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Beaulieu E, Beno S. Healthy childhood development through outdoor risky play: Navigating the balance with injury prevention. Paediatr Child Health 2024; 29:255-269. [PMID: 39045477 PMCID: PMC11261819 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Free play is essential for children's development and for their physical, mental, and social health. Opportunities to engage in outdoor free play-and risky play in particular-have declined significantly in recent years, in part because safety measures have sought to prevent all play-related injuries rather than focusing on serious and fatal injuries. Risky play is defined by thrilling and exciting forms of free play that involve uncertainty of outcome and a possibility of physical injury. Proponents of risky play differentiate "risk" from "hazard" and seek to reframe perceived risk as an opportunity for situational evaluation and personal development. This statement weighs the burden of play-related injuries alongside the evidence in favour of risky play, including its benefits, risks, and nuances, which can vary depending on a child's developmental stage, ability, and social and medical context. Approaches are offered to promote open, constructive discussions with families and organizations. Paediatricians are encouraged to think of outdoor risky play as one way to help prevent and manage common health problems such as obesity, anxiety, and behavioural issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne Beno
- Canadian Paediatric Society, Injury Prevention Committee
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Beaulieu E, Beno S. Le développement sain de l'enfant par le jeu risqué extérieur : un équilibre à trouver avec la prévention des blessures. Paediatr Child Health 2024; 29:255-269. [PMID: 39045472 PMCID: PMC11261840 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Le jeu libre est essentiel pour le développement de l'enfant, de même que pour sa santé physique, mentale et sociale. Les occasions de se livrer au jeu libre extérieur, et au jeu risqué en particulier, ont considérablement diminué ces dernières années, en partie parce que les mesures de sécurité ont visé à prévenir toutes les blessures liées aux jeux plutôt que seulement les blessures graves et fatales. Le jeu risqué désigne des formes passionnantes et stimulantes de jeu libre dont l'issue est incertaine et qui comportent une possibilité de blessure physique. Les promoteurs du jeu risqué distinguent le « risque » du « danger » et aspirent à recadrer la perception du risque pour qu'il devienne une occasion d'évaluer une situation et de favoriser le développement personnel. Dans le présent document de principes, les auteures soupèsent le fardeau des blessures liées au jeu par rapport aux données probantes en appui au jeu risqué, notamment les avantages, les risques et les nuances, qui peuvent varier en fonction de l'étape de développement de l'enfant, de ses aptitudes et du contexte social et médical. Elles proposent des approches pour promouvoir des échanges ouverts et constructifs avec les familles et les organisations. Les pédiatres sont invités à percevoir le jeu risqué extérieur comme un moyen de contribuer à prévenir et à gérer des problèmes de santé courants tels que l'obésité, l'anxiété et les problèmes de comportement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Beaulieu
- Société canadienne de pédiatrie, comité de la prévention des blessures, Ottawa (Ontario) Canada
| | - Suzanne Beno
- Société canadienne de pédiatrie, comité de la prévention des blessures, Ottawa (Ontario) Canada
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James ME, Arbour-Nicitopoulos KP, Kwan M, King-Dowling S, Cairney J. Physical Activity and Motor Skill Development During Early Childhood: Investigating the Role of Parent Support. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38734419 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2023-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the relationship between parent physical activity (PA) support and children's motor skill development and PA during early childhood and explored the potential moderating effect of child PA and motor skills on these relationships. METHODS Participants (N = 589, 250 girls, meanage = 4.93 [0.59] y) were part of a larger, longitudinal cohort study. Motor skills were assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition. Moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) was measured using ActiGraph accelerometers. Five items were used to measure parent support frequency (1 = none, 3 = 3-4 times, 5 = daily). Moderation analyses were conducted to examine the moderating effect of MVPA and motor skills on the relationship between parent support and motor skills and MVPA, respectively. RESULTS Parent support was significantly related to motor skills (B = 14.45, P = .007), and child MVPA significantly moderated this relationship (B = -0.17, P = .021). The relationship between parent support and child MVPA did not reach significance (B = 2.89, P = .051); however, motor skills had a significant moderating effect (B = -0.08, P = .022). CONCLUSIONS These novel findings suggest parent PA support is related to child motor skills and PA during early childhood, but this relationship is context dependent. Child-level characteristics should be considered in future parent PA support research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeghan E James
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,Canada
- INfant, Child and youth Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,Canada
| | | | - Matthew Kwan
- INfant, Child and youth Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,Canada
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
| | - Sara King-Dowling
- INfant, Child and youth Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA,USA
| | - John Cairney
- INfant, Child and youth Health (INCH) Lab, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,Canada
- Health and Well-Being Centre for Research Innovation, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD,Australia
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Aliyas Z, Collins PA, Sylvestre MP, Frohlich KL. Investigating social inequalities in children's independent mobility, active transportation and outdoor free play in two Canadian cities. Prev Med Rep 2024; 39:102642. [PMID: 38352241 PMCID: PMC10861842 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Active transportation (AT) and free play (FP) are the primary ways in which children engage in unstructured physical activity in cities, with independent mobility (IM) gaining increased attention as a potential precursor of AT and FP. However, current trends show that children are engaging in less FP and AT, and have less IM, than previous generations and it is not well understood how these practices, and their interrelatedness, differ by neighbourhood-level socio-economic stats (SES) and municipal contexts. Objectives This study aims to address the gaps in knowledge by quantifying, comparing, and correlating IM, AT, and FP practices in high and low-SES neighbourhoods within and across the cities of Montreal and Kingston, Canada. Methods 584 questionnaires were distributed among children in grades 1 to 5, living in low- and high-SES neighbourhoods of these two citiesResultsEngagement in the three practices was low in every study neighbourhood, though all three practices were higher in high-SES compared to low-SES neighbourhoods in both cities. Levels of FP were higher in Kingston compared to Montreal, while AT was higher in Montreal than in Kingston. Conclusion This study revealed social inequalities in all three of these practices based on socioeconomic status and city. Since IM is likely a precursor to both independent FP and AT, more research is warranted into how our cities can become more conducive to IM in children, particularly in low SES neighbourhoods where children have less freedom of movement independently and otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Aliyas
- Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Patricia A. Collins
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Sylvestre
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine L. Frohlich
- Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Zhang R, Wang Z. Effects of Helicopter Parenting, Tiger Parenting and Inhibitory Control on the Development of Children's Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024:10.1007/s10578-024-01685-3. [PMID: 38401004 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-024-01685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Helicopter parenting and tiger parenting may increase the risks of anxiety and depression in children. However, it is unclear how these parenting styles affect the developmental outcomes and trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms, and how children's internal inhibitory control (IC) moderates such effects. The present study aimed to examine this issue. A sample of 172 typically developing children (77 girls; Mage = 7.14, SDage = 0.33) and their parents participated in the study. Parents reported children's anxiety and depressive symptoms using the Child Behavior Checklist each year from the first measurement (T1) to the third measurement (T3) and reported their helicopter parenting and tiger parenting at T1. Children completed the Go/No-go task at T1 to measure their IC. Higher T1 helicopter parenting impeded the declines in anxiety and depression over time, and higher T1 tiger parenting predicted more anxiety and depressive symptoms at T3. However, such effects were only observed in children with low IC, and higher IC buffered the adverse impacts of both helicopter parenting and tiger parenting on children's anxiety and depressive symptoms. These findings revealed that helicopter parenting and tiger parenting had negative impacts on the developmental trajectories and outcomes of anxiety and depression in children and suggest that IC plays an important role in alleviating the risks of anxiety and depression among children in adverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhu Zhang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, No.199, South Chang'an Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Zhenhong Wang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, No.199, South Chang'an Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710062, China.
