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Wen J, Ke Z, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang D, Mo X, Yin J, Shi C, Zhou W, Zheng S, Wang Q. Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor inhibits tilapia lake virus infection via binding to viral segment 8 and 10 encoded protein. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109438. [PMID: 38341116 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The global aquaculture industry of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has been significantly impacted by the emergence of tilapia lake virus (TiLV). However, effective prevention and control measures are still not available due to a lack of unclear pathogenesis of TiLV. Our previous transcriptome found that coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) was in response to TiLV infection in tilapia. To explore the potential function of OnCAR, the effect of OnCAR on TiLV proliferation was analyzed in this study. The OnCAR open reading frame (ORF) sequence of tilapia was 516 bp in length that encoded 171 amino acids with an Ig-like domain and transmembrane region. The OnCAR gene showed widespread expression in all investigated tissues, with the highest levels in the heart. Moreover, the OnCAR gene in the liver and muscle of tilapia exhibited dynamic expression levels upon TiLV challenge. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that OnCAR protein was mainly localized on the membrane of tilapia brain (TiB) cells. Importantly, the gene transcripts, genome copy number, S8-encoded protein, cytopathic effect, and internalization of TiLV were obviously decreased in the TiB cells overexpressed with OnCAR, indicating that OnCAR could inhibit TiLV replication. Mechanically, OnCAR could interact with viral S8 and S10-encoded protein. To the best of our knowledge, OnCAR is the first potential anti-TiLV cellular surface molecular receptor discovered for inhibiting TiLV infection. This finding is beneficial for better understanding the antiviral mechanism of tilapia and lays a foundation for establishing effective prevention and control strategies against tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zishan Ke
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Defeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xubing Mo
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cunbin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenli Zhou
- College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shucheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; State Key Lab of Marine Pollution, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Priyanka M, Ranjitha HB, Karikalan M, Chandramohan S, Behera S, Gnanavel V, Ramasamy Periyasamy TS, Umapathi V, Dechamma HJ, Krishnaswamy N. Experimental infection of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) upregulates the expression of Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) in the myocardium of suckling mice. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106383. [PMID: 37806501 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The relative overexpression of Coxsackie and adenoviral receptor (CAR) predisposes children to viral myocarditis. As the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes fatal myocarditis in calves, lambs, and piglets and belongs to the same family as the Coxsackie virus, we investigated the role of CAR in FMDV induced myocarditis in the suckling mice model. Swiss albino suckling mice of 5 days (n = 24) were divided into two equal groups. One group was inoculated with suckling mice adapted FMDV serotype O at 10 LD50, while the other group served as uninfected control. In addition, adult mice (n = 12) served as the control for age related CAR expression and lack of pathogenicity to FMDV. The establishment of myocarditis was confirmed by histopathological changes typical of myocarditis along with immunolocalization of FMDV antigens in the heart of suckling mice. The FMDV inoculated suckling mice group showed a significant upregulation of CAR transcripts by 2.5 folds, overexpression of CAR protein by densitometric analysis of immunoblots, and intense immunolocalization of CAR in the sarcolemma and intercalated discs of cardiomyocytes as compared to the uninfected suckling mice group and adult mice. It was concluded that FMDV infection induced overexpression of CAR in the myocardium of suckling mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadappa Priyanka
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | - H B Ranjitha
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M Karikalan
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, Deemed University, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, India
| | - S Chandramohan
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Subhasmitha Behera
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - V Gnanavel
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - V Umapathi
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - H J Dechamma
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Narayanan Krishnaswamy
- ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional campus, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
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3
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CXADR: From an Essential Structural Component to a Vital Signaling Mediator in Spermatogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021288. [PMID: 36674801 PMCID: PMC9865082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Canonical coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR) is a transmembrane component of cell junctions that is crucial for cardiac and testicular functions via its homophilic and heterophilic interaction. CXADR is expressed in both Sertoli cells and germ cells and is localized mainly at the interface between Sertoli-Sertoli cells and Sertoli-germ cells. Knockout of CXADR in mouse Sertoli cells specifically impairs male reproductive functions, including a compromised blood-testis barrier, apoptosis of germ cells, and premature loss of spermatids. Apart from serving as an important component for cell junctions, recent progress has showed the potential roles of CXADR as a signaling mediator in spermatogenesis. This review summarizes current research progress related to the regulation and role of CXADR in spermatogenesis as well as in pathological conditions. We hope this review provides some future directions and a blueprint to promote the further study on the roles of CXADR.
