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Clain JA, Rabezanahary H, Racine G, Boutrais S, Soundaramourty C, Joly Beauparlant C, Jenabian MA, Droit A, Ancuta P, Zghidi-Abouzid O, Estaquier J. Early ART reduces viral seeding and innate immunity in liver and lungs of SIV-infected macaques. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e167856. [PMID: 37485876 PMCID: PMC10443800 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying immune cells and anatomical tissues that contribute to the establishment of viral reservoirs is of central importance in HIV-1 cure research. Herein, we used rhesus macaques (RMs) infected with SIVmac251 to analyze viral seeding in the liver and lungs of either untreated or early antiretroviral therapy-treated (ART-treated) RMs. Consistent with viral replication and sensing, transcriptomic analyses showed higher levels of inflammation, pyroptosis, and chemokine genes as well as of interferon-stimulating gene (ISG) transcripts, in the absence of ART. Our results highlighted the infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages (HLA-DR+CD11b+CD14+CD16+) in inflamed liver and lung tissues associated with the expression of CD183 and CX3CR1 but also with markers of tissue-resident macrophages (CD206+ and LYVE+). Sorting of myeloid cell subsets demonstrated that CD14+CD206-, CD14+CD206+, and CD14-CD206+ cell populations were infected, in the liver and lungs, in SIVmac251-infected RMs. Of importance, early ART drastically reduced viral seeding consistent with the absence of ISG detection but also of genes related to inflammation and tissue damage. Viral DNA was only detected in CD206+HLA-DR+CD11b+ cells in ART-treated RMs. The observation of pulmonary and hepatic viral rebound after ART interruption reinforces the importance of early ART implementation to limit viral seeding and inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien A. Clain
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Gina Racine
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steven Boutrais
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- INSERM U1124, University of Paris, Paris, France
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Ganatra SR, Bucşan AN, Alvarez X, Kumar S, Chatterjee A, Quezada M, Fish A, Singh DK, Singh B, Sharan R, Lee TH, Shanmugasundaram U, Velu V, Khader SA, Mehra S, Rengarajan J, Kaushal D. Antiretroviral therapy does not reduce tuberculosis reactivation in a tuberculosis-HIV coinfection model. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:5171-5179. [PMID: 32544085 PMCID: PMC7524506 DOI: 10.1172/jci136502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly improved survival, tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death in the HIV-infected population. We used Mycobacterium tuberculosis/simian immunodeficiency virus-coinfected (M. tuberculosis/SIV-coinfected) macaques to model M. tuberculosis/HIV coinfection and study the impact of ART on TB reactivation due to HIV infection. Although ART significantly reduced viral loads and increased CD4+ T cell counts in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples, it did not reduce the relative risk of SIV-induced TB reactivation in ART-treated macaques in the early phase of treatment. CD4+ T cells were poorly restored specifically in the lung interstitium, despite their significant restoration in the alveolar compartment of the lung as well as in the periphery. IDO1 induction in myeloid cells in the inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) likely contributed to dysregulated T cell homing and impaired lung immunity. Thus, although ART was indispensable for controlling viral replication, restoring CD4+ T cells, and preventing opportunistic infection, it appeared inadequate in reversing the clinical signs of TB reactivation during the relatively short duration of ART administered in this study. This finding warrants the modeling of concurrent treatment of TB and HIV to potentially reduce the risk of reactivation of TB due to HIV to inform treatment strategies in patients with M. tuberculosis/HIV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank R. Ganatra
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Allison N. Bucşan
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shyamesh Kumar
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ayan Chatterjee
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Melanie Quezada
- Emory Vaccine Center and
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Abigail Fish
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Dhiraj K. Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Bindu Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Riti Sharan
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Tae-Hyung Lee
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Uma Shanmugasundaram
- Emory Vaccine Center and
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Emory Vaccine Center and
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Emory Vaccine Center and
