1
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Zhai S, Zhang L, Li X, Yu Q, Liu C. Clustering human dental pulp fibroblasts spontaneously activate NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes and induce IL-1β secretion. Regen Ther 2024; 27:12-20. [PMID: 38487102 PMCID: PMC10937208 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective of the present study was to investigate whether NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes pathways were involved in an experimental model of fibroblast activation named nemosis, which was used to mimic circumstances without bacteria stimulation. Methods Nemosis of human dental pulp fibroblast (DPFs) was induced by three-dimensional culture in U-shaped 96-well plates and investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DPFs monolayers were used as control. Annexin V-FITC/7-AAD apoptosis assay was performed on the DPFs spheroids by flowcytometry. Caspase-1 activity detection assay was conducted on the DPFs spheroids. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), cytokine measurements, Western blot and the effect of COX-2 inhibitor on spheroids was studied. Results SEM study observed human dental pulp fibroblast clusters and cell membranes damage on the surface of DPFs spheroids. The percentages of necrotic cells from DPFs spheroids gradually increased as the incubation time increased. A statistically significant increase in caspase-1 activity was observed after DPFs spheroids formation. DPFs spheroids displayed significant amounts of NLRP3, AIM2 mRNA and protein expression, caspase-1 mRNA expression and cleaved Caspase-1 protein expression and high IL-1β concentrations (P < 0.05) than DPFs monolayers. Specific COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398) decreased NLRP3 mRNA and protein expression, cleaved Caspase-1 protein expression, Caspase-1 activity and IL-1β mRNA expression and IL-1β concentrations (P < 0.05). However, Specific COX-2 inhibitor had no impact on AIM2 mRNA and protein expression, caspase-1 mRNA expression and pro-Caspase-1 protein expression. Conclusions In conclusion, clustering human DPFs spontaneously activated NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes and induced IL-1β secretion which could be partially attenuated by COX-2 inhibitor. Thus, nemosis could become a powerful model for studying mechanisms underlying aseptic pulpitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafei Zhai
- Department of Stomatology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710075, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710075, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Stomatology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710075, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Changkui Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710075, Shaanxi Province, China
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2
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Ho NCW, Yap JYY, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Fernando K, Li CH, Kwang XL, Quah HS, Arcinas C, Iyer NG, Fong ELS. Bioengineered Hydrogels Recapitulate Fibroblast Heterogeneity in Cancer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307129. [PMID: 38493497 PMCID: PMC11132030 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Recently mapped transcriptomic landscapes reveal the extent of heterogeneity in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) beyond previously established single-gene markers. Functional analyses of individual CAF subsets within the tumor microenvironment are critical to develop more accurate CAF-targeting therapeutic strategies. However, there is a lack of robust preclinical models that reflect this heterogeneity in vitro. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing datasets acquired from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tissues to predict microenvironmental and cellular features governing individual CAF subsets are leveraged. Some of these features are then incorporated into a tunable hyaluronan-based hydrogel system to culture patient-derived CAFs. Control over hydrogel degradability and integrin adhesiveness enabled derivation of the predominant myofibroblastic and inflammatory CAF subsets, as shown through changes in cell morphology and transcriptomic profiles. Last, using these hydrogel-cultured CAFs, microtubule dynamics are identified, but not actomyosin contractility, as a key mediator of CAF plasticity. The recapitulation of CAF heterogeneity in vitro using defined hydrogels presents unique opportunities for advancing the understanding of CAF biology and evaluation of CAF-targeting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ching Wei Ho
- Translational Tumor Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore119276Singapore
| | - Josephine Yu Yan Yap
- Translational Tumor Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore119276Singapore
| | - Zixuan Zhao
- The N.1 Institute for HealthNational University of SingaporeSingapore117456Singapore
| | - Yunyun Wang
- Translational Tumor Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore119276Singapore
| | - Kanishka Fernando
- Translational Tumor Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore119276Singapore
| | - Constance H Li
- Cancer Therapeutics Research LaboratoryNational Cancer Centre SingaporeSingapore168583Singapore
- Duke‐NUS Medical SchoolNational University of SingaporeSingapore169857Singapore
| | - Xue Lin Kwang
- Cancer Therapeutics Research LaboratoryNational Cancer Centre SingaporeSingapore168583Singapore
| | - Hong Sheng Quah
- Cancer Therapeutics Research LaboratoryNational Cancer Centre SingaporeSingapore168583Singapore
- Duke‐NUS Medical SchoolNational University of SingaporeSingapore169857Singapore
| | - Camille Arcinas
- Duke‐NUS Medical SchoolNational University of SingaporeSingapore169857Singapore
| | - N. Gopalakrishna Iyer
- Cancer Therapeutics Research LaboratoryNational Cancer Centre SingaporeSingapore168583Singapore
- Duke‐NUS Medical SchoolNational University of SingaporeSingapore169857Singapore
| | - Eliza Li Shan Fong
- Translational Tumor Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore119276Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for HealthNational University of SingaporeSingapore117456Singapore
- Cancer Science InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
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3
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Kamrani A, Nasrabadi MH, Halabian R, Ghorbani M. A biomimetic multi-layer scaffold with collagen and zinc doped bioglass as a skin-regeneration agent in full-thickness injuries and its effects in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127163. [PMID: 37778589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to the multilayer structure of skin tissue, the fabrication of a 3-layer scaffold could result in planned dermal regeneration. Herein, polyurethane (PU) and polycaprolactone (PCL), as a function of their mechanical stability and collagen due to its arginine-glycine-aspartic acid sequences, zinc ions because of overcoming the common problems of biological factors were employed. The scaffolds' physical, mechanical, and biological properties were examined by SEM, FTIR, contact angle, mechanical tensile, bacteriocidal efficacy, and hemolysis. Also, after L-929 fibroblast seeding, their biological activity was determined by SEM, DAPI, and MTT assays. Then, the cell-seeded scaffolds were implanted in full-thickness wounds of rats and evaluated by wound closure, histological, and molecular techniques. The in vivo studies showed better wound closure with the composite scaffold containing zinc ions. While its dermal re-organization was retarded in the presence of zinc ions compared to the composite scaffold containing non-doped bioglass. Despite this, the doped composite scaffold indicated better observations with the histological evaluations than the nontreated and bare scaffold groups. Real-time PCR confirmed the higher expression of FGF2 and FGFR genes in rats treated with the zinc-doped composite scaffold. In conclusion, PU/PCL-collagen/PCL-collagen containing the doped or non-doped nanoparticles showed better potential to heal dermal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asefeh Kamrani
- Department of Biology, Parand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Raheleh Halabian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghorbani
- Applied Biotechnoiogy Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Wieder R. Fibroblasts as Turned Agents in Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072014. [PMID: 37046676 PMCID: PMC10093070 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated epithelial cells reside in the homeostatic microenvironment of the native organ stroma. The stroma supports their normal function, their G0 differentiated state, and their expansion/contraction through the various stages of the life cycle and physiologic functions of the host. When malignant transformation begins, the microenvironment tries to suppress and eliminate the transformed cells, while cancer cells, in turn, try to resist these suppressive efforts. The tumor microenvironment encompasses a large variety of cell types recruited by the tumor to perform different functions, among which fibroblasts are the most abundant. The dynamics of the mutual relationship change as the sides undertake an epic battle for control of the other. In the process, the cancer “wounds” the microenvironment through a variety of mechanisms and attracts distant mesenchymal stem cells to change their function from one attempting to suppress the cancer, to one that supports its growth, survival, and metastasis. Analogous reciprocal interactions occur as well between disseminated cancer cells and the metastatic microenvironment, where the microenvironment attempts to eliminate cancer cells or suppress their proliferation. However, the altered microenvironmental cells acquire novel characteristics that support malignant progression. Investigations have attempted to use these traits as targets of novel therapeutic approaches.
