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Schutti O, Klauer L, Baudrexler T, Burkert F, Schmohl J, Hentrich M, Bojko P, Kraemer D, Rank A, Schmid C, Schmetzer H. Effective and Successful Quantification of Leukemia-Specific Immune Cells in AML Patients' Blood or Culture, Focusing on Intracellular Cytokine and Degranulation Assays. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6983. [PMID: 39000091 PMCID: PMC11241621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Novel (immune) therapies are needed to stabilize remissions or the disease in AML. Leukemia derived dendritic cells (DCleu) can be generated ex vivo from AML patients' blasts in whole blood using approved drugs (GM-CSF and PGE-1 (Kit M)). After T cell enriched, mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) with Kit M pretreated (vs. untreated WB), anti-leukemically directed immune cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems were already shown to be significantly increased. We evaluated (1) the use of leukemia-specific assays [intracellular cytokine production of INFy, TNFa (INCYT), and degranulation detected by CD107a (DEG)] for a detailed quantification of leukemia-specific cells and (2), in addition, the correlation with functional cytotoxicity and patients' clinical data in Kit M-treated vs. not pretreated settings. We collected whole blood (WB) samples from 26 AML patients at first diagnosis, during persisting disease, or at relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT), and from 18 healthy volunteers. WB samples were treated with or without Kit M to generate DC/DCleu. After MLC with Kit M-treated vs. untreated WB antigen-specific/anti-leukemic effects were assessed through INCYT, DEG, and a cytotoxicity fluorolysis assay. The quantification of cell subtypes was performed via flow cytometry. Our study showed: (1) low frequencies of leukemia-specific cells (subtypes) detectable in AML patients' blood. (2) Significantly higher frequencies of (mature) DCleu generable without induction of blast proliferation in Kit M-treated vs. untreated samples. (3) Significant increase in frequencies of immunoreactive cells (e.g., non-naive T cells, Tprol) as well as in INCYT/DEG ASSAYS leukemia-specific adaptive-(e.g., B, T(memory)) or innate immune cells (e.g., NK, CIK) after MLC with Kit M-treated vs. untreated WB. The results of the intracellular production of INFy and TNFa were comparable. The cytotoxicity fluorolysis assay revealed significantly enhanced blast lysis in Kit M-treated vs. untreated WB. Significant correlations could be shown between induced leukemia-specific cells from several lines and improved blast lysis. We successfully detected and quantified immunoreactive cells at a single-cell level using the functional assays (DEG, INCYT, and CTX). We could quantify leukemia-specific subtypes in uncultured WB as well as after MLC and evaluate the impact of Kit M pretreated (DC/DCleu-containing) WB on the provision of leukemia-specific immune cells. Kit M pretreatment (vs. no pretreatment) was shown to significantly increase leukemia-specific IFNy and TNFa producing, degranulating cells and to improve blast-cytotoxicity after MLC. In vivo treatment of AML patients with Kit M may lead to anti-leukemic effects and contribute to stabilizing the disease or remissions. INCYT and DEG assays qualify to quantify potentially leukemia-specific cells on a single cell level and to predict the clinical course of patients under treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Schutti
- Department for Hematopoetic Cell Transplantation, Med. III, University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (O.S.)
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Comprehensive Cancer Center at University Hospital of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Lara Klauer
- Department for Hematopoetic Cell Transplantation, Med. III, University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (O.S.)
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Comprehensive Cancer Center at University Hospital of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Baudrexler
- Department for Hematopoetic Cell Transplantation, Med. III, University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (O.S.)
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Comprehensive Cancer Center at University Hospital of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Florian Burkert
- Department for Hematopoetic Cell Transplantation, Med. III, University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (O.S.)
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Comprehensive Cancer Center at University Hospital of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Schmohl
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Hentrich
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Red Cross Hospital of Munich, 80634 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bojko
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Red Cross Hospital of Munich, 80634 Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Kraemer
- Department of Heamatology and Oncology, St.-Josefs-Hospital Hagen, 58097 Hagen, Germany
| | - Andreas Rank
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Comprehensive Cancer Center at University Hospital of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmid
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Comprehensive Cancer Center at University Hospital of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Helga Schmetzer
- Department for Hematopoetic Cell Transplantation, Med. III, University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; (O.S.)
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Comprehensive Cancer Center at University Hospital of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
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Cheng Y, Shen R, Liu F, Li Y, Wang J, Hou Y, Liu Y, Zhou H, Hou F, Wang Y, Li X, Qiao R, Luo S. Humoral and cellular immune responses induced by serogroup W135 meningococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines. Vaccine 2024; 42:2781-2792. [PMID: 38508928 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the mechanisms by which W135 meningococcal conjugate (PSW135-TT) activates adaptive immune responses in mice can provide a comprehensive understanding of the immune mechanisms of bacterial polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. We compared B-cell and T-cell immune responses immunized with W135 meningococcal capsular polysaccharides (PSW135), tetanus toxoid (TT) and PSW135-TT in mice. The results showed that PSW135-TT could induce higher PSW135-specific and TT-specific IgG antibodies with a significant enhancement after two doses. All serum antibodies immunized with PSW135- TT had strong bactericidal activity, whereas none of the serum antibodies immunized with PSW135 had bactericidal activity. Besides, IgM and IgG antibodies immunized with PSW135-TT after two doses were positively correlated with the titer of bactericidal antibodies. We also found Th cells favored Th2 humoral immune responses in PSW135-TT, PSW135, and TT-immunized mice, especially peripheral blood lymphocytes. Furthermore, PSW135-TT and TT could effectively activate bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and promote BMDCs to highly express major histocompatibility complex Ⅱ (MHCⅡ), CD86 and CD40 molecules in mice, whereas PSW135 couldn't. These data verified the typical characteristics of PSW135-TT and TT as T cell dependent antigen (TD-Ag) and PSW135 as T cell independent antigen (TI-Ag), which will be very helpful for further exploration of the immune mechanism of polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines and improvement of the quality of bacterial polysaccharide conjugate vaccines in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Cheng
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Rong Shen
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Fanglei Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yanting Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yali Hou
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yueping Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Haifei Zhou
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Fengping Hou
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yunjin Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Xiongxiong Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Ruijie Qiao
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China.
| | - Shuquan Luo
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China.
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Trauet J, Bourgoin P, Schuldt J, Lefèvre G, Labalette M, Busnel JM, Demaret J. Studying antigen-specific T cells through a streamlined, whole blood-based extracellular approach. Cytometry A 2024; 105:288-296. [PMID: 38149360 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Techniques currently used for the study of antigen-specific T-cell responses are either poorly informative or require a heavy workload. Consequently, many perspectives associated with the broader study of such approaches remain mostly unexplored in translational research. However, these could benefit many fields including but not limited to infectious diseases, oncology, and vaccination. Herein, the main objective of this work was to develop a standardized flow cytometry-based approach that would combine ease of use together with a relevant study of antigen-specific T-cell responses so that they could be more often included in clinical research. To this extent, a streamlined approach relying on 1/ the use of whole blood instead of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and 2/ solely based on the expression of extracellular activation-induced markers (AIMs), called whole blood AIM (WAIM), was developed and further compared to more conventional techniques such as enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) and flow cytometry-based intracellular cytokine staining (ICS). Based on a cohort of 20 individuals receiving the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and focusing on SARS-CoV-2 and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-derived antigen T-cell-specific responses, a significant level of correlation between the three techniques was found. Based on the use of whole blood and on the expression of extracellular activation-induced markers (CD154, CD137, and CD107a), the WAIM technique appears to be very simple to implement and yet allows interesting patient stratification capabilities as the chosen combination of extracellular markers exhibited higher orthogonality than cytokines that are commonly considered in ICS (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Trauet
- CHU Lille, Institut d'Immunologie, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation Inserm Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Penelope Bourgoin
- Global Research Organization, Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Marseille, France
| | - Jana Schuldt
- Global Research Organization, Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Lefèvre
- CHU Lille, Institut d'Immunologie, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation Inserm Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Myriam Labalette
- CHU Lille, Institut d'Immunologie, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation Inserm Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Busnel
- Global Research Organization, Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, Marseille, France
| | - Julie Demaret
- CHU Lille, Institut d'Immunologie, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation Inserm Univ. Lille, Lille, France
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Jiang S, Sun M, Meng P, Zhang X, Sun Y. Ultramicro and ultrasensitive detection of lipopolysaccharides based on triple-signal amplification via ultrafast ATRP and an ultramicroelectrode. Analyst 2023; 148:6359-6368. [PMID: 37966725 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01624b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive testing of trace lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is very important due to their high toxicity to the human body. Here, an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor requiring only 5 μL solution was developed for LPS detection via triple-signal amplification based on ultrafast atom transfer radical polymerization (UATRP) and a Au ultramicroelectrode (UME). Firstly, the Au UME was modified with gold nanoparticles (nAu) and an LPS aptamer (Apt) in turn. When the Apt recognized LPS, the ATRP initiator of 4-(bromomethyl)phenylboronic acid (BPA) could be tethered to the electrode by covalent cross-linking between the phenylboronic acid moiety and the cis-diol site of LPS. Then UATRP was conducted for 2.5 min with nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) as the photocatalyst and methylacrolein (MLA) as the monomer. After the electroactive probes of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) were formed on the surface of poly(MLA) by the silver mirror reaction, the electrochemical sensor was successfully prepared. Under the optimal conditions, the sensor exhibited a lower detection limit and a wider linear range when it was compared with a similar assay for LPS. In particular, the LOD of 7.99 × 10-2 pg mL-1 was better than that of the limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL)-based technique, which is the gold standard for LPS detection. In the end, the sensor reported in this paper showed good selectivity and satisfactory feasibility for LPS detection in real biological samples and food products. The results obtained from the drug, blood and potable water samples laid a strong foundation for its clinical applications and application in other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China.
| | - Mingyang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China.
| | - Peiran Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China.
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China.
