| | - Richard R. Copley
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230, France
| | - Evelyn Houliston
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230, France
| | - David J. Anderson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lior Pachter
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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17
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Orús-Alcalde A, Lu TM, Børve A, Hejnol A. The evolution of the metazoan Toll receptor family and its expression during protostome development. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:208. [PMID: 34809567 PMCID: PMC8609888 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01927-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in immunity and development. They contain leucine-rich repeat domains, one transmembrane domain, and one Toll/IL-1 receptor domain. TLRs have been classified into V-type/scc and P-type/mcc TLRs, based on differences in the leucine-rich repeat domain region. Although TLRs are widespread in animals, detailed phylogenetic studies of this gene family are lacking. Here we aim to uncover TLR evolution by conducting a survey and a phylogenetic analysis in species across Bilateria. To discriminate between their role in development and immunity we furthermore analyzed stage-specific transcriptomes of the ecdysozoans Priapulus caudatus and Hypsibius exemplaris, and the spiralians Crassostrea gigas and Terebratalia transversa. RESULTS We detected a low number of TLRs in ecdysozoan species, and multiple independent radiations within the Spiralia. V-type/scc and P-type/mcc type-receptors are present in cnidarians, protostomes and deuterostomes, and therefore they emerged early in TLR evolution, followed by a loss in xenacoelomorphs. Our phylogenetic analysis shows that TLRs cluster into three major clades: clade α is present in cnidarians, ecdysozoans, and spiralians; clade β in deuterostomes, ecdysozoans, and spiralians; and clade γ is only found in spiralians. Our stage-specific transcriptome and in situ hybridization analyses show that TLRs are expressed during development in all species analyzed, which indicates a broad role of TLRs during animal development. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a clade α TLR gene (TLR-Ca) and a clade β/γ TLR gene (TLR-Cβ/γ) were already present in the cnidarian-bilaterian common ancestor. However, although TLR-Ca was conserved in cnidarians, TLR-Cβ/γ was lost during the early evolution of these taxa. Moreover, TLR-Cβ/γ duplicated to generate TLR-Cβ and TLR-Cγ in the lineage to the last common protostome-deuterostome ancestor. TLR-Ca, TLR-Cβ and TLR-Cγ further expanded generating the three major TLR clades. While all three clades radiated in several spiralian lineages, specific TLRs clades have been presumably lost in other lineages. Furthermore, the expression of the majority of these genes during protostome ontogeny suggests a likely role in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Orús-Alcalde
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tsai-Ming Lu
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Aina Børve
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andreas Hejnol
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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18
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Kimura JO, Ricci L, Srivastava M. Embryonic development in the acoel Hofstenia miamia. Development 2021; 148:270768. [PMID: 34196362 DOI: 10.1242/dev.188656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acoels are marine worms that belong to the phylum Xenacoelomorpha, a deep-diverging bilaterian lineage. This makes acoels an attractive system for studying the evolution of major bilaterian traits. Thus far, acoel development has not been described in detail at the morphological and transcriptomic levels in a species in which functional genetic studies are possible. We present a set of developmental landmarks for embryogenesis in the highly regenerative acoel Hofstenia miamia. We generated a developmental staging atlas from zygote to hatched worm based on gross morphology, with accompanying bulk transcriptome data. Hofstenia embryos undergo a stereotyped cleavage program known as duet cleavage, which results in two large vegetal pole 'macromeres' and numerous small animal pole 'micromeres'. These macromeres become internalized as micromere progeny proliferate and move vegetally. We also noted a second, previously undescribed, cell-internalization event at the animal pole, following which we detected major body axes and tissues corresponding to all three germ layers. Our work on Hofstenia embryos provides a resource for mechanistic investigations of acoel development, which will yield insights into the evolution of bilaterian development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian O Kimura
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Lorenzo Ricci
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mansi Srivastava
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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19
