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Hossain MA. Targeting the RAS upstream and downstream signaling pathway for Cancer treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2024:176727. [PMID: 38866361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Cancer often involves the overactivation of RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) and PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathways due to mutations in genes like RAS, RAF, PTEN, and PIK3CA. Various strategies are employed to address the overactivation of these pathways, among which targeted therapy emerges as a promising approach. Directly targeting specific proteins, leads to encouraging results in cancer treatment. For instance, RTK inhibitors such as imatinib and afatinib selectively target these receptors, hindering ligand binding and reducing signaling initiation. These inhibitors have shown potent efficacy against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Other inhibitors, like lonafarnib targeting Farnesyltransferase and GGTI 2418 targeting geranylgeranyl Transferase, disrupt post-translational modifications of proteins. Additionally, inhibition of proteins like SOS, SH2 domain, and Ras demonstrate promising anti-tumor activity both in vivo and in vitro. Targeting downstream components with RAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib, dabrafenib, and sorafenib, along with MEK inhibitors like trametinib and binimetinib, has shown promising outcomes in treating cancers with BRAF-V600E mutations, including myeloma, colorectal, and thyroid cancers. Furthermore, inhibitors of PI3K (e.g., apitolisib, copanlisib), AKT (e.g., ipatasertib, perifosine), and mTOR (e.g., sirolimus, temsirolimus) exhibit promising efficacy against various cancers such as Invasive Breast Cancer, Lymphoma, Neoplasms, and hematological malignancies. This review offers an overview of small molecule inhibitors targeting specific proteins within the RAS upstream and downstream signaling pathways in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Arafat Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh;.
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2
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Saad MI, Jenkins BJ. The protease ADAM17 at the crossroads of disease: revisiting its significance in inflammation, cancer, and beyond. FEBS J 2024; 291:10-24. [PMID: 37540030 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The protease A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) plays a central role in the pathophysiology of several diseases. ADAM17 is involved in the cleavage and shedding of at least 80 known membrane-tethered proteins, which subsequently modulate several intracellular signaling pathways, and therefore alter cell behavior. Dysregulated expression and/or activation of ADAM17 has been linked to a wide range of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge from preclinical models and clinical data on the diverse pathophysiological roles of ADAM17, and discuss the mechanisms underlying ADAM17-mediated protein shedding and the potential therapeutic implications of targeting ADAM17 in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Saad
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic., Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Brendan J Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic., Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
- South Australian immunoGENomics Cancer Institute (SAiGENCI), University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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3
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Rabinowitsch AI, Maretzky T, Weskamp G, Haxaire C, Tueshaus J, Lichtenthaler SF, Monette S, Blobel CP. Analysis of the function of ADAM17 in iRhom2 curly-bare and tylosis with esophageal cancer mutant mice. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260910. [PMID: 37282854 PMCID: PMC10357010 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tylosis with oesophageal cancer (TOC) is a rare familial disorder caused by cytoplasmic mutations in inactive rhomboid 2 (iRhom2 or iR2, encoded by Rhbdf2). iR2 and the related iRhom1 (or iR1, encoded by Rhbdf1) are key regulators of the membrane-anchored metalloprotease ADAM17, which is required for activating EGFR ligands and for releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα (or TNF). A cytoplasmic deletion in iR2, including the TOC site, leads to curly coat or bare skin (cub) in mice, whereas a knock-in TOC mutation (toc) causes less severe alopecia and wavy fur. The abnormal skin and hair phenotypes of iR2cub/cub and iR2toc/toc mice depend on amphiregulin (Areg) and Adam17, as loss of one allele of either gene rescues the fur phenotypes. Remarkably, we found that iR1-/- iR2cub/cub mice survived, despite a lack of mature ADAM17, whereas iR2cub/cub Adam17-/- mice died perinatally, suggesting that the iR2cub gain-of-function mutation requires the presence of ADAM17, but not its catalytic activity. The iR2toc mutation did not substantially reduce the levels of mature ADAM17, but instead affected its function in a substrate-selective manner. Our findings provide new insights into the role of the cytoplasmic domain of iR2 in vivo, with implications for the treatment of TOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana I. Rabinowitsch
- Tri-Institutional MD/PhD Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Program in Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Thorsten Maretzky
- Inflammation Program and Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Gisela Weskamp
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Coline Haxaire
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Johanna Tueshaus
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stefan F. Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sébastien Monette
- Tri-Institutional Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Hospital for Special Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Carl P. Blobel
- Tri-Institutional MD/PhD Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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4
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Kahveci-Türköz S, Bläsius K, Wozniak J, Rinkens C, Seifert A, Kasparek P, Ohm H, Oltzen S, Nieszporek M, Schwarz N, Babendreyer A, Preisinger C, Sedlacek R, Ludwig A, Düsterhöft S. A structural model of the iRhom-ADAM17 sheddase complex reveals functional insights into its trafficking and activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:135. [PMID: 37119365 PMCID: PMC10148629 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Several membrane-anchored signal mediators such as cytokines (e.g. TNFα) and growth factors are proteolytically shed from the cell surface by the metalloproteinase ADAM17, which, thus, has an essential role in inflammatory and developmental processes. The membrane proteins iRhom1 and iRhom2 are instrumental for the transport of ADAM17 to the cell surface and its regulation. However, the structure-function determinants of the iRhom-ADAM17 complex are poorly understood. We used AI-based modelling to gain insights into the structure-function relationship of this complex. We identified different regions in the iRhom homology domain (IRHD) that are differentially responsible for iRhom functions. We have supported the validity of the predicted structure-function determinants with several in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo approaches and demonstrated the regulatory role of the IRHD for iRhom-ADAM17 complex cohesion and forward trafficking. Overall, we provide mechanistic insights into the iRhom-ADAM17-mediated shedding event, which is at the centre of several important cytokine and growth factor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selcan Kahveci-Türköz
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Bläsius
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Justyna Wozniak
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cindy Rinkens
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Seifert
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Petr Kasparek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Henrike Ohm
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Shixin Oltzen
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Nieszporek
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aaron Babendreyer
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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5
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Trotta MC, Herman H, Balta C, Rosu M, Ciceu A, Mladin B, Gesualdo C, Lepre CC, Russo M, Petrillo F, Pieretti G, Simonelli F, Rossi S, D’Amico M, Hermenean A. Oral Administration of Vitamin D3 Prevents Corneal Damage in a Knock-Out Mouse Model of Sjögren's Syndrome. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020616. [PMID: 36831152 PMCID: PMC9953695 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with dry eye development during Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Here, we investigated whether repeated oral vitamin D3 supplementation could prevent the corneal epithelium damage in an SS mouse model. METHODS 30 female mouse knock-out for the thrombospondin 1 gene were randomized (six per group) in untreated mice euthanized at 6 weeks as negative control (C-) or at 12 weeks as the positive control for dry eye (C+). Other mice were sacrificed after 6 weeks of oral vitamin D3 supplementation in the drinking water (1000, 8000, and 20,000 IU/kg/week, respectively). RESULTS The C+ mice showed alterations in their corneal epithelial morphologies and thicknesses (p < 0.01 vs. C-), while the mice receiving 8000 (M) and 20,000 (H) IU/kg/week of vitamin D3 showed preservation of the corneal epithelium morphology and thickness (p < 0.01 vs. C+). Moreover, while the C+ mice exhibited high levels and activity of corneal tumor necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme (TACE), neovascularization and fibrosis markers; these were all reduced in the M and H mice. CONCLUSIONS Oral vitamin D3 supplementation appeared to counteract the negative effect of TACE on corneal epithelium in a mouse model of SS-associated dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Consiglia Trotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Hildegard Herman
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Revolutiei Av., 310414 Arad, Romania
| | - Cornel Balta
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Revolutiei Av., 310414 Arad, Romania
| | - Marcel Rosu
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Revolutiei Av., 310414 Arad, Romania
| | - Alina Ciceu
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Revolutiei Av., 310414 Arad, Romania
| | - Bianca Mladin
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Revolutiei Av., 310414 Arad, Romania
| | - Carlo Gesualdo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Luigi de Crecchio 6, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Claudia Lepre
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Russo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Petrillo
- PhD Course in Translational Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gorizio Pieretti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Luigi de Crecchio 6, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Simonelli
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Luigi de Crecchio 6, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Settimio Rossi
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Luigi de Crecchio 6, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Michele D’Amico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Anca Hermenean
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Revolutiei Av., 310414 Arad, Romania
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6