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Lopez-Gomez A, Pelaez-Prestel HF, Juarez I. Approaches to evaluate the specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. Vaccine 2023; 41:6434-6443. [PMID: 37770298 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has a huge impact on public health and global economy, meaning an enormous scientific, political, and social challenge. Studying how infection or vaccination triggers both cellular and humoral responses is essential to know the grade and length of protection generated in the population. Nowadays, scientists and authorities around the world are increasingly concerned about the arrival of new variants, which have a greater spread, due to the high mutation rate of this virus. The aim of this review is to summarize the different techniques available for the study of the immune responses after exposure or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, showing their advantages and limitations, and proposing suitable combinations of different techniques to achieve extensive information in these studies. We wish that the information provided here will helps other scientists in their studies of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination with new vaccine candidates or infection with upcoming variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lopez-Gomez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hector F Pelaez-Prestel
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Juarez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Ma B, Liu X, Zhang Z, Ma C, Chand R, Patwardhan S, Wang C, Thamphiwatana SD, Chen P, Chen W. A digital nanoplasmonic microarray immunosensor for multiplexed cytokine monitoring during CAR T-cell therapy from a leukemia tumor microenvironment model. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 230:115247. [PMID: 37023552 PMCID: PMC10103176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
The release of cytokines by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells and tumor resident immune cells defines a significant part of CAR T-cell functional activity and patient immune responses during CAR T-cell therapy. However, few studies have so far precisely characterized the cytokine secretion dynamics in the tumor niche during CAR T-cell therapy, which requires multiplexed, and timely biosensing platforms and integration with biomimetic tumor microenvironment. Herein, we implemented a digital nanoplasmonic microarray immunosensor with a microfluidic biomimetic Leukemia-on-a-Chip model to monitor cytokine secretion dynamics during CD19 CAR T-cell therapy against precursor B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL). The integrated nanoplasmonic biosensors achieved precise multiplexed cytokine measurements with low operating sample volume, short assay time, heightened sensitivity, and negligible sensor crosstalk. Using the digital nanoplasmonic biosensing approach, we measured the concentrations of six cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, MCP-1, GM-CSF, IL-1β, and IL-6) during first 5 days of CAR T-cell treatment in the microfluidic Leukemia-on-a-Chip model. Our results revealed a heterogeneous secretion profile of various cytokines during CAR T-cell therapy and confirmed a correlation between the cytokine secretion profile and the CAR T-cell cytotoxic activity. The capability to monitor immune cell cytokine secretion dynamics in a biomimetic tumor microenvironment could further help in study of cytokine release syndrome during CAR T-cell therapy and in development of more efficient and safer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benteng Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Xinya Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Zhuoyu Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Rashik Chand
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saee Patwardhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Chuanyu Wang
- Department of Material Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Soracha D Thamphiwatana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Pengyu Chen
- Department of Material Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA; Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Wang G, Yao Y, Huang H, Zhou J, Ni C. Multiomics technologies for comprehensive tumor microenvironment analysis in triple-negative breast cancer under neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1131259. [PMID: 37284197 PMCID: PMC10239824 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1131259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive breast cancer subtypes and is characterized by abundant infiltrating immune cells within the microenvironment. As standard care, chemotherapy remains the fundamental neoadjuvant treatment in TNBC, and there is increasing evidence that supplementation with immune checkpoint inhibitors may potentiate the therapeutic efficiency of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). However, 20-60% of TNBC patients still have residual tumor burden after NAC and require additional chemotherapy; therefore, it is critical to understand the dynamic change in the tumor microenvironment (TME) during treatment to help improve the rate of complete pathological response and long-term prognosis. Traditional methods, including immunohistochemistry, bulk tumor sequencing, and flow cytometry, have been applied to elucidate the TME of breast cancer, but the low resolution and throughput may overlook key information. With the development of diverse high-throughput technologies, recent reports have provided new insights into TME alterations during NAC in four fields, including tissue imaging, cytometry, next-generation sequencing, and spatial omics. In this review, we discuss the traditional methods and the latest advances in high-throughput techniques to decipher the TME of TNBC and the prospect of translating these techniques to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Ni
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Jin X, Liu X, Shen C. A systemic review of T-cell epitopes defined from the proteome of SARS-CoV-2. Virus Res 2023; 324:199024. [PMID: 36526016 PMCID: PMC9757803 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.199024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains in a global pandemic, and no eradicative therapy is currently available. Host T cells have been shown to play a crucial role in the antiviral immune protection and pathology in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients; thus, identifying sufficient T-cell epitopes from the SARS-CoV-2 proteome can contribute greatly to the development of T-cell epitope vaccines and the precise evaluation of host SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immunity. This review presents a comprehensive map of T-cell epitopes functionally validated from SARS-CoV-2 antigens, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) supertypes to present these epitopes, and the strategies to screen and identify T-cell epitopes. To the best of our knowledge, a total of 1349 CD8+ T-cell epitopes and 790 CD4+ T-cell epitopes have been defined by functional experiments thus far, but most are presented by approximately twenty common HLA supertypes, such as HLA-A0201, A2402, B0702, DR15, DR7 and DR11 molecules, and 74-80% of the T-cell epitopes are derived from S protein and nonstructural protein. These data provide useful insight into the development of vaccines and specific T-cell detection systems. However, the currently defined T-cell epitope repertoire cannot cover the HLA polymorphism of major populations in an indicated geographic region. More research is needed to depict an overall landscape of T-cell epitopes, which covers the overall SARS-CoV-2 proteome and global patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Jin
- Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China 225002; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210009
| | - Xiaotao Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210009
| | - Chuanlai Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210009.
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Intracellular cytokine detection based on flow cytometry in hemocytes from Galleria mellonella larvae: A new protocol. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274120. [PMID: 36173940 PMCID: PMC9521830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertebrates are becoming increasingly popular models for research on the immune system. The innate immunity possessed by insects shows both structural and functional similarity to the resistance displayed by mammals, and many processes occurring in insect hemocytes are similar to those that occur in mammals. However, the use of insects as research models requires the development of methods for working with hemocytes. The aim of this study was to develop a protocol for intracellular cytokine detection in Galleria mellonella larvae hemocytes based on flow cytometry. It describes the anticoagulant composition of the buffer, the optimal conditions for hemocyte permeabilization and fixation, as well as the conditions of cell centrifugation to prevent cell disintegration. A key element is the selection of staining conditions, especially the length of the incubation time with the primary antibody, which turned out to be much longer than recommended for mammalian cells. The development of these individual steps allowed for the creation of a reproducible protocol for cytokine detection using flow cytometry in wax moth hemocytes. This will certainly facilitate the development of further protocols allowing for wider use of insect cells in immunological research.
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de Rutte J, Dimatteo R, Archang MM, van Zee M, Koo D, Lee S, Sharrow AC, Krohl PJ, Mellody M, Zhu S, Eichenbaum JV, Kizerwetter M, Udani S, Ha K, Willson RC, Bertozzi AL, Spangler J, Damoiseaux R, Di Carlo D. Suspendable Hydrogel Nanovials for Massively Parallel Single-Cell Functional Analysis and Sorting. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7242-7257. [PMID: 35324146 PMCID: PMC9869715 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Techniques to analyze and sort single cells based on functional outputs, such as secreted products, have the potential to transform our understanding of cellular biology as well as accelerate the development of next-generation cell and antibody therapies. However, secreted molecules rapidly diffuse away from cells, and analysis of these products requires specialized equipment and expertise to compartmentalize individual cells and capture their secretions. Herein, we describe methods to fabricate hydrogel-based chemically functionalized microcontainers, which we call nanovials, and demonstrate their use for sorting single viable cells based on their secreted products at high-throughput using only commonly accessible laboratory infrastructure. These nanovials act as solid supports that facilitate attachment of a variety of adherent and suspension cell types, partition uniform aqueous compartments, and capture secreted proteins. Solutions can be exchanged around nanovials to perform fluorescence immunoassays on secreted proteins. Using this platform and commercial flow sorters, we demonstrate high-throughput screening of stably and transiently transfected producer cells based on relative IgG production. Chinese hamster ovary cells sorted based on IgG production regrew and maintained a high secretion phenotype over at least a week, yielding >40% increase in bulk IgG production rates. We also sorted hybridomas and B lymphocytes based on antigen-specific antibody production. Hybridoma cells secreting an antihen egg lysozyme antibody were recovered from background cells, enriching a population of ∼4% prevalence to >90% following sorting. Leveraging the high-speed sorting capabilities of standard sorters, we sorted >1 million events in <1 h. IgG secreting mouse B cells were also sorted and enriched based on antigen-specific binding. Successful sorting of antibody-secreting B cells combined with the ability to perform single-cell RT-PCR to recover sequence information suggests the potential to perform antibody discovery workflows. The reported nanovials can be easily stored and distributed among researchers, democratizing access to high-throughput functional cell screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph de Rutte
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Partillion Bioscience Corporation, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert Dimatteo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maani M. Archang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark van Zee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Doyeon Koo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sohyung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Allison C. Sharrow
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Patrick J. Krohl
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Michael Mellody
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sheldon Zhu
- Partillion Bioscience Corporation, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James V. Eichenbaum
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Monika Kizerwetter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Shreya Udani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kyung Ha
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard C. Willson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Andrea L. Bertozzi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jamie Spangler
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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11
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Mazumdar S, Ghosh AK, Purohit S, Das AK, Bhattacharyya A, Karmakar P. Immunomodulatory activity of ethanol extract of Annona reticulata L. leaf in cultured immune cells and in Swiss albino mice. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2022; 13:100554. [PMID: 35334452 PMCID: PMC8943405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2022.100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Annona reticulata Linn, has been shown to possess antipyretic, antihelmintic, hypoglycemic, antiulcer and wound healing properties. However, its immunomodulatory role is yet to be explored. Objective(s) In the present study, we intended to investigate the effects of A. reticulata leaf ethanol extract on various components of the immune system. Material and methods The effects of A. reticulata leaf extract on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocyte (THP1), and human macrophage (U937) cell lines were investigated. An animal study was conducted to observe the effect of the extract on humoral as well as cell mediated immunity. Results The extract stimulated proliferation of human PBMC, monocytes (THP1), and macrophages (U937) significantly in a dose dependent manner; expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) increased in western blot analysis. Additionally, the extract treated macrophages exhibited features of activation under the microscope with a significant hike in the NO production. Flow cytometry of extract treated human PBMC revealed increased proliferation of lymphocytes (CD4, CD8 & B-cells) along with enhanced intracellular expression of IL-2, IL-6. Animal study data indicate a significant rise in the antibody titer as well as a strong delayed type hypersensitivity response in the extract (150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) treated mice; furthermore, the expression of IL-2 and IL-6 in mice PBMC was augmented. Conclusion The collective data evince the immunomodulatory potential of A. reticulata L. leaf. Annona reticulata L. stimulates proliferation of human PBMC, monocytes, and macrophages significantly. The extract activates cultured macrophages (U937). The extract enhanced lymphocyte proliferation along with expression of interleukins in human PBMC. Extract treated mice revealed a strong DTH response with significant rise in the antibody titer. The expression of IL-2 and IL-6 in mice PBMC was augmented in the treated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Mazumdar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal, India
| | - Amit K Ghosh
- Department of ENT & Head and Neck Surgery, Calcutta National Medical College, 32 Gorachand Road, Beniapukur, Kolkata 700014, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman Purohit
- Department of Zoology (Immunology Lab), University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, West Bengal, India
| | - Anjan K Das
- Department of Pathology, Calcutta National Medical College, 32 Gorachand Road, Beniapukur, Kolkata 700014, West Bengal, India
| | - Arindam Bhattacharyya
- Department of Zoology (Immunology Lab), University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, West Bengal, India
| | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal, India.