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Andouche A, Valera S, Baratte S. Exploration of chemosensory ionotropic receptors in cephalopods: the IR25 gene is expressed in the olfactory organs, suckers, and fins of Sepia officinalis. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6412677. [PMID: 34718445 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While they are mostly renowned for their visual capacities, cephalopods are also good at olfaction for prey, predator, and conspecific detection. The olfactory organs and olfactory cells are well described but olfactory receptors-genes and proteins-are still undescribed in cephalopods. We conducted a broad phylogenetic analysis of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family in mollusks (iGluR), especially to identify IR members (Ionotropic Receptors), a variant subfamily whose involvement in chemosensory functions has been shown in most studied protostomes. A total of 312 iGluRs sequences (including 111 IRs) from gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods were identified and annotated. One orthologue of the gene coding for the chemosensory IR25 co-receptor has been found in Sepia officinalis (Soff-IR25). We searched for Soff-IR25 expression at the cellular level by in situ hybridization in whole embryos at late stages before hatching. Expression was observed in the olfactory organs, which strongly validates the chemosensory function of this receptor in cephalopods. Soff-IR25 was also detected in the developing suckers, which suggests that the unique « taste by touch » behavior that cephalopods execute with their arms and suckers share features with olfaction. Finally, Soff-IR25 positive cells were unexpectedly found in fins, the two posterior appendages of cephalopods, mostly involved in locomotory functions. This result opens new avenues of investigation to confirm fins as additional chemosensory organs in cephalopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Andouche
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystemes Aquatiques (BOREA). MNHN, CNRS, SU, UCN, UA, 55 Rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Valera
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystemes Aquatiques (BOREA). MNHN, CNRS, SU, UCN, UA, 55 Rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Baratte
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystemes Aquatiques (BOREA). MNHN, CNRS, SU, UCN, UA, 55 Rue Buffon, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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20
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Sinigaglia C, Peron S, Eichelbrenner J, Chevalier S, Steger J, Barreau C, Houliston E, Leclère L. Pattern regulation in a regenerating jellyfish. eLife 2020; 9:e54868. [PMID: 32894220 PMCID: PMC7524552 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish, with their tetraradial symmetry, offer a novel paradigm for addressing patterning mechanisms during regeneration. Here we show that an interplay between mechanical forces, cell migration and proliferation allows jellyfish fragments to regain shape and functionality rapidly, notably by efficient restoration of the central feeding organ (manubrium). Fragmentation first triggers actomyosin-powered remodeling that restores body umbrella shape, causing radial smooth muscle fibers to converge around 'hubs' which serve as positional landmarks. Stabilization of these hubs, and associated expression of Wnt6, depends on the configuration of the adjoining muscle fiber 'spokes'. Stabilized hubs presage the site of the manubrium blastema, whose growth is Wnt/β-catenin dependent and fueled by both cell proliferation and long-range cell recruitment. Manubrium morphogenesis is modulated by its connections with the gastrovascular canal system. We conclude that body patterning in regenerating jellyfish emerges mainly from local interactions, triggered and directed by the remodeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sinigaglia
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV)Villefranche-sur-merFrance
| | - Sophie Peron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV)Villefranche-sur-merFrance
| | - Jeanne Eichelbrenner
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV)Villefranche-sur-merFrance
| | - Sandra Chevalier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV)Villefranche-sur-merFrance
| | - Julia Steger
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV)Villefranche-sur-merFrance
| | - Carine Barreau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV)Villefranche-sur-merFrance
| | - Evelyn Houliston
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV)Villefranche-sur-merFrance
| | - Lucas Leclère
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV)Villefranche-sur-merFrance
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21
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Döring CC, Kumar S, Tumu SC, Kourtesis I, Hausen H. The visual pigment xenopsin is widespread in protostome eyes and impacts the view on eye evolution. eLife 2020; 9:55193. [PMID: 32880369 PMCID: PMC7529461 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor cells in the eyes of Bilateria are often classified into microvillar cells with rhabdomeric opsin and ciliary cells with ciliary opsin, each type having specialized molecular components and physiology. First data on the recently discovered xenopsin point towards a more complex situation in protostomes. In this study, we provide clear evidence that xenopsin enters cilia in the eye of the larval bryozoan Tricellaria inopinata and triggers phototaxis. As reported from a mollusc, we find xenopsin coexpressed with rhabdomeric-opsin in eye photoreceptor cells bearing both microvilli and cilia in larva of the annelid Malacoceros fuliginosus. This is the first organism known to have both xenopsin and ciliary opsin, showing that these opsins are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Compiling existing data, we propose that xenopsin may play an important role in many protostome eyes and provides new insights into the function, evolution, and possible plasticity of animal eye photoreceptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suman Kumar
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sharat Chandra Tumu
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ioannis Kourtesis
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Harald Hausen
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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22