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Sharma D, Singh NK. The Biochemistry and Physiology of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinases (ADAMs and ADAM-TSs) in Human Pathologies. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 184:69-120. [PMID: 35061104 DOI: 10.1007/112_2021_67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metalloproteinases are a group of proteinases that plays a substantial role in extracellular matrix remodeling and its molecular signaling. Among these metalloproteinases, ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinases) and ADAM-TSs (ADAMs with thrombospondin domains) have emerged as highly efficient contributors mediating proteolytic processing of various signaling molecules. ADAMs are transmembrane metalloenzymes that facilitate the extracellular domain shedding of membrane-anchored proteins, cytokines, growth factors, ligands, and their receptors and therefore modulate their biological functions. ADAM-TSs are secretory, and soluble extracellular proteinases that mediate the cleavage of non-fibrillar extracellular matrix proteins. ADAMs and ADAM-TSs possess pro-domain, metalloproteinase, disintegrin, and cysteine-rich domains in common, but ADAM-TSs have characteristic thrombospondin motifs instead of the transmembrane domain. Most ADAMs and ADAM-TSs are activated by cleavage of pro-domain via pro-protein convertases at their N-terminus, hence directing them to various signaling pathways. In this article, we are discussing not only the structure and regulation of ADAMs and ADAM-TSs, but also the importance of these metalloproteinases in various human pathophysiological conditions like cardiovascular diseases, colorectal cancer, autoinflammatory diseases (sepsis/rheumatoid arthritis), Alzheimer's disease, proliferative retinopathies, and infectious diseases. Therefore, based on the emerging role of ADAMs and ADAM-TSs in various human pathologies, as summarized in this review, these metalloproteases can be considered as critical therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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7
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Zhao Y, Dávila EM, Li X, Tang B, Rabinowitsch AI, Perez-Aguilar JM, Blobel CP. Identification of Molecular Determinants in iRhoms1 and 2 That Contribute to the Substrate Selectivity of Stimulated ADAM17. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12796. [PMID: 36361585 PMCID: PMC9654401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The metalloprotease ADAM17 is a key regulator of the TNFα, IL-6R and EGFR signaling pathways. The maturation and function of ADAM17 is controlled by the seven-membrane-spanning proteins iRhoms1 and 2. The functional properties of the ADAM17/iRhom1 and ADAM17/iRhom2 complexes differ, in that stimulated shedding of most ADAM17 substrates tested to date can be supported by iRhom2, whereas iRhom1 can only support stimulated shedding of very few ADAM17 substrates, such as TGFα. The first transmembrane domain (TMD1) of iRhom2 and the sole TMD of ADAM17 are important for the stimulated shedding of ADAM17 substrates by iRhom2. However, little is currently known about how the iRhoms interact with different substrates to control their stimulated shedding by ADAM17. To provide new insights into this topic, we tested how various chimeras between iRhom1 and iRhom2 affect the stimulated processing of the EGFR-ligands TGFα (iRhom1- or 2-dependent) and EREG (iRhom2-selective) by ADAM17. This uncovered an important role for the TMD7 of the iRhoms in determining their substrate selectivity. Computational methods utilized to characterize the iRhom1/2/substrate interactions suggest that the substrate selectivity is determined, at least in part, by a distinct accessibility of the substrate cleavage site to stimulated ADAM17. These studies not only provide new insights into why the substrate selectivity of stimulated iRhom2/ADAM17 differs from that of iRhom1/ADAM17, but also suggest new approaches for targeting the release of specific ADAM17 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Eliud Morales Dávila
- School of Chemical Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), University City, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Beiyu Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ariana I. Rabinowitsch
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jose Manuel Perez-Aguilar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), University City, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Carl P. Blobel
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
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8
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Maille E, Levallet J, Dubois F, Antoine M, Danel C, Creveuil C, Mazieres J, Margery J, Greillier L, Gounant V, Moro‐Sibilot D, Molinier O, Léna H, Monnet I, Bergot E, Langlais A, Morin F, Scherpereel A, Zalcman G, Levallet G. A Defect of Amphiregulin Release Predicted Longer Survival Independently of YAP Expression in Patients with Pleural Mesothelioma in the IFCT-0701 MAPS Phase 3 Trial. Int J Cancer 2022; 150:1889-1904. [PMID: 35262190 PMCID: PMC9545369 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway effector YAP is dysregulated in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). YAP's target genes include the secreted growth factor amphiregulin (AREG), which is overexpressed in a wide range of epithelial cancers and plays an elusive role in MPM. We assayed the expression of YAP and AREG in MPM pathology samples and that of AREG additionally in plasma samples of patients from the randomized phase 3 IFCT‐0701 Mesothelioma Avastin Cisplatin Pemetrexed Study (MAPS) using immunohistochemistry and ELISA assays, respectively. MPM patients frequently presented high levels of tumor AREG (64.3%), a high cytosolic AREG expression being predictive of a better prognosis with longer median overall and progression‐free survival. Surprisingly, tumor AREG cytosolic expression was not correlated with secreted plasma AREG. By investigating the AREG metabolism and function in MPM cell lines H2452, H2052, MSTO‐211H and H28, in comparison with the T47D ER+ breast cancer cell line used as a positive control, we confirm that AREG is important for cell invasion, growth without anchorage, proliferation and apoptosis in mesothelioma cells. Yet, most of these MPM cell lines failed to correctly execute AREG posttranslational processing by metalloprotease ADAM17/tumor necrosis factor‐alpha‐converting enzyme (TACE) and extracell secretion. The favorable prognostic value of high cytosolic AREG expression in MPM patients could therefore be sustained by default AREG posttranslational processing and release. Thus, the determination of mesothelioma cell AREG content could be further investigated as a prognostic marker for MPM patients and used as a stratification factor in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Maille
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, ISTCT‐UMR6030CaenGIP CYCERONFrance
| | - Jérôme Levallet
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, ISTCT‐UMR6030CaenGIP CYCERONFrance
| | - Fatéméh Dubois
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, ISTCT‐UMR6030CaenGIP CYCERONFrance
- Department of PathologyCHU de CaenCaenFrance
| | | | - Claire Danel
- Department of PathologyHôpital Bichat‐Claude Bernard, AP‐HP, Université Paris‐DiderotParisFrance
| | - Christian Creveuil
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, ISTCT‐UMR6030CaenGIP CYCERONFrance
- Biomedical Research UnitCHU de CaenCaenFrance
| | - Julien Mazieres
- Department of PulmonologyHôpital Larrey, CHU de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Jacques Margery
- Department of Medical OncologyInstitut Gustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
| | - Laurent Greillier
- Department of Multidisciplinary Oncology and Therapeutic InnovationsAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Université Aix‐Marseille UM015MarseilleFrance
| | - Valérie Gounant
- Department of PulmonologyHôpital Tenon, AP‐HPParisFrance
- Department of Thoracic Oncology & CIC 1425University Hospital Bichat‐Claude Bernard, AP‐HP, Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Denis Moro‐Sibilot
- Pôle Thorax et Vaisseaux, University Hospital of Grenoble‐AlpesLa TroncheFrance
| | - Olivier Molinier
- Department of PulmonologyCentre Hospitalier Le MansLe MansFrance
| | - Hervé Léna
- Department of PulmonologyUniversity Hospital PontchaillouRennesFrance
| | - Isabelle Monnet
- Department of PulmonologyCentre Hospitalier Intercommunal de CréteilCréteilFrance
| | - Emmanuel Bergot
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, ISTCT‐UMR6030CaenGIP CYCERONFrance
- Department of Pulmonology and Thoracic OncologyUniversity Hospital of CaenCaenFrance
| | | | - Franck Morin
- Intergroupe Francophone de Cancérologie Thoracique (IFCT)ParisFrance
| | - Arnaud Scherpereel
- Department of Pulmonary and Thoracic OncologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, University of Lille, U1019 INSERM, Center of Infection and Immunity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Gérard Zalcman
- Department of Thoracic Oncology & CIC 1425University Hospital Bichat‐Claude Bernard, AP‐HP, Université de ParisParisFrance
- U830 INSERM, “Cancer, Hétérogénéité, Instabilité et Plasticité” Centre de Recherche, Institut CurieParisFrance
| | - Guénaëlle Levallet
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, ISTCT‐UMR6030CaenGIP CYCERONFrance
- Department of PathologyCHU de CaenCaenFrance
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9
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Sen S, Hallee L, Lam CK. The Potential of Gamma Secretase as a Therapeutic Target for Cardiac Diseases. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11121294. [PMID: 34945766 PMCID: PMC8703931 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart diseases are some of the most common and pressing threats to human health worldwide. The American Heart Association and the National Institute of Health jointly work to annually update data on cardiac diseases. In 2018, 126.9 million Americans were reported as having some form of cardiac disorder, with an estimated direct and indirect total cost of USD 363.4 billion. This necessitates developing therapeutic interventions for heart diseases to improve human life expectancy and economic relief. In this review, we look into gamma-secretase as a potential therapeutic target for cardiac diseases. Gamma-secretase, an aspartyl protease enzyme, is responsible for the cleavage and activation of a number of substrates that are relevant to normal cardiac development and function as found in mutation studies. Some of these substrates are involved in downstream signaling processes and crosstalk with pathways relevant to heart diseases. Most of the substrates and signaling events we explored were found to be potentially beneficial to maintain cardiac function in diseased conditions. This review presents an updated overview of the current knowledge on gamma-secretase processing of cardiac-relevant substrates and seeks to understand if the modulation of gamma-secretase activity would be beneficial to combat cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoita Sen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
| | - Logan Hallee
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
| | - Chi Keung Lam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-302-831-3165
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10
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Analysis of the Conditions That Affect the Selective Processing of Endogenous Notch1 by ADAM10 and ADAM17. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041846. [PMID: 33673337 PMCID: PMC7918056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is critical for controlling a variety of cell fate decisions during metazoan development and homeostasis. This unique, highly conserved signaling pathway relies on cell-to-cell contact, which triggers the proteolytic release of the cytoplasmic domain of the membrane-anchored transcription factor Notch from the membrane. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) proteins are crucial for Notch activation by processing its S2 site. While ADAM10 cleaves Notch1 under physiological, ligand-dependent conditions, ADAM17 mainly cleaves Notch1 under ligand-independent conditions. However, the mechanism(s) that regulate the distinct contributions of these ADAMs in Notch processing remain unclear. Using cell-based assays in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (mEFs) lacking ADAM10 and/or ADAM17, we aimed to clarify what determines the relative contributions of ADAM10 and ADAM17 to ligand-dependent or ligand-independent Notch processing. We found that EDTA-stimulated ADAM17-dependent Notch1 processing is rapid and requires the ADAM17-regulators iRhom1 and iRhom2, whereas the Delta-like 4-induced ligand-dependent Notch1 processing is slower and requires ADAM10. The selectivity of ADAM17 for EDTA-induced Notch1 processing can most likely be explained by a preference for ADAM17 over ADAM10 for the Notch1 cleavage site and by the stronger inhibition of ADAM10 by EDTA. The physiological ADAM10-dependent processing of Notch1 cannot be compensated for by ADAM17 in Adam10-/- mEFs, or by other ADAMs shown here to be able to cleave the Notch1 cleavage site, such as ADAMs9, 12, and 19. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the substrate selectivity of ADAM10 and ADAM17 towards Notch1.