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5
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Álvarez-Vásquez JL, Castañeda-Alvarado CP. Dental pulp fibroblast: A star Cell. J Endod 2022; 48:1005-1019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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An Evaluation of Different 3D Cultivation Models on Expression Profiles of Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts with Compressive Strain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042029. [PMID: 35216145 PMCID: PMC8876762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of compressive strain during orthodontic treatment on gene expression profiles of periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) have mostly been studied in 2D cell culture. However, cells behave differently in many aspects in 3D culture. Therefore, the effect of pressure application on PDLFs in different 3D structures was investigated. PDLFs were either conventionally seeded or embedded into different 3D structures (spheroids, Mebiol® gel, 3D scaffolds) and exposed to compressive force or incubated without pressure. For one 3D scaffold (POR), we also tested the effect of different compressive forces and application times. Expression of an angiogenic gene (VEGF), a gene involved in extracellular matrix synthesis (COL1A2), inflammatory genes (IL6, PTGS2), and genes involved in bone remodelling (OPG, RANKL) were investigated by RT-qPCR. Depending on the used 3D cell culture model, we detected different effects of compressive strain on expression profiles of PDLFs. COL1A2 was downregulated in all investigated 3D culture models. Angiogenetic and proinflammatory genes were regulated differentially between models. In 3D scaffolds, regulation of bone-remodelling genes upon compressive force was contrary to that observed in 3D gels. 3D cell culture models provide better approximations to in vivo physiology, compared with conventional 2D models. However, it is crucial which 3D structures are used, as these showed diverse effects on the expression profiles of PDLFs during mechanical strain.
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7
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Gardiner JC, Cukierman E. Meaningful connections: Interrogating the role of physical fibroblast cell-cell communication in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 154:141-168. [PMID: 35459467 PMCID: PMC9483832 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As part of the connective tissue, activated fibroblasts play an important role in development and disease pathogenesis, while quiescent resident fibroblasts are responsible for sustaining tissue homeostasis. Fibroblastic activation is particularly evident in the tumor microenvironment where fibroblasts transition into tumor-supporting cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), with some CAFs maintaining tumor-suppressive functions. While the tumor-supporting features of CAFs and their fibroblast-like precursors predominantly function through paracrine chemical communication (e.g., secretion of cytokine, chemokine, and more), the direct cell-cell communication that occurs between fibroblasts and other cells, and the effect that the remodeled CAF-generated interstitial extracellular matrix has in these types of cellular communications, remain poorly understood. Here, we explore the reported roles fibroblastic cell-cell communication play within the cancer stroma context and highlight insights we can gain from other disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edna Cukierman
- Cancer Signaling and Epigenetics Program, Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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8
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Valdoz JC, Johnson BC, Jacobs DJ, Franks NA, Dodson EL, Sanders C, Cribbs CG, Van Ry PM. The ECM: To Scaffold, or Not to Scaffold, That Is the Question. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12690. [PMID: 34884495 PMCID: PMC8657545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) has pleiotropic effects, ranging from cell adhesion to cell survival. In tissue engineering, the use of ECM and ECM-like scaffolds has separated the field into two distinct areas-scaffold-based and scaffold-free. Scaffold-free techniques are used in creating reproducible cell aggregates which have massive potential for high-throughput, reproducible drug screening and disease modeling. Though, the lack of ECM prevents certain cells from surviving and proliferating. Thus, tissue engineers use scaffolds to mimic the native ECM and produce organotypic models which show more reliability in disease modeling. However, scaffold-based techniques come at a trade-off of reproducibility and throughput. To bridge the tissue engineering dichotomy, we posit that finding novel ways to incorporate the ECM in scaffold-free cultures can synergize these two disparate techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pam M. Van Ry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (J.C.V.); (B.C.J.); (D.J.J.); (N.A.F.); (E.L.D.); (C.S.); (C.G.C.)
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9
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Davis AM, Rapley A, Dawson CW, Young LS, Morris MA. The EBV-Encoded Oncoprotein, LMP1, Recruits and Transforms Fibroblasts via an ERK-MAPK-Dependent Mechanism. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080982. [PMID: 34451446 PMCID: PMC8400670 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), the major oncoprotein encoded by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), is expressed at widely variable levels in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsies, fueling intense debate in the field as to the importance of this oncogenic protein in disease pathogenesis. LMP1-positive NPCs are reportedly more aggressive, and in a similar vein, the presence of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) surrounding “nests” of tumour cells in NPC serve as indicators of poor prognosis. However, there is currently no evidence linking LMP1 expression and the presence of CAFs in NPC. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of LMP1 to recruit fibroblasts in vitro in an ERK-MAPK-dependent mechanism, along with enhanced viability, invasiveness and transformation to a myofibroblast-like phenotype. Taken together, these findings support a putative role for LMP1 in recruiting CAFs to the tumour microenvironment in NPC, ultimately contributing to metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Davis
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (A.M.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Abigail Rapley
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (A.M.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Christopher W Dawson
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 8UW, UK; (C.W.D.); (L.S.Y.)
| | - Lawrence S Young
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 8UW, UK; (C.W.D.); (L.S.Y.)
| | - Mhairi A Morris
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)1509-226345
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10
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Kim SW, Im GB, Jeong GJ, Baik S, Hyun J, Kim YJ, Pang C, Jang YC, Bhang SH. Delivery of a spheroids-incorporated human dermal fibroblast sheet increases angiogenesis and M2 polarization for wound healing. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120954. [PMID: 34130141 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Low cell engraftment is a major problem in tissue engineering. Although various methods related with cell sheets have been attempted to resolve the issue, low cell viability due to oxygen and nutrient depletion remains an obstacle toward advanced therapeutic applications. Cell therapy using fibroblasts is thought of as a good alternative due to the short doubling times of fibroblasts together with their immunomodulatory properties. Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) fibroblasts exhibit unique angiogenic and inflammation-manipulating properties that are not present in two-dimensional (2D) forms. However, the therapeutic effect of 3D fibroblasts in tissue regeneration has not been fully elucidated. Macrophage polarization has been widely studied, as it stimulates the transition from the inflammation to the proliferation phase of wound healing. Although numerous strategies have been developed to achieve better polarization of macrophages, the low efficacy of these strategies and safety issues remain problematic. To this end, we introduced a biocompatible flat patch with specifically designed holes that form a spheroids-incorporated human dermal fibroblast sheet (SIS) to mediate the activity of inflammatory cytokines for M2 polarization and increase angiogenic efficacy. We further confirmed in vivo enhancement of wound healing with an SIS-laden skin patch (SISS) compared to conventional cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Won Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Bum Im
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Jae Jeong
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Sangyul Baik
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyu Hyun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Charles Jang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Suk Ho Bhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Duloxetine improves cancer-associated pain in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer through stimulation of noradrenaline pathway and its antitumor effects. Pain 2021; 161:2909-2919. [PMID: 32694385 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. Patients with inoperative PDAC require effective chemotherapy and pain control to increase their quality of life. We investigated whether duloxetine, a serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, improves quality of life in a KPPC (LSL-Kras;Trp53;Pdx1-cre) mouse model of PDAC. Six-week-old KPPC mice were orally administered 4 mg/kg/d duloxetine (n = 12); 4 mg/kg/d duloxetine with 0.15 mg/kg/d atipamezole, a synthetic α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist (n = 9); or vehicle water (n = 11). Body weight and food intake were measured daily, and cancer pain was evaluated by the hunching score and mouse grimace scale. At the endpoint, the tumor status, angiogenesis, and immunoinflammatory condition were analyzed. The pain level using the hunching and mouse grimace scale scores improved by duloxetine in KPPC mice (P < 0.01), whereas the scores that had been reduced by duloxetine were elevated by administration of atipamezole. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that duloxetine-treated mice had significantly prolonged survival (P < 0.05) with delayed appetite loss, cachexia, and body weight loss. Duloxetine inhibited the proliferation of PDAC cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts in vivo with a shift into an antitumor immunoinflammatory condition and the corresponding plasma cytokine levels. The migrative/invasive potentials of PDAC were inhibited by duloxetine in vitro. Meanwhile, atipamezole did not inhibit the antitumor effects of duloxetine in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, our results indicate that duloxetine mainly improves cancer-associated pain by enhancement of the noradrenergic pathway rather than the serotonergic pathway, whereas duloxetine modulates antitumor effects on PDAC without involvement of the noradrenergic pathway.