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Ray H, Chang C. The transcription factor Hypermethylated in Cancer 1 (Hic1) regulates neural crest migration via interaction with Wnt signaling. Dev Biol 2020; 463:169-181. [PMID: 32502469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Hypermethylated in Cancer 1 (HIC1) is associated with both tumorigenesis and the complex human developmental disorder Miller-Dieker Syndrome. While many studies have characterized HIC1 as a tumor suppressor, HIC1 function in development is less understood. Loss-of-function mouse alleles show embryonic lethality accompanied with developmental defects, including craniofacial abnormalities that are reminiscent of human Miller-Dieker Syndrome patients. However, the tissue origin of the defects has not been reported. In this study, we use the power of the Xenopus laevis model system to explore Hic1 function in early development. We show that hic1 mRNA is expressed throughout early Xenopus development and has a spatial distribution within the neural plate border and in migrating neural crest cells in branchial arches. Targeted manipulation of hic1 levels in the dorsal ectoderm that gives rise to neural and neural crest tissues reveals that both overexpression and knockdown of hic1 result in craniofacial defects with malformations of the craniofacial cartilages. Neural crest specification is not affected by altered hic1 levels, but migration of the cranial neural crest is impaired both in vivo and in tissue explants. Mechanistically, we find that Hic1 regulates cadherin expression profiles and canonical Wnt signaling. Taken together, these results identify Hic1 as a novel regulator of the canonical Wnt pathway during neural crest migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Ray
- Dept. of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, MCLM 338, 1918 University Dr. Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Chenbei Chang
- Dept. of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, MCLM 338, 1918 University Dr. Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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23
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Young AP, Jackson DJ, Wyeth RC. A technical review and guide to RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8806. [PMID: 32219032 PMCID: PMC7085896 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful tool to visualize target messenger RNA transcripts in cultured cells, tissue sections or whole-mount preparations. As the technique has been developed over time, an ever-increasing number of divergent protocols have been published. There is now a broad selection of options available to facilitate proper tissue preparation, hybridization, and post-hybridization background removal to achieve optimal results. Here we review the technical aspects of RNA-FISH, examining the most common methods associated with different sample types including cytological preparations and whole-mounts. We discuss the application of commonly used reagents for tissue preparation, hybridization, and post-hybridization washing and provide explanations of the functional roles for each reagent. We also discuss the available probe types and necessary controls to accurately visualize gene expression. Finally, we review the most recent advances in FISH technology that facilitate both highly multiplexed experiments and signal amplification for individual targets. Taken together, this information will guide the methods development process for investigators that seek to perform FISH in organisms that lack documented or optimized protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Young
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
| | - Daniel J Jackson
- Department of Geobiology, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Russell C Wyeth
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
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24
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A G protein-coupled receptor mediates neuropeptide-induced oocyte maturation in the jellyfish Clytia. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000614. [PMID: 32126082 PMCID: PMC7053711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The reproductive hormones that trigger oocyte meiotic maturation and release from the ovary vary greatly between animal species. Identification of receptors for these maturation-inducing hormones (MIHs) and understanding how they initiate the largely conserved maturation process remain important challenges. In hydrozoan cnidarians including the jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica, MIH comprises neuropeptides released from somatic cells of the gonad. We identified the receptor (MIHR) for these MIH neuropeptides in Clytia using cell culture–based “deorphanization” of candidate oocyte-expressed G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs). MIHR mutant jellyfish generated using CRISPR-Cas9 editing had severe defects in gamete development or in spawning both in males and females. Female gonads, or oocytes isolated from MIHR mutants, failed to respond to synthetic MIH. Treatment with the cAMP analogue Br-cAMP to mimic cAMP rise at maturation onset rescued meiotic maturation and spawning. Injection of inhibitory antibodies to the alpha subunit of the Gs heterodimeric protein (GαS) into wild-type oocytes phenocopied the MIHR mutants. These results provide the molecular links between MIH stimulation and meiotic maturation initiation in hydrozoan oocytes. Molecular phylogeny grouped Clytia MIHR with a subset of bilaterian neuropeptide receptors, including neuropeptide Y, gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH), pyroglutamylated RFamide, and luqin, all upstream regulators of sexual reproduction. This identification and functional characterization of a cnidarian peptide GPCR advances our understanding of oocyte maturation initiation and sheds light on the evolution of neuropeptide-hormone systems. A study of jellyfish oocytes identifies the receptor for Maturation-Inducing Hormone, the neuropeptide hormone that triggers oocyte maturation and spawning via GαS and cyclic AMP. This receptor defines a superfamily of hormone-receptor systems involved in regulating sexual reproduction across animal species.
