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David D, Bentulila Z, Tauber M, Ben-Chaim Y. G Protein-Coupled Receptors Regulated by Membrane Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213988. [PMID: 36430466 PMCID: PMC9696401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in a vast majority of signal transduction processes. Although they span the cell membrane, they have not been considered to be regulated by the membrane potential. Numerous studies over the last two decades have demonstrated that several GPCRs, including muscarinic, adrenergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic receptors, are voltage regulated. Following these observations, an effort was made to elucidate the molecular basis for this regulatory effect. In this review, we will describe the advances in understanding the voltage dependence of GPCRs, the suggested molecular mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon, and the possible physiological roles that it may play.
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2
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Korkutata M, Agrawal L, Lazarus M. Allosteric Modulation of Adenosine A 2A Receptors as a New Therapeutic Avenue. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042101. [PMID: 35216213 PMCID: PMC8880556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of targeting adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) is immense due to their broad expression in the body and central nervous system. The role of A2ARs in cardiovascular function, inflammation, sleep/wake behaviors, cognition, and other primary nervous system functions has been extensively studied. Numerous A2AR agonist and antagonist molecules are reported, many of which are currently in clinical trials or have already been approved for treatment. Allosteric modulators can selectively elicit a physiologic response only where and when the orthosteric ligand is released, which reduces the risk of an adverse effect resulting from A2AR activation. Thus, these allosteric modulators have a potential therapeutic advantage over classical agonist and antagonist molecules. This review focuses on the recent developments regarding allosteric A2AR modulation, which is a promising area for future pharmaceutical research because the list of existing allosteric A2AR modulators and their physiologic effects is still short.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Korkutata
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Lokesh Agrawal
- Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Kunigami-gun, Onna 904-0412, Japan;
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-853-3681
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3
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Lu Y, Liu H, Yang D, Zhong L, Xin Y, Zhao S, Wang MW, Zhou Q, Shui W. Affinity Mass Spectrometry-Based Fragment Screening Identified a New Negative Allosteric Modulator of the Adenosine A 2A Receptor Targeting the Sodium Ion Pocket. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:991-1002. [PMID: 34048655 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric ligands provide new opportunities to modulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) function and present therapeutic benefits over orthosteric molecules. Negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) can inhibit the activation of a receptor and downstream signal transduction. Screening NAMs for a GPCR target is particularly challenging because of the difficulty in distinguishing NAMs from antagonists bound to the orthosteric site as they both show inhibitory effects in receptor signaling assays. Here we report an affinity mass spectrometry (MS)-based approach tailored to screening potential NAMs of a GPCR target especially from fragment libraries. Compared to regular surface plasmon resonance or NMR-based methods for fragment screening, our approach features a reduction of the protein and compound consumption by 2-4 orders of magnitude and an increase in the data acquisition speed by 2-3 orders of magnitude. Our affinity MS-based fragment screening led to the identification of a new NAM of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AAR) bearing an unprecedented azetidine moiety predicted to occupy the allosteric sodium binding site. Molecular dynamics simulations, ligand structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, and in-solution NMR analyses further revealed the unique binding mode and antagonistic property of this compound that differs considerably from HMA (5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride), a well-characterized NAM of A2AAR. Taken together, our work would facilitate fragment-based screening of allosteric modulators, as well as guide the design of novel NAMs acting at the sodium ion pocket of class A GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyue Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Zhong
- The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ye Xin
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenqing Shui
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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4
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Vu K, Blumwald E, Gelli A. The Antifungal Activity of HMA, an Amiloride Analog and Inhibitor of Na +/H + Exchangers. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:673035. [PMID: 34025629 PMCID: PMC8133316 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.673035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One path toward identifying effective and easily accessible antifungals is to repurpose commonly used drugs. Amiloride, a widely used diuretic, inhibits different isoforms of Na+/H+ exchangers, Na+ channels, and Na+/Ca2+ exchangers. Here, we found that amiloride had poor antifungal activity against isolates of Cryptococcus prompting the examination of the amiloride analog, HMA [5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride]. HMA possesses strong activity against Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) and little K+-associated toxicity since HMA has only minimal inhibitory effects toward epithelial sodium channels (ENaC), the diuretic and antikaliuretic target of amiloride. Although HMA produced a robust dose-dependent growth inhibition of several fungal isolates, susceptibility assays revealed modest MICs against isolates of Cryptococcus. A checkerboard dilution strategy resulted in fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC) < 0.5, suggesting that HMA displays synergy with several antifungal azole drugs including posaconazole, voriconazole, and ketoconazole. Itraconazole and ravuconazole showed moderate synergy with HMA across all tested fungal isolates. In combination with HMA, ravuconazole had MICs of 0.004-0.008 μg/ml, a ∼16-fold reduction compared to MICs of ravuconazole when used alone and significantly more effective than the overall MIC90 (0.25 μg/ml) reported for ravuconazole against 541 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans. In combination with azole drugs, MICs of HMA ranged from 3.2 μM (1 μg/ml) to 26 μM (16 μg/ml), HMA was not cytotoxic at concentrations ≤ 8 μg/ml, but MICs were above the reported HMA Ki of 0.013-2.4 μM for various Na+/H+ exchangers. Our results suggest that HMA has limited potential as a monotherapy and may have additional targets in fungal/yeast cells since strains lacking NHEs remained sensitive to HMA. We determined that the hydrophobic substituent at the 5-amino group of HMA is likely responsible for the observed antifungal activity and synergy with several azoles since derivatives with bulky polar substitutions showed no activity against Cryptococcus, indicating that other 5-substituted HMA derivatives could possess stronger antifungal activity. Moreover, substitution of other positions around the pyrazine core of HMA has not been investigated but could reveal new leads for antifungal drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiem Vu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Angie Gelli
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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5
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Souza PCT, Alessandri R, Barnoud J, Thallmair S, Faustino I, Grünewald F, Patmanidis I, Abdizadeh H, Bruininks BMH, Wassenaar TA, Kroon PC, Melcr J, Nieto V, Corradi V, Khan HM, Domański J, Javanainen M, Martinez-Seara H, Reuter N, Best RB, Vattulainen I, Monticelli L, Periole X, Tieleman DP, de Vries AH, Marrink SJ. Martini 3: a general purpose force field for coarse-grained molecular dynamics. Nat Methods 2021; 18:382-388. [PMID: 33782607 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The coarse-grained Martini force field is widely used in biomolecular simulations. Here we present the refined model, Martini 3 ( http://cgmartini.nl ), with an improved interaction balance, new bead types and expanded ability to include specific interactions representing, for example, hydrogen bonding and electronic polarizability. The updated model allows more accurate predictions of molecular packing and interactions in general, which is exemplified with a vast and diverse set of applications, ranging from oil/water partitioning and miscibility data to complex molecular systems, involving protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions and material science applications as ionic liquids and aedamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo C T Souza
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. .,Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086 CNRS and University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
| | - Riccardo Alessandri
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Barnoud
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Intangible Realities Laboratory, University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Bristol, UK
| | - Sebastian Thallmair
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ignacio Faustino
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fabian Grünewald
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ilias Patmanidis
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Haleh Abdizadeh
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart M H Bruininks
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tsjerk A Wassenaar
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter C Kroon
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Josef Melcr
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Nieto
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086 CNRS and University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Valentina Corradi
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hanif M Khan
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Domański
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hector Martinez-Seara
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nathalie Reuter
- Department of Chemistry and Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Robert B Best
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luca Monticelli
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086 CNRS and University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Xavier Periole
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - D Peter Tieleman
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alex H de Vries
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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6
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Pineyro G, Nagi K. Signaling diversity of mu- and delta- opioid receptor ligands: Re-evaluating the benefits of β-arrestin/G protein signaling bias. Cell Signal 2020; 80:109906. [PMID: 33383156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Opioid analgesics are elective for treating moderate to severe pain but their use is restricted by severe side effects. Signaling bias has been proposed as a viable means for improving this situation. To exploit this opportunity, continuous efforts are devoted to understand how ligand-specific modulations of receptor functions could mediate the different in vivo effects of opioids. Advances in the field have led to the development of biased agonists based on hypotheses that allocated desired and undesired effects to specific signaling pathways. However, the prevalent hypothesis associating β-arrestin to opioid side effects was recently challenged and multiple of the newly developed biased drugs may not display the superior side effects profile that was sought. Moreover, biased agonism at opioid receptors is now known to be time- and cell-dependent, which adds a new layer of complexity for bias estimation. Here, we first review the signaling mechanisms underlying desired and undesired effects of opioids. We then describe biased agonism at opioid receptors and discuss the different perspectives that support the desired and undesired effects of opioids in view of exploiting biased signaling for therapeutic purposes. Finally, we explore how signaling kinetics and cellular background can influence the magnitude and directionality of bias at those receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Pineyro
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine research center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Karim Nagi
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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7
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Sodium ions allosterically modulate the M2 muscarinic receptor. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11177. [PMID: 32636499 PMCID: PMC7341750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a key role in the vast majority of cellular signal transduction processes. Previous experimental evidence has shown that sodium ion (Na+) allosterically modulate several class A GPCRs and theoretical studies suggested that the same also holds true for muscarinic receptors. Here we examined, using Xenopus oocytes as an expression system, the effect of Na+ on a prototypical GPCR, the M2 muscarinic receptor (M2R). We found that removal of extracellular Na+ resulted in a decrease in the potency of ACh toward the M2R and that a conserved aspartate in transmembrane domain 2 is crucial for this effect. We further show that this allosteric effect of Na+ does not underlie the voltage-dependence of this receptor.