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12
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Francescone R, Barbosa Vendramini-Costa D, Franco-Barraza J, Wagner J, Muir A, Lau AN, Gabitova L, Pazina T, Gupta S, Luong T, Rollins D, Malik R, Thapa RJ, Restifo D, Zhou Y, Cai KQ, Hensley HH, Tan Y, Kruger WD, Devarajan K, Balachandran S, Klein-Szanto AJ, Wang H, El-Deiry WS, Vander Heiden MG, Peri S, Campbell KS, Astsaturov I, Cukierman E. Netrin G1 Promotes Pancreatic Tumorigenesis through Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Driven Nutritional Support and Immunosuppression. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:446-479. [PMID: 33127842 PMCID: PMC7858242 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a poor 5-year survival rate and lacks effective therapeutics. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to identify new targets. Using multiplex data from patient tissue, three-dimensional coculturing in vitro assays, and orthotopic murine models, we identified Netrin G1 (NetG1) as a promoter of PDAC tumorigenesis. We found that NetG1+ cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) support PDAC survival, through a NetG1-mediated effect on glutamate/glutamine metabolism. Also, NetG1+ CAFs are intrinsically immunosuppressive and inhibit natural killer cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. These protumor functions are controlled by a signaling circuit downstream of NetG1, which is comprised of AKT/4E-BP1, p38/FRA1, vesicular glutamate transporter 1, and glutamine synthetase. Finally, blocking NetG1 with a neutralizing antibody stunts in vivo tumorigenesis, suggesting NetG1 as potential target in PDAC. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates the feasibility of targeting a fibroblastic protein, NetG1, which can limit PDAC tumorigenesis in vivo by reverting the protumorigenic properties of CAFs. Moreover, inhibition of metabolic proteins in CAFs altered their immunosuppressive capacity, linking metabolism with immunomodulatory function.See related commentary by Sherman, p. 230.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 211.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Francescone
- Cancer Biology Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Débora Barbosa Vendramini-Costa
- Cancer Biology Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Janusz Franco-Barraza
- Cancer Biology Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica Wagner
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander Muir
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Allison N Lau
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Linara Gabitova
- Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tatiana Pazina
- Blood Cell and Development and Function Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sapna Gupta
- Cancer Biology Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tiffany Luong
- Cancer Biology Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dustin Rollins
- Cancer Biology Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ruchi Malik
- Cancer Biology Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roshan J Thapa
- Blood Cell and Development and Function Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Diana Restifo
- Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yan Zhou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Cancer Biology Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Histopathology Facility, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Harvey H Hensley
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Small Animal Imaging Facility, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yinfei Tan
- Cancer Biology Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Genomics Facility, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Warren D Kruger
- Cancer Biology Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karthik Devarajan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Blood Cell and Development and Function Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andres J Klein-Szanto
- Cancer Biology Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Histopathology Facility, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Huamin Wang
- Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, Department of Anatomical Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and the Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Suraj Peri
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kerry S Campbell
- Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Blood Cell and Development and Function Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Igor Astsaturov
- Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edna Cukierman
- Cancer Biology Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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PKN2 is involved in aggregation and spheroid formation of fibroblasts in suspension culture by regulating cell motility and N-cadherin expression. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 25:100895. [PMID: 33437883 PMCID: PMC7787963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Protein Kinase N2 (PKN2, also known as PRK2/PKNγ) in cell aggregate/spheroid formation in suspension culture was investigated using immortalized fibroblasts established from PKN2flox/flox mouse embryos. PKN2flox/flox cells formed cell aggregates in flat bottom low attachment well plates, such as 2% agar and poly-2-hydroxyethymethacrylate coated plates, however, Cre;PKN2flox/flox cells in which PKN2 was depleted by the introduction of Cre-recombinase rarely formed aggregates. Time-lapse analysis revealed that the velocity of Cre;PKN2flox/flox cell motility was significantly lower than that of PKN2flox/flox in a low attachment flat-bottom plate, which likely resulted in a lower cell-cell contact frequency among Cre;PKN2flox/flox cells. Conversely, Cre;PKN2flox/flox cells could form initial cell aggregates in U-bottom low attachment well plates, however, the succeeding compaction process was delayed in Cre;PKN2flox/flox cells with decreased roundness, although PKN2flox/flox cells underwent compaction in a round shape spheroid within 24 h. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the preparation of the cell suspension from adherent conditions using trypsin/EDTA treatment significantly decreased the expression of N-cadherin in both PKN2flox/flox and Cre;PKN2flox/flox cells. The N-cadherin expression level recovered time-dependently; however, the recovery of N-cadherin was significantly delayed in Cre;PKN2flox/flox cells compared to PKN2flox/flox cells. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR revealed that N-cadherin mRNA in Cre;PKN2flox/flox cells was significantly lower than that of PKN2flox/flox cells. These results suggest that PKN2 controls the velocity of cell motility and the transcription of N-cadherin in fibroblasts, leading to cell aggregation and compaction for spheroid formation in suspension culture. PKN2 is involved in initial fibroblast aggregation by regulating cell motility. PKN2 is involved in compaction of fibroblasts in suspension. N-cadherin protein level seems to be a key element for compaction of fibroblasts. PKN2 controls transcription of N-cadherin mRNA in fibroblasts.
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Morimoto K, Kunii S, Tonomura B. Defective chicken skin collagen molecules, hydrolyzed by actinidain protease, assemble to form loosely packed fibrils that promote cell spheroid formation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:1066-1075. [PMID: 33220378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cells recognize collagen fibrils as the first step in the process of adherence. Fibrils of chicken skin actinidain-hydrolyzed collagen (low adhesive scaffold collagen, LASCol), in which the telopeptide domains are almost completely removed, cause adhering cells to form spheroids instead of adopting a monolayer morphology. Our goal was to elucidate the ultrastructure of the LASCol fibrils compared with pepsin-hydrolyzed collagen (PepCol) fibrils. At low concentration of 0.2 mg/mL, the time to reach the maximum increasing rate of turbidity for LASCol was all slower than that for PepCol. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the thermal stability of collagen self-assembly changed significantly between pH 5.5 and pH 6.6 with and without a small number of telopeptides. However, the calorimetric enthalpy change did not vary much in that pH range. The melting temperature of LASCol fibrils at pH 7.3 was 55.1 °C, whereas PepCol fibrils exhibited a peak around 56.9 °C. The D-periodicity of each fibril was the same at 67 nm. Nevertheless, the looseness of molecular packing in LASCol fibrils was demonstrated by circular dichroism measurements and immuno-scanning electron microscopy with a polyclonal antibody against type I collagen. As there is a close relationship between function and structure, loosely packed collagen fibrils would be one factor that promotes cell spheroid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Morimoto
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan.