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Matthaeus C, Jüttner R, Gotthardt M, Rathjen FG. The IgCAM CAR Regulates Gap Junction-Mediated Coupling on Embryonic Cardiomyocytes and Affects Their Beating Frequency. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010014. [PMID: 36675963 PMCID: PMC9866089 DOI: 10.3390/life13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The IgCAM coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) is essential for embryonic heart development and electrical conduction in the mature heart. However, it is not well-understood how CAR exerts these effects at the cellular level. To address this question, we analyzed the spontaneous beating of cultured embryonic hearts and cardiomyocytes from wild type and CAR knockout (KO) embryos. Surprisingly, in the absence of the CAR, cultured cardiomyocytes showed increased frequencies of beating and calcium cycling. Increased beatings of heart organ cultures were also induced by the application of reagents that bind to the extracellular region of the CAR, such as the adenovirus fiber knob. However, the calcium cycling machinery, including calcium extrusion via SERCA2 and NCX, was not disrupted in CAR KO cells. In contrast, CAR KO cardiomyocytes displayed size increases but decreased in the total numbers of membrane-localized Cx43 clusters. This was accompanied by improved cell-cell coupling between CAR KO cells, as demonstrated by increased intercellular dye diffusion. Our data indicate that the CAR may modulate the localization and oligomerization of Cx43 at the plasma membrane, which could in turn influence electrical propagation between cardiomyocytes via gap junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Matthaeus
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, DE-13092 Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, NHLBI, NIH, 50 South Drive, Building 50 RM 3312, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - René Jüttner
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, DE-13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Gotthardt
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, DE-13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz G. Rathjen
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, DE-13092 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Podyacheva E, Toropova Y. SIRT1 activation and its effect on intercalated disc proteins as a way to reduce doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1035387. [PMID: 36408244 PMCID: PMC9672938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1035387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, the neoplasm is one of the main reasons for morbidity and mortality worldwide. At the same time, application of cytostatic drugs like an independent type of cancer treatment and in combination with surgical methods, is often associated with the development of cardiovascular complications both in the early and in the delayed period of treatment. Doxorubicin (DOX) is the most commonly used cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotic. DOX can cause both acute and delayed side effects. The problem is still not solved, as evidenced by the continued activity of researchers in terms of developing approaches for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular complications. It is known, the heart muscle consists of cardiomyocytes connected by intercalated discs (ID), which ensure the structural, electrical, metabolic unity of the heart. Various defects in the ID proteins can lead to the development of cardiovascular diseases of various etiologies, including DOX-induced cardiomyopathy. The search for ways to influence the functioning of ID proteins of the cardiac muscle can become the basis for the creation of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment and prevention of cardiac pathologies. SIRT1 may be an interesting cardioprotective variant due to its wide functional significance. SIRT1 activation triggers nuclear transcription programs that increase the efficiency of cellular, mitochondrial metabolism, increases resistance to oxidative stress, and promotes cell survival. It can be assumed that SIRT1 can not only provide a protective effect at the cardiomyocytes level, leading to an improvement in mitochondrial and metabolic functions, reducing the effects of oxidative stress and inflammatory processes, but also have a protective effect on the functioning of IDs structures of the cardiac muscle.
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Bang ML, Bogomolovas J, Chen J. Understanding the molecular basis of cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H181-H233. [PMID: 34797172 PMCID: PMC8759964 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00562.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inherited cardiomyopathies are a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide and can be caused by mutations in a wide range of proteins located in different cellular compartments. The present review is based on Dr. Ju Chen's 2021 Robert M. Berne Distinguished Lectureship of the American Physiological Society Cardiovascular Section, in which he provided an overview of the current knowledge on the cardiomyopathy-associated proteins that have been studied in his laboratory. The review provides a general summary of the proteins in different compartments of cardiomyocytes associated with cardiomyopathies, with specific focus on the proteins that have been studied in Dr. Chen's laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise Bang
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Milan Unit, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Julius Bogomolovas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ju Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Cardiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor (CXADR): Recent Findings and Its Role and Regulation in Spermatogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1288:95-109. [PMID: 34453733 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77779-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CXADR) belongs to immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules. It expresses in most tissues, but displays unique and indispensable functions in some tissues such as heart and testis. CXADR is a multifunctional protein that can serve as a viral receptor, a junction structural protein and a signalling molecule. Thus, it exerts a wide range of functions such as facilitating leukocyte transmigration, regulating barrier function and cell adhesion, promoting EMT transition, and mediating spermatogenesis. This review aims to provide an overview and highlights some recent findings on CXADR in the field with emphasis on studies in the testis, upon which future studies can be designed to delineate the roles and regulation of CXADR in spermatogenesis.