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8
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Gao ZG, Toti KS, Campbell R, Suresh RR, Yang H, Jacobson KA. Allosteric Antagonism of the A 2A Adenosine Receptor by a Series of Bitopic Ligands. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051200. [PMID: 32408534 PMCID: PMC7290864 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric antagonism by bitopic ligands, as reported for many receptors, is a distinct modulatory mechanism. Although several bitopic A2A adenosine receptor (A2AAR) ligand classes were reported as pharmacological tools, their receptor binding and functional antagonism patterns, i.e., allosteric or competitive, were not well characterized. Therefore, here we systematically characterized A2AAR binding and functional antagonism of two distinct antagonist chemical classes. i.e., fluorescent conjugates of xanthine amine congener (XAC) and SCH442416. Bitopic ligands were potent, weak, competitive or allosteric, based on the combination of pharmacophore, linker and fluorophore. Among antagonists tested, XAC, XAC245, XAC488, SCH442416, MRS7352 showed Ki binding values consistent with KB values from functional antagonism. Interestingly, MRS7396, XAC-X-BY630 (XAC630) and 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride (HMA) were 9–100 times weaker in displacing fluorescent MRS7416 binding than radioligand binding. XAC245, XAC630, MRS7396, MRS7416 and MRS7322 behaved as allosteric A2AAR antagonists, whereas XAC488 and MRS7395 antagonized competitively. Schild analysis showed antagonism slopes of 0.42 and 0.47 for MRS7396 and XAC630, respectively. Allosteric antagonists HMA and MRS7396 were more potent in displacing [3H]ZM241385 binding than MRS7416 binding. Sodium site D52N mutation increased and decreased affinity of HMA and MRS7396, respectively, suggesting possible preference for different A2AAR conformations. The allosteric binding properties of some bitopic ligands were rationalized and analyzed using the Hall two-state allosteric model. Thus, fluorophore tethering to an orthosteric ligand is not neutral pharmacologically and may confer unexpected properties to the conjugate.
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9
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Zarzycka B, Zaidi SA, Roth BL, Katritch V. Harnessing Ion-Binding Sites for GPCR Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:571-595. [PMID: 31551350 PMCID: PMC6782022 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous ions play important roles in the function and pharmacology of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Historically the evidence for ionic modulation of GPCR function dates to 1973 with studies of opioid receptors, where it was demonstrated that physiologic concentrations of sodium allosterically attenuated agonist binding. This Na+-selective effect was distinct from effects of other monovalent and divalent cations, with the latter usually counteracting sodium's negative allosteric modulation of binding. Since then, numerous studies documenting the effects of mono- and divalent ions on GPCR function have been published. While ions can act selectively and nonselectively at many sites in different receptors, the discovery of the conserved sodium ion site in class A GPCR structures in 2012 revealed the unique nature of Na+ site, which has emerged as a near-universal site for allosteric modulation of class A GPCR structure and function. In this review, we synthesize and highlight recent advances in the functional, biophysical, and structural characterization of ions bound to GPCRs. Taken together, these findings provide a molecular understanding of the unique roles of Na+ and other ions as GPCR allosteric modulators. We will also discuss how this knowledge can be applied to the redesign of receptors and ligand probes for desired functional and pharmacological profiles. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The function and pharmacology of GPCRs strongly depend on the presence of mono and divalent ions in experimental assays and in living organisms. Recent insights into the molecular mechanism of this ion-dependent allosterism from structural, biophysical, biochemical, and computational studies provide quantitative understandings of the pharmacological effects of drugs in vitro and in vivo and open new avenues for the rational design of chemical probes and drug candidates with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zarzycka
- Departments of Biological Sciences (B.Z., S.A.Z., V.K.) and Chemistry (V.K.), Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and Department of Pharmacology (B.L.R.) and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy (B.L.R.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Saheem A Zaidi
- Departments of Biological Sciences (B.Z., S.A.Z., V.K.) and Chemistry (V.K.), Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and Department of Pharmacology (B.L.R.) and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy (B.L.R.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Departments of Biological Sciences (B.Z., S.A.Z., V.K.) and Chemistry (V.K.), Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and Department of Pharmacology (B.L.R.) and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy (B.L.R.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Departments of Biological Sciences (B.Z., S.A.Z., V.K.) and Chemistry (V.K.), Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and Department of Pharmacology (B.L.R.) and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy (B.L.R.), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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10
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Massink A, Amelia T, Karamychev A, IJzerman AP. Allosteric modulation of G protein-coupled receptors by amiloride and its derivatives. Perspectives for drug discovery? Med Res Rev 2019; 40:683-708. [PMID: 31495942 PMCID: PMC7028016 DOI: 10.1002/med.21633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The function of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be modulated by compounds that bind to other sites than the endogenous orthosteric binding site, so‐called allosteric sites. Structure elucidation of a number of GPCRs has revealed the presence of a sodium ion bound in a conserved allosteric site. The small molecule amiloride and analogs thereof have been proposed to bind in this same sodium ion site. Hence, this review seeks to summarize and reflect on the current knowledge of allosteric effects by amiloride and its analogs on GPCRs. Amiloride is known to modulate adenosine, adrenergic, dopamine, chemokine, muscarinic, serotonin, gonadotropin‐releasing hormone, GABAB, and taste receptors. Amiloride analogs with lipophilic substituents tend to be more potent modulators than amiloride itself. Adenosine, α‐adrenergic and dopamine receptors are most strongly modulated by amiloride analogs. In addition, for a few GPCRs, more than one binding site for amiloride has been postulated. Interestingly, the nature of the allosteric effect of amiloride and derivatives varies considerably between GPCRs, with both negative and positive allosteric modulation occurring. Since the sodium ion binding site is strongly conserved among class A GPCRs it is to be expected that amiloride also binds to class A GPCRs not evaluated yet. Investigating this typical amiloride‐GPCR interaction further may yield general insight in the allosteric mechanisms of GPCR ligand binding and function, and possibly provide new opportunities for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnault Massink
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tasia Amelia
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Karamychev
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Bissaro M, Bolcato G, Deganutti G, Sturlese M, Moro S. Revisiting the Allosteric Regulation of Sodium Cation on the Binding of Adenosine at the Human A 2A Adenosine Receptor: Insights from Supervised Molecular Dynamics (SuMD) Simulations. Molecules 2019; 24:E2752. [PMID: 31362426 PMCID: PMC6695830 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most intriguing findings highlighted from G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) crystallography is the presence, in many members of class A, of a partially hydrated sodium ion in the middle of the seven transmembrane helices (7TM) bundle. In particular, the human adenosine A2A receptor (A2A AR) is the first GPCR in which a monovalent sodium ion was crystallized in a distal site from the canonical orthosteric one, corroborating, from a structural point of view, its role as a negative allosteric modulator. However, the molecular mechanism by which the sodium ion influences the recognition of the A2A AR agonists is not yet fully understood. In this study, the supervised molecular dynamics (SuMD) technique was exploited to analyse the sodium ion recognition mechanism and how its presence influences the binding of the endogenous agonist adenosine. Due to a higher degree of flexibility of the receptor extracellular (EC) vestibule, we propose the sodium-bound A2A AR as less efficient in stabilizing the adenosine during the different steps of binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maicol Bissaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bolcato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Deganutti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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12