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12
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Portilho AI, Gimenes Lima G, De Gaspari E. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An Adaptable Methodology to Study SARS-CoV-2 Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses. J Clin Med 2022; 11:1503. [PMID: 35329828 PMCID: PMC8948777 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay is a versatile technique, which can be used for several applications. It has enormously contributed to the study of infectious diseases. This review highlights how this methodology supported the science conducted in COVID-19 pandemics, allowing scientists to better understand the immune response against SARS-CoV-2. ELISA can be modified to assess the functionality of antibodies, as avidity and neutralization, respectively by the standardization of avidity-ELISA and surrogate-neutralization methods. Cellular immunity can also be studied using this assay. Products secreted by cells, like proteins and cytokines, can be studied by ELISA or its derivative Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. ELISA and ELISA-based methods aided the area of immunology against infectious diseases and is still relevant, for example, as a promising approach to study the differences between natural and vaccine-induced immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Izeli Portilho
- Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-902, SP, Brazil; (A.I.P.); (G.G.L.)
- Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Gimenes Lima
- Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-902, SP, Brazil; (A.I.P.); (G.G.L.)
- Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth De Gaspari
- Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-902, SP, Brazil; (A.I.P.); (G.G.L.)
- Graduate Program Interunits in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
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13
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A Systematic Review of T Cell Epitopes Defined from the Proteome of Hepatitis B Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020257. [PMID: 35214714 PMCID: PMC8878595 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a worldwide health problem and no eradicative therapy is currently available. Host T cell immune responses have crucial influences on the outcome of HBV infection, however the development of therapeutic vaccines, T cell therapies and the clinical evaluation of HBV-specific T cell responses are hampered markedly by the lack of validated T cell epitopes. This review presented a map of T cell epitopes functionally validated from HBV antigens during the past 33 years; the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) supertypes to present these epitopes, and the methods to screen and identify T cell epitopes. To the best of our knowledge, a total of 205 CD8+ T cell epitopes and 79 CD4+ T cell epitopes have been defined from HBV antigens by cellular functional experiments thus far, but most are restricted to several common HLA supertypes, such as HLA-A0201, A2402, B0702, DR04, and DR12 molecules. Therefore, the currently defined T cell epitope repertoire cannot cover the major populations with HLA diversity in an indicated geographic region. More researches are needed to dissect a more comprehensive map of T cell epitopes, which covers overall HBV proteome and global patients.
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14
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Abdulhaqq S, Ventura AB, Reed JS, Bashirova AA, Bateman KB, McDonald E, Wu HL, Greene JM, Schell JB, Morrow D, Wisskirchen K, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Carrington M, Protzer U, Früh K, Hansen SG, Picker LJ, Sacha JB, Bimber BN. Identification and Characterization of Antigen-Specific CD8 + T Cells Using Surface-Trapped TNF-α and Single-Cell Sequencing. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:2913-2921. [PMID: 34810222 PMCID: PMC9124229 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are key mediators of antiviral and antitumor immunity. The isolation and study of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, as well as mapping of their MHC restriction, has practical importance to the study of disease and the development of therapeutics. Unfortunately, most experimental approaches are cumbersome, owing to the highly variable and donor-specific nature of MHC-bound peptide/TCR interactions. Here we present a novel system for rapid identification and characterization of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, particularly well suited for samples with limited primary cells. Cells are stimulated ex vivo with Ag of interest, followed by live cell sorting based on surface-trapped TNF-α. We take advantage of major advances in single-cell sequencing to generate full-length sequence data from the paired TCR α- and β-chains from these Ag-specific cells. The paired TCR chains are cloned into retroviral vectors and used to transduce donor CD8+ T cells. These TCR transductants provide a virtually unlimited experimental reagent, which can be used for further characterization, such as minimal epitope mapping or identification of MHC restriction, without depleting primary cells. We validated this system using CMV-specific CD8+ T cells from rhesus macaques, characterizing an immunodominant Mamu-A1*002:01-restricted epitope. We further demonstrated the utility of this system by mapping a novel HLA-A*68:02-restricted HIV Gag epitope from an HIV-infected donor. Collectively, these data validate a new strategy to rapidly identify novel Ags and characterize Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, with applications ranging from the study of infectious disease to immunotherapeutics and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheed Abdulhaqq
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Abigail B Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Arman A Bashirova
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Katherine B Bateman
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Eric McDonald
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Helen L Wu
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Justin M Greene
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - John B Schell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Karin Wisskirchen
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeffrey N Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- HIV/AIDS Program, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; and
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR;
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Benjamin N Bimber
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR
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15
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Hao X, Zhang F, Yang Y, Shang S. The Evaluation of Cellular Immunity to Avian Viral Diseases: Methods, Applications, and Challenges. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:794514. [PMID: 34950125 PMCID: PMC8689181 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.794514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune responses play critical roles in the control of viral infection. However, the immune protection against avian viral diseases (AVDs), a major challenge to poultry industry, is yet mainly evaluated by measuring humoral immune response though antibody-independent immune protection was increasingly evident in the development of vaccines against some of these diseases. The evaluation of cellular immune response to avian viral infection has long been neglected due to limited reagents and methods. Recently, with the availability of more immunological reagents and validated approaches, the evaluation of cellular immunity has become feasible and necessary for AVD. Herein, we reviewed the methods used for evaluating T cell immunity in chickens following infection or vaccination, which are involved in the definition of different cellular subset, the analysis of T cell activation, proliferation and cytokine secretion, and in vitro culture of antigen-presenting cells (APC) and T cells. The pros and cons of each method were discussed, and potential future directions to enhance the studies of avian cellular immunity were suggested. The methodological improvement and standardization in analyzing cellular immune response in birds after viral infection or vaccination would facilitate the dissection of mechanism of immune protection and the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics against AVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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16
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Hu Y, Alnabulsi A, Alnabulsi A, Scott C, Tafalla C, Secombes CJ, Wang T. Characterisation and analysis of IFN-gamma producing cells in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 117:328-338. [PMID: 34343543 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
IFN-γ is one of the key cytokines involved in Th1 immune responses. It is produced mainly by T cells and NK cells, which drive both innate and adaptive responses to promote protection against infections. IFN-γ orthologues have been discovered to be functionally conserved in fish, suggesting that type I immunity is present in early vertebrates. However, few studies have looked at IFN-γ protein expression in fish and its role in cell mediated immunity due to a lack of relevant tools. In this study, four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) V27, N2, VAB3 and V91 raised against short salmonid IFN-γ peptides were developed and characterised to monitor IFN-γ expression. The results show that the IFN-γ mAbs specifically react to their peptide immunogens, recognise E. coli produced recombinant IFN-γ protein and rainbow trout IFN-γ produced in transfected HEK 293 cells. The mAb VAB3 was used further, to detect IFN-γ at the cellular level after in vitro and in vivo stimulation. In flow cytometry, a basal level of 3-5% IFN-γ secreting cells were detected in peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL), which increased significantly when stimulated in vitro with PAMPs (Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin), a mitogen (PHA) and recombinant cytokine (IL-2). Similarly, after injection of live bacteria (Aeromonas salmonicida) or poly I:C the number of IFN-γ+ cells increased in the lymphoid population of PBL, as well as in the myeloid population after infection, with the myeloid cells increasing substantially after both treatments. Immunohistochemistry was used to visualise the IFN-γ+ cells in spleen and head kidney following vaccination, which increased in intensity of staining and number relative to tissue from saline-injected control fish. These results show that several types of cells can produce IFN-γ in trout, and that they increase following infection or vaccination, and likely contribute to immune protection. Hence monitoring IFN-γ producing cells/protein secretion may be an important means to assess the effectiveness of Th1 responses and cell mediated immunity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehfang Hu
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Callum Scott
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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17
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Ong DS, Fragkou PC, Schweitzer VA, Chemaly RF, Moschopoulos CD, Skevaki C. How to interpret and use COVID-19 serology and immunology tests. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:981-986. [PMID: 33975005 PMCID: PMC8106522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although molecular tests are considered the reference standard for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnostics, serological and immunological tests may be useful in specific settings. OBJECTIVES This review summarizes the underlying principles and performance of COVID-19 serological and immunological testing. SOURCES Selected peer-reviewed publications on COVID-19 related serology and immunology published between December 2019 and March 2021. CONTENT Serological tests are highly specific but heterogeneous in their sensitivity for the diagnosis of COVID-19. For certain indications, including delayed disease presentations, serological tests can have added value. The presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 may indicate a recent or past COVID-19 infection. Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) antibody tests have the advantages of being easy and fast to perform, but many have a low sensitivity in acute settings. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and chemiluminescence immunoassays (CLIAs) have higher sensitivities. Besides humoral immunity, cellular immunity is also essential for successful host defences against viruses. Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assays can be used to measure T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2. The presence of cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in never exposed patients suggests the possibility of cellular immunity induced by other circulating coronaviruses. T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 have also been detected in recovered COVID-19 patients with no detectable antibodies. IMPLICATIONS Serological and immunological tests are primarily applied for population-based seroprevalence studies to evaluate the effectiveness of COVID-19 control measures and increase our understanding of the immunology behind COVID-19. Combining molecular diagnostics with serological tests may optimize the detection of COVID-19. As not all infected patients will develop antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, assessment of cellular immunity may provide complementary information on whether a patient has been previously infected with COVID-19. More studies are needed to understand the correlations of these serological and immunological parameters with protective immunity, taking into account the different circulating virus variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S.Y. Ong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands,Corresponding author: David S.Y. Ong, Kleiweg 500, 3045 PM, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paraskevi C. Fragkou
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Valentijn A. Schweitzer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roy F. Chemaly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, & Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charalampos D. Moschopoulos
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Skevaki
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
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18