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Favere K, Bosman M, Klingel K, Heymans S, Van Linthout S, Delputte PL, De Sutter J, Heidbuchel H, Guns PJ. Toll-Like Receptors: Are They Taking a Toll on the Heart in Viral Myocarditis? Viruses 2021; 13:v13061003. [PMID: 34072044 PMCID: PMC8227433 DOI: 10.3390/v13061003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart with viral infections being the most common aetiology. Its complex biology remains poorly understood and its clinical management is one of the most challenging in the field of cardiology. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors, are increasingly known to be implicated in the pathophysiology of viral myocarditis. Their central role in innate and adaptive immune responses, and in the inflammatory reaction that ensues, indeed makes them prime candidates to profoundly affect every stage of the disease process. This review describes the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of viral myocarditis, and scrutinises the role of TLRs in every phase. We conclude with directions for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Favere
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.B.); (P.-J.G.)
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
| | - Matthias Bosman
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.B.); (P.-J.G.)
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter L. Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Johan De Sutter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Hein Heidbuchel
- Research Group Cardiovascular Diseases, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter-Jan Guns
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, GENCOR, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (M.B.); (P.-J.G.)
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Sharma V, Perry DJ, Eghtesady P. Role of coxsackie-adenovirus receptor in cardiac development and pathogenesis of congenital heart disease. Birth Defects Res 2020; 113:535-545. [PMID: 33369284 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a cell surface transmembrane protein originally recognized for its role as a binding site for coxsackie- and adeno-viruses. As such, it is believed to play an important role in pathogenesis of myocarditis. Other studies have suggested that CAR also plays an important role in embryonic development, which is not surprising given the strong expression of the receptor in heart, brain, liver, pancreas, kidney, small intestine, and various epithelia during development. A number of studies have looked at downregulation and upregulation of CAR and have confirmed the central role of CAR during critical periods of development. These studies all demonstrated embryonic lethality with variable phenotypes: electrophysiological abnormalities, cardiac structural deformations, and extracardiac abnormalities, such as lymphatic malformations. The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing literature about CAR and formulate some questions for future studies, with an emphasis on the role of CAR during embryonic heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Sharma
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel J Perry
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pirooz Eghtesady
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Wehbi A, Kremer EJ, Dopeso-Reyes IG. Location of the Cell Adhesion Molecule "Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor" in the Adult Mouse Brain. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:28. [PMID: 32581729 PMCID: PMC7287018 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a single-pass transmembrane cell adhesion molecule (CAM). CAR is expressed in numerous mammalian tissues including the brain, heart, lung, and testes. In epithelial cells, CAR functions are typical of the quintessential roles of numerous CAMs. However, in the brain the multiple roles of CAR are poorly understood. To better understand the physiological role of CAR in the adult brain, characterizing its location is a primordial step to advance our knowledge of its functions. In addition, CAR is responsible for the attachment, internalization, and retrograde transport of canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) vectors, which have found a niche in the mapping of neuronal circuits and gene transfer to treat and model neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to document the global location of CAR in the healthy, young adult mouse brain. Globally, we found that CAR is expressed by maturing and mature neurons in the brain parenchyma and located on the soma and on projections. While CAR occasionally colocalizes with glial fibrillary acidic protein, this overlap was restricted to areas that are associated with adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Wehbi
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric J Kremer
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Iria G Dopeso-Reyes
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Abstract
Intercalated discs (ICDs) are highly orchestrated structures that connect neighboring cardiomyocytes in the heart. Three major complexes are distinguished in ICD: desmosome, adherens junction (AJ), and gap junction (GJ). Desmosomes are major cell adhesion junctions that anchor cell membrane to the intermediate filament network; AJs connect the actin cytoskeleton of adjacent cells; and gap junctions metabolically and electrically connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cardiomyocytes. All these complexes work as a single unit, the so-called area composita, interdependently rather than individually. Mutation or altered expression of ICD proteins results in various cardiac diseases, such as ARVC (arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy), dilated cardiomyopathy, and hypotrophy cardiomyopathy, eventually leading to heart failure. In this article, we first review the recent findings on the structural organization of ICD and their functions and then focus on the recent advances in molecular pathogenesis of the ICD-related heart diseases, which include two major areas: i) the ICD gene mutations in cardiac diseases, and ii) the involvement of ICD proteins in signal transduction pathways leading to myocardium remodeling and eventual heart failure. These major ICD-related signaling pathways include Wnt/β-catenin pathway, p38 MAPK cascade, Rho-dependent serum response factor (SRF) signaling, calcineurin/NFAT signaling, Hippo kinase cascade, etc., which are differentially regulated in pathological conditions.