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25
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Condamine T, Jager M, Leclère L, Blugeon C, Lemoine S, Copley RR, Manuel M. Molecular characterisation of a cellular conveyor belt in Clytia medusae. Dev Biol 2019; 456:212-225. [PMID: 31509769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The tentacular system of Clytia hemisphaerica medusa (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) has recently emerged as a promising experimental model to tackle the developmental mechanisms that regulate cell lineage progression in an early-diverging animal phylum. From a population of proximal stem cells, the successive steps of tentacle stinging cell (nematocyte) elaboration, are spatially ordered along a "cellular conveyor belt". Furthermore, the C. hemisphaerica tentacular system exhibits bilateral organisation, with two perpendicular polarity axes (proximo-distal and oral-aboral). We aimed to improve our knowledge of this cellular system by combining RNAseq-based differential gene expression analyses and expression studies of Wnt signalling genes. RNAseq comparisons of gene expression levels were performed (i) between the tentacular system and a control medusa deprived of all tentacles, nematogenic sites and gonads, and (ii) between three samples staggered along the cellular conveyor belt. The behaviour in these differential expression analyses of two reference gene sets (stem cell genes; nematocyte genes), as well as the relative representations of selected gene ontology categories, support the validity of the cellular conveyor belt model. Expression patterns obtained by in situ hybridisation for selected highly differentially expressed genes and for Wnt signalling genes are largely consistent with the results from RNAseq. Wnt signalling genes exhibit complex spatial deployment along both polarity axes of the tentacular system, with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway probably acting along the oral-aboral axis rather than the proximo-distal axis. These findings reinforce the idea that, despite overall radial symmetry, cnidarians have a full potential for elaboration of bilateral structures based on finely orchestrated deployment of an ancient developmental gene toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Condamine
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Paris, France
| | - Muriel Jager
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Paris, France
| | - Lucas Leclère
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV) UMR7009, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- Genomic Paris Centre, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lemoine
- Genomic Paris Centre, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Richard R Copley
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV) UMR7009, 181 chemin du Lazaret, 06230, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Michaël Manuel
- Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Paris, France.
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26
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Sinigaglia C. A Widely Applicable Urea-based Fluorescent/Colorimetric mRNA in situ Hybridization Protocol. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3360. [PMID: 33654858 PMCID: PMC7854207 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ hybridization methods are routinely employed to detect nucleic acid sequences, allowing to localize gene expression or to study chromosomal organization in their native context. These methods rely on the pairwise binding of a labeled probe to the target endogenous nucleic acid sequence-the hybridization step, followed by detection of annealed sequences by means of fluorescent or colorimetric reactions. Successful hybridization requires permeabilization of tissues, followed by denaturation of nucleic acids strands, which is usually carried out in a formamide-based buffer and at high temperatures. Such reaction conditions, besides posing a health hazard (both concerning manipulation and waste disposal), can be excessively harsh for the delicate tissues of some species or developmental stages. We detail here an alternative method for in situ hybridization, where the toxic formamide is replaced with a urea solution. This substitution improved both tissues preservation and signal-to-noise detection, in several animal species. The protocol described here, originally developed for the hydrozoan jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica, provides guidelines for adapting formamide-based traditional protocols to the urea variant. Urea-based protocols have already been successfully applied to diverse invertebrate and vertebrate species, showing the ease of such a modification, and providing the scientific community with a promising, safer and versatile tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sinigaglia
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du
Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer,
France
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27
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сWnt signaling modulation results in a change of the colony architecture in a hydrozoan. Dev Biol 2019; 456:145-153. [PMID: 31473187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
At the polyp stage, most hydrozoan cnidarians form highly elaborate colonies with a variety of branching patterns, which makes them excellent models for studying the evolutionary mechanisms of body plan diversification. At the same time, molecular mechanisms underlying the robust patterning of the architecturally complex hydrozoan colonies remain unexplored. Using non-model hydrozoan Dynamena pumila we showed that the key components of the Wnt/β-catenin (cWnt) pathway (β-catenin, TCF) and the cWnt-responsive gene, brachyury 2, are involved in specification and patterning of the developing colony shoots. Strikingly, pharmacological modulation of the cWnt pathway leads to radical modification of the monopodially branching colony of Dynamena which acquire branching patterns typical for colonies of other hydrozoan species. Our results suggest that modulation of the cWnt signaling is the driving force promoting the evolution of the vast variety of the body plans in hydrozoan colonies and offer an intriguing possibility that the involvement of the cWnt pathway in the regulation of branching morphogenesis might represent an ancestral feature predating the cnidarian-bilaterian split.