| | - Saori Kunii
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Ben'ichiro Tonomura
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
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15
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Regulated Cell Death in Pulpitis. J Endod 2020; 46:1403-1413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Abdullah Zubir AZ, Whawell SA, Wong TS, Khurram SA. The chemokine lymphotactin and its recombinant variants in oral cancer cell regulation. Oral Dis 2020; 26:1668-1676. [PMID: 32562323 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of XCR1 receptor and its metamorphic ligand lymphotactin (hLtn) has been shown in cancers but their precise role in tumorigenesis is poorly understood including the significance of the physiologically existing hLtn monomeric (CC3) and dimeric (W55D) confirmations where the latter thought to function as the receptor antagonist. The aim of this study was to explore the functional role of bioengineered hLtn variants and the role of fibroblasts in XCR1/hLtn expression regulation in oral cancer cells (OCCL). MATERIAL AND METHODS qRT-PCR and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate mRNA and protein expression of XCR1 and hLtn. Recombinant hLtn variants (wild-type, CC3 and W55D mutant) were designed, expressed, purified and evaluated using proliferation, adhesion and chemotaxis assays. XCR1 and hLtn expression regulation by fibroblasts was determined using indirect co-culture. XCR1 and hLtn expression in primary and metastatic OSCC tissue was assessed using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS hLtn caused a significant decrease in OCCL XCR1 surface protein expression. hLtn CC3 mutant was highly functional facilitating proliferation and migration. Conditioned media from primary cancer-associated and senescent fibroblasts significantly upregulated XCR1 and hLtn mRNA expression in OCCL. Immunohistochemistry revealed higher XCR1 and hLtn expression in metastatic tumour deposits and surrounding stroma compared to primary OSCC tissue. CONCLUSIONS The development of hLtn biological mutants, regulation of XCR1 expression by its ligand hLtn and crosstalk with fibroblasts are novel findings suggesting an important role for the XCR1/hLtn axis within the OSCC tumour microenvironment. These discoveries build upon previous studies and suggest that the hLtn/XCR1 axis has a significant role in stromal crosstalk and OSCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zaki Abdullah Zubir
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon A Whawell
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tuck Seng Wong
- CheLSI, Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Syed Ali Khurram
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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17
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Development of a Stromal Microenvironment Experimental Model Containing Proto-Myofibroblast Like Cells and Analysis of Its Crosstalk with Melanoma Cells: A New Tool to Potentiate and Stabilize Tumor Suppressor Phenotype of Dermal Myofibroblasts. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111435. [PMID: 31739477 PMCID: PMC6912587 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive solid tumors and includes a stromal microenvironment that regulates cancer growth and progression. The components of stromal microenvironment such as fibroblasts, fibroblast aggregates and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can differently influence the melanoma growth during its distinct stages. In this work, we have developed and studied a stromal microenvironment model, represented by fibroblasts, proto-myofibroblasts, myofibroblasts and aggregates of inactivated myofibroblasts, such as spheroids. In particular, we have generated proto-myofibroblasts from primary cutaneous myofibroblasts. The phenotype of proto-myofibroblasts is characterized by a dramatic reduction of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein levels, as well as an enhancement of cell viability and migratory capability compared with myofibroblasts. Furthermore, proto-myofibroblasts display the mesenchymal marker vimentin and less developed stress fibers, with respect to myofibroblasts. The analysis of crosstalk between the stromal microenvironment and A375 or A2058 melanoma cells has shown that the conditioned medium of proto-myofibroblasts is cytotoxic, mainly for A2058 cells, and dramatically reduces the migratory capability of both cell lines compared with the melanoma-control conditioned medium. An array analysis of proto-myofibroblast and melanoma cell-conditioned media suggests that lower levels of some cytokines and growth factors in the conditioned medium of proto-myofibroblasts could be associated with their anti-tumor activity. Conversely, the conditioned media of melanoma cells do not influence the cell viability, outgrowth, and migration of proto-myofibroblasts from spheroids. Interestingly, the conditioned medium of proto-myofibroblasts does not alter the cell viability of both BJ-5ta fibroblast cells and myofibroblasts. Hence, proto-myofibroblasts could be useful in the study of new therapeutic strategies targeting melanoma.
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18
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Wang J, Zhao L, Wei Z, Zhang X, Wang Y, Li F, Fu Y, Liu B. Inhibition of histone deacetylase reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced-inflammation in primary mammary epithelial cells by regulating ROS-NF-кB signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 56:230-234. [PMID: 29414656 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is the sole member of the HDAC family, that is predominantly located in the cytoplasm and has substrate specificity for nonhistone proteins, such as α-Tubulin. Although an increasing number of studies have shown that HDAC6 is involved in inflammatory diseases, but little is known about the participation of HDAC6 in the transcriptional regulation of inflammatory cytokines. Here, we examined the effects of Tubastatin (Tub), a highly selective HDAC6 inhibitor, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs). The specific inhibition of HDAC6 using Tub significantly decreased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, which was associated with increased α-Tubulin acetylation. HDAC6 overexpression significantly induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation via upregulation of NADPH oxidase activity. Administration of Tub dose-dependently inhibited ROS production and NADPH oxidase activity. In addition, inhibition of HDAC6 led to suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Thus, we report herein that HDAC6 is involved in ROS-NF-κB signaling pathway related to pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and that selective HDAC6 inhibition by Tub is a potent approach for preventing LPS-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Lilei Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhe Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular disease center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Abstract
Intratumoral fibrosis results from the deposition of a cross-linked collagen matrix by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). This type of fibrosis has been shown to exert mechanical forces and create a biochemical milieu that, together, shape intratumoral immunity and influence tumor cell metastatic behavior. In this Review, we present recent evidence that CAFs and tumor cells are regulated by provisional matrix molecules, that metastasis results from a change in the type of stromal collagen cross-link, and that fibrosis and inflammation perpetuate each other through proteolytic and chemotactic mediators released into the tumor stroma. We also discuss aspects of the emerging biology that have potential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Yamauchi
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas H Barker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Don L Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology and.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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20
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Granato G, Ruocco MR, Iaccarino A, Masone S, Calì G, Avagliano A, Russo V, Bellevicine C, Di Spigna G, Fiume G, Montagnani S, Arcucci A. Generation and analysis of spheroids from human primary skin myofibroblasts: an experimental system to study myofibroblasts deactivation. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17038. [PMID: 28725488 PMCID: PMC5511858 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are activated fibroblasts involved in tissue repair and cancer. They are characterized by de novo expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), immunoregulatory phenotype and paracrine interaction with normal and tumorigenic cells leading to cell proliferation. At the end of wound-healing myofibroblasts undergo apoptotic cell death, whereas in vitro-activated fibroblasts are also subjected to a programmed necrosis-like cell death, termed nemosis, associated with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression induction and inflammatory response. Furthermore, myofibroblasts form clusters during wound healing, fibrotic states and tumorigenesis. In this study, we generated and analysed clusters such as spheroids from human primary cutaneous myofibroblasts, which represent a part of stromal microenvironment better than established cell lines. Therefore, we evaluated apoptotic or necrotic cell death, inflammation and activation markers during myofibroblasts clustering. The spheroids formation did not trigger apoptosis, necrotic cell death and COX-2 protein induction. The significant decrease of α-SMA in protein extracts of spheroids, the cytostatic effect exerted by spheroids conditioned medium on both normal and cancer cell lines and the absence of proliferation marker Ki-67 after 72 h of three-dimensional culture indicated that myofibroblasts have undergone a deactivation process within spheroids. The cells of spheroids reverted to adhesion growth preserved their proliferation capability and can re-acquire a myofibroblastic phenotype. Moreover, the spontaneous formation of clusters on plastic and glass substrates suggests that aggregates formation could be a physiological feature of cutaneous myofibroblasts. This study represents an experimental model to analyse myofibroblasts deactivation and suggests that fibroblast clusters could be a cell reservoir regulating tissues turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Granato