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Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor mediates the responses of endothelial cells to fluid shear stress. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-15. [PMID: 31776326 PMCID: PMC6881322 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial mechanotransduction by fluid shear stress (FSS) modulates endothelial function and vascular pathophysiology through mechanosensors on the cell membrane. The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is not only a viral receptor but also a component of tight junctions and plays an important role in tissue homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate the expression, regulatory mechanism, and role of CAR in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) under FSS conditions. Disturbed flow increased, whereas unidirectional laminar shear stress (LSS) decreased, CAR expression in ECs through the Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)/activator protein 1 (AP-1) axis. Deletion of CAR reduced the expression of proinflammatory genes and endothelial inflammation induced by disturbed flow via the suppression of NF-κB activation. Consistently, disturbed flow-induced atherosclerosis was reduced in EC-specific CAR KO mice. CAR was found to be involved in endothelial mechanotransduction through the regulation of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) phosphorylation. Our results demonstrate that endothelial CAR is regulated by FSS and that this regulated CAR acts as an important modulator of endothelial mechanotransduction by FSS. Research into the mechanisms by which blood flow disturbances affect the function of endothelial cells (ECs), the cells lining the interior of blood vessels, reveals potential new targets for treating atherosclerosis. Kihwan Kwon at Ewha Womans University in Seoul, South Korea, and colleagues found that a membrane protein, the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor, CAR, mediates the response of ECs to the shear stress exerted by blood flow. They showed, in human tissue and in mice, that CAR protein levels in ECs increase when they are exposed to low or oscillatory blood flow, which is linked to the build-up of plaque inside arteries. Lowering CAR levels in ECs reduced the expression of proinflammatory genes and the formation of atherosclerotic lesions in mice. These findings suggest that reducing CAR activity could be a promising approach for treating atherosclerosis.