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Paterson D, Beauchamp MR, Masse LC, Moore SA, Faulkner G. "I'm going to change the WIFI password if you don't go outside!": a qualitative examination of changes in parenting practices over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1270516. [PMID: 38192375 PMCID: PMC10773578 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1270516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Parenting practices are an important influence on the movement behaviours of children. Parenting practices are shaped by various contextual factors (e.g., culture, sociodemographic, community) and are susceptible to external pressures, such as health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. Situated within the revised Family Ecological Model, the purpose of this study was to qualitatively explore changes in parenting practices over time in relation to the evolving nature of this global event. Methods One-on-one semi-structured interviews with 40 parents of children (aged 7-11) in three Canadian provinces were conducted in August, 2021. A narrative thematic analysis was conducted to develop themes mapping changes in parenting practices and organize the temporal patterns of these changes into shared case trajectories over time. Results Four themes were constructed to highlight changes in parenting practices: (1) Screen time permissiveness, (2) Force and coercion, (3) Agents of unstructured physical activity, and (4) Stepping back from structured physical activity. These themes were organized into three distinct case trajectories that each represent a shared, chronological narrative for how the first 18 months of the pandemic were broadly experienced by parents. The three trajectories were characterized by: (1) Resilience (2) Enduring impact and (3) Adaptive growth. Discussion Parenting practices were changed in response to circumstances in both temporary and enduring manners that may continue beyond the pandemic. Further research is needed to longitudinally assess these trajectories in order to support families and enhance understanding of parenting practices in challenging circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Paterson
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark R. Beauchamp
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Louise C. Masse
- School of Population Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah A. Moore
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Guy Faulkner
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Arlinghaus KR, Hahn SL, Larson N, Eisenberg ME, Berge JM, Neumark-Sztainer D. Helicopter Parenting Among Socio-Economically and Ethnically/Racially Diverse Emerging Adults: Associations with Weight-Related Behaviors. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2023; 11:909-922. [PMID: 38617057 PMCID: PMC11013951 DOI: 10.1177/21676968231171317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Helicopter parenting, a parenting style defined by over-involvement, may lead to poor health outcomes. However, research has primarily focused on children and adolescents from White, high socio-economic families, with little research examining weight-related health or with emerging adult children. The current study examined associations with emerging adult diet, physical activity, and body mass index (BMI) among a diverse population-based sample of parent and emerging adult dyads (n = 919). Helicopter parenting was highest among lower socioeconomic households and those identifying as Black, Indigenous, or people of color. Helicopter parenting was associated with both healthy and less healthy dietary behaviors across ethnic/racial groups, but was not associated with physical activity or BMI. Greater consideration of the cultural context related to helicopter parenting is needed before making conclusions about its benefits or harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Arlinghaus
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Samantha L. Hahn
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Nicole Larson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marla E. Eisenberg
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jerica M. Berge
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dianne Neumark-Sztainer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Khomaeny EFF, Kusumaputeri ES. Parental anxiety and form of parenting during the COVID-19 pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHILD CARE AND EDUCATION POLICY 2022; 16:10. [PMID: 36247493 PMCID: PMC9551246 DOI: 10.1186/s40723-022-00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The massive development of information technology based on big data, internet, and artificial intelligence has brought fundamental changes to human patterns and lifestyles, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic that hit globally, has added to a large and complex problems in parenting, as well as demanding people to take care of their children. Parents must be able to adapt and reposition themselves with new and effective forms of parenting, this can increase parental anxiety. To determine the level of parental anxiety, this research was conducted using a quantitative descriptive method through the distribution of questionnaires based on the GAD-7 instrument. This study focuses on efforts to capture the level of parental anxiety and the need for a new form of parenting. The results can be the basis for further research to find and develop new forms of parenting. The results of research on 669 parents living in West Java, Indonesia, showed that the level of parental anxiety was 63.08% at the level of moderate and severe anxiety. The level of parental satisfaction regarding the form of parenting used is at a low level of 67.12%, while the level of parental interest in the new form of parenting is at a very high level of 98.51%. The need for the latest form of parenting that can respond to the challenges and demands of the times is very necessary to minimize parental anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfan Fanhas Fatwa Khomaeny
- Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Muhammadiyah University of Tasikmalaya, Tamansari street km. 2,5, Tasikmalaya, West Java Indonesia
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Smith LE, Gosselin V, Collins P, Frohlich KL. A Tale of Two Cities: Unpacking the Success and Failure of School Street Interventions in Two Canadian Cities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11555. [PMID: 36141827 PMCID: PMC9517135 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One innovative strategy to support child-friendly cities is street-based interventions that provide safe, vehicle-free spaces for children to play and move about freely. School streets are one such innovation involving closing streets around elementary schools to vehicular traffic to improve children's safety as they come and go from school while providing opportunities for children to play and socialize on the street. Launching these initiatives in communities dominated by automobiles is enormously challenging and little is known about why these interventions are successfully launched in some places but not others. As part of a larger research project called Levelling the Playing Fields, two School Street initiatives were planned for the 2021-2022 school year; one initiative was successfully launched in Kingston, ON, while the second initiative failed to launch in Montreal, QC. Using a critical realist evaluation methodology, this paper documents the contextual elements and key mechanisms that enabled and constrained the launch of these School Streets in these cities, through document analysis and key informant interviews. Our results suggest that municipal and school support for the initiative are both imperative to establishing legitimacy and collaborative governance, both of which were necessary for a successful launch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Smith