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28
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Golczyk H. A simple non-toxic ethylene carbonate fluorescence in situ hybridization (EC-FISH) for simultaneous detection of repetitive DNA sequences and fluorescent bands in plants. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:873-880. [PMID: 30656455 PMCID: PMC6482133 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The major drawbacks of standard plant fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) designed for double-stranded DNA probes include requirement for experimentally determined heat denaturation of chromosomes at high temperatures and at least overnight hybridization. Consequently, processing with chromosomal preparations may easily result in heat-induced deterioration of chromosomal structural details, is time-consuming, and involves the use of toxic formamide and formaldehyde. Here, I have described a simple and appealing non-toxic procedure with ethylene carbonate (EC)-a formamide-substituting solvent and double-stranded repetitive DNA probes. Applying EC as a component of the hybridization solution at 46 °C not only allowed successful overnight hybridization but also gave a possibility to reduce the hybridization time to 3 h, hence converting the technique into a 1-day procedure. Importantly, the EC-FISH tended to preserve well chromosome structural details, e.g., DAPI-positive bands, thus facilitating simultaneous FISH mapping and chromosome banding on the same slide. The procedure requires no formaldehyde and RNA-se treatment of chromosomes, and no heat denaturation of chromosomal DNA. The key condition is to obtain high-quality cytoplasm-free preparations. The method was reproducible in all the plants studied (Allium, Nigella, Tradescantia, Vicia), giving a species-specific signal pattern together with clear DAPI bands on chromosomes. The procedure described here is expected to give a positive stimulus for improving gene-mapping approaches in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Golczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1i, 20-708, Lublin, Poland.
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29
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Leclère L, Horin C, Chevalier S, Lapébie P, Dru P, Peron S, Jager M, Condamine T, Pottin K, Romano S, Steger J, Sinigaglia C, Barreau C, Quiroga Artigas G, Ruggiero A, Fourrage C, Kraus JEM, Poulain J, Aury JM, Wincker P, Quéinnec E, Technau U, Manuel M, Momose T, Houliston E, Copley RR. The genome of the jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica and the evolution of the cnidarian life-cycle. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:801-810. [PMID: 30858591 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Jellyfish (medusae) are a distinctive life-cycle stage of medusozoan cnidarians. They are major marine predators, with integrated neurosensory, muscular and organ systems. The genetic foundations of this complex form are largely unknown. We report the draft genome of the hydrozoan jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica and use multiple transcriptomes to determine gene use across life-cycle stages. Medusa, planula larva and polyp are each characterized by distinct transcriptome signatures reflecting abrupt life-cycle transitions and all deploy a mixture of phylogenetically old and new genes. Medusa-specific transcription factors, including many with bilaterian orthologues, associate with diverse neurosensory structures. Compared to Clytia, the polyp-only hydrozoan Hydra has lost many of the medusa-expressed transcription factors, despite similar overall rates of gene content evolution and sequence evolution. Absence of expression and gene loss among Clytia orthologues of genes patterning the anthozoan aboral pole, secondary axis and endomesoderm support simplification of planulae and polyps in Hydrozoa, including loss of bilateral symmetry. Consequently, although the polyp and planula are generally considered the ancestral cnidarian forms, in Clytia the medusa maximally deploys the ancestral cnidarian-bilaterian transcription factor gene complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Leclère
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Coralie Horin
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Sandra Chevalier
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Pascal Lapébie
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.,Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Dru
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Sophie Peron
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Muriel Jager
- Evolution Paris-Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Condamine
- Evolution Paris-Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Karen Pottin
- Evolution Paris-Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (IBPS-LBD, UMR7622), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Romano
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Julia Steger
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.,Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (IBPS-LBD, UMR7622), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Sinigaglia
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.,Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242-INRA USC 1370, Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Carine Barreau
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Gonzalo Quiroga Artigas
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.,The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Antonella Ruggiero
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.,Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Cécile Fourrage
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.,Service de Génétique UMR 781, Hôpital Necker-APHP, Paris, France
| | - Johanna E M Kraus
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Centre of Organismal Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Julie Poulain
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Jean-Marc Aury
- Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Eric Quéinnec
- Evolution Paris-Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Technau
- Department for Molecular Evolution and Development, Centre of Organismal Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaël Manuel
- Evolution Paris-Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB UMR 7205), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Tsuyoshi Momose
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Evelyn Houliston
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Richard R Copley
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.