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Huang K, Ru B, Zhang Y, Chan WL, Chow SC, Zhang J, Lo C, Lui WY. Sertoli cell–specific coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor regulates cell adhesion and gene transcriptionviaβ‐catenin inactivation and Cdc42 activation. FASEB J 2019; 33:7588-7602. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801584r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Beibei Ru
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Wai-Lung Chan
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Sheung-Ching Chow
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Jiangwen Zhang
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Wing-Yee Lui
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
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Chen X, Liu R, Liu X, Xu C, Wang X. Protective Role of Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7207268. [PMID: 30175139 PMCID: PMC6106915 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7207268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of Coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). BACKGROUND CAR, a type I transmembrane protein with functions in virus attachment, has been shown to be associated with epithelial tight junctions (TJs) and mediates cell adhesion, implying its potential roles in the pathogenesis of IBD. METHODS AND MATERIALS To determine the effect of CAR in IBD using QPCR and Western blotting to determine the expression of CAD in TNF-α induced NCM460 and SW480 cells and IBD tissues compared to control groups. Furthermore, TJs dysregulation, FITC-Dextran permeability assay, qRT-PCR, Western blot, and IF assessed the permeability in CAR overexpressed cells treated with TNF-α. HE, qRT-PCR, Western blot, and IHC assay were used to assess the CAR overexpressed cells whether they have the effect to cure DSS induced ulcerative colitis rat model in vivo. RESULT We found CAR levels in human colon cell lines are significantly downregulated under the treatment of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Furthermore, overexpression of CAR markedly prevented TNF-α induced inflammatory response, TJs dysregulation, and permeability disruption (FITC-Dextran permeability assay) in cells. Consistent with these findings in vitro, we found that CAR overexpression could suppress gut inflammation, attenuate the downregulation of TJ protein ZO-1 and Occludin, and limit the induction of barrier permeability in a DSS induced ulcerative colitis rat model in vivo. Together, our findings strongly suggest that CAR could protect tight junctions and has an anti-inflammatory effect during the pathogenesis of IBD. Thus CAR may serve as a therapeutic target for the diagnosis and treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Canxia Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China
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Ortiz-Zapater E, Santis G, Parsons M. CAR: A key regulator of adhesion and inflammation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 89:1-5. [PMID: 28545889 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a transmembrane receptor that plays a key role in controlling adhesion between adjacent epithelial cells. CAR is highly expressed in epithelial cells and was originally identified as a primary receptor for adenovirus cell binding. However, studies over the last 10 years have demonstrated that CAR plays a key role in co-ordinating cell-cell adhesion under homeostatic conditions including neuronal and cardiac development and cell junction stability; it has also been implicated in pathological states such as cancer growth and leukocyte transmigration during inflammation. Here we provide an overview of the functions of CAR as an adhesion molecule and highlight the emerging important role for CAR in controlling both recruitment of immune cells and in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK; Division of Asthma, Allergy & Lung Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - George Santis
- Division of Asthma, Allergy & Lung Biology, King's College London, 5th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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Brodehl A, Belke DD, Garnett L, Martens K, Abdelfatah N, Rodriguez M, Diao C, Chen YX, Gordon PMK, Nygren A, Gerull B. Transgenic mice overexpressing desmocollin-2 (DSC2) develop cardiomyopathy associated with myocardial inflammation and fibrotic remodeling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174019. [PMID: 28339476 PMCID: PMC5365111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is an inherited heart muscle disorder leading to ventricular arrhythmias and heart failure, mainly as a result of mutations in cardiac desmosomal genes. Desmosomes are cell-cell junctions mediating adhesion of cardiomyocytes; however, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the disease remain widely unknown. Desmocollin-2 is a desmosomal cadherin serving as an anchor molecule required to reconstitute homeostatic intercellular adhesion with desmoglein-2. Cardiac specific lack of desmoglein-2 leads to severe cardiomyopathy, whereas overexpression does not. In contrast, the corresponding data for desmocollin-2 are incomplete, in particular from the view of protein overexpression. Therefore, we developed a mouse model overexpressing desmocollin-2 to determine its potential contribution to cardiomyopathy and intercellular adhesion pathology. Methods and results We generated transgenic mice overexpressing DSC2 in cardiac myocytes. Transgenic mice developed a severe cardiac dysfunction over 5 to 13 weeks as indicated by 2D-echocardiography measurements. Corresponding histology and immunohistochemistry demonstrated fibrosis, necrosis and calcification which were mainly localized in patches near the epi- and endocardium of both ventricles. Expressions of endogenous desmosomal proteins were markedly reduced in fibrotic areas but appear to be unchanged in non-fibrotic areas. Furthermore, gene expression data indicate an early up-regulation of inflammatory and fibrotic remodeling pathways between 2 to 3.5 weeks of age. Conclusion Cardiac specific overexpression of desmocollin-2 induces necrosis, acute inflammation and patchy cardiac fibrotic remodeling leading to fulminant biventricular cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brodehl
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darrell D. Belke
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lauren Garnett
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kristina Martens
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nelly Abdelfatah
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marcela Rodriguez
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine Diao
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yong-Xiang Chen
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul M. K. Gordon
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute Genomics and Bioinformatics Facility, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anders Nygren