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Bissel SJ, Gurnsey K, Jedema HP, Smith NF, Wang G, Bradberry CW, Wiley CA. Aged Chinese-origin rhesus macaques infected with SIV develop marked viremia in absence of clinical disease, inflammation or cognitive impairment. Retrovirology 2018; 15:17. [PMID: 29391069 PMCID: PMC5796498 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damage to the central nervous system during HIV infection can lead to variable neurobehavioral dysfunction termed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). There is no clear consensus regarding the neuropathological or cellular basis of HAND. We sought to study the potential contribution of aging to the pathogenesis of HAND. Aged (range = 14.7-24.8 year) rhesus macaques of Chinese origin (RM-Ch) (n = 23) were trained to perform cognitive tasks. Macaques were then divided into four groups to assess the impact of SIVmac251 infection (n = 12) and combined antiretroviral therapy (CART) (5 infected; 5 mock-infected) on the execution of these tasks. RESULTS Aged SIV-infected RM-Ch demonstrated significant plasma viremia and modest CSF viral loads but showed few clinical signs, no elevations of systemic temperature, and no changes in activity levels, platelet counts or weight. Concentrations of biomarkers of acute and chronic inflammation such as soluble CD14, CXCL10, IL-6 and TNF-α are known to be elevated following SIV infection of young adult macaques of several species, but concentrations of these biomarkers did not shift after SIV infection in aged RM-Ch and remained similar to mock-infected macaques. Neither acute nor chronic SIV infection or CART had a significant impact on accuracy, speed or percent completion in a sensorimotor test. CONCLUSIONS Viremia in the absence of a chronic elevated inflammatory response seen in some aged RM-Ch is reminiscent of SIV infection in natural disease resistant hosts. The absence of cognitive impairment during SIV infection in aged RM-Ch might be in part attributed to diminishment of some facets of the immunological response. Additional study encompassing species and age differences is necessary to substantiate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Bissel
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Kate Gurnsey
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Hank P. Jedema
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
- Present Address: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Nicholas F. Smith
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Guoji Wang
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Charles W. Bradberry
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 4100 Allequippa Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- Present Address: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Clayton A. Wiley
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
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Li Y, Kang G, Duan L, Lu W, Katze MG, Lewis MG, Haase AT, Li Q. SIV Infection of Lung Macrophages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125500. [PMID: 25933119 PMCID: PMC4416753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 depletes CD4+ T cells in the blood, lymphatic tissues, gut and lungs. Here we investigated the relationship between depletion and infection of CD4+ T cells in the lung parenchyma. The lungs of 38 Indian rhesus macaques in early to later stages of SIVmac251 infection were examined, and the numbers of CD4+ T cells and macrophages plus the frequency of SIV RNA+ cells were quantified. We showed that SIV infected macrophages in the lung parenchyma, but only in small numbers except in the setting of interstitial inflammation where large numbers of SIV RNA+ macrophages were detected. However, even in this setting, the number of macrophages was not decreased. By contrast, there were few infected CD4+ T cells in lung parenchyma, but CD4+ T cells were nonetheless depleted by unknown mechanisms. The CD4+ T cells in lung parenchyma were depleted even though they were not productively infected, whereas SIV can infect large numbers of macrophages in the setting of interstitial inflammation without depleting them. These observations point to the need for future investigations into mechanisms of CD4+ T cell depletion at this mucosal site, and into mechanisms by which macrophage populations are maintained despite high levels of infection. The large numbers of SIV RNA+ macrophages in lungs in the setting of interstitial inflammation indicates that lung macrophages can be an important source for SIV persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guobin Kang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Lijie Duan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Wuxun Lu
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Katze
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mark G. Lewis
- BIOQUAL, Inc., 9600 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ashley T. Haase
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Molina PE, Bagby GJ, Nelson S. Biomedical consequences of alcohol use disorders in the HIV-infected host. Curr HIV Res 2014; 12:265-75. [PMID: 25053365 PMCID: PMC4222574 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x12666140721121849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is the most common and costly form of drug abuse in the United States. It is well known that alcohol abuse contributes to risky behaviors associated with greater incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. As HIV has become a more chronic disease since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, it is expected that alcohol use disorders will have an adverse effect on the health of HIV-infected patients. The biomedical consequences of acute and chronic alcohol abuse are multisystemic. Based on what is currently known of the comorbid and pathophysiological conditions resulting from HIV infection in people with alcohol use disorders, chronic alcohol abuse appears to alter the virus infectivity, the immune response of the host, and the progression of disease and tissue injury, with specific impact on disease progression. The combined insult of alcohol abuse and HIV affects organ systems, including the central nervous system, the immune system, the liver, heart, and lungs, and the musculoskeletal system. Here we outline the major pathological consequences of alcohol abuse in the HIV-infected individual, emphasizing its impact on immunomodulation, erosion of lean body mass associated with AIDS wasting, and lipodystrophy. We conclude that interventions focused on reducing or avoiding alcohol abuse are likely to be important in decreasing morbidity and improving outcomes in people living with HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve Nelson