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30
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Gąsiorowski L, Hejnol A. Hox gene expression in postmetamorphic juveniles of the brachiopod Terebratalia transversa. EvoDevo 2019; 10:1. [PMID: 30637095 PMCID: PMC6325747 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-018-0114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hox genes encode a family of homeodomain containing transcription factors that are clustered together on chromosomes of many Bilateria. Some bilaterian lineages express these genes during embryogenesis in spatial and/or temporal order according to their arrangement in the cluster, a phenomenon referred to as collinearity. Expression of Hox genes is well studied during embryonic and larval development of numerous species; however, relatively few studies focus on the comparison of pre- and postmetamorphic expression of Hox genes in animals with biphasic life cycle. Recently, the expression of Hox genes was described for embryos and larvae of Terebratalia transversa, a rhynchonelliformean brachiopod, which possesses distinct metamorphosis from planktonic larvae to sessile juveniles. During premetamorphic development, T. transversa does not exhibit spatial collinearity and several of its Hox genes are recruited for the morphogenesis of novel structures. In our study, we determined the expression of Hox genes in postmetamorphic juveniles of T. transversa in order to examine metamorphosis-related changes of expression patterns and to test whether Hox genes are expressed in the spatially collinear way in the postmetamorphic juveniles. RESULTS Hox genes are expressed in a spatially non-collinear manner in juveniles, generally showing similar patterns as ones observed in competent larvae: genes labial and post1 are expressed in chaetae-related structures, sex combs reduced in the shell-forming epithelium, whereas lox5 and lox4 in dorso-posterior epidermis. After metamorphosis, expression of genes proboscipedia, hox3, deformed and antennapedia becomes restricted to, respectively, shell musculature, prospective hinge rudiments and pedicle musculature and epidermis. CONCLUSIONS All developmental stages of T. transversa, including postmetamorphic juveniles, exhibit a spatial non-collinear Hox genes expression with only minor changes observed between pre- and postmetamorphic stages. Our results are concordant with morphological observation that metamorphosis in rhynchonelliformean brachiopods, despite being rapid, is rather gradual. The most drastic changes in Hox gene expression patterns observed during metamorphosis could be explained by the inversion of the mantle lobe, which relocates some of the more posterior larval structures into the anterior edge of the juveniles. Co-option of Hox genes for the morphogenesis of novel structures is even more pronounced in postmetamorphic brachiopods when compared to larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwik Gąsiorowski
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andreas Hejnol
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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31
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Haimovich G, Gerst JE. Detection of mRNA Transfer Between Mammalian Cells in Coculture by Single-Molecule Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (smFISH). Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2038:109-129. [PMID: 31407281 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9674-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, a small percentage of mRNA molecules can undergo transfer from one cell to another. mRNA transfer occurs primarily via membrane nanotubes, which are long thin protrusions that are produced by numerous cell types and can connect cells that can be up to hundreds of microns apart. Potentially, mRNAs might also transfer via extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here we describe a method to detect transferred mRNA in cocultures of two different cell types and to distinguish between nanotube- and EVs-mediated transfer. This method uses single molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH) to provide an accurate and quantitative detection of transferred mRNA molecules and their subcellular localization. Following the guidelines presented here will allow the user to investigate mRNA transfer of most transcripts in any co-culture system. In addition, we present modifications that improve nanotube preservation during the smFISH procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Haimovich
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Jeffrey E Gerst
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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32