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brenda Gerull
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center and Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Matthäus C, Langhorst H, Schütz L, Jüttner R, Rathjen FG. Cell-cell communication mediated by the CAR subgroup of immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecules in health and disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 81:32-40. [PMID: 27871939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin superfamily represents a diverse set of cell-cell contact proteins and includes well-studied members such as NCAM1, DSCAM, L1 or the contactins which are strongly expressed in the nervous system. In this review we put our focus on the biological function of a less understood subgroup of Ig-like proteins composed of CAR (coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor), CLMP (CAR-like membrane protein) and BT-IgSF (brain and testis specific immunoglobulin superfamily). The CAR-related proteins are type I transmembrane proteins containing an N-terminal variable (V-type) and a membrane proximal constant (C2-type) Ig domain in their extracellular region which are implicated in homotypic adhesion. They are highly expressed during embryonic development in a variety of tissues including the nervous system whereby in adult stages the protein level of CAR and CLMP decreases, only BT-IgSF expression increases within age. CAR-related proteins are concentrated at specialized cell-cell communication sites such as gap or tight junctions and are present at the plasma membrane in larger protein complexes. Considerable progress has been made on the molecular structure and interactions of CAR while research on CLMP and BT-IgSF is at an early stage. Studies on mouse mutants revealed biological functions of CAR in the heart and for CLMP in the gastrointestinal and urogenital systems. Furthermore, CAR and BT-IgSF appear to regulate synaptic function in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Matthäus
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Developmental Neurobiology, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hanna Langhorst
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Developmental Neurobiology, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Schütz
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Developmental Neurobiology, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - René Jüttner
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Developmental Neurobiology, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz G Rathjen
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Developmental Neurobiology, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
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Loustalot F, Kremer EJ, Salinas S. Membrane Dynamics and Signaling of the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 322:331-62. [PMID: 26940522 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and acts as a receptor for some adenovirus types and group B coxsackieviruses. Its role is best described in epithelia where CAR participates to tight junction integrity and maintenance. Recently, several studies aimed to characterize its potential interaction with intracellular signaling pathways and highlighted several features linking CAR to gene expression. In addition, the molecular mechanisms leading to CAR-specific membrane targeting via the secretory pathway in polarized cells and its internalization are starting to be unraveled. This chapter discusses the interaction between membrane dynamics, intracellular trafficking, and signaling of CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Loustalot
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric J Kremer
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Sara Salinas
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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The Ig CAM CAR is Implicated in Cardiac Development and Modulates Electrical Conduction in the Mature Heart. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/jcdd1010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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20
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Interspecies differences in virus uptake versus cardiac function of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor. J Virol 2014; 88:7345-56. [PMID: 24741103 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00104-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a cell contact protein with an important role in virus uptake. Its extracellular immunoglobulin domains mediate the binding to coxsackievirus and adenovirus as well as homophilic and heterophilic interactions between cells. The cytoplasmic tail links CAR to the cytoskeleton and intracellular signaling cascades. In the heart, CAR is crucial for embryonic development, electrophysiology, and coxsackievirus B infection. Noncardiac functions are less well understood, in part due to the lack of suitable animal models. Here, we generated a transgenic mouse that rescued the otherwise embryonic-lethal CAR knockout (KO) phenotype by expressing chicken CAR exclusively in the heart. Using this rescue model, we addressed interspecies differences in coxsackievirus uptake and noncardiac functions of CAR. Survival of the noncardiac CAR KO (ncKO) mouse indicates an essential role for CAR in the developing heart but not in other tissues. In adult animals, cardiac activity was normal, suggesting that chicken CAR can replace the physiological functions of mouse CAR in the cardiomyocyte. However, chicken CAR did not mediate virus entry in vivo, so that hearts expressing chicken instead of mouse CAR were protected from infection and myocarditis. Comparison of sequence homology and modeling of the D1 domain indicate differences between mammalian and chicken CAR that relate to the sites important for virus binding but not those involved in homodimerization. Thus, CAR-directed anticoxsackievirus therapy with only minor adverse effects in noncardiac tissue could be further improved by selectively targeting the virus-host interaction while maintaining cardiac function. IMPORTANCE Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is one of the most common human pathogens causing myocarditis. Its receptor, the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), not only mediates virus uptake but also relates to cytoskeletal organization and intracellular signaling. Animals without CAR die prenatally with major cardiac malformations. In the adult heart, CAR is important for virus entry and electrical conduction, but its nonmuscle functions are largely unknown. Here, we show that chicken CAR expression exclusively in the heart can rescue the otherwise embryonic-lethal CAR knockout phenotype but does not support CVB3 infection of adult cardiomyocytes. Our findings have implications for the evolution of virus-host versus physiological interactions involving CAR and could help to improve future coxsackievirus-directed therapies inhibiting virus replication while maintaining CAR's cellular functions.