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Veronique Gosselin
- École de Santé Publique (ESPUM), Centre de Recherche en Santé Pulique (CReSP), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada
| | - Patricia Collins
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Katherine L. Frohlich
- École de Santé Publique (ESPUM), Centre de Recherche en Santé Pulique (CReSP), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3N 1X9, Canada
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Han CS, Brussoni MJ, Mâsse LC. Parental Autonomy Support in the Context of Parent-Child Negotiation for Children's Independent Mobility: 'I Always Feel Safer With My Parents' to 'Boom! Bust Down Those Walls!'. THE JOURNAL OF EARLY ADOLESCENCE 2022; 42:737-764. [PMID: 35559208 PMCID: PMC9082966 DOI: 10.1177/02724316211064513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autonomy - acting volitionally with a sense of choice - is a crucial right for children. Given parents' pivotal position in their child's autonomy development, we examined how parental autonomy support and children's need for autonomy were negotiated and manifested in the context of children's independent mobility - children's ability to play, walk or cycle unsupervised. We interviewed 105 Canadian children between 10 and 13-years-old and their parents (n = 135) to examine child-parents' negotiation patterns as to children's independent mobility. Four patterns emerged, varying on parental autonomy support and children's need/motivation for independent mobility: (1) child/parent dyad wants to increase independent mobility; (2) child only wants to increase independent mobility while parents do not; (3) child does not want to increase independent mobility while parents do; and (4) child/parent dyad does not want to increase independent mobility. Findings illuminate the importance of recognizing children as active and capable agents of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Han
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia; British Columbia Injury Research & Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mariana J Brussoni
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia; British Columbia Injury Research & Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Louise C Mâsse
- School of Population and Public Health, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Parent-perceived neighbourhood environment, parenting practices and preschool-aged children physical activity and screen time: a cross-sectional study of two culturally and geographically diverse cities. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:309. [PMID: 35624474 PMCID: PMC9137173 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preschool-aged children's physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) are important health-related behaviours likely influenced by PA opportunities, parental perceptions of neighbourhood safety and parenting practices pertaining to PA and ST. How these factors interact to impact on young children's PA and ST, and whether their effects are generalisable across cultures and geographical location is not known. This study addressed these knowledge gaps by conducting pooled analyses of comparable data from two culturally and geographically diverse samples - Chinese parent-child dyads from an ultra-dense city (Hong Kong, China) and Latino parent-child dyads from a low-density city (Houston, USA). METHODS The analytical sample consisted of 164 Hong Kong Chinese and 84 US Latino parent-child dyads with data on socio-demographic characteristics, parent-perceived neighbourhood destinations and facilities for children's PA, physical and social safety-related neighbourhood attributes, PA-related parenting practices and child's ST and accelerometer-assessed PA. Generalised linear models with robust standard errors accounting for neighbourhood-level clustering were used to estimate associations and interaction effects. RESULTS Hong Kong Chinese children accumulated less PA than US Latino children, although the latter had more ST. Hong Kong Chinese parents reported more parenting practices promoting inactivity. Neighbourhood PA opportunities were positively related to children's PA only if parental perceptions of neighbourhood safety were favourable, and the associations of physical neighbourhood environment characteristics with children's PA and ST depended on PA-related parenting practices. Community cohesion was positively related to children's PA and negatively related to ST, while parental promotion of ST was positively associated with children's ST. Correlates of children's PA and ST did not differ by city. CONCLUSIONS The substantial differences in activity patterns between Hong Kong Chinese and US Latino preschool-aged children observed in this study are likely due to a combination of cultural and built environmental factors. However, the fact that no between-city differences in correlates of PA and ST were detected indicates that both populations of children are equally affected by parent-perceived neighbourhood environmental characteristics and parenting practices. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering how various individual-, home- and neighbourhood physical and social factors interact to influence young children's health-promoting activity levels.
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The Cult of the Child: A Critical Examination of Its Consequences on Parents, Teachers and Children. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of the “cult of the child” highlights a radical change in child representation. Having been neglected and even disrespected for centuries, children are now valued, and their interests are placed above all others. This change in views of children, reflected in changes in laws, institutions and practices, has also spread to two pillars of our democratic societies, the family and the school, with a number of consequences for parents, teachers and children. The purpose of this article is to (1) describe the changes in thinking that have led to the cult of the child, (2) examine their consequences for children and parents, (3) examine their consequences for students and teachers, and (4) reflect on how to preserve the benefits of these changes while limiting the negative consequences.
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The Intensification of Parenting in Germany: The Role of Socioeconomic Background and Family Form. SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Drawing on the international discourse on the intensification of parenting and new data from Germany, this paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the unique challenges that parents face in the 21st century. We used data from the survey “Parenthood Today”, which was conducted in 2019 to examine parents’ views on parenting in Germany. The data comprised standardized interviews with 1652 mothers and fathers. We focused on three dimensions of parental pressures: namely, time pressure, financial pressure, and pressure that emanates from the educational system. Time pressure referred to the pressure currently felt, whereas financial pressure and pressure from the educational system referred to changes across time. In each of these domains, more than 60% of the parents experienced high (time) or increasing (education and financial) pressure. Binary logistic regressions showed that while parental education was a strong predictor of experiencing an increase in financial pressure, parental education did not matter for other realms of parenting. However, employment and family form were strongly related to parental time pressure. Full-time employed lone mothers, but also non-resident fathers, reported experiencing heavy pressure when trying to balance their roles as a worker and as a carer. Our results draw attention to the importance of better integrating the needs of post-separation families, including of non-resident fathers, in the debate on the “intensification of parenting”.