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Maria R Ruocco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Antonino Iaccarino
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Stefania Masone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Gaetano Calì
- IEOS Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale 'G. Salvatore', National Council of Research, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Angelica Avagliano
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Valentina Russo
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Claudio Bellevicine
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Gaetano Di Spigna
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia', Viale Europa, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Stefania Montagnani
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arcucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
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21
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Le Clerc J, Tricot-Doleux S, Pellen-Mussi P, Pérard M, Jeanne S, Pérez F. Expression of factors involved in dental pulp physiopathological processes by nemotic human pulpal fibroblasts. Int Endod J 2017; 51 Suppl 2:e94-e106. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Le Clerc
- Faculté d'Odontologie; Equipe Verres et Céramiques; UMR CNRS 6226; Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
- Service d'Odontologie Conservatrice et Endodontie; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Rennes France
| | - S. Tricot-Doleux
- Faculté d'Odontologie; Equipe Verres et Céramiques; UMR CNRS 6226; Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - P. Pellen-Mussi
- Faculté d'Odontologie; Equipe Verres et Céramiques; UMR CNRS 6226; Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - M. Pérard
- Faculté d'Odontologie; Equipe Verres et Céramiques; UMR CNRS 6226; Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
- Service d'Odontologie Conservatrice et Endodontie; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Rennes France
| | - S. Jeanne
- Faculté d'Odontologie; Equipe Verres et Céramiques; UMR CNRS 6226; Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
- Service de Parodontologie; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Rennes France
| | - F. Pérez
- Service d'Odontologie Conservatrice et Endodontie; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Nantes France
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22
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Sano M, Ichimaru Y, Kurita M, Hayashi E, Homma T, Saito H, Masuda S, Nemoto N, Hemmi A, Suzuki T, Miyairi S, Hao H. Induction of cell death in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by indirubin 3'-oxime and 5-methoxyindirubin 3'-oxime in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2017; 397:72-82. [PMID: 28347789 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. To identify potential effective therapeutic drugs for PDAC, we established a screening system based on spheroid formation using 170#3 mouse PDAC cells with or without fibroblasts. We found that indirubin 3'-oxime (Indox) and 5-methoxyindirubin 3'-oxime (5MeOIndox) inhibited PDAC cell proliferation. Furthermore, PDAC xenograft growth was also inhibited in BALB/c nu/nu mice after administration of Indox and 5MeOIndox. Both phosphorylated CDK1 and cyclin B1 levels in 170#3 cells were significantly reduced by treatment with Indox and 5MeOIndox in vitro and in vivo. Cell cycle analysis revealed that 5MeOIndox, but not Indox, induced G2/M arrest. Annexin V-propidium iodide double-staining analysis demonstrated that Indox induced abundant non-apoptotic cell death of 170#3 cells, while 5MeOIndox predominantly induced early apoptosis, indicating that the cytotoxicity of 5MeOIndox is lower than that of Indox. These results suggest that one mechanism of 5MeOIndox is to induce G2/M arrest of PDAC cells via inhibition of CDK1/cyclin B1 levels, thereby leading to apoptosis. Our findings suggest 5MeOIndox as a potential useful anticancer agent in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sano
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Yoshimi Ichimaru
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kurita
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Emiko Hayashi
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Taku Homma
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Shinobu Masuda
- Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Norimichi Nemoto
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hemmi
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyairi
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Hao
- Division of Human Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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Zhang W, Li X, Xu T, Ma M, Zhang Y, Gao MQ. Inflammatory responses of stromal fibroblasts to inflammatory epithelial cells are involved in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis. Exp Cell Res 2016; 349:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Fibroblast spheroids as a model to study sustained fibroblast quiescence and their crosstalk with tumor cells. Exp Cell Res 2016; 345:17-24. [PMID: 27177832 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stromal fibroblasts have an important role in regulating tumor progression. Normal and quiescent fibroblasts have been shown to restrict and control cancer cell growth, while cancer-associated, i. e. activated fibroblasts have been shown to enhance proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. In this study we describe generation of quiescent fibroblasts in multicellular spheroids and their effects on squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) growth in soft-agarose and xenograft models. Quiescent phenotype of fibroblasts was determined by global down-regulation of expression of genes related to cell cycle and increased expression of p27. Interestingly, microarray analysis showed that fibroblast quiescence was associated with similar secretory phenotype as seen in senescence and they expressed senescence-associated-β-galactosidase. Quiescent fibroblasts spheroids also restricted the growth of RT3 SCC cells both in soft-agarose and xenograft models unlike proliferating fibroblasts. Restricted tumor growth was associated with marginally increased tumor cell senescence and cellular differentiation, showed with senescence-associated-β-galactosidase and cytokeratin 7 staining. Our results show that the fibroblasts spheroids can be used as a model to study cellular quiescence and their effects on cancer cell progression.
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25
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Park JI, Lee J, Kwon JL, Park HB, Lee SY, Kim JY, Sung J, Kim JM, Song KS, Kim KH. Scaffold-Free Coculture Spheroids of Human Colonic Adenocarcinoma Cells and Normal Colonic Fibroblasts Promote Tumorigenicity in Nude Mice. Transl Oncol 2016; 9:79-88. [PMID: 26947885 PMCID: PMC4800065 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to form a scaffold-free coculture spheroid model of colonic adenocarcinoma cells (CACs) and normal colonic fibroblasts (NCFs) and to use the spheroids to investigate the role of NCFs in the tumorigenicity of CACs in nude mice. We analysed three-dimensional (3D) scaffold-free coculture spheroids of CACs and NCFs. CAC Matrigel invasion assays and tumorigenicity assays in nude mice were performed to examine the effect of NCFs on CAC invasive behaviour and tumorigenicity in 3D spheroids. We investigated the expression pattern of fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP-α) by immunohistochemical staining. CAC monocultures did not form densely-packed 3D spheroids, whereas cocultured CACs and NCFs formed 3D spheroids. The 3D coculture spheroids seeded on a Matrigel extracellular matrix showed higher CAC invasiveness compared to CACs alone or CACs and NCFs in suspension. 3D spheroids injected into nude mice generated more and faster-growing tumors compared to CACs alone or mixed suspensions consisting of CACs and NCFs. FAP-α was expressed in NCFs-CACs cocultures and xenograft tumors, whereas monocultures of NCFs or CACs were negative for FAP-α expression. Our findings provide evidence that the interaction between CACs and NCFs is essential for the tumorigenicity of cancer cells as well as for tumor propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Il Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Lee Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Bum Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Yel Lee
- Chungnam National University Hospital Biobank, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekye Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Man Kim
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Sang Song
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Disruption of Anti-tumor T Cell Responses by Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42223-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Is Pulp Inflammation a Prerequisite for Pulp Healing and Regeneration? Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:347649. [PMID: 26538825 PMCID: PMC4619968 DOI: 10.1155/2015/347649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of inflammation has been underestimated in pulpal healing, and in the past, it has been considered only as an undesirable effect. Associated with moderate inflammation, necrosis includes pyroptosis, apoptosis, and nemosis. There are now evidences that inflammation is a prerequisite for pulp healing, with series of events ahead of regeneration. Immunocompetent cells are recruited in the apical part. They slide along the root and migrate toward the crown. Due to the high alkalinity of the capping agent, pulp cells display mild inflammation, proliferate, and increase in number and size and initiate mineralization. Pulp fibroblasts become odontoblast-like cells producing type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, and SPARC/osteonectin. Molecules of the SIBLING family, matrix metalloproteinases, and vascular and nerve mediators are also implicated in the formation of a reparative dentinal bridge, osteo/orthodentin closing the pulp exposure. Beneath a calciotraumatic line, a thin layer identified as reactionary dentin underlines the periphery of the pulp chamber. Inflammatory and/or noninflammatory processes contribute to produce a reparative dentinal bridge closing the pulp exposure, with minute canaliculi and large tunnel defects. Depending on the form and severity of the inflammatory and noninflammatory processes, and according to the capping agent, pulp reactions are induced specifically.