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Mahmod Al-Qattan MN, Mordi MN. Molecular Basis of Modulating Adenosine Receptors Activities. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:817-831. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190304122624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Modulating cellular processes through extracellular chemical stimuli is medicinally an attractive approach to control disease conditions. GPCRs are the most important group of transmembranal receptors that produce different patterns of activations using intracellular mediators (such as G-proteins and Beta-arrestins). Adenosine receptors (ARs) belong to GPCR class and are divided into A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR and A3AR. ARs control different physiological activities thus considered valuable target to control neural, heart, inflammatory and other metabolic disorders. Targeting ARs using small molecules essentially works by binding orthosteric and/or allosteric sites of the receptors. Although targeting orthosteric site is considered typical to modulate receptor activity, allosteric sites provide better subtype selectivity, saturable modulation of activity and variable activation patterns. Each receptor exists in dynamical equilibrium between conformational ensembles. The equilibrium is affected by receptor interaction with other molecules. Changing the population of conformational ensembles of the receptor is the method by which orthosteric, allosteric and other cellular components control receptor signaling. Herein, the interactions of ARs with orthosteric, allosteric ligands as well as intracellular mediators are described. A quinary interaction model for the receptor is proposed and energy wells for major conformational ensembles are retrieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Nizam Mordi
- Centre For Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
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13
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Wold EA, Chen J, Cunningham KA, Zhou J. Allosteric Modulation of Class A GPCRs: Targets, Agents, and Emerging Concepts. J Med Chem 2019; 62:88-127. [PMID: 30106578 PMCID: PMC6556150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been tractable drug targets for decades with over one-third of currently marketed drugs targeting GPCRs. Of these, the class A GPCR superfamily is highly represented, and continued drug discovery for this family of receptors may provide novel therapeutics for a vast range of diseases. GPCR allosteric modulation is an innovative targeting approach that broadens the available small molecule toolbox and is proving to be a viable drug discovery strategy, as evidenced by recent FDA approvals and clinical trials. Numerous class A GPCR allosteric modulators have been discovered recently, and emerging trends such as the availability of GPCR crystal structures, diverse functional assays, and structure-based computational approaches are improving optimization and development. This Perspective provides an update on allosterically targeted class A GPCRs and their disease indications and the medicinal chemistry approaches toward novel allosteric modulators and highlights emerging trends and opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Wold
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Kathryn A. Cunningham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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14
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Isotopic Labeling of Eukaryotic Membrane Proteins for NMR Studies of Interactions and Dynamics. Methods Enzymol 2018; 614:37-65. [PMID: 30611431 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins, and especially G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), are increasingly important targets of structural biology studies due to their involvement in many biomedically critical pathways in humans. These proteins are often highly dynamic and thus benefit from studies by NMR spectroscopy in parallel with complementary crystallographic and cryo-EM analyses. However, such studies are often complicated by a range of practical concerns, including challenges in preparing suitably isotopically labeled membrane protein samples, large sizes of protein/detergent or protein/lipid complexes, and limitations on sample concentrations and stabilities. Here we describe our approach to addressing these challenges via the use of simple eukaryotic expression systems and modified NMR experiments, using the human adenosine A2A receptor as an example. Protocols are provided for the preparation of U-2H (13C,1H-Ile δ1)-labeled membrane proteins from overexpression in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, as well as techniques for studying the fast ns-ps sidechain dynamics of the methyl groups of such samples. We believe that, with the proper optimization, these protocols should be generalizable to other GPCRs and human membrane proteins.
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15
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Buckley BJ, Aboelela A, Minaei E, Jiang LX, Xu Z, Ali U, Fildes K, Cheung CY, Cook SM, Johnson DC, Bachovchin DA, Cook GM, Apte M, Huang M, Ranson M, Kelso MJ. 6-Substituted Hexamethylene Amiloride (HMA) Derivatives as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of the Human Urokinase Plasminogen Activator for Use in Cancer. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8299-8320. [PMID: 30130401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the cause of death in the majority (∼90%) of malignant cancers. The oral potassium-sparing diuretic amiloride and its 5-substituted derivative 5 -N, N-(hexamethylene)amiloride (HMA) reportedly show robust antitumor/metastasis effects in multiple in vitro and animal models. These effects are likely due, at least in part, to inhibition of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), a key protease determinant of cell invasiveness and metastasis. This study reports the discovery of 6-substituted HMA analogs that show nanomolar potency against uPA, high selectivity over related trypsin-like serine proteases, and minimal inhibitory effects against epithelial sodium channels (ENaC), the diuretic and antikaliuretic target of amiloride. Reductions in lung metastases were demonstrated for two analogs in a late-stage experimental mouse metastasis model, and one analog completely inhibited formation of liver metastases in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of pancreatic cancer. The results support further evaluation of 6-substituted HMA derivatives as uPA-targeting anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Buckley
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Ashraf Aboelela
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Elahe Minaei
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Longguang X Jiang
- National Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Centre on Photodynamic Technologies , Fuzhou University , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School , University of New South Wales, and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research , Liverpool , NSW 2170 , Australia
| | - Umar Ali
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Karen Fildes
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Graduate School of Medicine , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Otago , Otago 9016 , New Zealand
| | - Simon M Cook
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Darren C Johnson
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Daniel A Bachovchin
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States.,Chemical Biology Program , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Otago , Otago 9016 , New Zealand
| | - Minoti Apte
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School , University of New South Wales, and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research , Liverpool , NSW 2170 , Australia
| | - Mingdong Huang
- National Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Centre on Photodynamic Technologies , Fuzhou University , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Marie Ranson
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Michael J Kelso
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
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16
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Livingston KE, Traynor JR. Allostery at opioid receptors: modulation with small molecule ligands. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2846-2856. [PMID: 28419415 PMCID: PMC6016636 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptors are 7-transmembrane domain receptors that couple to heterotrimeric G proteins. The endogenous ligands for opioid receptors are peptides which bind to the orthosteric site on the receptors. The μ-opioid receptor is the target for opioid analgesics, while the δ-opioid receptor has been suggested as a target for pain management, migraine and depression. Similarly, κ-opioid receptors are involved in pain and depression and nociceptin receptors in pain and mood behaviours. However, exogenous orthosteric ligands for opioid receptors cause a myriad of on-target side effects. Recently, selective allosteric ligands for μ- and δ-opioid receptors have been described. These compounds bind to a site on the receptor distinct from the orthosteric site. Occupation of this allosteric site leads to modulation of orthosteric ligand binding affinity and/or efficacy. Allosteric modulators may be positive, negative or silent (neutral) (PAMs, NAMs or SAMs respectively). PAMs may have in vivo activity by enhancing the activity of exogenous drugs or endogenous opioid peptides. Enhancing endogenous opioid peptide activity maintains the temporal and spatial distribution of these molecules but improves, and potentially qualitatively changes, activity at their cognate receptors which could limit side effects compared with traditional opioid drugs. In this review, we describe the rationale and promise for the development of allosteric modulators for opioid receptors, the discovery of selective allosteric modulators, the identification of potential allosteric sites on opioid receptors and the mode of action of the modulators. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Emerging Areas of Opioid Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R Traynor
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMIUSA
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17