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Bohuslavova R, Kolar F, Sedmera D, Skvorova L, Papousek F, Neckar J, Pavlinkova G. Partial deficiency of HIF-1α stimulates pathological cardiac changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. BMC Endocr Disord 2014; 14:11. [PMID: 24502509 PMCID: PMC3922431 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-14-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic cardiomyopathy is associated with a number of functional and structural pathological changes such as left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac remodeling, and apoptosis. The primary cause of diabetic cardiomyopathy is hyperglycemia, the metabolic hallmark of diabetes. Recent studies have shown that a diabetic environment suppresses hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α protein stability and function. The aim of this study was to analyze the functional role of HIF-1α in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. We have hypothesized that the partial deficiency of HIF-1α may compromise cardiac responses under diabetic conditions and increase susceptibility to diabetic cardiomyopathy. METHODS Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in wild type (Wt) and heterozygous Hif1a knock-out (Hif1a+/-) mice. Echocardiographic evaluations of left ventricular functional parameters, expression analyses by qPCR and Western blot, and cardiac histopathology assessments were performed in age-matched groups, diabetic, and non-diabetic Wt and Hif1a+/- mice. RESULTS Five weeks after diabetes was established, a significant decrease in left ventricle fractional shortening was detected in diabetic Hif1a+/- but not in diabetic Wt mice. The combination effects of the partial deficiency of Hif1a and diabetes affected the gene expression profile of the heart, including reduced vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa) expression. Adverse cardiac remodeling in the diabetic Hif1a+/- heart was shown by molecular changes in the expression of structural molecules and components of the extracellular matrix. CONCLUSIONS We have shown a correlation between heterozygosity for Hif1α and adverse functional, molecular, and cellular changes associated with diabetic cardiomyopathy. Our results provide evidence that HIF-1α regulates early cardiac responses to diabetes, and that HIF-1α deregulation may influence the increased risk for diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Sedmera
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | - Jan Neckar
- Institute of Physiology AS CR, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gabriela Pavlinkova
- Institute of Biotechnology AS CR, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenetics, Institute of Biotechnology AS CR, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, Prague 4, CZ-142 20, Czechia
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Ghigo A, Franco I, Morello F, Hirsch E. Myocyte signalling in leucocyte recruitment to the heart. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:270-80. [PMID: 24501328 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial damage, by different noxious causes, triggers an inflammatory reaction driving post-injury repair mechanisms and chronic remodelling processes that are largely detrimental to cardiac function. Cardiomyocytes have recently emerged as key players in orchestrating this inflammatory response. Injured cardiomyocytes release damage-associated molecular pattern molecules, such as high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), DNA fragments, heat shock proteins, and matricellular proteins, which instruct surrounding healthy cadiomyocytes to produce inflammatory mediators. These mediators, mainly interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), in turn activate versatile signalling networks within surviving cardiomyocytes and trigger leucocyte activation and recruitment. In this review, we will focus on recently characterized signalling pathways activated in cardiomyocytes that mediate inflammatory responses during myocardial infarction, hypertensive heart disease, and myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ghigo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
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Schreiber J, Langhorst H, Jüttner R, Rathjen FG. The IgCAMs CAR, BT-IgSF, and CLMP: Structure, Function, and Diseases. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:21-45. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tatrai E, Bedi K, Kovalszky I, Hartyanszky I, Laszik A, Acsady G, Sotonyi P, Hubay M. No mutation but high mRNA expression of Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor was observed in both dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 212:47-50. [PMID: 21641134 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The most common causes of acute myocarditis and the possible consequence of dilated cardiomyopathy are virus infections. The receptor of the two most common viruses connected to these myocardial diseases was identified as Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor. The purpose of this study was to assess Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor mRNA expression in the myocardium and search for mutations in the Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor gene to compare dilated, inflammatory and ischemic cardiomyopathy with control group. All the myocardial samples were obtained from 35 explanted hearts during heart transplantation, than DNA and RNA were isolated from the muscle samples. cDNA was generated from RNA using reverse transcription, and real-time PCR was performed with relative quantification by β-actin gene as endogenous control. Using DNA extracted from the myocardial samples, we sequenced all the seven exons of the Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor gene. Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor mRNA expression was higher in both ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy groups than in inflammatory cardiomyopathy and healthy control groups. Sequencing of CAR gene showed no sign of mutation. Therefore, the sequences result of CAR exons did not show any mutation or polymorphism, that explains a determinant role of CAR in dilated or ischemic CM. Our results suggest that high mRNA expression of Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor may support its role in regeneration of the damaged myocardium rather than having any role in viral mediated heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Tatrai
- Department of Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, 93 Ulloi Str, Budapest H-1091, Hungary.