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11
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Tang B, Li X, Maretzky T, Perez-Aguilar JM, McIlwain D, Xie Y, Zheng Y, Mak TW, Weinstein H, Blobel CP. Substrate-selective protein ectodomain shedding by ADAM17 and iRhom2 depends on their juxtamembrane and transmembrane domains. FASEB J 2020; 34:4956-4969. [PMID: 32103528 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902649r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The metalloprotease ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17) regulates EGF-receptor and TNFα signaling, thereby not only protecting the skin and intestinal barrier, but also contributing to autoimmunity. ADAM17 can be rapidly activated by many stimuli through its transmembrane domain (TMD), with the seven membrane-spanning inactive Rhomboids (iRhom) 1 and 2 implicated as candidate regulatory partners. However, several alternative models of ADAM17 regulation exist that do not involve the iRhoms, such as regulation through disulfide bond exchange or through interaction with charged phospholipids. Here, we report that a non-activatable mutant of ADAM17 with the TMD of betacellulin (BTC) can be rescued by restoring residues from the ADAM17 TMD, but only in Adam17-/- cells, which contain iRhoms, not in iRhom1/2-/- cells. We also provide the first evidence that the extracellular juxtamembrane domains (JMDs) of ADAM17 and iRhom2 regulate the stimulation and substrate selectivity of ADAM17. Interestingly, a point mutation in the ADAM17 JMD identified in a patient with Tetralogy of Fallot, a serious heart valve defect, affects the substrate selectivity of ADAM17 toward Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor like growth factor (HB-EGF), a crucial regulator of heart valve development in mice. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of ADAM17 through an essential interaction with the TMD1 and JMD1 of iRhom2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiyu Tang
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xue Li
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thorsten Maretzky
- Inflammation Program and Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jose Manuel Perez-Aguilar
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,School of Chemical Sciences, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - David McIlwain
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yifang Xie
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, State Key Laboratory of Genetic, Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufang Zheng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, State Key Laboratory of Genetic, Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tak W Mak
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Harel Weinstein
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carl P Blobel
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
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12
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St Clair RM, Dumas CM, Williams KS, Goldstein MT, Stant EA, Ebert AM, Ballif BA. PKC induces release of a functional ectodomain of the guidance cue semaphorin6A. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3015-3028. [PMID: 31378926 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorins (Semas) are a family of secreted and transmembrane proteins that play critical roles in development. Interestingly, several vertebrate transmembrane Sema classes are capable of producing functional soluble ectodomains. However, little is known of soluble Sema6 ectodomains in the nervous system. Herein, we show that the soluble Sema6A ectodomain, sSema6A, exhibits natural and protein kinase C (PKC)-induced release. We show that PKC mediates Sema6A phosphorylation at specific sites and while this phosphorylation is not the primary mechanism regulating sSema6A production, we found that the intracellular domain confers resistance to ectodomain release. Finally, sSema6A is functional as it promotes the cohesion of zebrafish early eye field explants. This suggests that in addition to its canonical contact-mediated functions, Sema6A may have regulated, long-range, forward-signaling capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley M St Clair
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Caroline M Dumas
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kori S Williams
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | | | - Alicia M Ebert
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bryan A Ballif
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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13
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Hsia HE, Tüshaus J, Brummer T, Zheng Y, Scilabra SD, Lichtenthaler SF. Functions of 'A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs)' in the mammalian nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3055-3081. [PMID: 31236626 PMCID: PMC11105368 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
'A disintegrin and metalloproteases' (ADAMs) are a family of transmembrane proteins with diverse functions in multicellular organisms. About half of the ADAMs are active metalloproteases and cleave numerous cell surface proteins, including growth factors, receptors, cytokines and cell adhesion proteins. The other ADAMs have no catalytic activity and function as adhesion proteins or receptors. Some ADAMs are ubiquitously expressed, others are expressed tissue specifically. This review highlights functions of ADAMs in the mammalian nervous system, including their links to diseases. The non-proteolytic ADAM11, ADAM22 and ADAM23 have key functions in neural development, myelination and synaptic transmission and are linked to epilepsy. Among the proteolytic ADAMs, ADAM10 is the best characterized one due to its substrates Notch and amyloid precursor protein, where cleavage is required for nervous system development or linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), respectively. Recent work demonstrates that ADAM10 has additional substrates and functions in the nervous system and its substrate selectivity may be regulated by tetraspanins. New roles for other proteolytic ADAMs in the nervous system are also emerging. For example, ADAM8 and ADAM17 are involved in neuroinflammation. ADAM17 additionally regulates neurite outgrowth and myelination and its activity is controlled by iRhoms. ADAM19 and ADAM21 function in regenerative processes upon neuronal injury. Several ADAMs, including ADAM9, ADAM10, ADAM15 and ADAM30, are potential drug targets for AD. Taken together, this review summarizes recent progress concerning substrates and functions of ADAMs in the nervous system and their use as drug targets for neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-En Hsia
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Tüshaus
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Brummer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuanpeng Zheng
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone D Scilabra
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Department of Research, IRCCS-ISMETT, via Tricomi 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Center for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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14
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Status update on iRhom and ADAM17: It's still complicated. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1567-1583. [PMID: 31330158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several membrane-bound proteins with a single transmembrane domain are subjected to limited proteolysis at the cell surface. This cleavage leads to the release of their biologically active ectodomains, which can trigger different signalling pathways. In many cases, this ectodomain shedding is mediated by members of the family of a disintegrins and metalloproteinases (ADAMs). ADAM17 in particular is responsible for the cleavage of several proinflammatory mediators, growth factors, receptors and adhesion molecules. Due to its direct involvement in the release of these signalling molecules, ADAM17 can be positively and negatively involved in various physiological processes as well as in inflammatory, fibrotic and malignant pathologies. This central role of ADAM17 in a variety of processes requires strict multi-level regulation, including phosphorylation, various conformational changes and endogenous inhibitors. Recent research has shown that an early, crucial control mechanism is interaction with certain adapter proteins identified as iRhom1 and iRhom2, which are pseudoproteases of the rhomboid superfamily. Thus, iRhoms have also a decisive influence on physiological and pathophysiological signalling processes regulated by ADAM17. Their characteristic gene expression profiles, the specific consequences of gene knockouts and finally the occurrence of disease-associated mutations suggest that iRhom1 and iRhom2 undergo different gene regulation in order to fulfil their function in different cell types and are therefore only partially redundant. Therefore, there is not only interest in ADAM17, but also in iRhoms as therapeutic targets. However, to exploit the therapeutic potential, the regulation of ADAM17 activity and in particular its interaction with iRhoms must be well understood.
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15
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Pavlenko E, Cabron AS, Arnold P, Dobert JP, Rose-John S, Zunke F. Functional Characterization of Colon Cancer-Associated Mutations in ADAM17: Modifications in the Pro-Domain Interfere with Trafficking and Maturation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092198. [PMID: 31060243 PMCID: PMC6539446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in the Western world and is associated with elevated expression and activity of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGF-R). The metalloproteinase ADAM17 is involved in EGF-R activation by processing EGF-R ligands from membrane-bound pro-ligands. Underlining the link between colon cancer and ADAM17, genetic intestinal cancer models in ADAM17-deficient mice show a reduced tumor burden. In this study, we characterize point mutations within the ADAM17 gene found in the tissue of colon cancer patients. In order to shed light on the role of ADAM17 in cancer development, as well as into the mechanisms that regulate maturation and cellular trafficking of ADAM17, we here perform overexpression studies of four ADAM17 variants located in the pro-, membrane-proximal- and cytoplasmic-domain of the ADAM17 protein in ADAM10/17-deficient HEK cells. Interestingly, we found a cancer-associated point mutation within the pro-domain of ADAM17 (R177C) to be most impaired in its proteolytic activity and trafficking to the cell membrane. By comparing this variant to an ADAM17 construct lacking the entire pro-domain, we discovered similar functional limitations and propose a crucial role of the pro-domain for ADAM17 maturation, cellular trafficking and thus proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor Pavlenko
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Anne-Sophie Cabron
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jan Philipp Dobert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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16
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Linneberg C, Toft CLF, Kjaer-Sorensen K, Laursen LS. L1cam-mediated developmental processes of the nervous system are differentially regulated by proteolytic processing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3716. [PMID: 30842511 PMCID: PMC6403279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal brain development depends on tight temporal and spatial regulation of connections between cells. Mutations in L1cam, a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily that mediate cell-cell contacts through homo- and heterophilic interactions, are associated with several developmental abnormalities of the nervous system, including mental retardation, limb spasticity, hydrocephalus, and corpus callosum aplasia. L1cam has been reported to be shed from the cell surface, but the significance of this during different phases of brain development is unknown. We here show that ADAM10-mediated shedding of L1cam is regulated by its fibronectin type III (FNIII) domains. Specifically, the third FNIII domain is important for maintaining a conformation where access to a membrane proximal cleavage site is restricted. To define the role of ADAM10/17/BACE1-mediated shedding of L1cam during brain development, we used a zebrafish model system. Knockdown of the zebrafish, l1camb, caused hydrocephalus, defects in axonal outgrowth, and myelination abnormalities. Rescue experiments with proteinase-resistant and soluble L1cam variants showed that proteolytic cleavage is not required for normal axonal outgrowth and development of the ventricular system. In contrast, metalloproteinase-mediated shedding is required for efficient myelination, and only specific fragments are able to mediate this stimulatory function of the shedded L1cam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Linneberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian Liebst Frisk Toft
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kasper Kjaer-Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth S Laursen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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17
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Wawro K, Wawro M, Strzelecka M, Czarnek M, Bereta J. The role of NF-κB and Elk-1 in the regulation of mouse ADAM17 expression. Biol Open 2019; 8:8/2/bio039420. [PMID: 30709842 PMCID: PMC6398470 DOI: 10.1242/bio.039420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAM17 is a cell membrane metalloproteinase responsible for the release of ectodomains of numerous proteins from the cell surface. Although ADAM17 is often overexpressed in tumours and at sites of inflammation, little is known about the regulation of its expression. Here we investigate the role of NF-κB and Elk-1 transcription factors and upstream signalling pathways, NF-κB and ERK1/2 in ADAM17 expression in mouse brain endothelial cells stimulated with pro-inflammatory factors (TNF, IL-1β, LPS) or a phorbol ester (PMA), a well-known stimulator of ADAM17 activity. Notably, NF-κB inhibitor, IKK VII, interfered with the IL-1β- and LPS-mediated stimulation of ADAM17 expression. Furthermore, Adam17 promoter contains an NF-κB binding site occupied by p65 subunit of NF-κB. The transient increase in Adam17 mRNA in response to PMA was strongly reduced by an inhibitor of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, U0126. Luciferase reporter assay with vectors encoding the ERK1/2 substrate, Elk-1, fused with constitutively activating or repressing domains, indicated Elk-1 involvement in Adam17 expression. The site-directed mutagenesis of potential Elk-1 binding sites pointed to four functional Elk-1 binding sites in Adam17 promoter. All in all, our results indicate that NF-κB and Elk-1 transcription factors via NF-κB and ERK1/2 signalling pathways contribute to the regulation of mouse Adam17 expression. Summary: We show the involvement of ERK1/2 and NF-κB pathways in the stimulation of mouse Adam17 expression and determine functional Elk-1- and NF-κB binding sites in its promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Magdalena Strzelecka
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Maria Czarnek
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Joanna Bereta
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
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18