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Carelli S, Messaggio F, Canazza A, Hebda DM, Caremoli F, Latorre E, Grimoldi MG, Colli M, Bulfamante G, Tremolada C, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. Characteristics and Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Microfragmented Adipose Tissue. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:1233-52. [DOI: 10.3727/096368914x681603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The subcutaneous adipose tissue provides a clear advantage over other mesenchymal stem cell sources due to the ease with which it can be accessed, as well as the ease of isolating the residing stem cells. Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs), localized in the stromal–vascular portion, can be isolated ex vivo using a combination of washing steps and enzymatic digestion. In this study, we report that microfragmented human lipoaspirated adipose tissue is a better stem cell source compared to normal lipoaspirated tissue. The structural composition of microfragments is comparable to the original tissue. Differently, however, this procedure activates the expression of antigens, such as β-tubulin III. The hADSCs derived from microfragmented lipoaspirate tissue were systematically characterized for growth features, phenotype, and multipotent differentiation potential. They fulfill the definition of mesenchymal stem cells, although with a higher neural phenotype profile. These cells also express genes that constitute the core circuitry of self-renewal such as OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG, and neurogenic lineage genes such as NEUROD1, PAX6, and SOX3. Such findings suggest further studies by evaluating Microfrag-AT hADSC action in animal models of neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephana Carelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fanuel Messaggio
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Canazza
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, Cerebrovascular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute “C. Besta,” Milan, Italy
| | - Danuta Maria Hebda
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Caremoli
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Latorre
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mattia Colli
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Bulfamante
- Department of Health Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Anna Maria Di Giulio
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Gorio
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Mori T, Ito F, Matsushima H, Takaoka O, Koshiba A, Tanaka Y, Kusuki I, Kitawaki J. Dienogest reduces HSD17β1 expression and activity in endometriosis. J Endocrinol 2015; 225:69-76. [PMID: 25767055 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disease. Abnormally biosynthesized estrogens in endometriotic tissues induce the growth of the lesion and worsen endometriosis-associated pelvic pain. Dienogest (DNG), a selective progesterone receptor agonist, is widely used to treat endometriosis and efficiently relieves the symptoms. However, its pharmacological action remains unknown. In this study, we elucidated the effect of DNG on enzymes involved in local estrogen metabolism in endometriosis. Surgically obtained specimens of 23 ovarian endometriomas (OE) and their homologous endometrium (EE), ten OE treated with DNG (OE w/D), and 19 normal endometria without endometriosis (NE) were analyzed. Spheroid cultures of stromal cells (SCs) were treated with DNG and progesterone. The expression of aromatase, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD17β1), HSD17β2, HSD17β7, HSD17β12, steroid sulfatase (STS), and estrogen sulfotransferase (EST) was evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. The activity and protein level of HSD17β1 were measured with an enzyme assay using radiolabeled estrogens and immunohistochemistry respectively. OESCs showed increased expression of aromatase, HSD17β1, STS, and EST, along with decreased HSD17β2 expression, when compared with stromal cells from normal endometria without endometriosis (NESCs) (P<0.01) or stromal cells from homologous endometrium (EESCs) (P<0.01). In OESCs, DNG inhibited HSD17β1 expression and enzyme activity at 10(-7) M (P<0.01). Results of immunohistochemical analysis displayed reduced HSD17β1 staining intensity in OE w/D (P<0.05). In conclusion, DNG exerts comprehensive inhibition of abnormal estrogen production through inhibition of aromatase and HSD17β1, contributing to a therapeutic effect of DNG on endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Mori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Fumitake Ito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsushima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Osamu Takaoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Akemi Koshiba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Izumi Kusuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Jo Kitawaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Ichioka M, Mita S, Shimizu Y, Imada K, Kiyono T, Bono Y, Kyo S. Dienogest, a synthetic progestin, down-regulates expression of CYP19A1 and inflammatory and neuroangiogenesis factors through progesterone receptor isoforms A and B in endometriotic cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 147:103-10. [PMID: 25533385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dienogest (DNG) is a selective progesterone receptor (PR) agonist and oral administration of DNG is used for the treatment of endometriosis. DNG is considered to act on PR to down-regulate pathophysiological factors associated with endometriosis. PR exists as two major isoforms, PR-A and PR-B, and their physiological functions are mostly distinct. It was suggested that PR isoform expression patterns are altered in endometriosis, but it is unknown whether the pharmacological effects of DNG are exerted through PR-A, PR-B or both. In the present study, we investigated the pharmacological effects of DNG through these PR isoforms on the expression of CYP19A1 which encodes aromatase and inflammatory and neuroangiogenesis factors associated with the pain and progression of endometriosis. We used immortalized human endometriotic epithelial cell lines that specifically express PR-A or PR-B in a spheroid cell culture system, and treated them with DNG. We evaluated messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of CYP19A1, prostaglandin (PG)E2 synthase (cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and microsomal PGE2 synthase (mPGES)-1), inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1) and neuroangiogenesis factors (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF)) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, PGE2 production was measured by enzyme immunoassay. We found that DNG down-regulated mRNA expression of CYP19A1, COX-2, mPGES-1, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, NGF and VEGF, and PGE2 production in human endometriotic epithelial cell lines that specifically express either PR-A or PR-B. These results demonstrate that DNG activates both PR-A and PR-B and down-regulates the expression of pathophysiological factors associated with pain and progression of endometriosis. Our results suggest that DNG exerts therapeutic efficacy against the pain and progression of endometriosis regardless of PR isoform expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ichioka
- Development Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722, Jimba, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8524, Japan
| | - Shizuka Mita
- Development Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722, Jimba, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8524, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Shimizu
- Development Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722, Jimba, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8524, Japan
| | - Kazunori Imada
- Development Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722, Jimba, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8524, Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Division of Virology, National Cancer Research Institute, 5-1-1, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yukiko Bono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
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Fu Z, Song P, Li D, Yi C, Chen H, Ruan S, Shi Z, Xu W, Fu X, Zheng S. Cancer-associated fibroblasts from invasive breast cancer have an attenuated capacity to secrete collagens. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1479-88. [PMID: 25070059 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal fibroblasts produce extracellular matrix (ECM) components that form the structural framework of tissues. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) with an activated phenotype mainly contribute to ECM deposition and construction of cancer masses. However, the stroma of breast cancer tissues has been shown to be more complicated, and the mechanisms through which CAFs influence ECM deposition remain elusive. In this study, we found that the activated fibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was only present in the stroma of breast cancer tissue, and the CAFs isolated from invasive breast cancer sample remained to be activated and proliferative in passages. To further assess the difference between CAFs and normal breast fibroblasts (NFs), MALDI TOF/TOF‑MS was used to analyze the secretory proteins of primary CAFs and NFs. In total, 2,903 and 3,023 proteins were identified. Mass spectrum quantitative assay and data analysis for extracellular proteins indicated that the CAFs produce less collagens and matrix-degrading enzymes compared with NFs. This finding was confirmed by western blot analysis. Furthermore, we discovered that reduced collagen deposition was present in the stroma of invasive breast cancer. These studies showed that although CAFs from invasive breast cancer possess an activated phenotype, they secreted less collagen and induced less ECM deposition in cancer stroma. In cancer tissue, the remodeling of stromal structure and tumor microenvironment might, therefore, be attributed to the biological changes in CAFs including their protein expression profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention (China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Peiming Song
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention (China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Dongbo Li
- Cardiovascular Ward of Geriatric Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Chenghao Yi
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention (China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Huarong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention (China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Shuqin Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention (China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention (China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Wenhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention (China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Xianhua Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention (China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Shu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention (China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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Xiao L, Tsutsui T. Characterization of human dental pulp cells-derived spheroids in serum-free medium: stem cells in the core. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:2624-36. [PMID: 23794488 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spheroid models have led to an increased understanding of differentiation, tissue organization and homeostasis. In the present study, we have observed that under a serum-free medium, human dental pulp cells (DPCs) spontaneously formed spheroids, and could survive over 15 weeks. To characterize these spheroids, we investigated their dynamics, microenvironment, cell distribution, molecular profiles, and neuronal/osteogenic potential. Cell tracking assay showed that cells inside the spheroids have very slow cycling. Although the spheroids had hypoxia microenvironments, there were not any massive cell die-offs even after long-term cultivation. Whole mount immunofluorescence staining and histological analysis showed a distribution of stem cells in the central/intermediate zones of spheroids. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of stemness markers NANOG, TP63, and CD44 in the spheroids were much higher than within the monolayer cultures. Gene expression levels of neural markers CDH2, NFM, TUBB3, and CD24 in the spheroids were much higher than the monolayer DPCs and increased in a culture time-dependent manner. Without any neural induction, spheroid-derived cells spontaneously converted into neuron-like cells with positive staining of neural markers HuC/D and P75 under the serum-free medium for about 2 weeks. When the spheroids were transferred into osteogenic medium, they rapidly differentiated into osteo/odontogenic cells, especially the central original cells. Compared to the monolayer DPCs, mineralization in spheroids were significantly increased. This spheroid model offers a study tool to explore the molecular bases of stem cell homeostasis and tissue organization, and can be wildly used for nerve tissue and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, The Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan
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A bioenergetic profile of non-transformed fibroblasts uncovers a link between death-resistance and enhanced spare respiratory capacity. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:662-7. [PMID: 24075934 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis-resistance and metabolic imbalances are prominent features of cancer cells. We have recently reported on populations of human fibroblasts that exhibit resistance to mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, acquired as a result of a single genotoxic exposure. The objective of the present study was to investigate the intrinsic bioenergetic profile of the death-resistant cells, as compared to the clonogenic control cells. Therefore, we analyzed the basic bioenergetic parameters including oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates, coupling efficiency, and spare respiratory capacity. Our data demonstrate a strong correlation between enhanced spare respiratory capacity and death-resistance, which we postulate to be indicative of the earliest stages of carcinogenesis.