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Ye L, Neale C, Sljoka A, Lyda B, Pichugin D, Tsuchimura N, Larda ST, Pomès R, García AE, Ernst OP, Sunahara RK, Prosser RS. Mechanistic insights into allosteric regulation of the A 2A adenosine G protein-coupled receptor by physiological cations. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1372. [PMID: 29636462 PMCID: PMC5893540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cations play key roles in regulating G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), although their mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, 19F NMR is used to delineate the effects of cations on functional states of the adenosine A2A GPCR. While Na+ reinforces an inactive ensemble and a partial-agonist stabilized state, Ca2+ and Mg2+ shift the equilibrium toward active states. Positive allosteric effects of divalent cations are more pronounced with agonist and a G-protein-derived peptide. In cell membranes, divalent cations enhance both the affinity and fraction of the high affinity agonist-bound state. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest high concentrations of divalent cations bridge specific extracellular acidic residues, bringing TM5 and TM6 together at the extracellular surface and allosterically driving open the G-protein-binding cleft as shown by rigidity-transmission allostery theory. An understanding of cation allostery should enable the design of allosteric agents and enhance our understanding of GPCR regulation in the cellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Chris Neale
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Adnan Sljoka
- Department of Informatics, School of Science and Technology, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, 530-0012, Japan
| | - Brent Lyda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dmitry Pichugin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Nobuyuki Tsuchimura
- Department of Informatics, School of Science and Technology, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, 530-0012, Japan
| | - Sacha T Larda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Régis Pomès
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G OA4, Canada
| | - Angel E García
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Oliver P Ernst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Roger K Sunahara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - R Scott Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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18
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Schiffmann A, Gimpl G. Sodium functions as a negative allosteric modulator of the oxytocin receptor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018. [PMID: 29524392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The oxytocin receptor, a class A G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), is essentially involved in the physiology of reproduction. Two parameters are crucially important to support high-affinity agonist binding of the receptor: Mg2+ and cholesterol, both acting as positive modulators. Using displacement assays with a high-affinity fluorescent antagonist (OTAN-A647), we now show that sodium functions as a negative allosteric modulator of the oxytocin receptor. In membranes from HEK293 cells stably expressing the oxytocin receptor, oxytocin binding occurred with about 15-fold lower affinity when sodium chloride was increased from 0 to 300 mM, whereas antagonist binding remained largely unchanged. The effect was concentration-dependent, sodium-specific, and it was also observed for oxytocin receptors endogenously expressed in Hs578T breast cancer cells. A conserved Asp (Asp 85) is known to stabilize the sodium binding site in other GCPRs. Mutations of this residue into Ala or Asn are known to yield non-functional oxytocin receptors. When Asp 85 was exchanged for Glu, most of the oxytocin receptors were localized in intracellular structures, but a faint plasma membrane labeling with OTAN-A647 and the appearance of oxytocin-induced calcium responses indicated that these receptors were functional. However, a sodium effect was not detectable for the mutant D85E oxytocin receptors. Thus, the oxytocin receptor is allosterically controlled by sodium similar to other GPCRs, but it behaves differently concerning the involvement of the conserved Asp 85. In case of the oxytocin receptor, Asp 85 is obviously essential for proper localization in the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schiffmann
- Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Biochemistry, Johann-Joachim Becherweg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerald Gimpl
- Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Biochemistry, Johann-Joachim Becherweg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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19
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Clark LD, Dikiy I, Chapman K, Rödström KE, Aramini J, LeVine MV, Khelashvili G, Rasmussen SG, Gardner KH, Rosenbaum DM. Ligand modulation of sidechain dynamics in a wild-type human GPCR. eLife 2017; 6:28505. [PMID: 28984574 PMCID: PMC5650471 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GPCRs regulate all aspects of human physiology, and biophysical studies have deepened our understanding of GPCR conformational regulation by different ligands. Yet there is no experimental evidence for how sidechain dynamics control allosteric transitions between GPCR conformations. To address this deficit, we generated samples of a wild-type GPCR (A2AR) that are deuterated apart from 1H/13C NMR probes at isoleucine δ1 methyl groups, which facilitated 1H/13C methyl TROSY NMR measurements with opposing ligands. Our data indicate that low [Na+] is required to allow large agonist-induced structural changes in A2AR, and that patterns of sidechain dynamics substantially differ between agonist (NECA) and inverse agonist (ZM241385) bound receptors, with the inverse agonist suppressing fast ps-ns timescale motions at the G protein binding site. Our approach to GPCR NMR creates a framework for exploring how different regions of a receptor respond to different ligands or signaling proteins through modulation of fast ps-ns sidechain dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D Clark
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Igor Dikiy
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, United States
| | - Karen Chapman
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Karin Ej Rödström
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James Aramini
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, United States
| | - Michael V LeVine
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States.,Institute for Computational Bioscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - George Khelashvili
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States.,Institute for Computational Bioscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Søren Gf Rasmussen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kevin H Gardner
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, New York, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York, New York, United States.,Biochemistry, Chemistry and Biology PhD Programs, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, United States
| | - Daniel M Rosenbaum
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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20
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La Sala G, Decherchi S, De Vivo M, Rocchia W. Allosteric Communication Networks in Proteins Revealed through Pocket Crosstalk Analysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:949-960. [PMID: 28979936 PMCID: PMC5620967 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The detection and characterization of binding pockets and allosteric communication in proteins is crucial for studying biological regulation and performing drug design. Nowadays, ever-longer molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are routinely used to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of proteins. Yet, there is no computational tool that can automatically detect all the pockets and potential allosteric communication networks along these extended MD simulations. Here, we use a novel and fully automated algorithm that examines pocket formation, dynamics, and allosteric communication embedded in microsecond-long MD simulations of three pharmaceutically relevant proteins, namely, PNP, A2A, and Abl kinase. This dynamic analysis uses pocket crosstalk, defined as the temporal exchange of atoms between adjacent pockets, along the MD trajectories as a fingerprint of hidden allosteric communication networks. Importantly, this study indicates that dynamic pocket crosstalk analysis provides new mechanistic understandings on allosteric communication networks, enriching the available experimental data. Thus, our results suggest the prospective use of this unprecedented dynamic analysis to characterize transient binding pockets for structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina La Sala
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Sergio Decherchi
- CONCEPT
Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- BiKi
Technologies s.r.l., via XX Settembre 33, 16121 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco De Vivo
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- IAS-S/INM-9
Computational Biomedicine Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Phone: +39 01071781577. E-mail:
| | - Walter Rocchia
- CONCEPT
Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Phone: +39 01071781552. E-mail:
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21
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Lowe PT, Dall'Angelo S, Mulder-Krieger T, IJzerman AP, Zanda M, O'Hagan D. A New Class of Fluorinated A 2A Adenosine Receptor Agonist with Application to Last-Step Enzymatic [ 18 F]Fluorination for PET Imaging. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2156-2164. [PMID: 28851015 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The A2A adenosine receptor belongs to a family of G-coupled protein receptors that have been subjected to extensive investigation over the last few decades. Due to their prominent role in the biological functions of the heart, lungs, CNS and brain, they have become a target for the treatment of illnesses ranging from cancer immunotherapy to Parkinson's disease. The imaging of such receptors by using positron emission tomography (PET) has also been of interest, potentially providing a valuable tool for analysing and diagnosing various myocardial and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as offering support to drug discovery trials. Reported herein are the design, synthesis and evaluation of two new 5'-fluorodeoxy-adenosine (FDA)-based receptor agonists (FDA-PP1 and FDA-PP2), each substituted at the C-2 position with a terminally functionalised ethynyl unit. The structures enable a synthesis of 18 F-labelled analogues by direct, last-step radiosynthesis from chlorinated precursors using the fluorinase enzyme (5'-fluoro-5'-deoxyadenosine synthase), which catalyses a transhalogenation reaction. This delivers a new class of A2A adenosine receptor agonist that can be directly radiolabelled for exploration in PET studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip T Lowe