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Proestling K, Yotova I, Gamperl S, Hauser C, Wenzl R, Schneeberger C, Szabo L, Mairhofer M, Husslein H, Kuessel L. Enhanced expression of TACE contributes to elevated levels of sVCAM-1 in endometriosis. Mol Hum Reprod 2019; 25:76-87. [PMID: 30395261 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gay042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are increased sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 levels associated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE) activity in endometriosis? SUMMARY ANSWER Here we provide the first functional evidence that induced TACE activity in human endometriotic epithelial cells is at least in part responsible for the enhanced release of sVCAM-1 from these cells. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY We and others have shown that serum-soluble (s)VCAM-1 levels are significantly higher in women with endometriosis, compared to disease-free controls. Experimental evidence exists suggesting a role of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. TACE was identified as the protease responsible for phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced VCAM-1 release in murine endothelial cells. Additionally, it has recently been shown that TACE is upregulated in the endometrial luminal epithelium of the mid-secretory phase in infertile women. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This study was conducted at the Tertiary Endometriosis Referral Center of the Medical University of Vienna. Samples from a total number of 97 women were collected between July 2013 and September 2014. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS After complete surgical exploration of the abdominopelvic cavity, 49 women with histologically proven endometriosis and 48 endometriosis-free control women were enrolled. Each participating woman contributed only one sample of eutopic endometrium and normal peritoneum, and some of the women with endometriosis contributed samples of diverse types of endometriotic lesions (in total 52 ectopic samples). Among the 49 women with endometriosis, 36 matched samples of endometriotic lesions and corresponding eutopic endometrium were collected. In order to detect sVCAM-1 and TACE protein by ELISA, peritoneal fluid (PF) samples were collected from 44 cases and 32 controls during surgery. Expression of TACE mRNA was analyzed by qRT-PCR in 111 endometrium tissue samples (28 eutopic control samples, 33 eutopic samples from women with endometriosis, 50 ectopic samples from lesions) and 37 healthy peritoneum samples. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 123 tissue samples (39 eutopic control samples, 42 eutopic samples from women with endometriosis, 42 ectopic samples from lesions) and the relation between tissue TACE protein levels and sVCAM-1 secretion was examined. PMA-induced sVCAM-1 release, and TACE- and VCAM-1-transcripts or proteins were measured in an immortalized endometriotic epithelial cell line (11Z) pre-incubated either with TACE inhibitors or following TACE siRNA knockdown. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Here, we demonstrate that TACE protein is overexpressed in epithelium of tissue samples of both eutopic endometrium and ectopic lesions of women with endometriosis compared to disease-free controls (P < 0.001 both) and that the overexpression of the protein in the lesions is due to activation of TACE gene transcription (P < 0.001). Moreover, epithelial TACE protein was significantly higher in ectopic samples than in corresponding eutopic tissue of women with the disease (P < 0.001). High endometrial tissue TACE protein expression correlated with higher serum sVCAM-1 levels (P < 0.05) but not with sICAM-1 levels. Inhibition of TACE either by TACE inhibitors or by TACE siRNA knockdown resulted in decreased PMA-induced shedding of sVCAM-1 in vitro (P < 0.005 or P < 0.01, respectively), but the TACE inhibitors did not affect transcription of TACE or VCAM-1. Additionally, we observed an upregulation of TACE in proliferative endometrial epithelium of infertile (P < 0.005), compared to fertile women. TACE was increased in infertile women with endometriosis (P = 0.051) but not in infertile women without endometriosis. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Albeit well characterized, our control population included women with other gynecologic diseases, which may have impacted the levels of sVCAM-1 and tissue TACE expression levels, e.g. benign ovarian cysts or uterine fibroids. Thus, the results of our analysis have to be interpreted carefully and in the context of the current experimental settings. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The dysregulation of TACE substrate shedding represents a promising yet relatively unexplored area of endometriosis progression and could serve as a basis for the development of new treatments of the disease. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by the Ingrid Flick Foundation. The authors have no competing interests to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Proestling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iveta Yotova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Gamperl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Hauser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene Wenzl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Schneeberger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ladislaus Szabo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Mairhofer
- TIMed CENTER, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | - Heinrich Husslein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Kuessel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Cabron AS, El Azzouzi K, Boss M, Arnold P, Schwarz J, Rosas M, Dobert JP, Pavlenko E, Schumacher N, Renné T, Taylor PR, Linder S, Rose-John S, Zunke F. Structural and Functional Analyses of the Shedding Protease ADAM17 in HoxB8-Immortalized Macrophages and Dendritic-like Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:3106-3118. [PMID: 30355783 PMCID: PMC6215251 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 17 has been implicated in many shedding processes. Major substrates of ADAM17 are TNF-α, IL-6R, and ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor. The essential role of the protease is emphasized by the fact that ADAM17 deficiency is lethal in mice. To study ADAM17 function in vivo, we generated viable hypomorphic ADAM17 mice called ADAM17ex/ex mice. Recent studies indicated regulation of proteolytic ADAM17 activity by cellular processes such as cytoplasmic phosphorylation and removal of the prodomain by furin cleavage. Maturation and thus activation of ADAM17 is not fully understood. So far, studies of ADAM17 maturation have been mainly limited to mouse embryonic fibroblasts or transfected cell lines relying on nonphysiologic stimuli such as phorbol esters, thus making interpretation of the results difficult in a physiologic context. In this article, we present a robust cell system to study ADAM17 maturation and function in primary cells of the immune system. To this end, HoxB8 conditionally immortalized macrophage precursor cell lines were derived from bone marrow of wild-type and hypomorphic ADAM17ex/ex mice, which are devoid of measurable ADAM17 activity. ADAM17 mutants were stably expressed in macrophage precursor cells, differentiated to macrophages under different growth factor conditions (M-CSF versus GM-CSF), and analyzed for cellular localization, proteolytic activity, and podosome disassembly. Our study reveals maturation and activity of ADAM17 in a more physiological-immune cell system. We show that this cell system can be further exploited for genetic modifications of ADAM17 and for studying its function in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Cabron
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Karim El Azzouzi
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boss
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jeanette Schwarz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcela Rosas
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Philipp Dobert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Egor Pavlenko
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Neele Schumacher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Renné
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; and
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Linder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
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20
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Lichtenthaler SF, Lemberg MK, Fluhrer R. Proteolytic ectodomain shedding of membrane proteins in mammals-hardware, concepts, and recent developments. EMBO J 2018; 37:e99456. [PMID: 29976761 PMCID: PMC6068445 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic removal of membrane protein ectodomains (ectodomain shedding) is a post-translational modification that controls levels and function of hundreds of membrane proteins. The contributing proteases, referred to as sheddases, act as important molecular switches in processes ranging from signaling to cell adhesion. When deregulated, ectodomain shedding is linked to pathologies such as inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. While proteases of the "a disintegrin and metalloprotease" (ADAM) and "beta-site APP cleaving enzyme" (BACE) families are widely considered as sheddases, in recent years a much broader range of proteases, including intramembrane and soluble proteases, were shown to catalyze similar cleavage reactions. This review demonstrates that shedding is a fundamental process in cell biology and discusses the current understanding of sheddases and their substrates, molecular mechanisms and cellular localizations, as well as physiological functions of protein ectodomain shedding. Moreover, we provide an operational definition of shedding and highlight recent conceptual advances in the field. While new developments in proteomics facilitate substrate discovery, we expect that shedding is not a rare exception, but rather the rule for many membrane proteins, and that many more interesting shedding functions await discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, and Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Marius K Lemberg
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Biomedizinisches Centrum (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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21
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Li R, Wang T, Walia K, Gao B, Krepinsky JC. ADAM17 activation and regulation of profibrotic responses by high glucose requires its C-terminus and FAK kinase. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.208629. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.208629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular matrix accumulation is the hallmark of diabetic nephropathy. The metalloprotease ADAM17 mediates high glucose (HG)-induced matrix production by kidney mesangial cells through release of ligands for the epidermal growth factor receptor. Here we study the mechanism by which HG activates ADAM17. We find that the C-terminus is essential for ADAM17 activation and the profibrotic response to HG. In the C-terminus, Src-mediated Y702 phosphorylation and PI3K/MEK/Erk-mediated T735 phosphorylation are critical to ADAM17 activation, but play divergent roles in ADAM17 trafficking in response to HG. While T735 phosphorylation is required for the HG-induced increase in cell surface mature ADAM17, Y702 phosphorylation is dispensable. Src, however, enables trafficking independently of its phosphorylation of ADAM17. The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase FAK is a central mediator of these processes. These data not only support a critical role for the C-terminus in ADAM17 activation and downstream profibrotic responses to HG, but also highlight FAK as a potential alternate therapeutic target for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzhong Li
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Tony Wang
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Khyati Walia
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Bo Gao
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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22
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Schäfer M, Granato DC, Krossa S, Bartels AK, Yokoo S, Düsterhöft S, Koudelka T, Scheidig AJ, Tholey A, Paes Leme AF, Grötzinger J, Lorenzen I. GRP78 protects a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 against protein-disulfide isomerase A6 catalyzed inactivation. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3567-3587. [PMID: 28949004 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The shedding of ectodomains is a crucial mechanism in many physiological and pathological events. A disintegrin and metalloprotease-17 (ADAM17) is a key sheddase involved in essential processes, such as development, regeneration, and immune defense. ADAM17 exists in two conformations which differ in their disulfide connection in the membrane-proximal domain (MPD). Protein-disulfide isomerases (PDIs) on the cell surface convert the open MPD into a rigid closed form, which corresponds to inactive ADAM17. ADAM17 is expressed in its open activatable form in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and consequently must be protected against ER-resident PDI activity. Here, we show that the chaperone 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) protects the MPD against PDI-dependent disulfide-bond isomerization by binding to this domain and, thereby, preventing ADAM17 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schäfer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela C Granato
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas, Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, LNBio, CNPEM, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sebastian Krossa
- Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Zoology, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Sami Yokoo
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas, Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, LNBio, CNPEM, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Tomas Koudelka
- Division of Systematic Proteome Research, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Axel J Scheidig
- Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Zoology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Division of Systematic Proteome Research, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Adriana F Paes Leme
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas, Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, LNBio, CNPEM, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Joachim Grötzinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Inken Lorenzen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Zoology, Kiel, Germany
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23
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Reiss K, Bhakdi S. The plasma membrane: Penultimate regulator of ADAM sheddase function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017. [PMID: 28624437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ADAM10 and ADAM17 are the best characterized members of the ADAM (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase) - family of transmembrane proteases. Both are involved diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes. ADAMs are known to be regulated by posttranslational mechanisms. However, emerging evidence indicates that the plasma membrane with its unique dynamic properties may additionally play an important role in controlling sheddase function. SCOPE OF REVIEW Membrane events that could contribute to regulation of ADAM-function are summarized. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Surface expression of peptidolytic activity should be differentiated from ADAM-sheddase function since the latter additionally requires that the protease finds its substrate in the lipid bilayer. We propose that this is achieved through horizontal and vertical reorganization of membrane nanoarchitecture coordinately occurring at the sites of sheddase activation. Reshuffling of nanodomains thereby guides traffic of enzyme and substrate to each other. For ADAM17 phosphatidylserine exposure is required to then induce its shedding function. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The novel concept that physicochemical properties of the lipid bilayer govern the action of ADAM-proteases may be extendable to other functional proteins that act at the cell surface. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis as a Regulatory Event in Pathophysiology edited by Stefan Rose-John.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Reiss