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Brussoni M, Han CS, Lin Y, Jacob J, Munday F, Zeni M, Walters M, Oberle E. The Results of the OutsidePlay-ECE Study: Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate a Web-Based Intervention to Influence Early Childhood Educators’ Attitudes and Supportive Behaviors Toward Outdoor Play (Preprint). J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e36826. [PMID: 35687394 PMCID: PMC9233267 DOI: 10.2196/36826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Outdoor play is critical to children’s healthy development and well-being. Early learning and childcare centers (ELCCs) are important venues for increasing children’s outdoor play opportunities, and early childhood educators’ (ECE) perception of outdoor play can be a major barrier to outdoor play. The OutsidePlay-ECE risk-reframing intervention is a fully automated and open access web-based intervention to reframe ECEs’ perceptions of the importance of outdoor play and risk in play and to promote a change in their practice in supporting it in ELCC settings. We grounded the intervention in social cognitive theory and behavior change techniques. Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the OutsidePlay-ECE web-based risk-reframing intervention. Methods We conducted a single-blind randomized controlled trial in Canada between December 2020 and June 2021 to test the OutsidePlay-ECE risk-reframing intervention for ECEs. We recruited participants using social media and mass emails through our partner and professional networks. We invited ECEs and administrators working in an ELCC, who can speak, read, and understand English. We randomized consented participants to the intervention or control condition. The participants allocated to the intervention condition received a link to the OutsidePlay-ECE intervention. Participants allocated to the control condition read the Position Statement on Active Outdoor Play, a 4-page document on research and recommendations for action in addressing barriers to outdoor play. The primary outcome was a change in tolerance of risk in play. The secondary outcome was goal attainment. We collected data on the web via REDCap (Vanderbilt University) at baseline and 1 week and 3 months after intervention. Results A total of 563 participants completed the baseline survey, which assessed their demographics and tolerance of risk in play. They were then randomized: 281 (49.9%) to the intervention and 282 (50.1%) to the control condition. Of these, 136 (48.4%) and 220 (78%) participants completed the baseline requirements for the intervention and control conditions, respectively. At 1 week after intervention, 126 (44.8%) and 209 (74.1%) participants completed follow-up assessments, respectively, and at 3 months after intervention, 119 (42.3%) and 195 (69.1%) participants completed the assessments, respectively. Compared with participants in the control condition, participants in the intervention group had significantly higher tolerance of risk in play at 1 week (β=.320; P=.001) and 3 months after intervention (β=.251; P=.009). Intention-to-treat analyses replicated these findings (β=.335; P<.001 and β=.271; P=.004, respectively). No significant intervention effect was found for goal attainment outcomes (odds ratio 1.124, 95% CI 0.335-3.774; P=.85). Conclusions The results of this randomized controlled trial demonstrated that the OutsidePlay-ECE intervention was effective and had a sustained effect in increasing ECEs’ and administrators’ tolerance of risk in play. It was not effective in increasing goal attainment. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04624932; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04624932 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/31041
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Brussoni
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Injury Research & Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christina S Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yingyi Lin
- Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - John Jacob
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fritha Munday
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Megan Zeni
- Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Melanie Walters
- Child Care Services, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eva Oberle
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Docherty A, Kious B, Brown T, Francis L, Stark L, Keeshin B, Botkin J, DiBlasi E, Gray D, Coon H. Ethical concerns relating to genetic risk scores for suicide. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2021; 186:433-444. [PMID: 34472199 PMCID: PMC8692426 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide valuable information in research contexts regarding genomic changes that contribute to risks for complex psychiatric conditions like major depressive disorder. GWAS results can be used to calculate polygenic risk scores (PRS) for psychiatric conditions, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, as well as for other traits, such as obesity or hypertension. Private companies that provide direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing sometimes report PRS for a variety of traits. Recently, the first well-powered GWAS study for suicide death was published. PRS reports that claim to assess suicide risk are therefore likely to appear soon in the DTC setting. We describe ethical concerns regarding the commercial use of GWAS results related to suicide. We identify several issues that must be addressed before PRS for suicide risk is made available to the public through DTC: (a) the potential for misinterpretation of results, (b) consumers' perceptions about determinism and behavior change, (c) potential contributions to stigma, discrimination, and health disparities; and (d) ethical problems regarding the testing of children and vulnerable adults. Tests for genetic prediction of suicidality may eventually have clinical significance, but until then, the potential for individual and public harm significantly outweighs any potential benefit. Even if genetic prediction of suicidality improves significantly, information about genetic risk scores must be distributed cautiously, with genetic counseling, and with adequate safeguards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Docherty
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric & Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Brent Kious
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Department of Philosophy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Program in Medical Ethics and Humanities, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Teneille Brown
- Program in Medical Ethics and Humanities, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Leslie Francis
- Department of Philosophy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Program in Medical Ethics and Humanities, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Louisa Stark
- S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Genetic Science Learning Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Brooks Keeshin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Jeffrey Botkin
- S.J. Quinney College of Law, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Emily DiBlasi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Doug Gray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Hilary Coon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT USA
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What Parental Correlates Predict Children's Active Transportation to School in the Southeast United States? J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:705-713. [PMID: 33952706 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND School-aged children in the Southeast, compared with other United States of America (US) regions, have significantly lower levels of active transportation to school (ATS). The purpose of this study was to contrast the parental correlates of ATS choice specific to the Southeast with other areas of the US. METHODS This study utilized national data from 2952 households with school-aged children located within a 20-minute walk to a school. Parents reported their children's ATS behavior and their own ATS beliefs and perceptions. Logistic regression contrasted correlates of parents from the Southeast with other regions. RESULTS Parents in the Southeast, compared with parents across the US, were significantly less likely to allow their child to take ATS (12.9% vs 33.3%, respectively) (odds ratio [OR] = 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.36-0.59). Specific to the Southeast, parental correlates linked to increases in ATS were Black race/ethnicity (OR = 1.68; 95% CI, 1.31-2.60), being single, (OR = 1.71; 95% CI, 1.15-2.54), and any parental physical activity (P value for trend = .0053). The only correlate associated with a decrease in ATS in the Southeast was heightened safety concerns (eg, traffic speed, safe crossings) (OR = 0.44; 95% CI, 0.23-0.84). CONCLUSIONS Among households with children in the Southeast, ATS interventions that allay parental safety concerns and that promote physical activity among parents might lead to increases in ATS.