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Wang J, Min A, Gao S, Tang Z. Genetic regulation and potentially therapeutic application of cancer-associated fibroblasts in oral cancer. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 43:323-34. [PMID: 23782231 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wang
- School of Stomatology; Central South University; Changsha China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Xiangya Stomatological Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Anjie Min
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Shan Gao
- The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Department of Molecular Biology; University of Aarhus; Aarhus C Denmark
- School of Stomatology; Tianjin Medical University; Tianjin China
| | - Zhangui Tang
- School of Stomatology; Central South University; Changsha China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Xiangya Stomatological Hospital; Central South University; Changsha China
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35
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Nemotic human dental pulp fibroblasts promote human dental pulp stem cells migration. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1544-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Fennema E, Rivron N, Rouwkema J, van Blitterswijk C, de Boer J. Spheroid culture as a tool for creating 3D complex tissues. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:108-15. [PMID: 23336996 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
3D cell culture methods confer a high degree of clinical and biological relevance to in vitro models. This is specifically the case with the spheroid culture, where a small aggregate of cells grows free of foreign materials. In spheroid cultures, cells secrete the extracellular matrix (ECM) in which they reside, and they can interact with cells from their original microenvironment. The value of spheroid cultures is increasing quickly due to novel microfabricated platforms amenable to high-throughput screening (HTS) and advances in cell culture. Here, we review new possibilities that combine the strengths of spheroid culture with new microenvironment fabrication methods that allow for the creation of large numbers of highly reproducible, complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco Fennema
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Le Clerc J, Pérard M, Pellen-Mussi P, Novella A, Tricot-Doleux S, Jeanne S, Pérez F. Characterization of a programmed necrosis process in 3-dimensional cultures of dental pulp fibroblasts. Int Endod J 2012; 46:308-16. [PMID: 22906091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To analyse and compare the expression of necrosis markers in human lung and dental pulp fibroblasts and to determine whether this process differs by the type of mesenchymal cell. METHODS Human dental pulp fibroblasts were obtained from unerupted third molars. Sound lung and pulpal fibroblasts were cultured in vitro as spheroids to determine the expression of the necrosis hallmark cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA using RT-PCR and the concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) proteins using an ELISA test. Cell viability within spheroids was also compared with spheroid diameters over time. RESULTS Increased expression of COX-2 and VEGF was found in all spheroids compared with corresponding monolayers. Although HGF/SF was highly expressed in MRC5 cells, dental pulp fibroblasts aggregates maintained only a basal level compared with monolayer cultures. Further, the observed progressive loss of viable cells explained the decreased diameters of spheroids over time. The results demonstrate that necrosis occurs in sound lung and pulpal fibroblasts. This cell death also displays differences between these two different cell types, as they do not produce the same growth factors quantity release. CONCLUSIONS The necrosis process occurred in human dental pulp fibroblasts and is different between the two cell types studied. This in vitro experimental necrosis model could become an interesting inflammatory tool. More investigations are needed to compare necrosis process in dental pulp fibroblast and inflammation during pulpitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Le Clerc
- Faculté d'Odontologie, Laboratoire de Biomatériaux en Site Osseux, UMR CNRS 6226, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Österholm C, Lu N, Lidén Å, Karlsen TV, Gullberg D, Reed RK, Kusche-Gullberg M. Fibroblast EXT1-levels influence tumor cell proliferation and migration in composite spheroids. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41334. [PMID: 22848466 PMCID: PMC3405129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stromal fibroblasts are important determinants of tumor cell behavior. They act to condition the tumor microenvironment, influence tumor growth, support tumor angiogenesis and affect tumor metastasis. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans, present both on tumor and stromal cells, interact with a large number of ligands including growth factors, their receptors, and structural components of the extracellular matrix. Being ubiquitously expressed in the tumor microenvironment heparan sulfate proteoglycans are candidates for playing central roles in tumor-stroma interactions. The objective of this work was to investigate the role of heparan sulfate expressed by stromal fibroblasts in modulating the growth of tumor cells and in controlling the interstitial fluid pressure in a 3-D model. Methodology/Principal Findings We generated spheroids composed of fibroblasts alone, or composite spheroids, composed of fibroblasts and tumor cells. Here we show that stromal fibroblasts with a mutation in the heparan sulfate elongating enzyme Ext1 and thus a low heparan sulfate content, formed composite fibroblast/tumor cell spheroids with a significant lower interstitial fluid pressure than corresponding wild-type fibroblast/tumor cell composite spheroids. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry of composite spheroids revealed that the cells segregated, so that after 6 days in culture, the wild-type fibroblasts formed an inner core and the tumor cells an outer layer of cells. For composite spheroids containing Ext1-mutated fibroblasts this segregation was less obvious, indicating impaired cell migration. Analysis of tumor cells expressing the firefly luciferase gene revealed that the changes in tumor cell migration in mutant fibroblast/tumor cell composite spheroids coincided with a lower proliferation rate. Conclusions/Significance This is the first demonstration that stromal Ext1-levels modulate tumor cell proliferation and affect the interstitial fluid pressure in a 3-D spheroid model. Learning how structural changes in stromal heparan sulfate influence tumor cells is essential for our understanding how non-malignant cells of the tumor microenvironment influence tumor cell progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ning Lu
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Åsa Lidén
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tine V. Karlsen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Donald Gullberg
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf K. Reed
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Brodsky VY, Vasil’ev AV, Terskikh VV, Zvezdina ND, Fateeva VI, Mal’chenko LA, Kiseleva EV, Bueverova EI. Mesenchymal stromal cells synchronize the rhythm of protein synthesis under the effect of an exogenous signal. Russ J Dev Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360412030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dienogest inhibits aromatase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production in human endometriotic stromal cells in spheroid culture. Fertil Steril 2012; 97:477-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Franco OE, Hayward SW. Targeting the tumor stroma as a novel therapeutic approach for prostate cancer. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2012; 65:267-313. [PMID: 22959029 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397927-8.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between epithelium and the surrounding stroma are required to maintain organ function. These interactions provide proliferative and migratory restraints that define anatomical and positional information, mediated by growth factors and extracellular matrix components. When cancer develops, transformed cells lose these constraints while stroma adapts and coevolves to support the "function" of the tumor. The prostate is a good example of an organ that relies on its surrounding stroma during normal development and cancer progression. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) constitute a substantial volume of the tumor stroma and play a pivotal role in tumor maintenance, dissemination, and even drug resistance. The origins of CAF and the exact mechanisms by which they promote tumor progression are still debated. CAF acquire an activated phenotype quite similar to the one seen during wound repair in sites of injury. Here, we describe the CAF ontogeny, the similarities with activated fibroblasts during physiological wound repair, and potential pathways that can be targeted to prevent their appearance in tumors and their protumorigenic functions in cancer progression. A strategy to identify aspects of stromal cell biology for therapeutic targeting is becoming increasingly plausible, driven by the increased understanding of the complex interplays between the cells and tissues of which tumors are comprised. Several preclinical and clinical studies show that targeting the stroma may be a promising and attractive therapeutic option for the treatment of cancer and has the potential to play an increasingly prominent role in future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar E Franco
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Kimlin LC, Casagrande G, Virador VM. In vitro three-dimensional (3D) models in cancer research: an update. Mol Carcinog 2011; 52:167-82. [PMID: 22162252 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissues are three-dimensional (3D) entities as is the tumor that arises within them. Though disaggregated cancerous tissues have produced numerous cell lines for basic and applied research, it is generally agreed that these lines are poor models of in vivo phenomena. In this review we focus on in vitro 3D models used in cancer research, particularly their contribution to molecular studies of the early stages of metastasis, angiogenesis, the tumor microenvironment, and cancer stem cells. We present a summary of the various formats used in the field of tissue bioengineering as they apply to mechanistic modeling of cancer stages or processes. In addition we list studies that model specific types of malignancies, highlight drastic differences in results between 3D in vitro models and classical monolayer culturing techniques, and establish the need for standardization of 3D models for meaningful preclinical and therapeutic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Kimlin