- LSUHSC Physiology, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Qin S, Fallert Junecko BA, Trichel AM, Tarwater PM, Murphey-Corb MA, Kirschner DE, Reinhart TA. Simian immunodeficiency virus infection alters chemokine networks in lung tissues of cynomolgus macaques: association with Pneumocystis carinii infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:1274-85. [PMID: 20671263 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Infection by HIV-1 frequently leads to pulmonary complications, including alterations to local immune environments. To better understand these alterations, we have examined in detail the patterns and levels of expression of chemokine, cytokine, and chemokine receptor mRNAs in lung tissues from 16 uninfected or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/DeltaB670 infected cynomolgus macaques at different stages of infection. Among the most up-regulated immune genes were interferon (IFN)-gamma, IFN-gamma-inducible CXCR3 ligands, and CCR5 ligands, as well as the cognate chemokine receptors. These changes were greatest in animals with clear Pneumocystis carinii coinfection. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed monocytes/macrophages to be the predominant type of cell infiltrating into lung tissues and serving as the major cellular source of chemokines. To explore the causes of chemokine alterations, we treated macaque lung cells with IFN-gamma, lipopolysaccharide, Poly(I:C), and P. carinii in vitro, and results revealed that these stimuli can induce the expression of CXCR3 ligand and/or CCR5 ligand mRNAs. Taken together, these studies provide a comprehensive definition of the chemokine networks available to modulate cellular recruitment to lung tissues during SIV infection and implicate both cytokines (IFN-gamma) and pathogens (SIV and P. carinii) as contributors to increased expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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7
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Viral sanctuaries during highly active antiretroviral therapy in a nonhuman primate model for AIDS. J Virol 2009; 84:2913-22. [PMID: 20032180 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02356-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) enables long-term suppression of plasma HIV-1 loads in infected persons, but low-level virus persists and rebounds following cessation of therapy. During HAART, this virus resides in latently infected cells, such as resting CD4(+) T cells, and in other cell types that may support residual virus replication. Therapeutic eradication will require elimination of virus from all reservoirs. We report here a comprehensive analysis of these reservoirs in fluids, cells, and tissues in a rhesus macaque model that mimics HAART in HIV-infected humans. This nonhuman primate model uses RT-SHIV, a chimera of simian immunodeficiency virus containing the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Methods were developed for extraction, preamplification, and real-time PCR analyses of viral DNA (vDNA) and viral RNA (vRNA) in tissues from RT-SHIV-infected macaques. These methods were used to identify viral reservoirs in RT-SHIV-infected macaques treated with a potent HAART regimen consisting of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir. Plasma virus loads at necropsy ranged from 11 to 28 copies of vRNA per ml. Viral RNA and DNA were detected during HAART, in tissues from numerous anatomical locations. Additional analysis provided evidence for full-length viral RNA in tissues of animals with virus suppressed by HAART. The highest levels of vDNA and vRNA in HAART-treated macaques were in lymphoid tissues, particularly the spleen, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract tissues. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of the tissue and organ distribution of a primate AIDS virus during HAART. These data demonstrate widespread persistence of residual virus in tissues during HAART.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To report the results of one 60 degrees conjunctival limbal autograft (CLAU) combined with amniotic membrane (AM) transplantation for an eye with total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). METHODS One eye of a patient with chronic total LSCD and symblepharon caused by chemical burn was subjected to symblepharon lysis, removal of pannus from corneal surface, AM transplantation to cover the conjunctival and corneal surfaces as a permanent graft, one 60 degrees CLAU to the superior limbal area, and insertion of ProKera as a temporary AM patch to cover the CLAU. RESULTS After surgery, corneal epithelialization over the AM was evident adjacent to the CLAU on day 6, progressed to pass the horizontal midline by day 11, and was completed by day 18. During a follow-up of 1 year, the corneal surface remained stable and smooth, and the stroma considerably regained clarity with regression of midstromal vascularization. The best-corrected visual acuity improved from 20/400 to 20/50. The conjunctival inflammation completely resolved, and the fornices were deep. CONCLUSIONS One 60 degrees CLAU combined with AM transplantation as both a permanent graft and a temporary patch can restore the entire corneal surface in an eye with total LSCD caused by chemical burn.