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Sergio Dall'Angelo
- John Mallard Scottish PET Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Thea Mulder-Krieger
- Leiden University, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Leiden University, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Zanda
- John Mallard Scottish PET Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - David O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
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22
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A kinetic view of GPCR allostery and biased agonism. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:929-937. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Daugvilaite V, Madsen CM, Lückmann M, Echeverria CC, Sailer AW, Frimurer TM, Rosenkilde MM, Benned-Jensen T. Biased agonism and allosteric modulation of G protein-coupled receptor 183 - a 7TM receptor also known as Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2031-2042. [PMID: 28369721 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The GPCR Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 (EBI2, also known as GPR183) is activated by oxysterols and plays a pivotal role in the regulation of B cell migration during immune responses. While the molecular basis of agonist binding has been addressed in several studies, the concept of biased agonism of the EBI2 receptor has not been explored. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated the effects of the EBI2 endogenous agonist 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-OHC) on G protein-dependent and -independent pathways as well as sodium ion allosterism using site-directed mutagenesis and functional studies. Moreover, we generated a homology model of the EBI2 receptor to investigate the structural basis of the allosteric modulation by sodium. KEY RESULTS Residue N114, located in the middle of transmembrane-III at position III:11/3.35, was found to function as an efficacy switch. Thus, substituting N114 with an alanine (N114A) completely abolished heterotrimeric G protein subunit Gi α activation by 7α,25-OHC even though the specific binding of [3 H]-7α,25-OHC increased. In contrast, the N114A mutant was still able to recruit β-arrestin and even had an enhanced potency (18.7-fold) compared with EBI2 wild type. Sodium had a negative allosteric effect on oxysterol binding that was mediated via N114, verifying the key role of N114. This was further supported by molecular modelling of the ion binding site based on a EBI2 receptor homology model. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Collectively, our data point to N114 as a key residue for EBI2 signalling controlling the balance between G protein-dependent and -independent pathways and facilitating sodium binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Daugvilaite
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Medom Madsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Lückmann
- Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Clara Castello Echeverria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Walter Sailer
- Forum 1, Novartis Campus, CH-4056, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tau Benned-Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Massink A, Louvel J, Adlere I, van Veen C, Huisman BJH, Dijksteel GS, Guo D, Lenselink EB, Buckley BJ, Matthews H, Ranson M, Kelso M, IJzerman AP. 5′-Substituted Amiloride Derivatives as Allosteric Modulators Binding in the Sodium Ion Pocket of the Adenosine A2A Receptor. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4769-77. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnault Massink
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, LACDR, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Louvel
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, LACDR, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilze Adlere
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Corine van Veen
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, LACDR, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Berend J. H. Huisman
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, LACDR, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gabrielle S. Dijksteel
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, LACDR, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dong Guo
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, LACDR, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eelke B. Lenselink
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, LACDR, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, LACDR, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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25
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Guo D, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP. Kinetic Aspects of the Interaction between Ligand and G Protein-Coupled Receptor: The Case of the Adenosine Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:38-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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26
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Valentin-Hansen L, Frimurer TM, Mokrosinski J, Holliday ND, Schwartz TW. Biased Gs versus Gq proteins and β-arrestin signaling in the NK1 receptor determined by interactions in the water hydrogen bond network. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24495-508. [PMID: 26269596 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.641944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray structures, molecular dynamics simulations, and mutational analysis have previously indicated that an extended water hydrogen bond network between trans-membranes I-III, VI, and VII constitutes an allosteric interface essential for stabilizing different active and inactive helical constellations during the seven-trans-membrane receptor activation. The neurokinin-1 receptor signals efficiently through Gq, Gs, and β-arrestin when stimulated by substance P, but it lacks any sign of constitutive activity. In the water hydrogen bond network the neurokinin-1 has a unique Glu residue instead of the highly conserved AspII:10 (2.50). Here, we find that this GluII:10 occupies the space of a putative allosteric modulating Na(+) ion and makes direct inter-helical interactions in particular with SerIII:15 (3.39) and AsnVII:16 (7.49) of the NPXXY motif. Mutational changes in the interface between GluII:10 and AsnVII:16 created receptors that selectively signaled through the following: 1) Gq only; 2) β-arrestin only; and 3) Gq and β-arrestin but not through Gs. Interestingly, increased constitutive Gs but not Gq signaling was observed by Ala substitution of four out of the six core polar residues of the network, in particular SerIII:15. Three residues were essential for all three signaling pathways, i.e. the water-gating micro-switch residues TrpVI:13 (6.48) of the CWXP motif and TyrVII:20 (7.53) of the NPXXY motif plus the totally conserved AsnI:18 (1.50) stabilizing the kink in trans-membrane VII. It is concluded that the interface between position II:10 (2.50), III:15 (3.39), and VII:16 (7.49) in the center of the water hydrogen bond network constitutes a focal point for fine-tuning seven trans-membrane receptor conformations activating different signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Valentin-Hansen
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Panum Institute, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, and
| | - Thomas M Frimurer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research,University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Jacek Mokrosinski
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Panum Institute, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, and
| | - Nicholas D Holliday
- the Cell Signaling Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- From the Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The Panum Institute, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, and
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27
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Disruption of the Na+ ion binding site as a mechanism for positive allosteric modulation of the mu-opioid receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:18369-74. [PMID: 25489080 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1415013111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulation of the mu-opioid receptor (MOPr), the site of action of all clinically used opioids, represents a potential approach for the management of pain. We recently reported on positive allosteric modulators of MOPr (mu-PAMs), a class A G protein coupled receptor (GPCR). This study was designed to examine the mechanism of allostery by comparing the degree to which opioid ligand structure governs modulation. To do this we examined the interaction of the mu-PAM, BMS-986122, with a chemically diverse range of MOPr orthosteric ligands. Generally, for full agonists BMS-986122 enhanced the binding affinity and potency to activate G protein with no alteration in the maximal effect. In contrast, lower efficacy agonists including morphine were insensitive to alterations in binding affinity and showed little to no change in potency to stimulate G protein. Instead, there was an increase in maximal G protein stimulation. Antagonists were unresponsive to the modulatory effects of BMS-986122. Sodium is a known endogenous allosteric modulator of MOPr and alters orthosteric agonist affinity and efficacy. The sensitivity of an orthosteric ligand to BMS-986122 was strongly correlated with its sensitivity to NaCl. In addition, BMS-986122 decreased the ability of NaCl to modulate agonist binding in an allosteric fashion. Overall, BMS-986122 displayed marked probe dependence that was based upon the efficacy of the orthosteric ligand and can be explained using the Monod-Wyman-Changeux two-state model of allostery. Furthermore, disruption of the Na(+) ion binding site may represent a common mechanism for allosteric modulation of class A GPCRs.