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Lim KP, Zainal NS. Monitoring T Cells Responses Mounted by Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:623475. [PMID: 33937323 PMCID: PMC8082312 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.623475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With the regulatory approval of Provenge and Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer and advanced melanoma respectively, and other promising clinical trials outcomes, cancer vaccine is gaining prominence as a cancer therapeutic agent. Cancer vaccine works to induce T cell priming, expansion, and infiltration resulting in antigen-specific cytotoxicity. Such an approach that can drive cytotoxicity within the tumor could complement the success of checkpoint inhibitors as tumors shown to have high immune cell infiltration are those that would respond well to these antibodies. With the advancements in cancer vaccine, methods to monitor and understand how cancer vaccines modify the immune milieu is under rapid development. This includes using ELISpot and intracellular staining to detect cytokine secretion by activated T cells; tetramer and CyTOF to quantitate the level of antigen specific T cells; proliferation and cell killing assay to detect the expansion of T cell and specific killing activity. More recently, T cell profiling has provided unprecedented detail on immune cell subsets and providing clues to the mechanism involved in immune activation. Here, we reviewed cancer vaccines currently in clinical trials and highlight available techniques in monitoring the clinical response in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kue Peng Lim
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Nur Syafinaz Zainal
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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19
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Nelde A, Rammensee HG, Walz JS. The Peptide Vaccine of the Future. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100022. [PMID: 33583769 PMCID: PMC7950068 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r120.002309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The approach of peptide-based anticancer vaccination has proven the ability to induce cancer-specific immune responses in multiple studies for various cancer entities. However, clinical responses remain so far limited to single patients and broad clinical applicability was not achieved. Therefore, further efforts are required to improve peptide vaccination in order to integrate this low-side-effect therapy into the clinical routine of cancer therapy. To design clinically effective peptide vaccines in the future, different issues have to be addressed and optimized comprising antigen target selection as well as choice of optimal adjuvants and vaccination schedules. Furthermore, the combination of peptide-based vaccines with other immuno- and molecular targeted therapies as well as the development of predictive biomarkers could further improve efficacy. In this review, current approaches in the development of peptide-based vaccines and critical implications for optimal vaccine design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Nelde
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juliane S Walz
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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20
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The Potential of IgG to Induce Murine and Human Thymic Maturation of IL-10+ B Cells (B10) Revealed in a Pilot Study. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102239. [PMID: 33027887 PMCID: PMC7600151 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B (B10) cells can control several inflammatory diseases, including allergies; however, the origin of peripheral B10 cells is not fully understood, and the involvement of primary lymphoid organs (PLOs) as a primary site of maturation is not known. Here, using a murine model of allergy inhibition mediated by maternal immunization with ovalbumin (OVA), we aimed to evaluate whether B10 cells can mature in the thymus and whether IgG can mediate this process. Female mice were immunized with OVA, and offspring thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lung, and serum samples were evaluated at different times and after passive transfer of purified IgG or thymocytes. A translational approach was implemented using human nonatopic thymus samples, nonatopic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and IgG from atopic or nonatopic individuals. Based on the expression of CD1d on B cells during maturation stages, we suggest that B10 cells can also mature in the murine thymus. Murine thymic B10 cells can be induced in vitro and in vivo by IgG and be detected in the spleen and lungs in response to an allergen challenge. Like IgG from atopic individuals, human IgG from nonatopic individuals can induce B10 cells in the infant thymus and adult PBMCs. Our observations suggest that B10 cells may mature in the thymus and that this mechanism may be mediated by IgG in both humans and mice. These observations may support the future development of IgG-based immunoregulatory therapeutic strategies.
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DNA Methylation Age Is More Closely Associated With Infection Risk Than Chronological Age in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Transplant Direct 2020; 6:e576. [PMID: 33134500 PMCID: PMC7581059 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Older kidney transplant recipients demonstrate increased rates of infection but decreased rates of rejection compared with younger recipients, suggesting that older transplant patients are functionally overimmunosuppressed. We hypothesized that this is a consequence of reduction in immunological activity due to biological aging and that an immune biological age, as determined by DNA methylation (DNAm), would be associated more strongly with incidence of infection than chronological age. Methods DNAm analysis was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cell collected from 60 kidney transplant recipients representing older (≥age 60 y) and younger (aged 30-59 y) patients 3 months after transplantation. DNAm age was calculated based on methylation status of a panel of CpG sites, which have been previously identified as indicative of biological age. Results Correlation was seen between chronological and DNAm age; however, there were many patients with significant differences (either acceleration or slowing) between DNAm age and chronological age. A statistically significant association was seen between increased DNAm age and incidence of infection in the first year after kidney transplantation, whereas no significant association was seen between chronological age and infection. Conclusions Assessment of DNAm age holds promise as an approach for patient evaluation and individualization of immune suppression regimens. This analysis may provide insights into the immunological mechanism behind increased incidence of infection observed in older transplant patients. The ability to measure biological age would allow for patient risk stratification and individualization of immunosuppression, improving outcomes for the growing numbers of older patients undergoing kidney transplantation.
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22
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Ortiz S, McDonough RT, Dent P, Goodisman J, Chaiken J. Coupled Turbidity and Spectroscopy Problems: A Simple Algorithm for Volumetric Analysis of Optically Thin or Dilute, In Vitro Bacterial Cultures in Various Media. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:261-274. [PMID: 31397583 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819872754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An approach binary spectronephelometry (BSN) to perform real-time simultaneous noninvasive in situ physical and chemical analysis of bacterial cultures in fluid media is described. We choose to characterize cultures of Escherichia coli (NC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), and Shewanella oneidensis (SO) in the specific case of complex media whose Raman spectrum cannot be unambiguously assigned. Nevertheless, organism number density and a measure of the chemical makeup of the fluid medium can be monitored noninvasively, simultaneously, and continuously, despite changing turbidity and medium chemistry. The method involves irradiating a culture in fluid medium in an appropriate vessel (in this case a standard 1 cm cuvette) using a near infrared laser and collecting all the backscattered light from the cuvette, i.e., the Rayleigh-Mie line and the inelastically emitted light which includes unresolved Raman scattered light and fluorescence. Complex "legacy" media contain materials of biological origin whose chemical composition cannot be fully delineated. We independently calibrate this approach to a commonly used reference, optical density at 600 nm (OD600) for characterizing the number density of organisms. We suggest that the total inelastically emitted light could be a measure of the chemical state of a biologically based medium, e.g., lysogeny broth (LB). This approach may be useful in a broad range of basic and applied studies and enterprises that utilize bacterial cultures in any medium or container that permits optical probing in the single scattering limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Paul Dent
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jerry Goodisman
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Chaiken
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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23
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Lagler J, Mitra T, Schmidt S, Pierron A, Vatzia E, Stadler M, Hammer SE, Mair KH, Grafl B, Wernsdorf P, Rauw F, Lambrecht B, Liebhart D, Gerner W. Cytokine production and phenotype of Histomonas meleagridis-specific T cells in the chicken. Vet Res 2019; 50:107. [PMID: 31806018 PMCID: PMC6896354 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Histomonas meleagridis is the causative agent of the re-emerging disease histomonosis of chickens and turkeys. Due to the parasite’s extracellular occurrence, a type-2 differentiation of H. meleagridis-specific T cells has been hypothesized. In contrast, a recent study suggested that IFN-γ mRNA+ cells are involved in protection against histomonosis. However, the phenotype and cytokine production profile of H. meleagridis-specific T cells still awaits elucidation. In this work, clonal cultures of a virulent monoxenic strain of H. meleagridis were used for infecting chickens to detect IFN-γ protein and IL-13 mRNA by intracellular cytokine staining and PrimeFlow™ RNA Assays, respectively, in CD4+ and CD8β+ T cells. Infection was confirmed by characteristic pathological changes in the cecum corresponding with H. meleagridis detection by immunohistochemistry and H. meleagridis-specific antibodies in serum. In splenocytes stimulated either with H. meleagridis antigen or PMA/ionomycin, IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells from infected chickens increased in comparison to cells from non-infected birds 2 weeks and 5 weeks post-infection. Additionally, an increase of IFN-γ-producing CD4−CD8β− cells upon H. meleagridis antigen and PMA/ionomycin stimulation was detected. Contrariwise, frequencies of IL-13 mRNA-expressing cells were low even after PMA/ionomycin stimulation and mainly had a CD4−CD8β− phenotype. No clear increase of IL-13+ cells related to H. meleagridis infection could be found. In summary, these data suggest that H. meleagridis infection induces a type-1 differentiation of CD4+ T cells but also of non-CD4+ cells. This phenotype could include γδ T cells, which will be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lagler
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Taniya Mitra
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Selma Schmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alix Pierron
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eleni Vatzia
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Stadler
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine E Hammer
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin H Mair
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrice Grafl
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Wernsdorf
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabienne Rauw
- Avian Virology & Immunology Unit, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Dieter Liebhart
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Pastore G, Carraro M, Pettini E, Nolfi E, Medaglini D, Ciabattini A. Optimized Protocol for the Detection of Multifunctional Epitope-Specific CD4 + T Cells Combining MHC-II Tetramer and Intracellular Cytokine Staining Technologies. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2304. [PMID: 31649661 PMCID: PMC6794358 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of multifunctional CD4+ T cells is fundamental for characterizing the immune responses to vaccination or infection. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/peptide tetramers represent a powerful technology for the detection of antigen-specific T cells by specific binding to their T-cell receptor, and their combination with functional assays is fundamental for characterizing the antigen-specific immune response. Here we optimized a protocol for the detection of multiple intracellular cytokines within epitope-specific CD4+ T cells identified by the MHC class II tetramer technology. The optimal procedure for assessing the functional activity of tetramer-binding CD4+ T cells was based on the simultaneous intracellular staining with both MHC tetramers and cytokine-specific antibodies upon in vitro restimulation of cells with the vaccine antigen. The protocol was selected among procedures that differently combine the steps of cellular restimulation and tetramer staining with intracellular cytokine labeling. This method can be applied to better understand the complex functional profile of CD4+ T-cell responses upon vaccination or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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25
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Moraes LO, Pedreira CE, Barrena S, Lopez A, Orfao A. A decision-tree approach for the differential diagnosis of chronic lymphoid leukemias and peripheral B-cell lymphomas. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 178:85-90. [PMID: 31416565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Here we propose a decision-tree approach for the differential diagnosis of distinct WHO categories B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders using flow cytometry data. Flow cytometry is the preferred method for the immunophenotypic characterization of leukemia and lymphoma, being able to process and register multiparametric data about tens of thousands of cells per second. METHODS The proposed decision-tree is composed by logistic function nodes that branch throughout the tree into sets of (possible) distinct leukemia/lymphoma diagnoses. To avoid overfitting, regularization via the Lasso algorithm was used. The code can be run online at https://codeocean.com/2018/03/08/a-decision-tree-approach-for-the-differential-diagnosis-of-chronic-lymphoid-leukemias-and-peripheral-b-cell-lymphomas/ or downloaded from https://github.com/lauramoraes/bioinformatics-sourcecode to be executed in Matlab. RESULTS The proposed approach was validated in diagnostic peripheral blood and bone marrow samples from 283 mature lymphoid leukemias/lymphomas patients. The proposed approach achieved 95% correctness in the cross-validation test phase (100% in-sample), 61% giving a single diagnosis and 34% (possible) multiple disease diagnoses. Similar results were obtained in an out-of-sample validation dataset. The generated tree reached the final diagnoses after up to seven decision nodes. CONCLUSIONS Here we propose a decision-tree approach for the differential diagnosis of mature lymphoid leukemias/lymphomas which proved to be accurate during out-of-sample validation. The full process is accomplished through seven binary transparent decision nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Moraes
- Rua Horacio Macedo 2030, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, CEP: 21941-914, Brazil.