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Dhillon NK, Sui Y, Pinson D, Li S, Dhillon S, Tawfik O, Callen S, Nemon O, Narayan O, Buch S. Upregulation of expression of platelet-derived growth factor and its receptor in pneumonia associated with SHIV-infected macaques. AIDS 2007; 21:307-16. [PMID: 17255737 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328012c35a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-associated pulmonary disorders are the most frequent cause of AIDS-related deaths. Rhesus macaques infected with SIV-HIV (SHIV) recapitulate the human HIV-1 lung disease and provide an excellent working model to study the pathogenesis of the human syndrome. Lungs of macaques with SHIV-associated pneumonia have pathology involving macrophage and T cell infiltration that is often accompanied with concurrent opportunistic infections. OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between SHIV-associated respiratory disease and the expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B chain (PDGF-B) and its cognate receptors, PDGF-Ralpha and PDGF-Rbeta, which have been implicated in chronic inflammatory processes. METHODS Lung tissues from 10 SHIV-infected rhesus macaques were evaluated for pathological changes and correlation of these lesions with PDGF-B/PDGF-R expression by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Virus-associated pneumonia was associated with virus replication in macrophages in the lungs, enhanced recruitment of macrophages and mononuclear cells into the organ, and, occasionally, fibrosis. These changes were accompanied by upregulation of PDGF-B and its cognate receptors in the diseased tissue. Confocal microscopy identified SHIV-infected macrophages as one of the major cell types expressing PDGF-B and PDGF-Ralpha/beta in the affected lungs. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PDGF and its cognate receptors play a critical role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary disease associated with this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet K Dhillon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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10
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Schaefer TM, Fuller CL, Basu S, Fallert BA, Poveda SL, Sanghavi SK, Choi YK, Kirschner DE, Feingold E, Reinhart TA. Increased expression of interferon-inducible genes in macaque lung tissues during simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1839-50. [PMID: 16822691 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary infections and dysfunction are frequent outcomes during the development of immunodeficiency associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, and obtaining a better understanding of the immunologic changes that occur in lungs following HIV-1 infection will provide a foundation for the development of further intervention strategies. We sought here to identify changes in the pulmonary immune environment that arise during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus macaques, which serves as an excellent model system for HIV-1 infection and disease. To examine the gene expression profiles of macaque lung tissues following infection with the pathogenic SIV/DeltaB670 isolate, we performed cDNA microarray hybridizations with lung total RNAs using two commercially available cDNA arrays and a custom-fabricated, immunologically focused macaque cDNA microarray. In situ hybridization and real-time RT-PCR were performed to provide additional analyses of gene expression. Among the genes exhibiting the highest level of induction in lung tissues were the IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines, CXCL10/IP-10 and CXCL9/Mig. In situ hybridization and real-time RT-PCR strongly supported these findings. Correlation analyses revealed that the levels of expression of IFN-gamma, CXCL9/Mig, and CXCL10/IP-10 mRNAs were all strongly positively correlated, and that CXCL10/IP-10 mRNA and Pneumocystis carinii rRNA were positively correlated. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that inflammatory chemokines are among the most differentially expressed mRNAs in macaque lung tissues during systemic SIV infection of rhesus macaques, and provide insight into the complicated events occurring in the lung tissues during HIV-1 infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Schaefer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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11
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Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that substantial levels of HIV-1 replication occur in vivo in what appear to be ‘resting’ CD4+ T lymphocytes. This contrasts with numerous studies in vitro, in which resting T cells are not permissive for productive infection as a result of a number of barriers to infection, particularly during the early stages of the viral life cycle. The barriers in vitro are likely to be the result of limiting levels of cellular cofactors that mediate viral replication, and these cofactors are apparently present at adequate levels in resting cells in vivo. Although a number of HIV-1 cofactors are now known, it is important to identify additional cofactors and to characterize the expression pattern and mechanisms that regulate cofactor function in infected CD4+ T lymphocytes in vivo. It may ultimately become possible to manipulate the expression levels of essential HIV-1 cofactors in vivo and thereby recapitulate for therapeutic benefit the barriers to infection that exist in resting T cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Rice
- Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, TX, USA
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, TX, USA
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12
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Sanghavi SK, Reinhart TA. Increased expression of TLR3 in lymph nodes during simian immunodeficiency virus infection: implications for inflammation and immunodeficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5314-23. [PMID: 16210637 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As pattern recognition receptors, TLRs signal and induce expression of multiple host defense genes including proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. To investigate the mechanisms of up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines during SIV infection in rhesus macaques, we measured the relative levels of expression of TLRs 1-10 in lymphoid tissues during different stages of SIV infection. By real-time RT-PCR, TLR3 was determined to be up-regulated in macaque lymph nodes (LN) throughout the course of infection, whereas TLR9 was down-regulated during early stages of infection. CXCL9/Mig, CXCL10/IP-10, IFN-gamma, and IFN-alpha mRNAs were also increased during acute SIV infection and AIDS. Treatment of macaque spleen and LN cells with TLR3 and TLR9 ligands led to the induction of these same genes. TLR3 stimulation had disparate effects on viral transcription and viral replication, because poly(I:C), a model TLR3 ligand, stimulated the viral promoter but potently inhibited SIV replication in primary cultures of macaque spleen and LN cells. These findings identify roles for TLR3 inflammation in lymphoid tissues and in the immunopathogenesis of HIV-1/SIV, and suggest that TLR3 ligands could potentially be used to flush out latently infected cells that persist during antiretroviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali K Sanghavi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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13
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Nti BK, Slingluff JL, Keller CC, Hittner JB, Ong'echa JM, Murphey-Corb M, Perkins DJ. Stage-specific effects of Plasmodium falciparum-derived hemozoin on blood mononuclear cell TNF-alpha regulation and viral replication. AIDS 2005; 19:1771-80. [PMID: 16227784 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000189862.44311.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular immunological interactions between HIV and malaria are largely undefined. Since tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is elevated during acute malaria and increases with HIV-1 disease progression, TNF-alpha production may be an important mediator for interactions between malaria and HIV-1. METHODS To examine the stage-specific immunological interactions between HIV and malaria, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and CD14 cells were isolated and cultured from rhesus macaques at different stages of SIV infection. Cultures were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-gamma in the presence of Plasmodium falciparum-derived hemozoin (Hz) or synthetic Hz (sHz). TNF-alpha transcripts and soluble protein were examined by real time reverse transcription-PCR and ELISA, respectively. The effects of Hz on viral replication were determined by measurement of p27 antigen with varying concentrations of TNF-alpha neutralizing antibodies. RESULTS Hz and sHz significantly increased LPS- and IFN-gamma-induced TNF-alpha protein and transcripts in PBMC from animals with late stage SIV infection (i.e., AIDS). Hz and sHz also induced high levels of sustained TNF-alpha transcripts in PBMC from the AIDS group. During the late stage of disease, CD14 cells were the primary source of TNF-alpha production. Stimulation of PBMC with Hz and sHz significantly increased viral replication that was dose-dependently reduced by the addition of TNF-alpha neutralizing antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Hz promotes high levels of TNF-alpha production from PBMC during AIDS and increases viral replication in SIV-infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Nti
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Sui Y, Li S, Pinson D, Adany I, Li Z, Villinger F, Narayan O, Buch S. Simian human immunodeficiency virus-associated pneumonia correlates with increased expression of MCP-1, CXCL10, and viral RNA in the lungs of rhesus macaques. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:355-65. [PMID: 15681820 PMCID: PMC1602335 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary disorders are the most frequent cause of death in HIV-1-infected individuals with AIDS and remain important even in the current era of potent antiretroviral therapy. Macaques infected with Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) develop pulmonary disease and concurrent opportunistic infections similar to those observed in HIV-infected individuals, thereby providing an excellent working model to elucidate the pathogenesis of the human lung disease. Since chemokines play a crucial role in the recruitment of inflammatory cells to tissues, we investigated the relationship between respiratory disease and the levels of chemokines, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and CXCL10, in the lungs of SHIV-infected rhesus macaques. We found that lung pathology in infected macaques was closely associated with overexpression of MCP-1 and CXCL10. In addition, these chemokines could, in part, be responsible for the recruitment of inflammatory cells infiltrating into the diseased lungs as demonstrated by chemotactic assays. Lung pathology and increased levels of MCP-1 and CXCL10 correlated with high viral loads in the lung parenchyma. Using confocal microscopy, we identified SHIV-infected macrophages as the major producers of MCP-1 and CXCL10 in the diseased lungs. These data suggest that chemokine overexpression plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SHIV-associated pulmonary disease in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sui
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Marion Merrell Dow Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, 5000 Wahl Hall East, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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15
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Akasaki K, Nakamura N, Tsukui N, Yokota S, Murata SI, Katoh R, Michihara A, Tsuji H, Marques ETA, August JT. Human dendritic cell lysosome-associated membrane protein expressed in lung type II pneumocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 425:147-57. [PMID: 15111122 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 02/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human dendritic cell LAMP (hDC-LAMP) is a unique member of the lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP) family with a tissue distribution initially described as restricted to major histocompatibility class II (MHC II) compartments of activated DC before the translocation of MHC II to the cell surface [Immunity 9 (1998) 325]. In this report, we show that hDC-LAMP is also expressed by lung type II pneumocytes, another cell type with constitutive expression of MHC II. A recombinant hDC-LAMP protein and a monospecific anti-hDC-LAMP polyclonal antibody were prepared. The antibody reacted specifically with hDC-LAMP sequences of hDC-LAMP protein expressed in transfected cells and with a 54 kDa protein of normal human lung tissue with properties corresponding to those of transgene expressed hDC-LAMP. Immunohistochemical analysis of hDC-LAMP in human lung showed its presence in alveolar type II epithelial cells (type II pneumocytes) as well as in cells in the interfollicular area of bronchus-associated lymph nodes, where interdigitating DCs are concentrated, and with lesser staining of alveolar macrophages. The native protein contained approximately 16% carbohydrates, most of which are sialyl N-linked oligosaccharides, with an acidic isoelectric point (pI 4.8). The restricted localization of this protein to lung type II pneumocytes and DCs is in contrast to hLAMP-1, which was present in many cell types of the lung and lymph node. Type II pneumocytes are known to express MHC II and the abundant expression of hDC-LAMP in these cells as well as in DCs suggests its possible relationship to specific MHC II related function(s) of DC and type II pneumocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Akasaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan
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16
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Salaun B, de Saint-Vis B, Pacheco N, Pacheco Y, Riesler A, Isaac S, Leroux C, Clair-Moninot V, Pin JJ, Griffith J, Treilleux I, Goddard S, Davoust J, Kleijmeer M, Lebecque S. CD208/dendritic cell-lysosomal associated membrane protein is a marker of normal and transformed type II pneumocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:861-71. [PMID: 14982840 PMCID: PMC1613301 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2003] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell-lysosomal associated membrane protein (DC-LAMP)/CD208, a member of the lysosomal associated membrane protein (LAMP) family, is specifically expressed by human DCs on activation. However, its mouse counterpart could not be detected in mature DCs. The present study demonstrates that DC-LAMP is constitutively expressed by mouse, sheep, and human type II pneumocytes. Confocal and immunoelectron microscopy showed that mouse DC-LAMP protein co-localizes with lbm180, a specific marker for the limiting membrane of lamellar bodies that contain surfactant protein B, as well as with intracellular MHC class II molecules that accumulate in the same organelles. Expression of DC-LAMP was also occasionally detected at the cell surface of type II pneumocytes. Interestingly, human bronchioloalveolar carcinoma tumor cells, which correspond to transformed type II pneumocytes, express DC-LAMP. Similar observations were made in the Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus-associated ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, a model of human bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. This study establishes that DC-LAMP is constitutively expressed in normal type II pneumocytes. Furthermore, DC-LAMP appears to be a marker of transformed type II pneumocytes as well, an observation that may help the study and the classification of human lung adenocarcinomas.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar/pathology
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/ultrastructure