- Dept. of Dermatology, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Sucharit Bhakdi
- Dept. of Dermatology, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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24
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Mishra HK, Ma J, Walcheck B. Ectodomain Shedding by ADAM17: Its Role in Neutrophil Recruitment and the Impairment of This Process during Sepsis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:138. [PMID: 28487846 PMCID: PMC5403810 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are specialized at killing bacteria and are recruited from the blood in a rapid and robust manner during infection. A cascade of adhesion events direct their attachment to the vascular endothelium and migration into the underlying tissue. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) functions in the cell membrane of neutrophils and endothelial cells by cleaving its substrates, typically in a cis manner, at an extracellular site proximal to the cell membrane. This process is referred to as ectodomain shedding and it results in the downregulation of various adhesion molecules and receptors, and the release of immune regulating factors. ADAM17 sheddase activity is induced upon cell activation and rapidly modulates intravascular adhesion events in response to diverse environmental stimuli. During sepsis, an excessive systemic inflammatory response against infection, neutrophil migration becomes severely impaired. This involves ADAM17 as indicated by increased levels of its cleaved substrates in the blood of septic patients, and that ADAM17 inactivation improves neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance in animal models of sepsis. Excessive ADAM17 sheddase activity during sepsis thus appears to undermine in a direct and indirect manner the necessary balance between intravascular adhesion and de-adhesion events that regulate neutrophil migration into sites of infection. This review provides an overview of ADAM17 function and regulation and its potential contribution to neutrophil dysfunction during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant K Mishra
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Bruce Walcheck
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, USA
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25
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Li X, Maretzky T, Perez-Aguilar JM, Monette S, Weskamp G, Le Gall S, Beutler B, Weinstein H, Blobel CP. Structural modeling defines transmembrane residues in ADAM17 that are crucial for Rhbdf2-ADAM17-dependent proteolysis. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:868-878. [PMID: 28104813 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) controls the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα, also known as TNF) and is crucial for protecting the skin and intestinal barrier by proteolytic activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands. The seven-membrane-spanning protein called inactive rhomboid 2 (Rhbdf2; also known as iRhom2) is required for ADAM17-dependent TNFα shedding and crosstalk with the EGFR, and a point mutation (known as sinecure, sin) in the first transmembrane domain (TMD) of Rhbdf2 (Rhbdf2sin) blocks TNFα shedding, yet little is known about the underlying mechanism. Here, we used a structure-function analysis informed by structural modeling to evaluate the interaction between the TMD of ADAM17 and the first TMD of Rhbdf2, and the role of this interaction in Rhbdf2-ADAM17-dependent shedding. Moreover, we show that double mutant mice that are homozygous for Rhbdf2sin/sin and lack Rhbdf1 closely resemble Rhbdf1/2-/- double knockout mice, highlighting the severe functional impact of the Rhbdf2sin/sin mutation on ADAM17 during mouse development. Taken together, these findings provide new mechanistic and conceptual insights into the critical role of the TMDs of ADAM17 and Rhbdf2 in the regulation of the ADAM17 and EGFR, and ADAM17 and TNFα signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Dept. of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Thorsten Maretzky
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jose Manuel Perez-Aguilar
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, NY 10598, USA
| | - Sébastien Monette
- Tri-Institutional Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Gisela Weskamp
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Sylvain Le Gall
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Harel Weinstein
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Carl P Blobel
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA .,Dept. of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
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26
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Stimulated release and functional activity of surface expressed metalloproteinase ADAM17 in exosomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2795-2808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Sommer A, Kordowski F, Büch J, Maretzky T, Evers A, Andrä J, Düsterhöft S, Michalek M, Lorenzen I, Somasundaram P, Tholey A, Sönnichsen FD, Kunzelmann K, Heinbockel L, Nehls C, Gutsmann T, Grötzinger J, Bhakdi S, Reiss K. Phosphatidylserine exposure is required for ADAM17 sheddase function. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11523. [PMID: 27161080 PMCID: PMC4866515 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ADAM17, a prominent member of the 'Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase' (ADAM) family, controls vital cellular functions through cleavage of transmembrane substrates. Here we present evidence that surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) is pivotal for ADAM17 to exert sheddase activity. PS exposure is tightly coupled to substrate shedding provoked by diverse ADAM17 activators. PS dependency is demonstrated in the following: (a) in Raji cells undergoing apoptosis; (b) in mutant PSA-3 cells with manipulatable PS content; and (c) in Scott syndrome lymphocytes genetically defunct in their capacity to externalize PS in response to intracellular Ca(2+) elevation. Soluble phosphorylserine but not phosphorylcholine inhibits substrate cleavage. The isolated membrane proximal domain (MPD) of ADAM17 binds to PS but not to phosphatidylcholine liposomes. A cationic PS-binding motif is identified in this domain, replacement of which abrogates liposome-binding and renders the protease incapable of cleaving its substrates in cells. We speculate that surface-exposed PS directs the protease to its targets where it then executes its shedding function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselm Sommer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstrasse 7, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Felix Kordowski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstrasse 7, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Joscha Büch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstrasse 7, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Thorsten Maretzky
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Astrid Evers
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Jörg Andrä
- Hamburg University of Applied Science, Ulmenliet 20, Hamburg 21033, Germany
| | - Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel 24098, Germany
| | - Matthias Michalek
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel 24098, Germany
| | - Inken Lorenzen
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel 24098, Germany
| | - Prasath Somasundaram
- Division of Systematic Proteome Research and Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, University of Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Division of Systematic Proteome Research and Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, University of Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Frank D Sönnichsen
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Karl Kunzelmann
- Physiological Institute, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Lena Heinbockel
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin and Biowissenschaften, Borstel 23845, Germany
| | - Christian Nehls
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin and Biowissenschaften, Borstel 23845, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin and Biowissenschaften, Borstel 23845, Germany
| | - Joachim Grötzinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel 24098, Germany
| | - Sucharit Bhakdi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstrasse 7, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Karina Reiss
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstrasse 7, Kiel 24105, Germany
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28
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Zhang P, Shen M, Fernandez-Patron C, Kassiri Z. ADAMs family and relatives in cardiovascular physiology and pathology. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 93:186-99. [PMID: 26522853 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) are a family of membrane-bound proteases. ADAM-TSs (ADAMs with thrombospondin domains) are a close relative of ADAMs that are present in soluble form in the extracellular space. Dysregulated production or function of these enzymes has been associated with pathologies such as cancer, asthma, Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases. ADAMs contribute to angiogenesis, hypertrophy and apoptosis in a stimulus- and cell type-dependent manner. Among the ADAMs identified so far (34 in mouse, 21 in human), ADAMs 8, 9, 10, 12, 17 and 19 have been shown to be involved in cardiovascular development or cardiomyopathies; and among the 19 ADAM-TSs, ADAM-TS1, 5, 7 and 9 are important in development of the cardiovascular system, while ADAM-TS13 can contribute to vascular disorders. Meanwhile, there remain a number of ADAMs and ADAM-TSs whose function in the cardiovascular system has not been yet explored. The current knowledge about the role of ADAMs and ADAM-TSs in the cardiovascular pathologies is still quite limited. The most detailed studies have been performed in other cell types (e.g. cancer cells) and organs (nervous system) which can provide valuable insight into the potential functions of ADAMs and ADAM-TSs, their mechanism of action and therapeutic potentials in cardiomyopathies. Here, we review what is currently known about the structure and function of ADAMs and ADAM-TSs, and their roles in development, physiology and pathology of the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mengcheng Shen
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Patron
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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29
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Tsaktanis T, Kremling H, Pavšič M, von Stackelberg R, Mack B, Fukumori A, Steiner H, Vielmuth F, Spindler V, Huang Z, Jakubowski J, Stoecklein NH, Luxenburger E, Lauber K, Lenarčič B, Gires O. Cleavage and cell adhesion properties of human epithelial cell adhesion molecule (HEPCAM). J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24574-91. [PMID: 26292218 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.662700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epithelial cell adhesion molecule (HEPCAM) is a tumor-associated antigen frequently expressed in carcinomas, which promotes proliferation after regulated intramembrane proteolysis. Here, we describe extracellular shedding of HEPCAM at two α-sites through a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) and at one β-site through BACE1. Transmembrane cleavage by γ-secretase occurs at three γ-sites to generate extracellular Aβ-like fragments and at two ϵ-sites to release human EPCAM intracellular domain HEPICD, which is efficiently degraded by the proteasome. Mapping of cleavage sites onto three-dimensional structures of HEPEX cis-dimer predicted conditional availability of α- and β-sites. Endocytosis of HEPCAM warrants acidification in cytoplasmic vesicles to dissociate protein cis-dimers required for cleavage by BACE1 at low pH values. Intramembrane cleavage sites are accessible and not part of the structurally important transmembrane helix dimer crossing region. Surprisingly, neither chemical inhibition of cleavage nor cellular knock-out of HEPCAM using CRISPR-Cas9 technology impacted the adhesion of carcinoma cell lines. Hence, a direct function of HEPCAM as an adhesion molecule in carcinoma cells is not supported and appears to be questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanos Tsaktanis
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center
| | - Heidi Kremling
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center
| | - Miha Pavšič
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ricarda von Stackelberg
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center
| | - Brigitte Mack
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center
| | - Akio Fukumori
- the DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Steiner
- the DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany, Biomedical Center, Biochemistry
| | | | | | - Zhe Huang
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center
| | - Jasmine Jakubowski
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, the Munich Center for Neurosciences, LMU Biocenter, AMGEN Scholars Programme, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany, and
| | - Nikolas H Stoecklein
- the Department for General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elke Luxenburger
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center
| | - Kirsten Lauber
- Clinic for Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, and the Clinical Cooperation Group Personalized Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Tumors, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Brigita Lenarčič
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olivier Gires
- From the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center,
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Paricalcitol Inhibits Aldosterone-Induced Proinflammatory Factors by Modulating Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Pathway in Cultured Tubular Epithelial Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:783538. [PMID: 26064952 PMCID: PMC4438184 DOI: 10.1155/2015/783538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is characterized by Vitamin D deficiency and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Increasing data show that vitamin D receptor agonists (VDRAs) exert beneficial effects in renal disease and possess anti-inflammatory properties, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Emerging evidence suggests that "a disintegrin and metalloproteinase" (ADAM)/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling axis contributes to renal damage. Aldosterone induces EGFR transactivation regulating several processes including cell proliferation and fibrosis. However, data on tubular epithelial cells is scarce. We have found that, in cultured tubular epithelial cells, aldosterone induced EGFR transactivation via TGF-α/ADAM17. Blockade of the TGF-α/ADAM17/EGFR pathway inhibited aldosterone-induced proinflammatory gene upregulation. Moreover, among the potential downstream mechanisms, we found that TGF-α/ADAM17/EGFR inhibition blocked ERK and STAT-1 activation in response to aldosterone. Next, we investigated the involvement of TGF-α/ADAM17/EGFR axis in VDRA anti-inflammatory effects. Preincubation with the VDRA paricalcitol inhibited aldosterone-induced EGFR transactivation, TGF-α/ADAM-17 gene upregulation, and downstream mechanisms, including proinflammatory factors overexpression. In conclusion, our data suggest that the anti-inflammatory actions of paricalcitol in tubular cells could depend on the inhibition of TGF-α/ADAM17/EGFR pathway in response to aldosterone, showing an important mechanism of VDRAs action.