| | - C E Pedreira
- Rua Horacio Macedo 2030, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, CEP: 21941-914, Brazil.
| | - S Barrena
- Lab 11, Centro de Investigacion del Cancer, Paseo de la Universidad de Coimbra, Campus Miguel Unamuno, 37002 Salamanca, España.
| | - A Lopez
- Lab 11, Centro de Investigacion del Cancer, Paseo de la Universidad de Coimbra, Campus Miguel Unamuno, 37002 Salamanca, España.
| | - A Orfao
- Lab 11, Centro de Investigacion del Cancer, Paseo de la Universidad de Coimbra, Campus Miguel Unamuno, 37002 Salamanca, España.
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26
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Pedreira CE, Costa ESD, Lecrevise Q, Grigore G, Fluxa R, Verde J, Hernandez J, van Dongen JJM, Orfao A. From big flow cytometry datasets to smart diagnostic strategies: The EuroFlow approach. J Immunol Methods 2019; 475:112631. [PMID: 31306640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The rise in the analytical speed of mutiparameter flow cytometers made possible by the introduction of digital instruments, has brought up the possibility to manage progressively higher number of parameters simultaneously on significantly greater numbers of individual cells. This has led to an exponential increase in the complexity and volume of flow cytometry data generated about cells present in individual samples evaluated in a single measurement. This increase demands for new developments in flow cytometry data analysis, graphical representation, and visualization and interpretation tools to address the new big data challenges, i.e. processing data files of ≥10-25 parameters per cell in samples with >5-10 million cells (= up to 250 million data points per cell sample) obtained in a few minutes. Here, we present a comprehensive review of some of the tools developed by the EuroFlow consortium for processing flow cytometric big data files in diagnostic laboratories, particularly focused on automated EuroFlow approaches for: i) identification of all cell populations coexisting in a sample (automated gating); ii) smart classification of aberrant cell populations in routine diagnostics; iii) automated reporting; together with iv) new tools developed to visualize n-dimensional data in 2-dimensional plots to support expert-guided automated data analysis. The concept of using reference data bases implemented into software programs, in combination with multivariate statistical analysis pioneered by EuroFlow, provides an innovative, highly efficient and fast approach for diagnostic screening, classification and monitoring of patients with distinct hematological and immune disorders, as well as other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Pedreira
- Systems and Computing Department (PESC), COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - E Sobral da Costa
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Q Lecrevise
- Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), IBSAL and CIBERONC, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - R Fluxa
- Cytognos SL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - J Verde
- Cytognos SL, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - J J M van Dongen
- Dept. of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion (IHB), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - A Orfao
- Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), IBSAL and CIBERONC, University of Salamanca, Spain.
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27
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Chen Z, Chen JJ, Fan R. Single-Cell Protein Secretion Detection and Profiling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:431-449. [PMID: 30978293 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Secreted proteins play important roles in mediating various biological processes such as cell-cell communication, differentiation, migration, and homeostasis at the population or tissue level. Here, we review bioanalytical technologies and devices for detecting protein secretions from single cells. We begin by discussing conventional approaches followed by detailing the latest advances in microengineered systems for detecting single-cell protein secretions with an emphasis on multiplex measurement. These platforms include droplet microfluidics, micro-/nanowell-based assays, and microchamber-based assays, among which the advantages and limitations are compared. Microscale systems also enable the tracking of protein secretion dynamics in single cells, further empowering the study of the cell-cell communication network. Looking forward, we discuss the remaining challenges and future opportunities that will transform basic research of cellular secretion functions at the systems level and the clinical applications for immune monitoring and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Jonathan J Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale Stem Cell Center, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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28
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Agallou M, Karagouni E. Detection of Antigen-specific T cells in Spleens of Vaccinated Mice Applying 3[H]-Thymidine Incorporation Assay and Luminex Multiple Cytokine Analysis Technology. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3252. [PMID: 33654777 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
For many infectious diseases T cells are an important part of naturally acquired protective immune responses, and inducing these by vaccination has been the aim of much research. Here, we describe a protocol for the analysis of vaccine-induced antigen-specific immune responses. For this purpose, cells of whole spleens obtained from vaccinated BALB/c mice were ex vivo stimulated with the antigen incorporated in the vaccine. Evaluation and characterization of vaccine-induced adaptive T cell responses was performed by assaying spleen cell proliferation through radioactive 3[H]-thymidine incorporation and multiplex cytokine analysis of IL-2, IFN-γ and TNFα in supernatants from spleen cell suspensions. This protocol can be very useful as a starting point for assessing vaccine-induced memory T cell populations in pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Agallou
- Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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29
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de‐Oliveira MG, Lira AAL, Sgnotto FR, Inoue AHS, Santos LS, Nakamatsu BY, Duarte AJS, Leite‐de‐Moraes M, Victor JR. Maternal IgG impairs the maturation of offspring intrathymic IL‐17‐producing γδT cells: Implications for murine and human allergies. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 49:1000-1012. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marília G. de‐Oliveira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Aline A. L. Lira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Fábio R. Sgnotto
- Division of Hematology, Medical School University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Amanda H. S. Inoue
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Ludimila S. Santos
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
- Division of Environmental Health Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas (FMU), Laureate International Universities Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Bernardo Y. Nakamatsu
- Division of Environmental Health Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas (FMU), Laureate International Universities Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Alberto J. S. Duarte
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
- Division of Pathology, Medical School University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Maria Leite‐de‐Moraes
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Immunopathology INEM (Institut Necker‐Enfants Malades), CNRS UMR8253, INSERM UMR1151, Université Paris Descartes Paris France
| | - Jefferson R. Victor
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
- Division of Environmental Health Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas (FMU), Laureate International Universities Sao Paulo Brazil
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30
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Schaenman JM, Rossetti M, Lum E, Abdalla B, Bunnapradist S, Pham TP, Danovitch G, Reed EF, Cole S. Differences in Gene Expression in Older Compared With Younger Kidney Transplant Recipients. Transplant Direct 2019; 5:e436. [PMID: 30993190 PMCID: PMC6445656 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the growing numbers of older transplant patients, increased incidence of infection and death compared with younger patients may limit the many benefits provided by transplantation. However, little is known about age-associated immune dysfunction in the older transplant recipient. METHODS A cohort of 60 kidney transplant recipients, 23 older (≥ 60y) and 37 younger (30-59y), matched on antithymocyte induction and donor type (living vs deceased) was evaluated. Gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells 3 months after kidney transplantation was analyzed to compare differences between older and younger patients. RESULTS Proinflammatory genes were upregulated in older kidney transplant patients, including cytokines IL1-β and IL-6. Downregulated genes were associated with B-cell and T-cell function, including CCR7 and CD27. Analysis of predicted transcription factor binding suggested an increase in proinflammatory transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β-binding sites in older patients, whereas interferon regulatory factor 2 transcription factor binding sites were less prevalent. CONCLUSIONS Older kidney transplant recipients exhibited multiple differences in gene expression compared with younger patients, with upregulation of proinflammatory genes and downregulation of adaptive immune response genes. These findings may explain the mechanism of increased vulnerability to infection and malignancy observed in older transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Schaenman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA Immunogenetics Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Maura Rossetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Immunogenetics Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Erik Lum
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Basmah Abdalla
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Suphamai Bunnapradist
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Thu-Phuong Pham
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gabriel Danovitch
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Elaine F Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Immunogenetics Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Steve Cole
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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31