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Lee EY, Bains A, Hunter S, Ament A, Brazo-Sayavera J, Carson V, Hakimi S, Huang WY, Janssen I, Lee M, Lim H, Silva DAS, Tremblay MS. Systematic review of the correlates of outdoor play and time among children aged 3-12 years. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:41. [PMID: 33736668 PMCID: PMC7972019 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the myriad of benefits of children's outdoor play and time, there is increasing concern over its decline. This systematic review synthesized evidence on the correlates of outdoor play and outdoor time among children aged 3-12 years. METHODS A total of 12 electronic databases in five different languages (Chinese, English, Korean, Spanish, Portuguese) were searched between October 28, 2019 and July 27, 2020. Covidence software was used for screening and Microsoft Excel with a predesigned coding form was used for data extraction. Evidence was synthesized and correlates were categorized using the socioecological model framework. RESULTS Based on 107 studies representing 188,498 participants and 422 childcare centers from 29 countries, 85 studies examined potential correlates of outdoor play while 23 studies examined that of outdoor time (one examined both). The duration of outdoor play and outdoor time ranged between 60 and 165 min/d and 42-240 min/d, respectively. Out of 287 (outdoor play) and 61 (outdoor time) potential correlates examined, 111 correlates for outdoor play and 33 correlates for outdoor time were identified as significant correlates. Thirty-three variables were identified as key/common correlates of outdoor play/time, including eight correlates at the individual level (e.g., sex/gender, race/ethnicity, physical activity), 10 correlates at the parental level (e.g., parental attitude/support/behavior, parenting practice), nine at the microsystem level (e.g., proximal home/social environment such as residence type, peer influence), three at the macrosystem/community level (e.g., availability of space children can play), and three at the physical ecology/pressure for macrosystem change level (e.g., seasonality, rurality). No key correlates were found at the institutional level. CONCLUSIONS Individual, parental, and proximal physical (home) and social environments appear to play a role in children's outdoor play and time. Ecological factors (i.e., seasonality, rurality) also appear to be related to outdoor play/time. Evidence was either inconsistent or lacking at institutional and macrosystem/community levels. Standardizing terminology and measures of outdoor play/time is warranted. Future work should investigate the interactions and processes of multiple variables across different levels of socioecological modelling to better understand the mechanisms through which outdoor play/time opportunities can be optimized for children while paying special attention to varying conditions in which children are born, live, and play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Lee
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
- Department of Gender Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Ajaypal Bains
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Stephen Hunter
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Alyssa Ament
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | | | - Valerie Carson
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Shawn Hakimi
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Wendy Y. Huang
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ian Janssen
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
- Department of Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Mikyung Lee
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Heejun Lim
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | | | - Mark S. Tremblay
- Healthy Active Lifestyle and Obesity (HALO) research group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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Frahsa A, Thiel A. Can Functionalised Play Make Children Happy? A Critical Sociology Perspective. Front Public Health 2020; 8:571054. [PMID: 33072708 PMCID: PMC7539787 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.571054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The functionalisation of play basically stems from the diagnosis of a global childhood inactivity crisis, the so-called "children's obesity pandemic." Hence, in the context of the activity-related guidelines, children's play appears no longer to be unproductive and purpose-free. It is rather considered an anti-obesity tool that will help children to meet physical activity recommendations. It is questionable whether such a functionalised tool can also provide what has been called the salience of the pleasures of free-play for children. Furthermore, a "normalization" of functionalised practices of play, in turn, could stigmatize children who do not or cannot adhere to these practices. Based upon this background, this paper will take a critical sociology perspective to analyse the functionalisation and medicalisation of children's play in an individualized, mediatized, and pedagogised society. In this sense, the paper aims to pay attention to how the primary goal of play in the sense of "simply make children happy" has given way to the goal of making them healthy and functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Frahsa
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Tüebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Tüebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ansgar Thiel
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Tüebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Tüebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Parenting Styles and their Influence on Child's Dental Behavior and Caries Status: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020; 44:8-14. [PMID: 31995424 DOI: 10.17796/1053-4625-44.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the association between parenting styles, child's behavior in dental setting and dental caries status. Study design: Children aged 3-7 years on their first dental visit were included in the study. Their parents were asked to complete Parenting Style Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ) to assess their parenting style. Oral prophylaxis was performed for the children and their behavior was assessed using Frankl behavior rating scale. Their caries status was recorded using DMFT/deft index. Results: Out of 315 parents, 240 parents exhibited authoritative parenting style, 45 exhibited permissive and 30 exhibited authoritarian parenting style. Permissive parenting was associated with four-fold increase in the child's negative dental behavior and authoritarian parenting showed two-fold increase in the negative behavior of children compared to authoritative parenting. Children of both authoritative and authoritarian parents showed less caries status and the permissive parenting depicted threefold increase in the caries status compared to authoritative parenting. Conclusion: Children of both the permissive and authoritarian parents showed more negative dental behavior than children of authoritative parents. Children of permissive parents showed increased caries status compared to the children of authoritative parents.