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Wu L, Claas AM, Sarkar A, Lauffenburger DA, Han J. High-throughput protease activity cytometry reveals dose-dependent heterogeneity in PMA-mediated ADAM17 activation. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:513-24. [PMID: 25832727 PMCID: PMC4428935 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00019j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
As key components of autocrine signaling, pericellular proteases, a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) in particular, are known to impact the microenvironment of individual cells and have significant implications in various pathological situations including cancer, inflammatory and vascular diseases. There is great incentive to develop a high-throughput platform for single-cell measurement of pericellular protease activity, as it is essential for studying the heterogeneity of protease response and the corresponding cell behavioral consequences. In this work, we developed a microfluidic platform to simultaneously monitor protease activity of many single cells in a time-dependent manner. This platform isolates individual microwells rapidly on demand and thus allows single-cell activity measurement of both cell-surface and secreted proteases by confining individual cells with diffusive FRET-based substrates. With this platform, we observed dose-dependent heterogeneous protease activation of HepG2 cells treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). To study the temporal behavior of PMA-induced protease response, we monitored the pericellular protease activity of the same single cells during three different time periods and revealed the diversity in the dynamic patterns of single-cell protease activity profile upon PMA stimulation. The unique temporal information of single-cell protease response can help unveil the complicated functional role of pericellular proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Wu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Maretzky T, Evers A, Le Gall S, Alabi RO, Speck N, Reiss K, Blobel CP. The cytoplasmic domain of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) regulates its constitutive activity but is dispensable for stimulated ADAM10-dependent shedding. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7416-25. [PMID: 25605720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.603753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-anchored metalloproteinase a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) is required for shedding of membrane proteins such as EGF, betacellulin, the amyloid precursor protein, and CD23 from cells. ADAM10 is constitutively active and can be rapidly and post-translationally enhanced by several stimuli, yet little is known about the underlying mechanism. Here, we use ADAM10-deficient cells transfected with wild type or mutant ADAM10 to address the role of its cytoplasmic and transmembrane domain in regulating ADAM10-dependent protein ectodomain shedding. We report that the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM10 negatively regulates its constitutive activity through an ER retention motif but is dispensable for its stimulated activity. However, chimeras with the extracellular domain of ADAM10 and the transmembrane domain of ADAM17 with or without the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM17 show reduced stimulated shedding of the ADAM10 substrate betacellulin, whereas the ionomycin-stimulated shedding of the ADAM17 substrates CD62-L and TGFα is not affected. Moreover, we show that influx of extracellular calcium activates ADAM10 but is not essential for its activation by APMA and BzATP. Finally, the rapid stimulation of ADAM10 is not significantly affected by incubation with proprotein convertase inhibitors for up to 8 h, arguing against a major role of increased prodomain removal in the rapid stimulation of ADAM10. Thus, the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM10 negatively influences constitutive shedding through an ER retention motif, whereas the cytoplasmic domain and prodomain processing are not required for the rapid activation of ADAM10-dependent shedding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Maretzky
- From the Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery and
| | - Astrid Evers
- From the Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery and the Department of Dermatology Venerology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel D-24105, Germany, and
| | - Sylvain Le Gall
- From the Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery and
| | - Rolake O Alabi
- From the Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery and the Tri-Institutional M.D./Ph.D. Program, Rockefeller University/Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center/Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021
| | - Nancy Speck
- the Department of Dermatology Venerology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel D-24105, Germany, and
| | - Karina Reiss
- the Department of Dermatology Venerology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel D-24105, Germany, and
| | - Carl P Blobel
- From the Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery and the Departments of Medicine and of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021,
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McClurg UL, Danjo K, King HO, Scott GB, Robinson PA, Crabtree JE. Epithelial cell ADAM17 activation by Helicobacter pylori: role of ADAM17 C-terminus and Threonine-735 phosphorylation. Microbes Infect 2014; 17:205-14. [PMID: 25499189 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori transactivates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on gastric epithelial cells via a signalling cascade involving a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) cleavage of membrane bound heparin binding-epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF). The effects of H. pylori on ADAM17 C-terminus in epithelial cells have been examined. Total cellular ADAM17 and surface expression of ADAM17 were significantly increased by H. pylori in AGS gastric epithelial cells. These changes were associated with ADAM17 C-terminal phosphorylation at T375 and S791. AGS cells lacking the ADAM17 C-terminal domain induced significantly attenuated cleavage of HB-EGF and were also unable to upregulate HB-EGF and EGFR transcripts to the same extent as cells expressing full length ADAM17. In mitotic unstimulated AGS and ADAM17 over-expressing AGS cells, ADAM17 was highly T735 phosphorylated indicating ADAM17 T735 phosphorylation is modified during the cell cycle. In conclusion, H. pylori induced ADAM17 C-terminal T735 and/or S791 phosphorylation in gastric epithelial cells are likely to be an important trigger inducing ADAM17 activation and shedding of HB-EGF leading to EGFR transactivation. ADAM17 over-expression in gastric cancer represents a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula L McClurg
- Leeds Institute, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Kazuma Danjo
- Leeds Institute, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Harry O King
- Leeds Institute, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Gina B Scott
- Leeds Institute, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Philip A Robinson
- Leeds Institute, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Jean E Crabtree
- Leeds Institute, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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Prakasam HS, Gallo LI, Li H, Ruiz WG, Hallows KR, Apodaca G. A1 adenosine receptor-stimulated exocytosis in bladder umbrella cells requires phosphorylation of ADAM17 Ser-811 and EGF receptor transactivation. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:3798-812. [PMID: 25232008 PMCID: PMC4230785 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-03-0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of phosphorylation in ADAM17-dependent shedding is controversial. We show that the A1 adenosine receptor stimulates exocytosis in umbrella cells by a pathway that requires phosphorylation of ADAM17–Ser-811, followed by HB-EGF shedding and EGF receptor transactivation. Preventing ADAM17 phosphorylation blocks these downstream events. Despite the importance of ADAM17-dependent cleavage in normal biology and disease, the physiological cues that trigger its activity, the effector pathways that promote its function, and the mechanisms that control its activity, particularly the role of phosphorylation, remain unresolved. Using native bladder epithelium, in some cases transduced with adenoviruses encoding small interfering RNA, we observe that stimulation of apically localized A1 adenosine receptors (A1ARs) triggers a Gi-Gβγ-phospholipase C-protein kinase C (PKC) cascade that promotes ADAM17-dependent HB-EGF cleavage, EGFR transactivation, and apical exocytosis. We further show that the cytoplasmic tail of rat ADAM17 contains a conserved serine residue at position 811, which resides in a canonical PKC phosphorylation site, and is phosphorylated in response to A1AR activation. Preventing this phosphorylation event by expression of a nonphosphorylatable ADAM17S811A mutant or expression of a tail-minus construct inhibits A1AR-stimulated, ADAM17-dependent HB-EGF cleavage. Furthermore, expression of ADAM17S811A in bladder tissues impairs A1AR-induced apical exocytosis. We conclude that adenosine-stimulated exocytosis requires PKC- and ADAM17-dependent EGFR transactivation and that the function of ADAM17 in this pathway depends on the phosphorylation state of Ser-811 in its cytoplasmic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sandeep Prakasam
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Luciana I Gallo
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Hui Li
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Wily G Ruiz
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Kenneth R Hallows
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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Munroe ME, Vista ES, Guthridge JM, Thompson LF, Merrill JT, James JA. Proinflammatory adaptive cytokine and shed tumor necrosis factor receptor levels are elevated preceding systemic lupus erythematosus disease flare. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1888-99. [PMID: 24578190 PMCID: PMC4128244 DOI: 10.1002/art.38573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifaceted disease characterized by immune dysregulation and unpredictable disease activity. This study sought to evaluate the changes in plasma concentrations of soluble mediators that precede clinically defined disease flares. METHODS Fifty-two different soluble mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and soluble receptors, were examined using validated multiplex bead-based or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in plasma from 28 European American patients with SLE who developed disease flare 6 or 12 weeks after a baseline assessment (preflare), 28 matched SLE patients without impending flare (nonflare), and 28 matched healthy controls. In a subset of 13 SLE patients, mediators within samples obtained preceding disease flare were compared with those within samples from the same individual obtained during a clinically stable period without flare. RESULTS Compared to SLE patients with clinically stable disease, SLE patients with impending flare had significant alterations (P ≤ 0.01) in the levels of 27 soluble mediators at baseline; specifically, the levels of proinflammatory mediators, including Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-type cytokines, were significantly higher several weeks before clinical flare. Baseline levels of regulatory cytokines, including interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor β, were higher in nonflare SLE patients, whereas baseline levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type I (TNFRI), TNFRII, Fas, FasL, and CD40L were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.002) in preflare SLE patients. The normalized and weighted combined soluble mediator score was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.0002) in preflare samples from SLE patients compared to samples from the same patients obtained during periods of stable disease. CONCLUSION The levels of proinflammatory adaptive cytokines and shed TNF receptors are elevated prior to disease flare, while the levels of regulatory mediators are elevated during periods of stable disease. Alterations in the balance between inflammatory and regulatory mediators may help identify patients at risk of disease flare and help decipher the pathogenic mechanisms of SLE.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/immunology
- Adult
- Biomarkers/blood
- CD40 Ligand/blood
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/immunology
- Fas Ligand Protein/blood
- Fas Ligand Protein/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/blood
- Inflammation Mediators/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/epidemiology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/blood
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/blood
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/immunology
- Risk Factors
- Severity of Illness Index
- fas Receptor/blood
- fas Receptor/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E. Munroe
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Evan S. Vista
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, PH
| | - Joel M. Guthridge
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Linda F. Thompson
- Immunobiology and Cancer, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Joan T. Merrill
- Clinical Pharmacology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Judith A. James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Rayego-Mateos S, Morgado-Pascual JL, Sanz AB, Ramos AM, Eguchi S, Batlle D, Pato J, Keri G, Egido J, Ortiz A, Ruiz-Ortega M. TWEAK transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor mediates renal inflammation. J Pathol 2014; 231:480-94. [PMID: 24037740 DOI: 10.1002/path.4250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
TWEAK, a member of the TNF superfamily, binds to the Fn14 receptor, eliciting biological responses. EGFR signalling is involved in experimental renal injury. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between TWEAK and EGFR in the kidney. Systemic TWEAK administration into C57BL/6 mice increased renal EGFR phosphorylation, mainly in tubular epithelial cells. In vitro, in these cells TWEAK phosphorylated EGFR via Fn14 binding, ADAM17 activation and subsequent release of the EGFR ligands HB-EGF and TGFα. In vivo the EGFR kinase inhibitor Erlotinib inhibited TWEAK-induced renal EGFR activation and downstream signalling, including ERK activation, up-regulation of proinflammatory factors and inflammatory cell infiltration. Moreover, the ADAM17 inhibitor WTACE-2 also prevented those TWEAK-induced renal effects. In vitro TWEAK induction of proinflammatory factors was prevented by EGFR, ERK or ADAM17 inhibition. In contrast, EGFR transactivation did not modify TWEAK-mediated NF-κB activation. Our data suggest that TWEAK transactivates EGFR in the kidney, leading to modulation of downstream effects, including ERK activation and inflammation, and suggest that inhibition of EGFR signalling could be a novel therapeutic tool for renal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rayego-Mateos