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Storelli E, Cassina N, Rasini E, Marino F, Cosentino M. Do Th17 Lymphocytes and IL-17 Contribute to Parkinson's Disease? A Systematic Review of Available Evidence. Front Neurol 2019; 10:13. [PMID: 30733703 PMCID: PMC6353825 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, appearance of Lewy bodies and presence of neuroinflammation. No treatments currently exist to prevent PD or delay its progression, and dopaminergic substitution treatments just relieve the consequences of dopaminergic neuron loss. Increasing evidence points to peripheral T lymphocytes as key players in PD, and recently there has been growing interest into the specific role of T helper (Th) 17 lymphocytes. Th17 are a proinflammatory CD4+ T cell lineage named after interleukin (IL)-17, the main cytokine produced by these cells. Th17 are involved in immune-related disease such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, and drugs targeting Th17/IL-17 are currently approved for clinical use in such disease. In the present paper, we first summarized current knowledge about contribution of the peripheral immune system in PD, as well as about the physiopharmacology of Th17 and IL-17 together with its therapeutic relevance. Thereafter, we systematically retrieved and evaluated published evidence about Th17 and IL-17 in PD, to help assessing Th17/IL-17-targeting drugs as potentially novel antiparkinson agents. Critical appraisal of the evidence did not allow to reach definite conclusions: both animal as well as clinical studies are limited, just a few provide mechanistic evidence and none of them investigates the eventual relationship between Th17/IL-17 and clinically relevant endpoints such as disease progression, disability scores, intensity of dopaminergic substitution treatment. Careful assessment of Th17 in PD is anyway a priority, as Th17/IL-17-targeting therapeutics might represent a straightforward opportunity for the unmet needs of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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32
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Hou M, Zhou N, Li H, Wang B, Wang X, Wang X, Jiang T, Wang K, Xue F. Morphine and ketamine treatment suppress the differentiation of T helper cells of patients with colorectal cancer in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:935-942. [PMID: 30651883 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.7035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been conflicting reports regarding the effects of anesthetic and analgesic drugs on immune function in patients with cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate changes to T helper (Th) cell populations in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and to assess the effects of morphine and ketamine on the differentiation of Th cells harvested from patients with CRC in vitro. Peripheral blood samples were extracted from 20 patients with CRC and 20 healthy participants. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and incubated in a solution containing phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin in the presence or absence of morphine or various ketamine concentrations (25, 50, and 100 µM). Samples were analyzed 4 h later. Th1 and Th2 cells were significantly increased by PMA and ionomycin stimulation; however, Th1 cells and the Th1/Th2 ratio in PMA and ionomycin treatments were significantly decreased in the CRC group compared with the control group. Following incubation with PMA and ionomycin, morphine significantly decreased Th1 cells and the Th1/Th2 ratio in the CRC group. Ketamine did not significantly affect levels of Th1 or Th2 cells or the Th1/Th2 ratio at a concentration of 25 µM; however, a significant increase in the Th1/Th2 ratio was observed at a concentration of 50 µM and, at 100 µM, a significant decrease in Th1 and Th2 cells and an increase in the Th1/Th2 ratio were observed. The present study suggests that CRC may shift the balance of Th1/Th2 towards Th2 by inducing an immunological response, morphine is able to suppress the differentiation of Th cells and decreases the Th1/Th2 ratio, and ketamine may affect the differentiation of Th cells in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Taian Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Naibao Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Baosheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Xiuqin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Xingwu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Kaiguo Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P.R. China
| | - Fushan Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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Preconception immunization can modulate intracellular Th2 cytokine profile in offspring: in vivo influence of interleukin 10 and B/T cell collaboration. Cent Eur J Immunol 2018; 43:378-388. [PMID: 30799985 PMCID: PMC6384423 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2018.81345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the last few years our group has been studying the mechanisms involved in the inhibition of allergy in offspring mediated by preconception maternal immunization, but these mechanisms are not fully understood. Such mechanisms that we have studied aimed at the passive transfer of maternal antibodies and its influence on offspring immune status. Aim of the study To evaluate whether maternal immunization could modulate intracellular Th1/Th2 profiles in offspring. Material and methods C57BL/6 female wild type mice (WT), interleukin (IL)-10-/- or CD28-/- mice were immunized or not with ovalbumin (OVA) and were mated with respective lineage males and offspring were evaluated at 3 days old (d.o.), 20 d.o., or 20 d.o. after neonatal immunization. Results Preconception OVA immunization induced a marked reduction in IL-4 secretion by TCD4+ cells of WT offspring when compared with offspring from non-immunized mothers. The maternal immunization of IL-10-/- mice induced an increase in the TCD4+IL-4+ percentage in offspring and a reduction in TCD4+IFN-γ+ cells. The maternal immunization in CD28-/- mice induced augment IL-4 intensity in 3 and 20 d.o. offspring TCD4+ cells. Conclusions Our results reveal that maternal immunization with OVA can down-regulate the Th2 pattern in offspring and this regulation is dependent on IL-10 and B/T cell collaboration.
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Rolf L, Smolders J, van den Ouweland J, Hupperts R, Damoiseaux J. Correlation of different cellular assays to analyze T cell-related cytokine profiles in vitamin D 3-supplemented patients with multiple sclerosis. Mol Immunol 2018; 105:198-204. [PMID: 30550982 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Different laboratory approaches have been exploited to analyze an effect of vitamin D3 supplements on T cell cytokine profiles in multiple sclerosis, with poorly reproducible results. We assessed the correlation between intra-cellular flowcytometry analysis of CD4 T cell-enriched CD3+CD8- lymphocytes after PMA/ionomycin stimulation directly ex-vivo or after 72 h pre-stimulation with anti-CD3, and cytokine levels excreted in culture supernatants. Pre-stimulation with anti-CD3 resulted in higher proportions of cells positive for IFN-γ, IL-17 A, IL-4, IL-10 and GM-CSF (all P < 0.001), but not TNF-α. Positive correlation between approaches was highly variable, but most eminent for IFN- γ and IL-4 (R = 0.608-0.612 and R = 0.677-0.777, resp., all P < 0.001). No effect of 16-weeks vitamin D3 supplements on any outcome was found except for a decreased TNF-α concentration in culture supernatants. Choice of immune-assay is, apparently, a relevant confounder for the reproducibility of individual studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Rolf
- Academic MS Center Limburg, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Smolders
- Academic MS Center Limburg, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jody van den Ouweland
- Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond Hupperts
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Damoiseaux
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Schaenman JM, Rossetti M, Sidwell T, Groysberg V, Sunga G, Liang E, Vangala S, Chang E, Bakir M, Bondar G, Cadeiras M, Kwon M, Reed EF, Deng M. Association of pro-inflammatory cytokines and monocyte subtypes in older and younger patients on clinical outcomes after mechanical circulatory support device implantation. Hum Immunol 2018; 80:126-134. [PMID: 30445099 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive immunologic analysis of peripheral blood holds promise for explaining the mechanism of development of adverse clinical outcomes, and may also become a method for patient risk stratification before or after mechanical circulatory support device (MCSD) implantation. Dysregulation of the innate immune system is associated with increased patient age but has yet to be evaluated in the older patient with advanced heart failure undergoing MCSD surgery. Patients pre- and post-MCSD implantation had peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and serum isolated. Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to analyze markers of innate cell function, including monocyte subtypes. Multiplex cytokine analysis was performed. MELD-XI and SOFA scores were utilized as surrogate markers of outcomes. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-15, TNF-α, and IL-10 were associated with increased MELD-XI and SOFA scores. IL-8, TNF- α, and IL-10 were associated with risk of death after MCSD implantation, even with correction for patient age. Increased frequency of 'classical' monocytes (CD14 + CD16-) were associated with increased MELD-XI and SOFA scores. This suggests that inflammation and innate immune system activation contribute to progression to multiorgan system failure and death after MCSD surgery. Development of noninvasive monitoring of peripheral blood holds promise for biomarker development for candidate selection and patient risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Schaenman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Maura Rossetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Tiffany Sidwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Victoria Groysberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Gemalene Sunga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Emily Liang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Sitaram Vangala
- UCLA Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Eleanor Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Maral Bakir
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Galyna Bondar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Martin Cadeiras
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Murray Kwon
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Elaine F Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Mario Deng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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Çetin A, Şen A, Çetin I, Çimen B, Cimen L, Savas G, Öztürk A, Koker MY. Comparison of ELISA and flow cytometry for measurement of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/tjb-2017-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundAlthough majority of the previous studies have shown a good correlation between enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry in terms of cytokines, two laboratory methods usually were compared with the regression analysis and correlation in the literature. This study aimed at comparing the ELISA and flow cytometry assay for measuring cytokines by using two different statistical methods, regression analysis and Bland-Altman plot.Materials and methodsFifty patients, diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia and expecting high level serum cytokines, and 30 healthy volunteers, expecting normal level serum cytokines, were enrolled in the study. The interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured using ELISA, and compared with obtained levels using flow cytometric method.ResultsAlthough regression analysis showed that the two methods are compatible with measurements of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, they tended to show dissimilarity with measurements of IL-1β and TNF-α based on Bland-Altman graphs.ConclusionAccording to Bland-Altman plot, our results providing evidence of ELISA and flow cytometry assays were compatible with each other for IL-1β and IL-6 measurements compared to TNF-α measurement. However, our study has a small number of participants, hence this study need to be confirmed by investigations involving more participants.