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Boxberger K, Reimers AK. Parental Correlates of Outdoor Play in Boys and Girls Aged 0 to 12-A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E190. [PMID: 30641874 PMCID: PMC6351982 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Outdoor play is one major source of physical activity (PA) in children. In particular, parents act as gatekeepers, because they can enable their children's outdoor play. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of parental correlates of outdoor play. A systematic literature research of six electronic databases (ERIC, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed/Medline, SCOPUS, and Web of Science Core Collection) was conducted with previously defined search terms, focusing on children 0⁻12 years old. In total, 1719 potentially publications were screened based on eligibility criteria. Included studies were scored for overall study quality. Findings were summarized using a semi-quantitative method. Twenty-one peer-reviewed publications which examined the relationship of parental correlates and outdoor play were included. Overall, five parental correlates were associated with children's amount of outdoor play: mothers' ethnicity, mothers' employment status, parents' education level, the importance parents assign to outdoor play, and perceived social cohesion in the neighborhood. Merely four studies reported sex/gender-stratified results. In summary, only parents' encouragement/support provided evidence for girls' amount of outdoor play. The findings are considered to be of public health relevance for developing intervention programs to increase outdoor play and for improving child's health. More research, especially considering sex/gender of the child, is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Boxberger
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany.
| | - Anne Kerstin Reimers
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany.
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Children's Independent Mobility: Current Knowledge, Future Directions, and Public Health Implications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112441. [PMID: 30388880 PMCID: PMC6267483 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Environmental changes significantly impact health behavior. Active travel behavior is mostly affected by increasing motorization, urban sprawl, and traffic safety. Especially for children, active and independent travel can contribute to physical activity, social and motor development, and other health-related outcomes. A reduced number of children engaging in independent mobility over the last 20 years demanded researchers to further examine the construct of children’s independent mobility. By examining relevant literature, this narrative review aims to provide the current state of knowledge on children’s independent mobility, and identify future directions in research, as well as practical implications. From a public health perspective, considering children’s independent mobility in intervention programs is recommended, since it is associated with numerous health and environmental benefits. To develop interventions, multilevel socio-ecological influences on children’s independent mobility are widely examined; however, evidence is limited due to heterogeneous measurements and a lack of high-quality prospective studies. To oppose the decline in children’s independent mobility, further analysis using comparable measures is needed to understand the determinants of children’s independent mobility and to enable international comparison.
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Laukkanen A, Niemistö D, Finni T, Cantell M, Korhonen E, Sääkslahti A. Correlates of physical activity parenting: The Skilled Kids study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2691-2701. [PMID: 30168210 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined the relationship between physical activity parenting (PAP) and child, family, and environmental factors in families. The participants were 840 families with young children (n = 993; 5.40 ± 1.14 years) and parents (n = 993; 35.8 ± 5.29 years). Parents' self-reported PAP (co-participation, (in)direct support, and encouragement), child-specific (sex, age, temperament, outdoor time, organized physical activity or sports, sedentary time, media time, PA enjoyment, motor skills compared to peers, PA, and sport facility use), family-specific (respondent's sex, age, education, exercise frequency, family income, family status, number of children in the family, child's birth order and partner's PAP, and exercise frequency), and environment-specific (residential density, access to sport and outdoor facilities, type of house, and access to electronic devices) factors were collected. Children's motor skills and anthropometrics were measured. After adjusting for the family cluster effect, child, family, and environmental factors were entered into a linear mixed-effects model, with PAP as the response variable. The final model consisted of statistically significant factors, and parental education, which was forced into the model. Nine child- and family-related factors explained 15% of parenting variance between the children and 52% between the families. Partner's PAP (B = 0.68, P < 0.001) had the strongest association, whereas the child's temperament (B = 0.08, P < 0.001) and birth order (B = -0.10, P < 0.001) had smaller but novel associations with the respondent's PAP. Partner's PAP and a range of child- and family-related factors should be considered when promoting parental support for child PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arto Laukkanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Donna Niemistö
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marja Cantell
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Korhonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Arja Sääkslahti
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Chapman HR, Kirby-Turner N. Psychological Intrusion - An Overlooked Aspect of Dental Fear. Front Psychol 2018; 9:501. [PMID: 29719519 PMCID: PMC5913370 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental fear/anxiety is a widely recognised problem affecting a large proportion of the population. It can result in avoidance and/or difficulty accepting dental care. We believe that psychological intrusion may play a role in the aetiology and maintenance of dental fear for at least some individuals. In this narrative review we will take a developmental perspective in order to understand its impact across the lifespan. We will consider the nature of 'self,' parenting styles, the details of intrusive parenting or parental psychological control, and briefly touch upon child temperament and parental anxiety. Finally, we draw together the supporting (largely unrecognised) evidence available in the dental literature. We illustrate the paper with clinical examples and discuss possibly effective ways of addressing the problem. We conclude that psychological intrusion appears to play an important role in dental fear, for at least some individuals, and we call for detailed research into the extent and exact nature of the problem. A simple means of identifying individuals who are vulnerable to psychological intrusion would be useful for dentists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R. Chapman
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
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Kestler-Peleg M, Lavenda O. Anxiety and defensiveness as predictors of maternal child-centrism. FEMINISM & PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0959353518757255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maternal child-centrism is widely regarded in Western societies as the ideal of being a good mother. However, it has recently been criticized for the toll it takes on mothers. This study examines the widespread maternal practice of child-centrism. It is the first, to our knowledge, to examine predictors of the tendency towards child-centrism. Nowadays, with the social unwritten imperative to prioritize children's needs regardless of maternal standpoint, this study aims to focus and shed light on mothers and to explore which maternal characteristics predict maternal child-centrism. Self-reported questionnaires were completed by 320 Jewish-Israeli mothers, dealing with maternal child-centrism, maternal characteristics (i.e. attachment style, anxiety, defensiveness, and negative and positive affect), and socio-demographic context. The results of the Hierarchical Regression analysis revealed that stress-related maternal characteristics of anxiety and defensiveness predicted maternal child-centrism. These findings may imply that child-centrism serves as a mechanism for overcoming distress faced by mothers struggling with current Western societal norms. Its relationship to the feminist conceptualization of the Myth of Motherhood is discussed.