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28
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Rovira X, Malhaire F, Scholler P, Rodrigo J, Gonzalez-Bulnes P, Llebaria A, Pin JP, Giraldo J, Goudet C. Overlapping binding sites drive allosteric agonism and positive cooperativity in type 4 metabotropic glutamate receptors. FASEB J 2014; 29:116-30. [PMID: 25342125 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-257287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 4 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu4) receptors are emerging targets for the treatment of various disorders. Accordingly, numerous mGlu4-positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have been identified, some of which also display agonist activity. To identify the structural bases for their allosteric action, we explored the relationship between the binding pockets of mGlu4 PAMs with different chemical scaffolds and their functional properties. By use of innovative mGlu4 biosensors and second-messenger assays, we show that all PAMs enhance agonist action on the receptor through different degrees of allosteric agonism and positive cooperativity. For example, whereas VU0155041 and VU0415374 display equivalent efficacies [log(τ(B)) = 1.15 ± 0.38 and 1.25 ± 0.44, respectively], they increase the ability of L-AP4 to stabilize the active conformation of the receptor by 4 and 39 times, respectively. Modeling and docking studies identify 2 overlapping binding pockets as follows: a first site homologous to the pocket of natural agonists of class A GPCRs linked to allosteric agonism and a second one pointing toward a site topographically homologous to the Na(+) binding pocket of class A GPCRs, occupied by PAMs exhibiting the strongest cooperativity. These results reveal that intrinsic efficacy and cooperativity of mGlu4 PAMs are correlated with their binding mode, and vice versa, integrating structural and functional knowledge from different GPCR classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Rovira
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; INSERM, U661, Montpellier, France
| | - Fanny Malhaire
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; INSERM, U661, Montpellier, France
| | - Pauline Scholler
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; INSERM, U661, Montpellier, France
| | - Jordi Rodrigo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, BioCIS UMR-CNRS 8076, LabEx LERMIT, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Gonzalez-Bulnes
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Departament of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Amadeu Llebaria
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Departament of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; INSERM, U661, Montpellier, France
| | - Jesús Giraldo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Institut de Neurociències and Unitat de Bioestadística, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Cyril Goudet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; INSERM, U661, Montpellier, France;
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29
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Yuan G, Gedeon NG, Jankins TC, Jones GB. Novel approaches for targeting the adenosine A2Areceptor. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 10:63-80. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.971006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Cortés A, Gracia E, Moreno E, Mallol J, Lluís C, Canela EI, Casadó V. Moonlighting Adenosine Deaminase: A Target Protein for Drug Development. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:85-125. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Cortés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Eduard Gracia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Estefania Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Josefa Mallol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Carme Lluís
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Enric I. Canela
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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31
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Katritch V, Fenalti G, Abola EE, Roth BL, Cherezov V, Stevens RC. Allosteric sodium in class A GPCR signaling. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:233-44. [PMID: 24767681 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite their functional and structural diversity, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) share a common mechanism of signal transduction via conformational changes in the seven-transmembrane (7TM) helical domain. New major insights into this mechanism come from the recent crystallographic discoveries of a partially hydrated sodium ion that is specifically bound in the middle of the 7TM bundle of multiple class A GPCRs. This review discusses the remarkable structural conservation and distinct features of the Na(+) pocket in this most populous GPCR class, as well as the conformational collapse of the pocket upon receptor activation. New insights help to explain allosteric effects of sodium on GPCR agonist binding and activation, and sodium's role as a potential co-factor in class A GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Gustavo Fenalti
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Enrique E Abola
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department of Pharmacology and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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32
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Miller-Gallacher JL, Nehmé R, Warne T, Edwards PC, Schertler GFX, Leslie AGW, Tate CG. The 2.1 Å resolution structure of cyanopindolol-bound β1-adrenoceptor identifies an intramembrane Na+ ion that stabilises the ligand-free receptor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92727. [PMID: 24663151 PMCID: PMC3963952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The β1-adrenoceptor (β1AR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is activated by the endogenous agonists adrenaline and noradrenaline. We have determined the structure of an ultra-thermostable β1AR mutant bound to the weak partial agonist cyanopindolol to 2.1 Å resolution. High-quality crystals (100 μm plates) were grown in lipidic cubic phase without the assistance of a T4 lysozyme or BRIL fusion in cytoplasmic loop 3, which is commonly employed for GPCR crystallisation. An intramembrane Na+ ion was identified co-ordinated to Asp872.50, Ser1283.39 and 3 water molecules, which is part of a more extensive network of water molecules in a cavity formed between transmembrane helices 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7. Remarkably, this water network and Na+ ion is highly conserved between β1AR and the adenosine A2A receptor (rmsd of 0.3 Å), despite an overall rmsd of 2.4 Å for all Cα atoms and only 23% amino acid identity in the transmembrane regions. The affinity of agonist binding and nanobody Nb80 binding to β1AR is unaffected by Na+ ions, but the stability of the receptor is decreased by 7.5°C in the absence of Na+. Mutation of amino acid side chains that are involved in the co-ordination of either Na+ or water molecules in the network decreases the stability of β1AR by 5–10°C. The data suggest that the intramembrane Na+ and associated water network stabilise the ligand-free state of β1AR, but still permits the receptor to form the activated state which involves the collapse of the Na+ binding pocket on agonist binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rony Nehmé
- Structural Studies Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Warne
- Structural Studies Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia C. Edwards
- Structural Studies Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gebhard F. X. Schertler
- Structural Studies Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. W. Leslie
- Structural Studies Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher G. Tate
- Structural Studies Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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33
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Hinz S, Lacher SK, Seibt BF, Müller CE. BAY60-6583 acts as a partial agonist at adenosine A2B receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 349:427-36. [PMID: 24633424 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.210849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BAY60-6583 [2-({6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-[4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}sulfanyl)acetamide] is the most potent and selective adenosine A2B receptor (A2B AR) agonist known to date. Therefore, it has been widely used for in vitro and in vivo experiments. In the present study, we investigated the binding and functional properties of BAY60-6583 in various native and recombinant cell lines with different A2B AR expression levels. In cAMP accumulation and calcium mobilization assays, BAY60-6583 was found to be significantly less efficacious than adenosine or the adenosine derivative NECA. When it was tested in human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells, its efficacy correlated with the A2B expression level of the cells. In Jurkat T cells, BAY60-6583 antagonized the agonistic effect of NECA and adenosine as determined in cAMP accumulation assays. On the basis of these results, we conclude that BAY60-6583 acts as a partial agonist at adenosine A2B receptors. At high levels of the physiologic agonist adenosine, BAY60-6583 may act as an antagonist and block the effects of adenosine at A2B receptors. This has to be considered when applying the A2B-selective "agonist" BAY60-6583 in pharmacological studies, and previous research results may have to be reinterpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Hinz
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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34
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Vošahlíková M, Jurkiewicz P, Roubalová L, Hof M, Svoboda P. High- and low-affinity sites for sodium in δ-OR-Gi1α (Cys (351)-Ile (351)) fusion protein stably expressed in HEK293 cells; functional significance and correlation with biophysical state of plasma membrane. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 387:487-502. [PMID: 24577425 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-0962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effect of sodium, potassium, and lithium on δ-opioid receptor ligand binding parameters and coupling with the cognate G proteins was compared in model HEK293 cell line stably expressing PTX-insensitive δ-OR-Gi1α (Cys(351)-Ile(351)) fusion protein. Agonist [(3)H]DADLE binding was decreased in the order Na(+) ≫ Li(+) > K(+) > (+)NMDG. When plotted as a function of increasing NaCl concentrations, the binding was best-fitted with a two-phase exponential decay considering two Na(+)-responsive sites (r (2) = 0.99). High-affinity Na(+)-sites were characterized by Kd = 7.9 mM and represented 25 % of the basal level determined in the absence of ions. The remaining 75 % represented the low-affinity sites (Kd = 463 mM). Inhibition of [(3)H]DADLE binding by lithium, potassium, and (+)-NMDG proceeded in low-affinity manner only. Surprisingly, the affinity/potency of DADLE-stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS binding was increased in a reverse order: Na(+) < K(+) < Li(+). This result was demonstrated in PTX-treated as well as PTX-untreated cells. Therefore, it is not restricted to Gi1α(Cys(351)-Ile(351)) within the δ-OR-Gi1α fusion protein, but is also valid for stimulation of endogenous G proteins of Gi/Go family in HEK293 cells. Biophysical studies of interaction of ions with polar head-group region of lipids using Laurdan generalized polarization indicated the low-affinity type of interaction only proceeding in the order: Cs(+) < K(+) < Na(+) < Li(+). The results are discussed in terms of interaction of Na(+), K(+) and Li(+) with the high- and low-affinity sites located in water-accessible part of δ-OR binding pocket. We also consider the role of negatively charged Cl(-), Br(-), and I(-) counter anions in inhibition of both [(3)H]DADLE and [(35)S]GTPγS binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Vošahlíková
