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Wang B, Otten LJ, Schulze K, Afrah H, Varney L, Cotic M, Saadullah Khani N, Linden JF, Kuchenbaecker K, McQuillin A, Hall MH, Bramon E. Is auditory processing measured by the N100 an endophenotype for psychosis? A family study and a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2024; 54:1559-1572. [PMID: 37997703 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723003409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The N100, an early auditory event-related potential, has been found to be altered in patients with psychosis. However, it is unclear if the N100 is a psychosis endophenotype that is also altered in the relatives of patients. METHODS We conducted a family study using the auditory oddball paradigm to compare the N100 amplitude and latency across 243 patients with psychosis, 86 unaffected relatives, and 194 controls. We then conducted a systematic review and a random-effects meta-analysis pooling our results and 14 previously published family studies. We compared data from a total of 999 patients, 1192 relatives, and 1253 controls in order to investigate the evidence and degree of N100 differences. RESULTS In our family study, patients showed reduced N100 amplitudes and prolonged N100 latencies compared to controls, but no significant differences were found between unaffected relatives and controls. The meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction of the N100 amplitude and delay of the N100 latency in both patients with psychosis (standardized mean difference [s.m.d.] = -0.48 for N100 amplitude and s.m.d. = 0.43 for N100 latency) and their relatives (s.m.d. = - 0.19 for N100 amplitude and s.m.d. = 0.33 for N100 latency). However, only the N100 latency changes in relatives remained significant when excluding studies with affected relatives. CONCLUSIONS N100 changes, especially prolonged N100 latencies, are present in both patients with psychosis and their relatives, making the N100 a promising endophenotype for psychosis. Such changes in the N100 may reflect changes in early auditory processing underlying the etiology of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihan Wang
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Leun J Otten
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Katja Schulze
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hana Afrah
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lauren Varney
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marius Cotic
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jennifer F Linden
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karoline Kuchenbaecker
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Division of Biosciences, UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Mei-Hua Hall
- Psychosis Neurobiology Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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van der Merwe J, Biagio-de Jager L, Mahomed-Asmail F, Hall JW. Documentation of Peripheral Auditory Function in Studies of the Auditory P300 Response. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. A critical review was conducted to examine whether the peripheral hearing status of participants with neurological and psychological disorders was documented in published clinical studies of the auditory P300 response. Literature searches were conducted with three databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus. Studies of participants with seven neurological or psychological disorders were included in the study. Each disorder was coupled with the main search phrase in separate searches on each database. Of the total 102 papers which met the inclusion criteria, the majority (64%) did not describe the peripheral hearing sensitivity of participants. In this review with studies that included participants at risk for hearing impairment, particularly age-related hearing loss, only a single publication adequately described formal hearing evaluation. Peripheral hearing status is rarely defined in studies of the P300 response. The inclusion of participants with a hearing loss likely affects the validity of findings for these studies. We recommend formal hearing assessment prior to inclusion of participants in studies of the auditory P300 response. The findings of this study may increase the awareness among researchers outside the field of audiology of the effects of peripheral hearing loss on the auditory P300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janushca van der Merwe
- Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Leigh Biagio-de Jager
- Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Faheema Mahomed-Asmail
- Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Virtual Hearing Lab, Collaborative Initiative between University of Colorado and the University of Pretoria, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James W. Hall
- Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- George Osborne College of Audiology, Salus University, Elkins Park, PA, USA
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
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3
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Nie S, Shen C, Guo Y, Hou X, Hong Y, Xu S, Lv R, Liu X. Preliminary Findings on Visual Event-Related Potential P3 in Asymptomatic Patients with Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:3379-3394. [PMID: 34848959 PMCID: PMC8626861 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s338717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral small vessel disease is the primary cause of cognitive impairment. Therefore, early recognition is of great significance. Some studies have shown that asymptomatic cerebral small vessel disease (aCSVD) patients have abnormal neurocognitive function, but this is not readily apparent at the initial stage. The objective of this paper was to assess visual spatial attention by event-related potential (ERP) examination and to analyze the relationship between ERP data and clinical characteristics in patients with aCSVD. METHODS We