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Nickens KP, Han Y, Shandilya H, Larrimore A, Gerard GF, Kaldjian E, Patierno SR, Ceryak S. Acquisition of mitochondrial dysregulation and resistance to mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis after genotoxic insult in normal human fibroblasts: a possible model for early stage carcinogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1823:264-72. [PMID: 22057391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acquisition of death-resistance is critical in the evolution of neoplasia. Our aim was to model the early stages of carcinogenesis by examining intracellular alterations in cells that have acquired apoptosis-resistance after exposure to a complex genotoxin. We previously generated sub-populations of BJ-hTERT human diploid fibroblasts, which have acquired death-resistance following exposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], a broad-spectrum genotoxicant. Long-term exposure to certain forms of Cr(VI) is associated with respiratory carcinogenesis. Here, we report on the death-sensitivity of subclonal populations derived from clonogenic survivors of BJ-hTERT cells treated with 5 μM Cr(VI) (DR1, DR2), or selected by dilution-based cloning without treatment (CC1). Following Cr(VI) treatment, CC1 cells downregulated expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and exhibited extensive expression of cleaved caspase 3. In contrast, the DR cells exhibited no cleaved caspase 3 expression and maintained expression of Bcl-2 following recovery from 24 h Cr(VI) exposure. The DR cells also exhibited attenuated mitochondrial-membrane depolarization and mitochondrial retention of cytochrome c and SMAC/DIABLO following Cr(VI) exposure. The DR cells exhibited less basal mtDNA damage, as compared to CC1 cells, which correlates with intrinsic (non-induced) death-resistance. Notably, there was no difference in p53 protein expression before or after treatment among all cell lines. Taken together, our data suggest the presence of more resilient mitochondria in death-resistant cells, and that death-resistance can be acquired in normal human cells early after genotoxin exposure. We postulate that resistance to mitochondrial-mediated cell death and mitochondrial dysregulation may be an initial phenotypic alteration observed in early stage carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Nickens
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Abstract
Vascular inflammation is implicated in both local and systemic inflammatory conditions. Endothelial activation and leukocyte extravasation are key events in vascular inflammation. Lately, the role of the stromal microenvironment as a source of proinflammatory stimuli has become increasingly appreciated. Stromal fibroblasts produce cytokines, growth factors and proteases that trigger and maintain acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Fibroblasts have been associated with connective tissue pathologies such as scar formation and fibrosis, but recent research has also connected them with vascular dysfunctions. Fibroblasts are able to modulate endothelial cell functions in a paracrine manner, including proinflammatory activation and promotion of angiogenesis. They are also able to activate and attract leukocytes. Stromal fibroblasts can thus cause a proinflammatory switch in endothelial cells, and promote leukocyte infiltration into tissues. New insights in the role of adventitial fibroblasts have further strengthened the link between stromal fibroblasts and proinflammatory vascular functions. This review focuses on the role of fibroblasts in inducing and maintaining vascular inflammation, and describes recent findings and concepts in the field, along with examples of pathologic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Enzerink
- Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Shimizu Y, Mita S, Takeuchi T, Notsu T, Mizuguchi K, Kyo S. Dienogest, a synthetic progestin, inhibits prostaglandin E2 production and aromatase expression by human endometrial epithelial cells in a spheroid culture system. Steroids 2011; 76:60-7. [PMID: 20851710 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is a major mediator in the pathophysiology, and pathogenesis of gynecological diseases associated with abnormal endometrial disease with proliferation and inflammation, such as endometriosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of dienogest, a selective progesterone receptor agonist, on PGE(2) production and the expression of aromatase, an estrogen synthase, in human immortalized endometrial epithelial cells. Compared with monolayer culture, the cells showed enhanced PGE(2) production and expression of the PGE(2) synthases cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and microsomal prostaglandin E(2) synthase-1 (mPGES-1) in a spheroid culture system. Dienogest inhibited PGE(2) production and this effect was reversed by RU486, a progesterone receptor antagonist. Dienogest inhibited the PGE(2) synthases mRNA and protein expression, and the nuclear factor-κB activation. Moreover, the suppressive effect of dienogest on PGE(2) production was sustained 24h after the drug was withdrawn. Dienogest but not COX inhibitors inhibited aromatase expression. These results suggest that progesterone receptor activation reduces the gene expressions of COX-2, mPGES-1, and aromatase. Our findings suggest that the pharmacological mechanism of dienogest includes the direct inhibition of PGE(2) synthase and aromatase expression and may contribute to the therapeutic effect on the progression of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Shimizu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722 Jimba-aza-Uenohara, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8524, Japan.
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Haeger JD, Hambruch N, Dilly M, Froehlich R, Pfarrer C. Formation of bovine placental trophoblast spheroids. Cells Tissues Organs 2010; 193:274-84. [PMID: 20975254 DOI: 10.1159/000320544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we aimed to form spheroids with the bovine placental trophoblast cell line F3. Spheroids are 3-dimensional culture models which can be used to conduct versatile in vitro and in vivo experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS The spheroids were generated using the hanging drop technique, 25% methocel and matrigel. The F3 spheroids were characterized morphologically by light microscopy and transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and immunohistochemistry (ezrin, vimentin, cytokeratin, placental lactogen). The fluorescent dyes calcein and ethidium homodimer were used to determine the viability of the spheroidal F3 cells by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS The cell line F3 only formed spheroids by the hanging drop technique when matrigel was added. The trophoblast spheroids were delimited and fully covered by extracellular matrix (light microscopy/TEM/SEM). Cells contributing to spheroids could not be discriminated from each other (light microscopy). The outer spheroidal layer consisted of cells which possessed an apical pole with microvilli that were directed to the outside (light microscopy/TEM). All of the spheroidal F3 cells expressed ezrin, vimentin and cytokeratin, but not placental lactogen. The spheroid core contained degenerating cells whilst the F3 cells of the outer rim were viable (TEM/immunofluorescence microscopy). DISCUSSION We have established a 3-dimensional spheroid model for the bovine placental trophoblast cell line F3. The developed culture model might prove valuable for future in vitro studies on the differentiation of bovine trophoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Haeger
- Department of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Räsänen K, Vaheri A. Activation of fibroblasts in cancer stroma. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:2713-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Aller MA, Arias JI, Arias J. Pathological axes of wound repair: gastrulation revisited. Theor Biol Med Model 2010; 7:37. [PMID: 20840764 PMCID: PMC2945962 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-7-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic inflammation is formed by molecular and cellular complex mechanisms whose final goal seems to be injured tissue regeneration. In the skin -an exterior organ of the body- mechanical or thermal injury induces the expression of different inflammatory phenotypes that resemble similar phenotypes expressed during embryo development. Particularly, molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in gastrulation return. This is a developmental phase that delineates the three embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. Consequently, in the post-natal wounded skin, primitive functions related with the embryonic mesoderm, i.e. amniotic and yolk sac-derived, are expressed. Neurogenesis and hematogenesis stand out among the primitive function mechanisms involved. Interestingly, in these phases of the inflammatory response, whose molecular and cellular mechanisms are considered as traces of the early phases of the embryonic development, the mast cell, a cell that is supposedly inflammatory, plays a key role. The correlation that can be established between the embryonic and the inflammatory events suggests that the results obtained from the research regarding both great fields of knowledge must be interchangeable to obtain the maximum advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Angeles Aller
- Surgery I Department, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Räsänen K, Vaheri A. Proliferation and motility of HaCaT keratinocyte derivatives is enhanced by fibroblast nemosis. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1739-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Räsänen K, Vaheri A. TGF-beta1 causes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HaCaT derivatives, but induces expression of COX-2 and migration only in benign, not in malignant keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 58:97-104. [PMID: 20399617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) acts as a tumor promoter by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which leads to a motile phenotype, enabling invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Cancer-related inflammation, mediated by prostaglandins, has been proposed as a critical mechanism in conversion of benign cells to malignant. OBJECTIVE Induction of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), producer of prostaglandins, is thought to be a prerequisite for TGF-beta-induced EMT in benign cells. We used HaCaT derivatives, representative of skin cancer progression, to investigate TGF-beta1 mediated EMT response, and the role of COX-2 in it. METHODS Effect of TGF-beta1 was investigated by analyzing cell proliferation, morphology and protein expression. Chemotaxis and scratch-wound assays were used to study migration. RESULTS TGF-beta1 caused proliferation arrest of benign and malignant HaCaT cells, and changed the epithelial morphology of benign and low-grade malignant cells, but not metastatic cells, to mesenchymal spindle-shape. Epithelial junction proteins ZO-1 and E-cadherin were downregulated in all cell lines in response to TGF-beta1, but mesenchymal markers were not induced, suggesting a partial EMT response. COX-2 and migration were induced only in benign HaCaT derivatives. Malignant derivatives did not induce COX-2 in response to TGF-beta 1 treatment, thus emphasizing the role of inflammation in EMT response of benign cells. CONCLUSIONS TGF-beta1 operates via distinct mechanisms in inducing EMT and metastasis, and supporting this we show that TGF-beta1 induces COX-2 and promotes the migration of benign cells, but does not further augment the migration of malignant cells, indicating their resistance to TGF-beta1 in the context of motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Räsänen
- Haartman Institute, POB 21, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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