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic
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35
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Fenalti G, Giguere PM, Katritch V, Huang XP, Thompson AA, Cherezov V, Roth BL, Stevens RC. Molecular control of δ-opioid receptor signalling. Nature 2014; 506:191-6. [PMID: 24413399 DOI: 10.1038/nature12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Opioids represent widely prescribed and abused medications, although their signal transduction mechanisms are not well understood. Here we present the 1.8 Å high-resolution crystal structure of the human δ-opioid receptor (δ-OR), revealing the presence and fundamental role of a sodium ion in mediating allosteric control of receptor functional selectivity and constitutive activity. The distinctive δ-OR sodium ion site architecture is centrally located in a polar interaction network in the seven-transmembrane bundle core, with the sodium ion stabilizing a reduced agonist affinity state, and thereby modulating signal transduction. Site-directed mutagenesis and functional studies reveal that changing the allosteric sodium site residue Asn 131 to an alanine or a valine augments constitutive β-arrestin-mediated signalling. Asp95Ala, Asn310Ala and Asn314Ala mutations transform classical δ-opioid antagonists such as naltrindole into potent β-arrestin-biased agonists. The data establish the molecular basis for allosteric sodium ion control in opioid signalling, revealing that sodium-coordinating residues act as 'efficacy switches' at a prototypic G-protein-coupled receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Fenalti
- 1] Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA [2]
| | - Patrick M Giguere
- 1] National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program and Department of Pharmacology and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2]
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program and Department of Pharmacology and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Aaron A Thompson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program and Department of Pharmacology and Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Wootten D, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. Emerging paradigms in GPCR allostery: implications for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:630-44. [PMID: 23903222 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric ligands bind to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs; also known as seven-transmembrane receptors) at sites that are distinct from the sites to which endogenous ligands bind. The existence of allosteric ligands has enriched the ways in which the functions of GPCRs can be manipulated for potential therapeutic benefit, yet the complexity of their actions provides both challenges and opportunities for drug screening and development. Converging avenues of research in areas such as biased signalling by allosteric ligands and the mechanisms by which allosteric ligands modulate the effects of diverse endogenous ligands have provided new insights into how interactions between allosteric ligands and GPCRs could be exploited for drug discovery. These new findings have the potential to alter how screening for allosteric drugs is performed and may increase the chances of success in the development of allosteric modulators as clinical lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
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de Lera Ruiz M, Lim YH, Zheng J. Adenosine A2A Receptor as a Drug Discovery Target. J Med Chem 2013; 57:3623-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4011669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel de Lera Ruiz
- Department
of Chemical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yeon-Hee Lim
- Department
of Chemical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Junying Zheng
- Department
of Chemical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Massink A, Rodríguez D, Liu W, Han GW, Joseph JS, Katritch I, Heitman LH, Xia L, Ijzerman AP, Cherezov V, Katritch V, Stevens RC. The role of a sodium ion binding site in the allosteric modulation of the A(2A) adenosine G protein-coupled receptor. Structure 2013; 21:2175-85. [PMID: 24210756 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The function of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be modulated by a number of endogenous allosteric molecules. In this study, we used molecular dynamics, radioligand binding, and thermostability experiments to elucidate the role of the recently discovered sodium ion binding site in the allosteric modulation of the human A(2A) adenosine receptor, conserved among class A GPCRs. While the binding of antagonists and sodium ions to the receptor was noncompetitive in nature, the binding of agonists and sodium ions appears to require mutually exclusive conformational states of the receptor. Amiloride analogs can also bind to the sodium binding pocket, showing distinct patterns of agonist and antagonist modulation. These findings suggest that physiological concentrations of sodium ions affect functionally relevant conformational states of GPCRs and can help to design novel synthetic allosteric modulators or bitopic ligands exploiting the sodium ion binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, E-15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Homology models of melatonin receptors: challenges and recent advances. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8093-121. [PMID: 23584026 PMCID: PMC3645733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14048093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin exerts many of its actions through the activation of two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), named MT1 and MT2. So far, a number of different MT1 and MT2 receptor homology models, built either from the prototypic structure of rhodopsin or from recently solved X-ray structures of druggable GPCRs, have been proposed. These receptor models differ in the binding modes hypothesized for melatonin and melatonergic ligands, with distinct patterns of ligand-receptor interactions and putative bioactive conformations of ligands. The receptor models will be described, and they will be discussed in light of the available information from mutagenesis experiments and ligand-based pharmacophore models. The ability of these ligand-receptor complexes to rationalize structure-activity relationships of known series of melatonergic compounds will be commented upon.
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40
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Zhang C, Srinivasan Y, Arlow DH, Fung JJ, Palmer D, Zheng Y, Green HF, Pandey A, Dror RO, Shaw DE, Weis WI, Coughlin SR, Kobilka BK. High-resolution crystal structure of human protease-activated receptor 1. Nature 2012; 492:387-92. [PMID: 23222541 PMCID: PMC3531875 DOI: 10.1038/nature11701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protease-Activated Receptor-1 (PAR1) is the prototypical member of a family of G protein-coupled receptors that mediate cellular responses to thrombin and related proteases. Thrombin irreversibly activates PAR1 by cleaving the N-terminal exodomain of the receptor, which exposes a tethered peptide ligand that binds the receptor’s heptahelical bundle to effect G protein-activation. Here we report a 2.2Å resolution crystal structure of human PAR1 bound to vorapaxar, a PAR1 antagonist. The structure reveals an unusual mode of drug binding that explains how a small molecule binds virtually irreversibly to inhibit receptor activation by PAR1’s tethered ligand. In contrast to deep, solvent-exposed binding pockets observed in other peptide-activated GPCRs, the vorapaxar-binding pocket is superficial but has little surface exposed to the aqueous solvent. PARs are important targets for drug development. The structure reported here will aid development of improved PAR1 antagonists and discovery of antagonists to other members of this receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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41
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Liu W, Chun E, Thompson AA, Chubukov P, Xu F, Katritch V, Han GW, Roth CB, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP, Cherezov V, Stevens RC. Structural basis for allosteric regulation of GPCRs by sodium ions. Science 2012; 337:232-6. [PMID: 22798613 DOI: 10.1126/science.1219218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 742] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological responses of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be fine-tuned by allosteric modulators. Structural studies of such effects have been limited due to the medium resolution of GPCR structures. We reengineered the human A(2A) adenosine receptor by replacing its third intracellular loop with apocytochrome b(562)RIL and solved the structure at 1.8 angstrom resolution. The high-resolution structure allowed us to identify 57 ordered water molecules inside the receptor comprising three major clusters. The central cluster harbors a putative sodium ion bound to the highly conserved aspartate residue Asp(2.50). Additionally, two cholesterols stabilize the conformation of helix VI, and one of 23 ordered lipids intercalates inside the ligand-binding pocket. These high-resolution details shed light on the potential role of structured water molecules, sodium ions, and lipids/cholesterol in GPCR stabilization and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Synthesis and biological activity of tricyclic cycloalkylimidazo-, pyrimido- and diazepinopurinediones. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3590-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Xu F, Liu W, Hanson MA, Stevens RC, Cherezov V. Development of an Automated High Throughput LCP-FRAP Assay to Guide Membrane Protein Crystallization in Lipid Mesophases. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2011; 11:1193-1201. [PMID: 21660116 PMCID: PMC3108193 DOI: 10.1021/cg101385e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Crystallization in lipidic mesophases (in meso) has been successfully used to obtain a number of high-resolution membrane protein structures including challenging members of the human G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. Crystallogenesis in arguably the most successful mesophase, lipidic cubic phase (LCP), critically depends on the ability of protein to diffuse in the LCP matrix and to form specific protein-protein contacts to support crystal nucleation and growth. The ability of an integral membrane protein to diffuse in LCP is strongly affected by the protein aggregation state, the structural parameters of LCP, and the chemical environment. In order to satisfy both requirements of diffusion and specific interactions, one must balance multiple parameters, such as identity of LCP host lipid, composition of precipitant solution, identity of ligand, and protein modifications. Screening within such multi-dimensional crystallization space presents a significant bottleneck in obtaining initial crystal leads. To reduce this combinatorial challenge, we developed a pre-crystallization screening assay to measure the diffusion characteristics of a protein target in LCP. Utilizing the Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) technique in an automated and high throughput manner, we were able to map conditions that support adequate diffusion in LCP using a minimal amount of protein. Data collection and processing protocols were validated using two model GPCR targets: the β(2)-adrenergic receptor and the A(2A) adenosine receptor.