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Schaenman JM, Rossetti M, Sidwell T, Groysberg V, Sunga G, Korin Y, Liang E, Zhou X, Abdalla B, Lum E, Bunnapradist S, Pham T, Danovitch G, Reed EF. Increased T cell immunosenescence and accelerated maturation phenotypes in older kidney transplant recipients. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:659-667. [PMID: 29913200 PMCID: PMC6429965 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Older kidney transplant recipients experience increased rates of infection and death, and less rejection, compared with younger patients. However, little is known about immune dysfunction in older compared with younger kidney transplant recipients and whether it is associated with infection. We evaluated T cell phenotypes including maturation, immune senescence, and exhaustion in a novel investigation into differences in older compared with younger patients receiving identical immune suppression regimens. We evaluated PBMC from 60 kidney transplant recipients (23 older and 37 matched younger patients) by multiparameter immune phenotyping. Older kidney transplant recipients demonstrated decreased frequency of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and increased frequency of terminally differentiated, immune senescent, and NK T cells expressing KLRG1. There was a trend towards increased frequency of T cell immune senescence in patients experiencing infection in the first year after transplantation, which reached statistical significance in a multivariate analysis. This pilot study reveals immune dysfunction in older compared with younger transplant recipients, and suggests a likely mechanism for increased vulnerability to infection. The ability to assess T cell maturation and immune senescence in transplant recipients offers the potential for risk stratification and customization of immune suppression to prevent infection and rejection after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Schaenman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - M Rossetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Immunogenetics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - T Sidwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Immunogenetics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - V Groysberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Immunogenetics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - G Sunga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Immunogenetics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Y Korin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Immunogenetics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - E Liang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - X Zhou
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - B Abdalla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - E Lum
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - S Bunnapradist
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - T Pham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - G Danovitch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - E F Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Immunogenetics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Lira AADL, de-Oliveira MG, Inoue AHS, Beltrame GR, Duarte AJDS, Victor JR. Preconceptional allergen immunization can induce offspring IL-17 secreting B cells (B17): do they share similarities with regulatory B10 cells? Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2018; 46:454-459. [PMID: 30082063 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-17-producing B cells can be identified in both mice and human and were named B17 cells. The role of B17 cells still needs to be elucidated and its inflammatory or regulatory functions remain controversial. OBJECTIVE We evaluate the effect of maternal immunization with OVA on offspring B cells that produces IL-17 and can show a regulatory potential by IL-10 production. METHODS C57BL/6 WT, IL-10-/- or CD28-/- female mice were immunized or not with OVA in Alum, and immunized females were boosted after 10 and 20 days. Immunized and non-immunized females were mated, and pups from both groups were evaluated at 3 or 20 days old (d.o.). Some offspring from the aforementioned two groups were immunized with OVA at 3 d.o., boosted after 10 days and evaluated at 20 d.o. RESULTS Maternal immunization with OVA induced offspring B cells to produce IL-17 at higher intensity compared to the control group of offspring at 3 d.o. This effect was maintained until 20 d.o. and even after neonatal immunization with OVA. The co-production of IL-10 on offspring IL-17+B cells is up-regulated in response to maternal immunization with OVA. Maternal immunization with OVA on IL-10-/- mice reveals reduced percentage and mean of fluorescence intensity of IL-17 on B cells of offspring. CONCLUSION Preconception OVA immunization can induce offspring B cells that produce IL-17 at higher intensity and co-produce mainly IL-10. This could be the reason why B17 cells had been described in the literature with controversial roles upon their regulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Aparecida de Lima Lira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília Garcia de-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Harumi Sabô Inoue
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Rossi Beltrame
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto José da Silva Duarte
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Division of Pathology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Russo Victor
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Division of Pathology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Division of Environmental Health, FMU, Laureate International Universities, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Eggermont LJ, Hammink R, Blank KG, Rowan AE, Tel J, Figdor CG. Cytokine-Functionalized Synthetic Dendritic Cells for T Cell Targeted Immunotherapies. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loek J. Eggermont
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center; Geert Grooteplein 26 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Roel Hammink
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center; Geert Grooteplein 26 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin G. Blank
- Department of Molecular Materials; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Mechano(bio)chemistry; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Potsdam-Golm Science Park 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Alan E. Rowan
- Department of Molecular Materials; Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center; Geert Grooteplein 26 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Laboratory of Immunoengineering; Eindhoven University of Technology; De Zaale 15 5612 AP Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Medical Center; Geert Grooteplein 26 6525 GA Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Flaxman A, Ewer KJ. Methods for Measuring T-Cell Memory to Vaccination: From Mouse to Man. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E43. [PMID: 30037078 PMCID: PMC6161152 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines continues to be a key goal for public health bodies, governments, funding bodies and pharmaceutical companies. With new vaccines such as Shingrix targeting Shingles and Bexsero for Meningitis B, licensed in recent years, today's population can be protected from more infectious diseases than ever before. Despite this, we are yet to license vaccines for some of the deadliest endemic diseases affecting children, such as malaria. In addition, the threat of epidemics caused by emerging pathogens is very real as exemplified by the 2014⁻2016 Ebola outbreak. Most licensed vaccines provide efficacy through humoral immunity and correlates of protection often quantify neutralising antibody titre. The role of T-cells in vaccine efficacy is less well understood and more complex to quantify. Defining T-cell responses which afford protection also remains a challenge, although more sophisticated assays for assessing cell-mediated immunity with the potential for higher throughput and scalability are now available and warrant review. Here we discuss the benefits of multiparameter cytokine analysis and omics approaches compared with flow cytometric and ELISpot assays. We also review technical challenges unique to clinical trial studies, including assay validation across laboratories and availability of sample type. Measuring T-cell immunogenicity alongside humoral responses provides information on the breadth of immune responses induced by vaccination. Accurately enumerating and phenotyping T-cell immunogenicity to vaccination is key for the determination of immune correlates of protection. However, identifying such T-cell parameters remains challenging without a clear understanding of the immunological mechanisms by which a T-cell-mediated response induces protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Flaxman
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Katie J Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Gyawali P, Ziegler D, Cailhier JF, Denault A, Cloutier G. Quantitative Measurement of Erythrocyte Aggregation as a Systemic Inflammatory Marker by Ultrasound Imaging: A Systematic Review. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:1303-1317. [PMID: 29661483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review is aimed at answering two questions: (i) Is erythrocyte aggregation a useful biomarker in assessing systemic inflammation? (ii) Does quantitative ultrasound imaging provide the non-invasive option to measure erythrocyte aggregation in real time? The search was executed through bibliographic electronic databases CINAHL, EMB Review, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed and the grey literature. The majority of studies correlated elevated erythrocyte aggregation with inflammatory blood markers for several pathologic states. Some studies used "erythrocyte aggregation" as an established marker of systemic inflammation. There were limited but promising articles regarding the use of quantitative ultrasound spectroscopy to monitor erythrocyte aggregation. Similarly, there were limited studies that used other ultrasound techniques to measure systemic inflammation. The quantitative measurement of erythrocyte aggregation has the potential to be a routine clinical marker of inflammation as it can reflect the cumulative inflammatory dynamics in vivo, is relatively simple to measure, is cost-effective and has a rapid turnaround time. Technologies like quantitative ultrasound spectroscopy that can measure erythrocyte aggregation non-invasively and in real time may offer the advantage of continuous monitoring of the inflammation state and, thus, may help in rapid decision making in a critical care setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Gyawali
- Laboratory of Biorheology and Medical Ultrasonics, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniela Ziegler
- Documentation Center, University of Montreal Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-François Cailhier
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - André Denault
- University of Montreal Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guy Cloutier
- Laboratory of Biorheology and Medical Ultrasonics, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Differences in Proinflammatory Cytokines and Monocyte Subtypes in Older as Compared With Younger Kidney Transplant Recipients. Transplant Direct 2018; 4:e348. [PMID: 29707619 PMCID: PMC5912018 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Background The number of elderly patients with end-stage kidney disease requiring kidney transplantation continues to grow. Evaluation of healthy older adults has revealed proinflammatory changes in the immune system, which are posited to contribute to age-associated illnesses via “inflamm-aging.” Immunologic dysfunction is also associated with impaired control of infections. Whether these immunologic changes are found in older kidney transplant recipients is not currently known, but may have important implications for risk for adverse clinical outcomes. Methods Three months after transplant, innate immune phenotype was evaluated by flow cytometry from 60 kidney transplant recipients (22 older [≥60 years] and 38 younger [<60 years old]). Multiplex cytokine testing was used to evaluate plasma cytokine levels. Younger patients were matched to older patients based on transplant type and induction immune suppression. Results Older kidney transplant recipients demonstrated decreased frequency of intermediate monocytes (CD14++CD16+) compared with younger patients (1.2% vs 3.3%, P = 0.007), and a trend toward increased frequency of proinflammatory classical monocytes (CD14++CD16−) (94.5% vs 92.1%) (P = 0.065). Increased levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were seen in older patients. Conclusions In this pilot study of kidney transplant recipients, we identified differences in the innate immune system in older as compared with younger patients, including increased levels of IFN-γ. This suggests that age-associated nonspecific inflammation persists despite immune suppression. The ability to apply noninvasive testing to transplant recipients will provide tools for patient risk stratification and individualization of immune suppression regimens to improve outcomes after transplantation.