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Lindsay AC, Wasserman M, Muñoz MA, Wallington SF, Greaney ML. Examining Influences of Parenting Styles and Practices on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors in Latino Children in the United States: Integrative Review. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2018; 4:e14. [PMID: 29382629 PMCID: PMC5811651 DOI: 10.2196/publichealth.8159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research indicates that parents influence their children's physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors (SB) through their parenting styles and practices. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this paper were to evaluate existing research examining the associations between parenting styles, parenting practices, and PA and SB among Latino children aged between 2 and 12 years, highlight limitations of the existing research, and generate suggestions for future research. METHODS The method of this integrative review was informed by methods developed by Whittemore and Knafl, which allow for the inclusion of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods studies. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews Meta-Analyses guidelines, five electronic academic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, and CINAHL) were searched for peer-reviewed, full-text papers published in English. Of the 641 unique citations identified, 67 full-text papers were retrieved, and 16 were selected for review. RESULTS The majority of the 16 reviewed studies were conducted with predominantly Mexican American or Mexican immigrant samples, and only 1 study examined the association between parenting styles and Latino children's PA and SB. Most (n=15) reviewed studies assessed the influence of parenting practices on children's PA and SB, and they provide good evidence that parenting practices such as offering verbal encouragement, prompting the child to be physically active, providing logistic support, engaging and being involved in PA, monitoring, and offering reinforcement and rewards encourage, facilitate, or increase children's PA. The examined studies also provide evidence that parenting practices, such as setting rules and implementing PA restrictions due to safety concerns, weather, and using psychological control discourage, hinder, or decrease children's PA. CONCLUSIONS Because this review found a very small number of studies examining the relationship between parenting styles and Latino children's PA and SB, additional research is needed. Given that the majority of reviewed studies were conducted with predominantly Mexican American or Mexican immigrant samples, additional research examining parenting styles, parenting practices, and PA and SB among multiethnic Latino groups is needed to design interventions tailored to the needs of this ethnically diverse population group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Lindsay
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Minerva Wasserman
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mario A Muñoz
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sherrie F Wallington
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Mary L Greaney
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
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Williams GC, Borghese MM, Janssen I. Objectively measured active transportation to school and other destinations among 10-13 year olds. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018; 15:11. [PMID: 29351802 PMCID: PMC5775558 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Descriptive data on active transportation in children focuses on the trip to school and has relied on subjective reports. The purpose of this study was to use objective measures to describe total active transportation and active transportation to common destinations within children. METHODS This was a descriptive study of 388 children aged 10-13 years from Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Participants wore a Garmin GPS watch during waking hours for seven days. Personal Activity Measurement Location System software used the GPS data to identify trips, time spent in each trip and the trip modality (walking, bicycle or vehicle). Google Maps software was used to identify trip destinations. RESULTS A total of 8875 trips were identified. Most (69%) trips were made by vehicle; 25% were made by walking and 6% by bicycle. Mean time spent in active transportation was 10.3 min/day (95% CI: 7.4, 14.5). Time spent in active transportation was higher for boys (12.1 min/day [95% CI: 8.8, 17.0) than for girls (8.5 min/day [95% CI: 6.1, 12.0]) and increased from 7.7 min/day (95% CI: 5.5, 11.1) at age 10 to 14.3 min/day (95% CI: 10.3, 19.9) at age 13. Time spent in active transportation was lower in the winter by comparison to the other seasons. The four most common active transportation destinations were the participant's home, school, other people's homes, and parks or greenspace with 69%, 39%, 37% and 32% of participants walking or bicycling to these destinations at least once over the 7-day measurement period. CONCLUSION Over 65% of trips made and time spent travelling occurred in a vehicle. When active transportation was used, the most common destinations were home, school, other people's homes, and parks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian C Williams
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Michael M Borghese
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ian Janssen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada. .,School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Noonan RJ, Fairclough SJ, Knowles ZR, Boddy LM. One Size Does Not Fit All: Contextualising Family Physical Activity Using a Write, Draw, Show and Tell Approach. CHILDREN-BASEL 2017; 4:children4070059. [PMID: 28708114 PMCID: PMC5532551 DOI: 10.3390/children4070059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding family physical activity (PA) behaviour is essential for designing effective family-based PA interventions. However, effective approaches to capture the perceptions and "lived experiences" of families are not yet well established. The aims of the study were to: (1) demonstrate how a "write, draw, show and tell" (WDST) methodological approach can be appropriate to family-based PA research, and (2) present two distinct family case studies to provide insights into the habitual PA behaviour and experiences of a nuclear and single-parent family. Six participants (including two "target" children aged 9-11 years, two mothers and two siblings aged 6-8 years) from two families were purposefully selected to take part in the study, based on their family structure. Participants completed a paper-based PA diary and wore an ActiGraph GT9X accelerometer on their left wrist for up to 10 weekdays and 16 weekend days. A range of WDST tasks were then undertaken by each family to offer contextual insight into their family-based PA. The selected families participated in different levels and modes of PA, and reported contrasting leisure opportunities and experiences. These novel findings encourage researchers to tailor family-based PA intervention programmes to the characteristics of the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Noonan
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK.
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2AB, UK.
| | - Stuart J Fairclough
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK.
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Zoe R Knowles
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2AB, UK.
| | - Lynne M Boddy
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2AB, UK.
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Adetunji MC, Atanda OO, Ezekiel CN. Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins in Stored Maize Grains Consumed by Infants and Young Children in Nigeria. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 4:E58. [PMID: 28698507 PMCID: PMC5532550 DOI: 10.3390/children4070058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maize is a major complimentary food for infants (0-4years) and young children (5-12years) in Nigeria. In this study, we assessed the risk of exposure of infants and young children (IYC) to some major mycotoxins in stored maize grains from five agro-ecological zones of Nigeria. The probable daily intake approach was employed to determine exposure to five mycotoxins while the margin of exposure (MOE) and population at risk of primary hepatocellular carcinoma approaches were used to characterize the risk of consuming aflatoxin contaminated maize. Infants and young children in the Derived Savannah zone are more exposed to aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and zearalenone while those in the Northern Guinea Savanna zone are mainly exposed to deoxynivalenol and fumonisins. The mean national MOE for infants and children were 0.12 and 0.3 respectively while the risk of developing primary liver cancer was estimated at 152.7 and 61.1 cancer/year/100,000 population of infants and children, respectively. Infants and young children consuming mycotoxin contaminated maize in Nigeria are therefore vulnerable to the adverse health effects. Mycotoxin contamination of maize is still a challenge in Nigeria; mitigation efforts should target the value chain and stricter tolerable limits should be enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modupeade C Adetunji
- Department of Biological Sciences, McPherson University, Seriki Sotayo, 110117, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Olusegun O Atanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, McPherson University, Seriki Sotayo, 110117, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria.