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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The metalloproteinase ADAM17 and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling drive the inflammatory epithelial response in Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Exp Med 2014; 15:215-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-014-0279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Adrain C, Freeman M. Regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase ligand processing. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:6/1/a008995. [PMID: 24384567 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A primary mode of regulating receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling is to control access of ligand to its receptor. Many RTK ligands are synthesized as transmembrane proteins. Frequently, the active ligand must be released from the membrane by proteolysis before signaling can occur. Here, we discuss RTK ligand shedding and describe the proteases that catalyze it in flies and mammals. We focus principally on the control of EGF receptor ligand shedding, but also refer to ligands of other RTKs. Two prominent themes emerge. First, control by regulated trafficking and cellular compartmentalization of the proteases and their ligand substrates plays a key role in shedding. Second, many external signals converge on the shedding proteases and their control machinery. Proteases therefore act as regulatory hubs that integrate information that the cell receives and translate it into precise outgoing signals. The activation of signaling by proteases is therefore an essential element of the cellular communication machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Adrain
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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Buryova H, Chalupsky K, Zbodakova O, Kanchev I, Jirouskova M, Gregor M, Sedlacek R. Liver protective effect of ursodeoxycholic acid includes regulation of ADAM17 activity. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13:155. [PMID: 24172289 PMCID: PMC3835136 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-13-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is used to treat primary biliary cirrhosis, intrahepatic cholestasis, and other cholestatic conditions. Although much has been learned about the molecular basis of the disease pathophysiology, our understanding of the effects of UDCA remains unclear. Possibly underlying its cytoprotective, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative effects, UDCA was reported to regulate the expression of TNFα and other inflammatory cytokines. However, it is not known if this effect involves also modulation of ADAM family of metalloproteinases, which are responsible for release of ectodomains of inflammatory cytokines from the cell surface. We hypothesized that UDCA modulates ADAM17 activity, resulting in amelioration of cholestasis in a murine model of bile duct ligation (BDL). METHODS The effect of UDCA on ADAM17 activity was studied using the human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. Untransfected cells or cells ectopically expressing human ADAM17 were cultured with or without UDCA and further activated using phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). The expression and release of ADAM17 substrates, TNFα, TGFα, and c-Met receptor (or its soluble form, sMet) were evaluated using ELISA and quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR. Immunoblotting analyses were conducted to evaluate expression and activation of ADAM17 as well as the level of ERK1/2 phosphorylation after UDCA treatment. The regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) by UDCA was studied using zymography and qRT-PCR. A mouse model of acute cholestasis was induced by common BDL technique, during which mice received daily orogastric gavage with either UDCA or vehicle only. Liver injury was quantified using alkaline phosphatase (ALP), relative liver weight, and confirmed by histological analysis. ADAM17 substrates in sera were assessed using a bead multiplex assay. RESULTS UDCA decreases amount of shed TNFα, TGFα, and sMet in cell culture media and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. These effects are mediated by the reduction of ADAM17 activity in PMA stimulated cells although the expression ADAM17 is not affected. UDCA reduced the level of the mature form of ADAM17. Moreover, UDCA regulates the expression of TIMP-1 and gelatinases activity in PMA stimulated cells. A BDL-induced acute cholangitis model was characterized by increased relative liver weight, serum levels of ALP, sMet, and loss of intracellular glycogen. UDCA administration significantly decreased ALP and sMet levels, and reduced relative liver weight. Furthermore, hepatocytes of UDCA-treated animals retained their metabolic activity as evidenced by the amount of glycogen storage. CONCLUSIONS The beneficial effect of UDCA appears to be mediated in part by the inhibition of ADAM17 activation and, thus, the release of TNFα, a strong pro-inflammatory factor. The release of other ADAM17 substrates, TGFα and sMet, are also regulated this way, pointing to a general impact on the release of ADAM17 substrates, which are pivotal for liver regeneration and function. In parallel, UDCA upregulates TIMP-1 that in turn inhibits matrix metalloproteinases, which destroy the hepatic ECM in diseased liver. This control of extracellular matrix turnover represents an additional beneficial path of UDCA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v, v, i,, Videnska 1083, Prague CZ142 20, Czech Republic.
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Hachmeister M, Bobowski KD, Hogl S, Dislich B, Fukumori A, Eggert C, Mack B, Kremling H, Sarrach S, Coscia F, Zimmermann W, Steiner H, Lichtenthaler SF, Gires O. Regulated intramembrane proteolysis and degradation of murine epithelial cell adhesion molecule mEpCAM. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71836. [PMID: 24009667 PMCID: PMC3756971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule EpCAM is a transmembrane glycoprotein, which is highly and frequently expressed in carcinomas and (cancer-)stem cells, and which plays an important role in the regulation of stem cell pluripotency. We show here that murine EpCAM (mEpCAM) is subject to regulated intramembrane proteolysis in various cells including embryonic stem cells and teratocarcinomas. As shown with ectopically expressed EpCAM variants, cleavages occur at α-, β-, γ-, and ε-sites to generate soluble ectodomains, soluble Aβ-like-, and intracellular fragments termed mEpEX, mEp-β, and mEpICD, respectively. Proteolytic sites in the extracellular part of mEpCAM were mapped using mass spectrometry and represent cleavages at the α- and β-sites by metalloproteases and the b-secretase BACE1, respectively. Resulting C-terminal fragments (CTF) are further processed to soluble Aβ-like fragments mEp-β and cytoplasmic mEpICD variants by the g-secretase complex. Noteworthy, cytoplasmic mEpICD fragments were subject to efficient degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner. In addition the γ-secretase complex dependent cleavage of EpCAM CTF liberates different EpICDs with different stabilities towards proteasomal degradation. Generation of CTF and EpICD fragments and the degradation of hEpICD via the proteasome were similarly demonstrated for the human EpCAM ortholog. Additional EpCAM orthologs have been unequivocally identified in silico in 52 species. Sequence comparisons across species disclosed highest homology of BACE1 cleavage sites and in presenilin-dependent γ-cleavage sites, whereas strongest heterogeneity was observed in metalloprotease cleavage sites. In summary, EpCAM is a highly conserved protein present in fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, marsupials, and placental mammals, and is subject to shedding, γ-secretase-dependent regulated intramembrane proteolysis, and proteasome-mediated degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hachmeister
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Karolina D. Bobowski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hogl
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Dislich
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Akio Fukumori
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Carola Eggert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Brigitte Mack
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Heidi Kremling
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sannia Sarrach
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Coscia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Steiner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Adolf Butenandt Institute, Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F. Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Olivier Gires
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Waheed F, Dan Q, Amoozadeh Y, Zhang Y, Tanimura S, Speight P, Kapus A, Szászi K. Central role of the exchange factor GEF-H1 in TNF-α-induced sequential activation of Rac, ADAM17/TACE, and RhoA in tubular epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1068-82. [PMID: 23389627 PMCID: PMC3608494 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-09-0661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α activates the enzyme TACE/ADAM17 through the guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1, Rac, and p38, leading to activation of the epidermal growth factor. GEF-H1 mediates hierarchical activation of Rac and RhoA through differential phosphorylation. Transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a key step in mediating RhoA activation and cytoskeleton and junction remodeling in the tubular epithelium. In this study we explore the mechanisms underlying TNF-α–induced EGFR activation. We show that TNF-α stimulates the TNF-α convertase enzyme (TACE/a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17), leading to activation of the EGFR/ERK pathway. TACE activation requires the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38, which is activated through the small GTPase Rac. TNF-α stimulates both Rac and RhoA through the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF)-H1 but by different mechanisms. EGFR- and ERK-dependent phosphorylation at the T678 site of GEF-H1 is a prerequisite for RhoA activation only, whereas both Rac and RhoA activation require GEF-H1 phosphorylation on S885. Of interest, GEF-H1-mediated Rac activation is upstream from the TACE/EGFR/ERK pathway and regulates T678 phosphorylation. We also show that TNF-α enhances epithelial wound healing through TACE, ERK, and GEF-H1. Taken together, our findings can explain the mechanisms leading to hierarchical activation of Rac and RhoA by TNF-α through a single GEF. This mechanism could coordinate GEF functions and fine-tune Rac and RhoA activation in epithelial cells, thereby promoting complex functions such as sheet migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Waheed
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
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Sham D, Wesley UV, Hristova M, van der Vliet A. ATP-mediated transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in airway epithelial cells involves DUOX1-dependent oxidation of Src and ADAM17. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54391. [PMID: 23349873 PMCID: PMC3548788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium is subject to continuous environmental stress and its responses to injury or infection are largely mediated by transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and downstream signaling cascades. Based on previous studies indicating involvement of ATP-dependent activation of the NADPH oxidase homolog DUOX1 in epithelial wound responses, the present studies were performed to elucidate the mechanisms by which DUOX1-derived H2O2 participates in ATP-dependent redox signaling and EGFR transactivation. ATP-mediated EGFR transactivation in airway epithelial cells was found to involve purinergic P2Y2 receptor stimulation, and both ligand-dependent mechanisms as well as ligand-independent EGFR activation by the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src. Activation of Src was also essential for ATP-dependent activation of the sheddase ADAM17, which is responsible for liberation and activation of EGFR ligands. Activation of P2Y2R results in recruitment of Src and DUOX1 into a signaling complex, and transient siRNA silencing or stable shRNA transfection established a critical role for DUOX1 in ATP-dependent activation of Src, ADAM17, EGFR, and downstream wound responses. Using thiol-specific biotin labeling strategies, we determined that ATP-dependent EGFR transactivation was associated with DUOX1-dependent oxidation of cysteine residues within Src as well as ADAM17. In aggregate, our findings demonstrate that DUOX1 plays a central role in overall epithelial defense responses to infection or injury, by mediating oxidative activation of Src and ADAM17 in response to ATP-dependent P2Y2R activation as a proximal step in EGFR transactivation and downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Sham
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Umadevi V. Wesley
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Milena Hristova
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kang IJ, Jang BG, In S, Choi B, Kim M, Kim MJ. Phlorotannin-rich Ecklonia cava reduces the production of beta-amyloid by modulating alpha- and gamma-secretase expression and activity. Neurotoxicology 2013; 34:16-24. [PMID: 23041113 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid (Aβ) is a major pathogenic peptide in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is generated by the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP). We have previously reported that the brown algae Ecklonia cava, which has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory functions, decreased Aβ production and further aggregation in HEK293 cells expressing the APP Swedish mutation. Here, we show the reduction mechanism of Aβ production using the butanol extract of Ecklonia cava through the examination of expression and activity of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-secretase. Treatment with the extract resulted in the activation of alpha-secretase with a contrasting decrease in its mRNA and protein expression. This activation was consistent with the translocation of the extract into the plasma membrane of the secretase. Gamma-secretase activity was lowered by E. cava, and this effect may be due to the decreased expression of PSEN1 mRNA and protein. In addition, the basal nuclear location of PSEN1, which may affect chromosome missegregation in neurodegenerative disease, was reduced by the extract, despite the significance of this finding remains unclear. Taken together, these results led us to conclude that E. cava regulated the expression and activity of gamma-secretase and alpha-secretase, leading to a reduction in Aβ production by the stable cells. Our data indicate that E. cava is a novel natural-product candidate for AD treatment, although further in vivo studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 200-702, South Korea
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Pore-forming bacterial toxins and antimicrobial peptides as modulators of ADAM function. Med Microbiol Immunol 2012; 201:419-26. [PMID: 22972233 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-012-0260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-perturbating proteins and peptides are widespread agents in biology. Pore-forming bacterial toxins represent major virulence factors of pathogenic microorganisms. Membrane-damaging peptides constitute important antimicrobial effectors of innate immunity. Membrane perturbation can incur multiple responses in mammalian cells. The present discussion will focus on the interplay between membrane-damaging agents and the function of cell-bound metalloproteinases of the ADAM family. These transmembrane enzymes have emerged as the major proteinase family that mediate the proteolytic release of membrane-associated proteins, a process designated as "shedding". They liberate a large spectrum of functionally active molecules including inflammatory cytokines, growth factor receptors and cell adhesion molecules, thereby regulating such vital cellular functions as cell-cell adhesion, cell proliferation and cell migration. ADAM activation may constitute part of the cellular recovery machinery on the one hand, but likely also promotes inflammatory processes on the other. The mechanisms underlying ADAM activation and the functional consequences thereof are currently the subject of intensive research. Attention here is drawn to the possible involvement of purinergic receptors and ceramide generation in the context of ADAM activation following membrane perturbation by membrane-active agents.