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Schaenman JM, Rossetti M, Korin Y, Sidwell T, Groysberg V, Liang E, Vangala S, Wisniewski N, Chang E, Bakir M, Bondar G, Cadeiras M, Kwon M, Reed EF, Deng M. T cell dysfunction and patient age are associated with poor outcomes after mechanical circulatory support device implantation. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:203-212. [PMID: 29409843 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunologic impairment may contribute to poor outcomes after implantation of mechanical circulatory support device (MCSD), with infection often as a terminal event. The study of immune dysfunction is of special relevance given the growing numbers of older patients with heart disease. The aim of the study was to define which immunologic characteristics are associated with development of adverse clinical outcomes after MCSD implantation. We isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients pre- and up to 20 days post-MCSD implantation and analyzed them by multiparameter flow cytometry for T cell dysfunction, including terminal differentiation, exhaustion, and senescence. We used MELD-XI and SOFA scores measured at each time point as surrogate markers of clinical outcome. Older patients demonstrated increased frequencies of terminally differentiated T cells as well as NKT cells. Increased frequency of terminally differentiated and immune senescent T cells were associated with worse clinical outcome as measured by MELD-XI and SOFA scores, and with progression to infection and death. In conclusion, our data suggest that T cell dysfunction, independently from age, is associated with poor outcomes after MCSD implantation, providing a potential immunologic mechanism behind patient vulnerability to multiorgan dysfunction and death. This noninvasive approach to PBMC evaluation holds promise for candidate evaluation and patient monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Schaenman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Maura Rossetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Yael Korin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Tiffany Sidwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Victoria Groysberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Emily Liang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Sitaram Vangala
- UCLA Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Nicholas Wisniewski
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Eleanor Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Maral Bakir
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Galyna Bondar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Martin Cadeiras
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Murray Kwon
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Elaine F Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Mario Deng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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Clements SJ, Maijo M, Ivory K, Nicoletti C, Carding SR. Age-Associated Decline in Dendritic Cell Function and the Impact of Mediterranean Diet Intervention in Elderly Subjects. Front Nutr 2017; 4:65. [PMID: 29312949 PMCID: PMC5742184 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aging is accompanied by increased susceptibility to infection and age-associated chronic diseases. It is also associated with reduced vaccine responses, which is often attributed to immunosenescence and the functional decline of the immune system. Immunosenescence is characterized by a chronic, low-grade, inflammatory state termed inflammaging. Habitants of Mediterranean (MED) regions maintain good health into old age; often attributed to MED diets. HYPOTHESIS Adoption of a MED-diet by elderly subjects, in Norfolk (UK), may improve immune responses of these individuals and in particular, dendritic cell (DC) function. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A total of 120 elderly subjects (65-79 years old) recruited onto the Nu-AGE study, a multicenter European dietary study specifically addressing the needs of the elderly, across five countries, and were randomized to the control or MED-diet groups, for one year. Blood samples were taken pre- and post-intervention for DC analysis and were compared with each other, and to samples obtained from 45 young (18-40 years old) subjects. MED-diet compliance was assessed using high performance liquid chromatography-with tandem mass spectrometry analysis of urine samples. Immune cell and DC subset numbers and concentrations of secreted proteins were determined by flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS As expected, reduced myeloid DC numbers were observed in blood samples from elderly subjects compared with young. The elevated secretion of the adipokine, resistin, after ex vivo stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from elderly subjects, was significantly reduced after MED-diet intervention. CONCLUSION This study provides further evidence of numerical and functional effects of aging on DCs. The MED-diet showed potential to impact on the aging immune cells investigated and could provide an economical approach to address problems associated with our aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Clements
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, The Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Maijo
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, The Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Kamal Ivory
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, The Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Nicoletti
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, The Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simon R. Carding
- Gut Health and Food Safety Research Programme, The Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Letessier W, Demaret J, Gossez M, Allam C, Venet F, Rimmelé T, Monneret G. Decreased intra-lymphocyte cytokines measurement in septic shock patients: A proof of concept study in whole blood. Cytokine 2017; 104:78-84. [PMID: 28969945 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Functional testing protocols are thought to be the gold standard for the exploration of the immune system. However, in terms of routine analysis, they present numerous drawbacks and consequently their use is mainly limited to research applications. In the clinical context of septic shock, characterized by marked lymphocyte alterations, a new approach for lymphocyte intracellular cytokine measurement in whole blood upon was evaluated in a proof-of-concept study. Following lymphocyte activation, simultaneous intracellular labeling of Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and Interleukin-2 (IL-2) was performed in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (identified by surface marking). The analysis was carried out by flow cytometry (6 colors). Results obtained in septic patients (n=22) were compared to those of healthy volunteers (n=8). Independently of lymphopenia, there were significant differences between groups. In particular there was significant decrease in the production of IL-2 and TNF-α in septic patients, while the production of IFN-γ was not significantly altered. Polyfunctional results showed that patients presented with increased percentages of triple negative lymphocytes. In contrast, volunteers had higher proportions of triple positive cells. The approach could be performed in a robust and consistent way, taking 4.5h to complete. Moreover, clear differences could be observed between clinical groups with this modified method. These characteristics illustrate the potential of this novel whole blood protocol for clinical applications. However, further research is required to determine the applicability compared to alternative test and to evaluate clinical performances in larger cohorts of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Demaret
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Lyon F-69003, France; EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon - BioMérieux), Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Morgane Gossez
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Lyon F-69003, France; EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon - BioMérieux), Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Allam
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Lyon F-69003, France; EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon - BioMérieux), Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Venet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Lyon F-69003, France; EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon - BioMérieux), Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Rimmelé
- EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon - BioMérieux), Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine Department, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Lyon F-69003, France; EA 7426 "Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1-Hospices Civils de Lyon - BioMérieux), Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.
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Bekki Y, Yoshizumi T, Shimoda S, Itoh S, Harimoto N, Ikegami T, Kuno A, Narimatsu H, Shirabe K, Maehara Y. Hepatic stellate cells secreting WFA + -M2BP: Its role in biological interactions with Kupffer cells. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:1387-1393. [PMID: 28008658 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a central role in hepatic fibrosis and are regulated by Kupffer cells (KCs). Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2 binding protein (WFA+ -M2BP) was recently identified as a serum marker for hepatic fibrosis. Although WFA+ -M2BP was identified as a ligand of Mac-2, the function of WFA+ -M2BP in hepatic fibrosis remains unclear. METHODS Liver specimens were obtained from five patients with cirrhosis, five with chronic hepatitis, and five without hepatic fibrosis. WFA+ -M2BP kinetics were evaluated histologically and in subpopulations of liver cells such as HSCs, KCs, endothelial cells, biliary epithelial cells, and hepatocytes in in vitro culture. The function of WFA+ -M2BP in activated HSCs was evaluated using immunoblot analysis. RESULTS Numbers of WFA+ -M2BP-positive cells in liver tissues increased with fibrosis stage. There were significant differences in WFA+ -M2BP levels between fibrosis stages F0 and F1-2 (P = 0.012) and between fibrosis stages F1-2 and F3-4 (P < 0.001). HSCs were the source of WFA+ -M2BP secretion in in vitro cultures of liver cells, as determined by sandwich immunoassay. Cells of the human HSC line LX-2 also secreted WFA+ -M2BP. Histologically, tissue sections showed that WFA+ -M2BP was located in Mac-2-expressing KCs. In vitro assays showed that exogenous WFA+ -M2BP stimulation enhanced Mac-2 expression in KCs and that HSCs co-cultured with KCs increased α-smooth muscle actin expression. Finally, Mac-2-depleted KCs with short interfering RNA had reduced α-smooth muscle actin expression following co-culturing with HSCs. CONCLUSIONS WFA+ -M2BP from HSCs induces Mac-2 expression in KCs, which in turn activates HSCs to be fibrogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Bekki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Shimoda
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Itoh
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norifumi Harimoto
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Ikegami
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- Research Center for Medical Glycoscience (RCMG), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Research Center for Medical Glycoscience (RCMG), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ken Shirabe
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Schaenman J, Korin Y, Sidwell T, Kandarian F, Harre N, Gjertson D, Lum E, Reddy U, Huang E, Pham P, Bunnapradist S, Danovitch G, Veale J, Gritsch H, Reed E. Increased Frequency of BK Virus-Specific Polyfunctional CD8+ T Cells Predict Successful Control of BK Viremia After Kidney Transplantation. Transplantation 2017; 101:1479-1487. [PMID: 27391197 PMCID: PMC5219876 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BK virus infection remains an important cause of loss of allograft function after kidney transplantation. We sought to determine whether polyfunctional T cells secreting multiple cytokines simultaneously, which have been shown to be associated with viral control, could be detected early after start of BK viremia, which would provide insight into the mechanism of successful antiviral control. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected during episodes of BK viral replication were evaluated by multiparameter flow cytometry after stimulation by overlapping peptide pools of BK virus antigen to determine frequency of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells expressing 1 or more cytokines simultaneously, as well as markers of T-cell activation, exhaustion, and maturation. RESULTS BK virus controllers, defined as those with episodes of BK viremia of 3 months or less, had an 11-fold increase in frequency of CD8+ polyfunctional T cells expressing multiple cytokines, as compared with patients with prolonged episodes of BK viremia. Patients with only low level BK viremia expressed low frequencies of polyfunctional T cells. Polyfunctional T cells were predominantly of the effector memory maturation subtype and expressed the cytotoxicity marker CD107a. CONCLUSIONS Noninvasive techniques for immune assessment of peripheral blood can provide insight into the mechanism of control of BK virus replication and may allow for future patient risk stratification and customization of immune suppression at the onset of BK viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Schaenman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Y. Korin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - T. Sidwell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - F. Kandarian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - N. Harre
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - D. Gjertson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
| | - E. Lum
- Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - U. Reddy
- Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - E. Huang
- Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - P.T. Pham
- Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - S. Bunnapradist
- Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - G. Danovitch
- Division of Nephrology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - J. Veale
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - H.A. Gritsch
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - E.F. Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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Abstract
The interrogation of cell surface-presented immunogenic epitopes is of great importance to differentiate diseased cells in consequence to malignant transformation or viral infections. On the basis of this knowledge, next-generation immunotherapies against cancers, autoimmunity, or infectious diseases can be developed. The identification of altered peptide repertoires of transformed cells renders mass spectrometry-based analysis indispensable. This is evident considering the low correlation of gene or protein expression alterations, respectively, with changes in the peptide repertoire rendering those analyses less informative. Nevertheless, immunogenicity of peptides appearing to be exclusively found on diseased cells has to be finally proven in T cell-based assays. This review highlights the capabilities and limitations of mass spectrometry in the identification of entire immunopeptidomes, as well as individual potential immunogenic epitopes with a strong focus on cancer. Furthermore, an overview of state-of-the-art immunogenicity screens is presented.
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Simultaneous detection of decidual Th1/Th2 and NK1/NK2 immunophenotyping in unknown recurrent miscarriage using 8-color flow cytometry with FSC/Vt extended strategy. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170150. [PMID: 28404628 PMCID: PMC5437939 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Th1/Th2 imbalance is considered as a mechanism for recurrent miscarriage. The NK1/NK2 paradigm is hypothesised to play an important role in pregnancy. However, few results showed simultaneous changes of these subsets in vivo in decidual tissues. The present study aimed to detect the decidual mononuclear cells (dMo), and the Th1/Th2, and NK1/NK2 paradigm simultaneously using multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) in unexplained recurrent miscarriages (URM). Mononuclear cells were isolated from the decidual tissues of URM cases and early pregnant women. The mononuclear cell percent was demonstrated by detecting the expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, and CD16 extracellular markers, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-4 intracellular markers in live cells using 8-color flow cytometry with forward scatter (FSC)/side scatter (SSC) and FSC/viability (Vt) initial gating strategies, and the ratios of Th1/Th2 and decidual NK1 (dNK1)/decidual NK2 (dNK2) cells were compared between the subject groups. Two initial gating strategies of the FSC/SSC or FSC/Vt, with central or extended gating scales, were adapted, and there was no main effect or interaction for the cell proportions, except for the type 1 and type 2 subsets in the FSC/Vt extended gating strategy. There was no significant difference of the proportions of the decidual T, dNK, NKT-like, Th, and Tc cells between the two groups. However, the Th1/Th2 and dNK1/dNK2 ratios in the URM patients were higher compared with the normal group when using the FSC/Vt extended gating strategy. The present study provides means to detect Th1/Th2 and dNK1/dNK2 simultaneously in URM patients for large sample investigations in the future.
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