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Xu F, Wu H, Katritch V, Han GW, Jacobson KA, Gao ZG, Cherezov V, Stevens RC. Structure of an agonist-bound human A2A adenosine receptor. Science 2011; 332:322-7. [PMID: 21393508 DOI: 10.1126/science.1202793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Activation of G protein-coupled receptors upon agonist binding is a critical step in the signaling cascade for this family of cell surface proteins. We report the crystal structure of the A(2A) adenosine receptor (A(2A)AR) bound to an agonist UK-432097 at 2.7 angstrom resolution. Relative to inactive, antagonist-bound A(2A)AR, the agonist-bound structure displays an outward tilt and rotation of the cytoplasmic half of helix VI, a movement of helix V, and an axial shift of helix III, resembling the changes associated with the active-state opsin structure. Additionally, a seesaw movement of helix VII and a shift of extracellular loop 3 are likely specific to A(2A)AR and its ligand. The results define the molecule UK-432097 as a "conformationally selective agonist" capable of receptor stabilization in a specific active-state configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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45
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Fredholm BB, IJzerman AP, Jacobson KA, Linden J, Müller CE. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXI. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors--an update. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:1-34. [PMID: 21303899 PMCID: PMC3061413 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1015] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 10 years since our previous International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology report on the nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors, no developments have led to major changes in the recommendations. However, there have been so many other developments that an update is needed. The fact that the structure of one of the adenosine receptors has recently been solved has already led to new ways of in silico screening of ligands. The evidence that adenosine receptors can form homo- and heteromultimers has accumulated, but the functional significance of such complexes remains unclear. The availability of mice with genetic modification of all the adenosine receptors has led to a clarification of the functional roles of adenosine, and to excellent means to study the specificity of drugs. There are also interesting associations between disease and structural variants in one or more of the adenosine receptors. Several new selective agonists and antagonists have become available. They provide improved possibilities for receptor classification. There are also developments hinting at the usefulness of allosteric modulators. Many drugs targeting adenosine receptors are in clinical trials, but the established therapeutic use is still very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil B Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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47
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Jacobson KA, Gao ZG, Göblyös A, IJzerman AP. Allosteric modulation of purine and pyrimidine receptors. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2011; 61:187-220. [PMID: 21586360 PMCID: PMC3165024 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385526-8.00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among the purine and pyrimidine receptors, the discovery of small molecular allosteric modulators has been most highly advanced for the A(1) and A(3) adenosine receptors (ARs). These AR modulators have allosteric effects that are structurally separated from the orthosteric effects in SAR studies. The benzoylthiophene derivatives tend to act as allosteric agonists as well as selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the A(1) AR. A 2-amino-3-aroylthiophene derivative T-62 has been under development as a PAM of the A(1) AR for the treatment of chronic pain. Several structurally distinct classes of allosteric modulators of the human A(3) AR have been reported: 3-(2-pyridinyl)isoquinolines, 2,4-disubstituted quinolines, 1H-imidazo-[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amines, endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol, and the food dye Brilliant Black BN. Site-directed mutagenesis of A(1) and A(3) ARs has identified residues associated with the allosteric effect, distinct from those that affect orthosteric binding. A few small molecular allosteric modulators have been reported for several of the P2X ligand-gated ion channels and the G protein-coupled P2Y receptor nucleotides. Metal ion modulation of the P2X receptors has been extensively explored. The allosteric approach to modulation of purine and pyrimidine receptors looks promising for development of drugs that are event and site specific in action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anikó Göblyös
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kecskés M, Kumar TS, Yoo L, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA. Novel Alexa Fluor-488 labeled antagonist of the A(2A) adenosine receptor: Application to a fluorescence polarization-based receptor binding assay. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:506-11. [PMID: 20438717 PMCID: PMC2900413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence polarization (FP) assay has many advantages over the traditional radioreceptor binding studies. We developed an A(2A) adenosine receptor (AR) FP assay using a newly synthesized fluorescent antagonist of the A(2A)AR (MRS5346), a pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-amine derivative conjugated to the fluorescent dye Alexa Fluor-488. MRS5346 displayed a K(i) value of 111+/-16nM in radioligand binding using [(3)H]CGS21680 and membranes prepared from HEK293 cells stably expressing the human A(2A)AR. In a cyclic AMP functional assay, MRS5346 was shown to be an A(2A)AR antagonist. MRS5346 did not show any effect on A(1) and A(3) ARs in binding or the A(2B)AR in a cyclic AMP assay at 10microM. Its suitability as a fluorescent tracer was indicated in an initial observation of an FP signal following A(2A)AR binding. The FP signal was optimal with 20nM MRS5346 and 150microg protein/mL HEK293 membranes. The association and dissociation kinetic parameters were readily determined using this FP assay. The K(d) value of MRS5346 calculated from kinetic parameters was 16.5+/-4.7nM. In FP competition binding experiments using MRS5346 as a tracer, K(i) values of known AR agonists and antagonists consistently agreed with K(i) values from radioligand binding. Thus, this FP assay, which eliminates using radioisotopes, appears to be appropriate for both routine receptor binding and high-throughput screening with respect to speed of analysis, displaceable signal and precision. The approach used in the present study could be generally applicable to other GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Kecskés
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
| | - T. Santhosh Kumar
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
| | - Lena Yoo
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810 USA
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The crystallographic structure of the human adenosine A2A receptor in a high-affinity antagonist-bound state: implications for GPCR drug screening and design. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2010; 20:401-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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50
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De Amici M, Dallanoce C, Holzgrabe U, Tränkle C, Mohr K. Allosteric ligands for G protein-coupled receptors: a novel strategy with attractive therapeutic opportunities. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:463-549. [PMID: 19557759 DOI: 10.1002/med.20166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric receptor ligands bind to a recognition site that is distinct from the binding site of the endogenous messenger molecule. As a consequence, allosteric agents may attach to receptors that are already transmitter-bound. Ternary complex formation opens an avenue to qualitatively new drug actions at G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), in particular receptor subtype selective potentiation of endogenous transmitter action. Consequently, suitable exploitation of allosteric recognition sites as alternative molecular targets could pave the way to a drug discovery paradigm different from those aimed at mimicking or blocking the effects of endogenous (orthosteric) receptor activators. The number of allosteric ligands reported to modulate GPCR function is steadily increasing and some have already reached routine clinical use. This review aims at introducing into this fascinating field of drug discovery and at providing an overview about the achievements that have already been made. Various case examples will be discussed in the framework of GPCR classification (family A, B, and C receptors). In addition, the behavior at muscarinic receptors of hybrid derivatives incorporating both an allosteric and an orthosteric fragment in a common molecular skeleton will be illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Amici
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pietro Pratesi, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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