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van der Horst K, Sleddens EFC. Parenting styles, feeding styles and food-related parenting practices in relation to toddlers' eating styles: A cluster-analytic approach. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178149. [PMID: 28542555 PMCID: PMC5443548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Toddlers’ eating behaviors are influenced by the way parents interact with their children. The objective of this study was to explore how five major constructs of general parenting behavior cluster in parents of toddlers. These parenting clusters were further explored to see how they differed in the use of feeding strategies (i.e. feeding styles and food parenting practices) and by reported child eating styles. Methods An online survey with 1005 mothers/caregivers (legal guardians) with at least one child between 12 and 36 months old was conducted in the United States in 2012, assessing general parenting behavior, feeding style, food parenting practices and the child eating styles. Results A three cluster solution of parenting style was found and clusters were labelled as overprotective/supervising, authoritarian, and authoritative. The clusters differed in terms of general parenting behaviors. Both overprotective and authoritative clusters showed high scores on structure, behavioral control, and nurturance. The overprotective cluster scored high on overprotection. The ‘authoritarian’ cluster showed lowest levels of nurturance, structure and behavioral control. Overprotective and authoritative parents showed very similar patterns in the use of food parenting practices, e.g. monitoring food intake, modeling, and promoting healthy food intake and availability at home. Overprotective parents also reported higher use of pressure to eat and involvement. Authoritarian parents reported high use of giving the child control over their food behaviors, emotion regulation, using food as a reward, and controlling food intake for weight control. Children’s eating styles did not largely vary by parenting cluster. Conclusion This study showed that a relatively new parenting style of overprotection is relevant for children’s eating behaviors. Overprotective parents reported food parenting practices that are known to be beneficial for children’s food intake, such as modelling healthy food intake, as well as more unfavorable practices such as pressure. Longitudinal data on parenting practices and their relation to healthy eating in children is needed to inform communication and interventions for parents, reinforcing key feeding strategies which have positive effects on child eating behaviors and addressing parenting styles that have unintended negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klazine van der Horst
- Nestlé Research Center, Institute of Nutritional Science, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Ester F. C. Sleddens
- Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Tremblay MS, Gray C, Babcock S, Barnes J, Costas Bradstreet C, Carr D, Chabot G, Choquette L, Chorney D, Collyer C, Herrington S, Janson K, Janssen I, Larouche R, Pickett W, Power M, Sandseter EBH, Simon B, Brussoni M. Position Statement on Active Outdoor Play. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:6475-505. [PMID: 26062040 PMCID: PMC4483712 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120606475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A diverse, cross-sectorial group of partners, stakeholders and researchers, collaborated to develop an evidence-informed Position Statement on active outdoor play for children aged 3–12 years. The Position Statement was created in response to practitioner, academic, legal, insurance and public debate, dialogue and disagreement on the relative benefits and harms of active (including risky) outdoor play. The Position Statement development process was informed by two systematic reviews, a critical appraisal of the current literature and existing position statements, engagement of research experts (N = 9) and cross-sectorial individuals/organizations (N = 17), and an extensive stakeholder consultation process (N = 1908). More than 95% of the stakeholders consulted strongly agreed or somewhat agreed with the Position Statement; 14/17 participating individuals/organizations endorsed it; and over 1000 additional individuals and organizations requested their name be listed as a supporter. The final Position Statement on Active Outdoor Play states: “Access to active play in nature and outdoors—with its risks— is essential for healthy child development. We recommend increasing children’s opportunities for self-directed play outdoors in all settings—at home, at school, in child care, the community and nature.” The full Position Statement provides context for the statement, evidence supporting it, and a series of recommendations to increase active outdoor play opportunities to promote healthy child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1, Canada; E-Mails: casgray@cheo,on.ca (C.G.); (J.B.); (R.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Private, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 1A2, Canada
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-613-737-7600; Fax: +1-613-738-4800
| | - Casey Gray
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1, Canada; E-Mails: casgray@cheo,on.ca (C.G.); (J.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Shawna Babcock
- KidActive, 559A, Burtron Lane, Combermere, Ontario, K0J 1L0, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Joel Barnes
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1, Canada; E-Mails: casgray@cheo,on.ca (C.G.); (J.B.); (R.L.)
| | | | - Dawn Carr
- Canadian Parks Council, 455 Hunter Street West, Peterborough, Ontario, K9H 2M7, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Guylaine Chabot
- Evaluation Platform on Obesity Prevention, Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G5, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Louise Choquette
- Best Start Resource Centre—Health Nexus, 180 Dundas Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1Z8, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - David Chorney
- PHE Canada, 301-2197 Riverside Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 7X3, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Cam Collyer
- Evergreen, 550 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4W 3X8, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Susan Herrington
- School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, University of British Columbia, 379-2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, B6T 1Z4, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Katherine Janson
- ParticipACTION, 77 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1M2, Canada; E-Mails: (C.C.B.); (K.J.)
| | - Ian Janssen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 2P5, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Richard Larouche
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1, Canada; E-Mails: casgray@cheo,on.ca (C.G.); (J.B.); (R.L.)
| | - William Pickett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Carruthers Hall, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 2P5, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Marlene Power
- Forest School Canada, Child and Nature Alliance of Canada, 411 Corkstown Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K2K 2Y1, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Ellen Beate Hansen Sandseter
- Department of Physical Education and Health, College of Early Childhood Education, Queen Maud University, Thrond Nergaardsvei 7, NO-7044 Trondheim, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Brenda Simon
- PLAYbynature, 226 Albany Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5R 3C6, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Mariana Brussoni
- British Columbia Injury Research & Prevention Unit, Department of Pediatrics, School of Population & Public Health, Child & Family Research Institute, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, , F511-4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3V4, Canada; E-Mail:
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