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/ultrastructure
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lung/cytology
- Lung/ultrastructure
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Salaun
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering Plough Research Institute, Dardilly, France
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17
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Choi YK, Whelton KM, Mlechick B, Murphey-Corb MA, Reinhart TA. Productive infection of dendritic cells by simian immunodeficiency virus in macaque intestinal tissues. J Pathol 2004; 201:616-28. [PMID: 14648666 DOI: 10.1002/path.1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that likely play multiple roles in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) pathogenesis. This paper describes the effects of pathogenic SIV infection on the networks of DCs in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) intestinal tissues. Intestinal tissues were obtained from macaques at different stages of disease following infection with the pathogenic SIV/DeltaB670 isolate. The patterns and levels of expression of SIV and DC-associated mRNAs were examined and quantitated directly in intestinal tissue sections. In situ hybridization was performed for SIV, DC-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), DC-specific lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein (DC-LAMP), DC-specific C-type lectin 1 (DECTIN-1), CC chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6), CCR7, and macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha (MIP-3alpha/CCL20) mRNAs and quantitative image analysis was performed to measure mRNA expression levels. To identify the cell types productively infected by SIV, simultaneous in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining were performed. The DC networks in macaque intestinal tissues were found to be extensive and although they generally remained intact during the course of SIV infection, there were alterations in the expression of markers for immature DCs. One alteration was an increase in the expression in intestinal submucosa of DC-SIGN, a molecule that binds to HIV-1/SIV and increases its infectivity. Concomitant with this increase, it was found that during AIDS, the population of productively infected cells included DCs, based on co-expression of DC-SIGN and DECTIN-1 mRNAs. These data indicate that SIV infection affects subpopulations of macaque intestinal DCs, including productive infection of DC-SIGN+ DCs, the consequences of which are likely to be ongoing viral propagation and decreased immunostimulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Kyu Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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18
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Choi YK, Fallert BA, Murphey-Corb MA, Reinhart TA. Simian immunodeficiency virus dramatically alters expression of homeostatic chemokines and dendritic cell markers during infection in vivo. Blood 2003; 101:1684-91. [PMID: 12406887 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-08-2653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that likely play multiple roles in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis. We used the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/macaque model to study the effects of infection on homeostatic chemokine expression and DC localization directly in secondary lymphoid tissues. SIV infection altered the expression of chemokines (CCL19/MIP-3beta, CCL21/ 6Ckine, and CCL20/MIP-3alpha) and of chemokine receptors (CCR7 and CCR6) that drive DC trafficking. CCL19/MIP-3beta, CCL20/MIP-3alpha, CCR6, and CCR7 expression increased in lymph nodes during the early systemic burst of viral replication (acute infection), whereas CCL21/6Ckine expression progressively decreased throughout disease to AIDS. Parallel with the SIV-induced perturbations in chemokine expression were changes in the expression of the DC-associated markers, DC-SIGN, DC-LAMP, and DECTIN-1. During AIDS, DC-LAMP mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced in lymph nodes and spleen, and DC-SIGN levels were significantly reduced in spleen. These findings suggest that the disruption of homeostatic chemokine expression is responsible, in part, for alterations in the networks of antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues, ultimately contributing to systemic immunodeficiency.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Chemokine CCL19
- Chemokine CCL20
- Chemokine CCL21
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Disease Progression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Homeostasis
- Lectins, C-Type/biosynthesis
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins
- Macaca mulatta
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/biosynthesis
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Receptors, CCR6
- Receptors, CCR7
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/metabolism
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/physiology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/pathology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Kyu Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology and the Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh, PA
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