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Pazirandeh A, Sultana T, Mirza M, Rozell B, Hultenby K, Wallis K, Vennström B, Davis B, Arner A, Heuchel R, Löhr M, Philipson L, Sollerbrant K. Multiple phenotypes in adult mice following inactivation of the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor (Car) gene. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20203. [PMID: 21674029 PMCID: PMC3108585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the normal function of the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR), a protein found in tight junctions and other intercellular complexes, we constructed a mouse line in which the CAR gene could be disrupted at any chosen time point in a broad spectrum of cell types and tissues. All knockouts examined displayed a dilated intestinal tract and atrophy of the exocrine pancreas with appearance of tubular complexes characteristic of acinar-to-ductal metaplasia. The mice also exhibited a complete atrio-ventricular block and abnormal thymopoiesis. These results demonstrate that CAR exerts important functions in the physiology of several organs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Pazirandeh
- Ludwig Institutet for Cancer Research, Stockholm Branch, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Taranum Sultana
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Momina Mirza
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Rozell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Karin Wallis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Vennström
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ben Davis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Arner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rainer Heuchel
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Matthias Löhr
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lennart Philipson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Sollerbrant
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Yuen S, Smith J, Caruso L, Balan M, Opavsky MA. The coxsackie-adenovirus receptor induces an inflammatory cardiomyopathy independent of viral infection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 50:826-40. [PMID: 21352828 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a viral receptor for Group B coxsackieviruses (CVBs) and adenoviruses. CAR has been linked with the innate immune response to CVB myocarditis, and with activation of inflammatory cells in vitro. We hypothesized that CAR activates signals that promote inflammation in the myocardium independent of viral infection. To test this we conditionally overexpressed murine CAR in cardiomyocytes of adult binary transgenic mice under the control of a tetracycline-responsive (tet-off) α-myosin heavy chain (αMtTA) promoter (mCAR(+)/αMtTA(+) mice). An inflammatory cardiomyopathy developed in both lines generated (6-mCAR(+)/αMtTA(+) and 12-mCAR(+)/αMtTA(+)) following withdrawal of doxycycline. Cardiac CAR was upregulated at 4weeks of age in 6-mCAR(+)/αMtTA(+) mice and induced a mild inflammatory infiltrate (score 1.3 of 4.0±0.3) at 6weeks, with 95% of mice surviving to that time. In the second line, 12-mCAR(+)/αMtTA(+) mice, CAR was upregulated in the majority of mice by 3weeks of age, and by 5weeks of age more severe cardiac inflammation (score 2.8 of 4.0±0.4) developed with only 56% of mice surviving. The cardiac inflammatory infiltrate was primarily natural killer cells and macrophages in both mCAR(+)/αMtTA(+) lines. A proinflammatory cytokine response with increased cardiac interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6 was detected by real-time RT-PCR. CAR has been linked to signaling via the inflammatory mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades; therefore, we evaluated the response of these pathways in hearts with upregulated CAR. Both stress-activated JNK and p38MAPK were activated in mCAR(+)/αMtTA(+) hearts prior to onset of inflammation and in isolated mCAR(+)/αMtTA(+) cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, we show for the first time that CAR upregulation in the adult mouse heart induces cardiac inflammation reminiscent of early viral myocarditis. CAR-induced stress-activated MAPK signaling may contribute to the development of cardiac inflammation unrelated to viral infection per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Yuen
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
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