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Manil-Ségalen M, Łuksza M, Kanaan J, Marthiens V, Lane SIR, Jones KT, Terret ME, Basto R, Verlhac MH. Chromosome structural anomalies due to aberrant spindle forces exerted at gene editing sites in meiosis. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3416-3430. [PMID: 30082296 PMCID: PMC6168266 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201806072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acentrosomal spindle assembly in mouse oocytes depends on chromosomes and acentriolar microtubule-organizing centers (aMTOCs). Manil-Ségalen et al. observe that Plk4-induced perturbation of aMTOCs coupled to Cre-mediated gene editing generates fragile chromosomes that break when subjected to forces exerted by altered meiosis I spindles. Mouse female meiotic spindles assemble from acentriolar microtubule-organizing centers (aMTOCs) that fragment into discrete foci. These are further sorted and clustered to form spindle poles, thus providing balanced forces for faithful chromosome segregation. To assess the impact of aMTOC biogenesis on spindle assembly, we genetically induced their precocious fragmentation in mouse oocytes using conditional overexpression of Plk4, a master microtubule-organizing center regulator. Excessive microtubule nucleation from these fragmented aMTOCs accelerated spindle assembly dynamics. Prematurely formed spindles promoted the breakage of three different fragilized bivalents, generated by the presence of recombined Lox P sites. Reducing the density of microtubules significantly diminished the extent of chromosome breakage. Thus, improper spindle forces can lead to widely described yet unexplained chromosomal structural anomalies with disruptive consequences on the ability of the gamete to transmit an uncorrupted genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Manil-Ségalen
- Collège de France, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM-U1050, Paris, France
| | - Małgorzata Łuksza
- Collège de France, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM-U1050, Paris, France
| | - Joanne Kanaan
- Collège de France, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM-U1050, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Marthiens
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Simon I R Lane
- Biological Science, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Keith T Jones
- Biological Science, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Marie-Emilie Terret
- Collège de France, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM-U1050, Paris, France
| | - Renata Basto
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Verlhac
- Collège de France, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM-U1050, Paris, France
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33
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Thiel D, Bauknecht P, Jékely G, Hejnol A. An ancient FMRFamide-related peptide-receptor pair induces defence behaviour in a brachiopod larva. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170136. [PMID: 28835571 PMCID: PMC5577450 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal behaviour often comprises spatially separated sub-reactions and even ciliated larvae are able to coordinate sub-reactions of complex behaviours (metamorphosis, feeding). How these sub-reactions are coordinated is currently not well understood. Neuropeptides are potential candidates for triggering larval behaviour. However, although their immunoreactivity has been widely analysed, their function in trochozoan larvae has only been studied for a few cases. Here, we investigate the role of neuropeptides in the defence behaviour of brachiopod larvae. When mechanically disturbed, the planktonic larvae of Terebratalia transversa protrude their stiff chaetae and sink down slowly. We identified endogenous FLRFamide-type neuropeptides (AFLRFamide and DFLRFamide) in T. transversa larvae and show that the protrusion of the chaetae as well as the sinking reaction can both be induced by each of these peptides. This also correlates with the presence of FLRFamidergic neurons in the apical lobe and adjacent to the trunk musculature. We deorphanized the AFLRFamide/DFLRFamide receptor and detected its expression in the same tissues. Furthermore, the ability of native and modified FLRFamide-type peptides to activate this receptor was found to correspond with their ability to trigger behavioural responses. Our results show how FLRFamide-type neuropeptides can induce two coherent sub-reactions in a larva with a simple nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Thiel
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Philipp Bauknecht
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstraße 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstraße 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hejnol
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006 Bergen, Norway
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Takeda N, Kon Y, Quiroga Artigas G, Lapébie P, Barreau C, Koizumi O, Kishimoto T, Tachibana K, Houliston E, Deguchi R. Identification of jellyfish neuropeptides that act directly as oocyte maturation-inducing hormones. Development 2018; 145:dev.156786. [PMID: 29358214 DOI: 10.1242/dev.156786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oocyte meiotic maturation is crucial for sexually reproducing animals, and its core cytoplasmic regulators are highly conserved between species. By contrast, the few known maturation-inducing hormones (MIHs) that act on oocytes to initiate this process are highly variable in their molecular nature. Using the hydrozoan jellyfish species Clytia and Cladonema, which undergo oocyte maturation in response to dark-light and light-dark transitions, respectively, we deduced amidated tetrapeptide sequences from gonad transcriptome data and found that synthetic peptides could induce maturation of isolated oocytes at nanomolar concentrations. Antibody preabsorption experiments conclusively demonstrated that these W/RPRPamide-related neuropeptides account for endogenous MIH activity produced by isolated gonads. We show that the MIH peptides are synthesised by neural-type cells in the gonad, are released following dark-light/light-dark transitions, and probably act on the oocyte surface. They are produced by male as well as female jellyfish and can trigger both sperm and egg release, suggesting a role in spawning coordination. We propose an evolutionary link between hydrozoan MIHs and the neuropeptide hormones that regulate reproduction upstream of MIHs in bilaterian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyo Takeda
- Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Asamushi, Aomori 039-3501, Japan.,Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yota Kon
- Department of Biology, Miyagi University of Education, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Gonzalo Quiroga Artigas
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Pascal Lapébie
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Carine Barreau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Osamu Koizumi
- Department of Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women's University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 813-8529, Japan
| | - Takeo Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tachibana
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Bioscience, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Evelyn Houliston
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Ryusaku Deguchi
- Department of Biology, Miyagi University of Education, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
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Quiroga Artigas G, Lapébie P, Leclère L, Takeda N, Deguchi R, Jékely G, Momose T, Houliston E. A gonad-expressed opsin mediates light-induced spawning in the jellyfish Clytia. eLife 2018; 7. [PMID: 29303477 PMCID: PMC5756024 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, environmental light cues are widely involved in regulating gamete release, but the molecular and cellular bases of the photoresponsive mechanisms are poorly understood. In hydrozoan jellyfish, spawning is triggered by dark-light or light-dark transitions acting on the gonad, and is mediated by oocyte maturation-inducing neuropeptide hormones (MIHs) released from the ectoderm. We determined in Clytia hemisphaerica that blue-cyan light triggers spawning in isolated gonads. A candidate opsin (Opsin9) was found co-expressed with MIH within specialised ectodermal cells. Opsin9 knockout jellyfish generated by CRISPR/Cas9 failed to undergo oocyte maturation and spawning, a phenotype reversible by synthetic MIH. Gamete maturation and release in Clytia is thus regulated by gonadal photosensory-neurosecretory cells that secrete MIH in response to light via Opsin9. Similar cells in ancestral eumetazoans may have allowed tissue-level photo-regulation of diverse behaviours, a feature elaborated in cnidarians in parallel with expansion of the opsin gene family. Many animals living in the sea reproduce by releasing sperm and egg cells at the same time into the surrounding water. Animals often use changes in ambient light at dawn and dusk as reliable daily cues to coordinate this spawning behavior between individuals. For example, jellyfish of the species Clytia hemisphaerica, which can easily be raised in the laboratory, spawn exactly two hours after the light comes on. Researchers recently discovered that spawning in Clytia and other related jellyfish species is coordinated by a hormone called ‘oocyte maturation-inducing hormone’, or MIH for short. This hormone is produced by a cell layer that surrounds the immature eggs and sperm within each reproductive organ, and is secreted in response to light cues. It then diffuses both inside and outside of the jellyfish, and triggers the production of mature eggs and sperm, followed by their release into the ocean. However, until now it was not known which cells and molecules are responsible for detecting light to initiate the secretion of MIH. Quiroga Artigas et al. – including some of the researchers involved in the MIH work – now discovered that a single specialised cell type in the reproductive organs of Clytia responds to light and secretes MIH. These cells contain a light-sensitive protein called Opsin9, which is closely related to the opsin proteins in the human eye well known for their role in vision. When Opsin9 was experimentally mutated, Clytia cells could not secrete MIH in response to light, and the jellyfish failed to spawn. This opsin protein is thus necessary to detect light in order to trigger spawning in jellyfish. A next step will be to examine and compare whether other proteins of the opsin family and hormones related to MIH also regulate spawning in other marine animals. This could have practical benefits for raising marine animals in aquariums and as food resources, and in initiatives to protect the environment. More widely, these findings could help unravel how sexual reproduction has evolved within the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Quiroga Artigas
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Pascal Lapébie
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Lucas Leclère
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Noriyo Takeda
- Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Ryusaku Deguchi
- Department of Biology, Miyagi University of Education, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gáspár Jékely
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany.,Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Tsuyoshi Momose
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Evelyn Houliston
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
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