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Chanthaphavong RS, Loughran PA, Lee TYS, Scott MJ, Billiar TR. A role for cGMP in inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS)-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α-converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17) activation, translocation, and TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) shedding in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35887-98. [PMID: 22898814 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.365171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others have previously shown that the inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) are hepatoprotective in a number of circumstances, including endotoxemia. In vitro, hepatocytes are protected from tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α-induced apoptosis via cGMP-dependent and cGMP-independent mechanisms. We have shown that the cGMP-dependent protective mechanisms involve the inhibition of death-inducing signaling complex formation. We show here that LPS-induced iNOS expression leads to rapid TNF receptor shedding from the surface of hepatocytes via NO/cGMP/protein kinase G-dependent activation and surface translocation of TNFα-converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17). The activation of TACE is associated with the up-regulation of iRhom2 as well as the interaction and phosphorylation of TACE and iRhom2, which are also NO/cGMP/protein kinase G-dependent. These findings suggest that one mechanism of iNOS/NO-mediated protection of hepatocytes involves the rapid shedding of TNF receptor 1 to limit TNFα signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Savanh Chanthaphavong
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Abstract
ErbB4 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that can signal by a mechanism involving proteolytic release of intracellular and extracellular receptor fragments. Proteolysis-dependent signaling of ErbB4 has been proposed to be enhanced in breast cancer, mainly based on immunohistochemical localization of intracellular epitopes in the nuclei. To more directly address the processing of ErbB4 in vivo, an ELISA was developed to quantify cleaved ErbB4 ectodomain from serum samples. Analysis of 238 breast cancer patients demonstrated elevated quantities of ErbB4 ectodomain in the serum (≥40 ng/mL) in 21% of the patients, as compared to 0% of 30 healthy controls (P = 0.002). Significantly, the elevated serum ectodomain concentration did not correlate with the presence of nuclear ErbB4 immunoreactivity in matched breast cancer tissue samples. However, elevated serum ectodomain concentration was associated with the premenopausal status at diagnosis (P = 0.04), and estradiol enhanced ErbB4 cleavage in vitro. A 3.4 Å X-ray crystal structure of a complex of ErbB4 ectodomain and the Fab fragment of anti-ErbB4 mAb 1479 localized the binding site of mAb 1479 on ErbB4 to a region on subdomain IV encompassing the residues necessary for ErbB4 cleavage. mAb 1479 also significantly blocked ErbB4 cleavage in breast cancer cell xenografts in vivo, and the inhibition of cleavage was associated with suppression of xenograft growth. These data indicate that ErbB4 processing is enhanced in breast cancer tissue in vivo, and that ErbB4 cleavage can be stimulated by estradiol and targeted with mAb 1479.
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Catalán Ú, Fernández-Castillejo S, Anglès N, Morelló JR, Yebras M, Solà R. Inhibition of the transcription factor c-Jun by the MAPK family, and not the NF-κB pathway, suggests that peanut extract has anti-inflammatory properties. Mol Immunol 2012; 52:125-32. [PMID: 22673210 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is involved in inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis. We propose an in vitro cellular assay to evaluate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of potential modifiers such as food extracts. In the current model we assessed an anti-inflammatory effect of polyphenol-rich peanut extract in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced THP-1 monocytes. METHODS THP-1 monocytes were incubated with peanut extract (5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL) consisting of 39% flavonols, 37% flavanols and 24% phenolic acid (or BAY 11-7082 (5 μM) as experiment control) for 1 h and then stimulated with LPS (500 ng/mL) for 4 h. Cytotoxicity was measured as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity release. NF-κB and MAPK family were determined by TransAm kit while TNF-α mRNA levels and its mRNA stability by RT-PCR. Intra- and extracellular TNF-α protein was measured by ELISA, and TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) activity by a fluorimetric assay. RESULTS Peanut extract inhibited the maximal LPS-induced extracellular TNF-α protein secretion by 18%, 29% and 47% at 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL, respectively (P<0.05). LPS stimulation revealed that 85% of TNF-α was released extracellularly while 15% remained intracellular. Peanut extract did not modify NF-κB but, instead, reduced c-Jun transcription factor activity (P<0.05), decreased TNF-α mRNA (albeit non-significantly) and had no effect on mRNA stability and TACE activity. CONCLUSION Polyphenol-rich peanut extract reduces extracellular TNF-α protein by inhibiting c-Jun transcription factor from MAPK family, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect. The proposed THP-1 monocyte model could be used to assess food extract impact (site and size effects) on the inflammation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Úrsula Catalán
- Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, CIBERDEM, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
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48
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Gutiérrez-López MD, Gilsanz A, Yáñez-Mó M, Ovalle S, Lafuente EM, Domínguez C, Monk PN, González-Alvaro I, Sánchez-Madrid F, Cabañas C. The sheddase activity of ADAM17/TACE is regulated by the tetraspanin CD9. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3275-92. [PMID: 21365281 PMCID: PMC11115118 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
ADAM17/TACE is a metalloproteinase responsible for the shedding of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α and many other cell surface proteins involved in development, cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, and proliferation. Despite the important biological function of ADAM17, the mechanisms of regulation of its metalloproteinase activity remain largely unknown. We report here that the tetraspanin CD9 and ADAM17 partially co-localize on the surface of endothelial and monocytic cells. In situ proximity ligation, co-immunoprecipitation, crosslinking, and pull-down experiments collectively demonstrate a direct association between these molecules. Functional studies reveal that treatment with CD9-specific antibodies or neoexpression of CD9 exert negative regulatory effects on ADAM17 sheddase activity. Conversely, CD9 silencing increased the activity of ADAM17 against its substrates TNF-α and ICAM-1. Taken together, our results show that CD9 associates with ADAM17 and, through this interaction, negatively regulates the sheddase activity of ADAM17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolores Gutiérrez-López
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Present Address: Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Gilsanz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Yáñez-Mó
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Ovalle
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther M. Lafuente
- Departamento de Microbiología I (Inmunología), Facultad de Medicina, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Domínguez
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter N. Monk
- University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield S10 2RX, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Vascular e Inflamación, CNIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Cabañas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología I (Inmunología), Facultad de Medicina, UCM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Scott AJ, O'Dea KP, O'Callaghan D, Williams L, Dokpesi JO, Tatton L, Handy JM, Hogg PJ, Takata M. Reactive oxygen species and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediate tumor necrosis factor α-converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM-17) activation in primary human monocytes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35466-35476. [PMID: 21865167 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.277434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α-converting enzyme (TACE) is responsible for the shedding of cell surface TNF. Studies suggest that reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate up-regulation of TACE activity by direct oxidization or modification of the protein. However, these investigations have been largely based upon nonphysiological stimulation of promonocytic cell lines which may respond and process TACE differently from primary cells. Furthermore, investigators have relied upon TACE substrate shedding as a surrogate for activity quantification. We addressed these concerns, employing a direct, cell-based fluorometric assay to investigate the regulation of TACE catalytic activity on freshly isolated primary human monocytes during LPS stimulation. We hypothesized that ROS mediate up-regulation of TACE activity indirectly, by activation of intracellular signaling pathways. LPS up-regulated TACE activity rapidly (within 30 min) without changing cell surface TACE expression. Scavenging of ROS or inhibiting their production by flavoprotein oxidoreductases significantly attenuated LPS-induced TACE activity up-regulation. Exogenous ROS (H(2)O(2)) also up-regulated TACE activity with similar kinetics and magnitude as LPS. H(2)O(2)- and LPS-induced TACE activity up-regulation were effectively abolished by a variety of selective p38 MAPK inhibitors. Activation of p38 was redox-sensitive as H(2)O(2) caused p38 phosphorylation, and ROS scavenging significantly reduced LPS-induced phospho-p38 expression. Inhibition of the p38 substrate, MAPK-activated protein kinase 2, completely attenuated TACE activity up-regulation, whereas inhibition of ERK had little effect. Lastly, inhibition of cell surface oxidoreductases prevented TACE activity up-regulation distal to p38 activation. In conclusion, our data indicate that in primary human monocytes, ROS mediate LPS-induced up-regulation of TACE activity indirectly through activation of the p38 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair J Scott
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran P O'Dea
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - David O'Callaghan
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Williams
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Justina O Dokpesi
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Tatton
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Handy
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Hogg
- Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Masao Takata
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine, and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom.
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50
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Zhao Y, Yu J, Gu J, Huang W. The evaluation of inhibitive effectiveness of the tumour necrosis factor-α converting enzyme selective inhibitors by HPLC. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 26:181-7. [PMID: 21406033 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.487485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method based on the internal standard method was established for assaying the tumour necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE) activity and matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) activity, and was used to evaluate the inhibitive effectiveness of inhibitors to TACE and MMP-9. In the assay method for TACE and MMP-9, peptides labelled with the ultraviolet group-Dpa were used as substrates. Alanine-Dpa was synthesised and was used as the internal standard for quantitative analysis. After the peptide substrates were hydrolysed by TACE (MMP-9) for 15 min (25 min) at 37 °C, the amount of remaining substrates were determined by reversed-phased HPLC with UV detection at 353 nm. The relative peak area of the substrate was linearly dependent on the substrate concentration. This method was then applied to determine the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of GM6001 and inhibitor A for both TACE and MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbin Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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