selected 25 aCSVD patients and enrolled 23 age-matched normal subjects as the control group. We measured the latency and amplitude of original/corresponding differential ERP components using the modified visual oddball paradigm, which included a standard stimulus, target stimulus, and new stimulus. Additionally, we selected aberrant ERP components to study the correlations between the ERP data and clinical characteristics of the patients with aCSVD. RESULTS We found not only lower amplitude but also significantly longer P3 latency in the aCSVD patients. The above results were further verified by analyzing the different components (target minus standard and novel minus standard) of P3. Furthermore, abnormal ERPs in the aCSVD patients were closely related to the changes observed with imaging. CONCLUSION It was demonstrated that the speed and capability of processing visual spatial information was impaired in aCSVD patients compared with healthy controls. Thus, ERP examination could detect the presence of attentional deficits and might become a rapid and sensitive method for the early diagnosis of aCSVD. However, its availability needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjing Nie
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Anti-Aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunliang Guo
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Anti-Aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunyao Hou
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Anti-Aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Hong
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Anti-Aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Anti-Aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjun Lv
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Anti-Aging Monitoring Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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4
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Chen YH, Howell B, Edgar JC, Huang M, Kochunov P, Hunter MA, Wootton C, Lu BY, Bustillo J, Sadek JR, Miller GA, Cañive JM. Associations and Heritability of Auditory Encoding, Gray Matter, and Attention in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:859-870. [PMID: 30099543 PMCID: PMC6581123 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auditory encoding abnormalities, gray-matter loss, and cognitive deficits are all candidate schizophrenia (SZ) endophenotypes. This study evaluated associations between and heritability of auditory network attributes (function and structure) and attention in healthy controls (HC), SZ patients, and unaffected relatives (UR). METHODS Whole-brain maps of M100 auditory activity from magnetoencephalography recordings, cortical thickness (CT), and a measure of attention were obtained from 70 HC, 69 SZ patients, and 35 UR. Heritability estimates (h2r) were obtained for M100, CT at each group-difference region, and the attention measure. RESULTS SZ patients had weaker bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG) M100 responses than HC and a weaker right frontal M100 response than UR. Abnormally large M100 responses in left superior frontal gyrus were observed in UR and SZ patients. SZ patients showed smaller CT in bilateral STG and right frontal regions. Interrelatedness between 3 putative SZ endophenotypes was demonstrated, although in the left STG the M100 and CT function-structure associations observed in HC and UR were absent in SZ patients. Heritability analyses also showed that right frontal M100 and bilateral STG CT measures are significantly heritable. CONCLUSIONS Present findings indicated that the 3 SZ endophenotypes examined are not isolated markers of pathology but instead are connected. The pattern of auditory encoding group differences and the pattern of brain function-structure associations differ as a function of brain region, indicating the need for regional specificity when studying these endophenotypes, and with the presence of left STG function-structure associations in HC and UR but not in SZ perhaps reflecting disease-associated damage to gray matter that disrupts function-structure relationships in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Chen
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Radiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Seashore House 1F Room 116B, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; tel: +1(267)426-0959, fax: +1(267)425-2465, e-mail:
| | - Breannan Howell
- Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychiatric Research, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - J Christopher Edgar
- Department of Radiology, Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mingxiong Huang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA,Department of Radiology, VA San Diego Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, San Diego, CA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, The University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael A Hunter
- Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychiatric Research, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Cassandra Wootton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychiatric Research, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Brett Y Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - Juan Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychiatric Research, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Joseph R Sadek
- Psychiatry Research, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Raymond G. Murphy VA Medical Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Gregory A Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - José M Cañive
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychiatric Research, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM,Psychiatry Research, New Mexico VA Health Care System, Raymond G. Murphy VA Medical Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Albuquerque, NM
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5
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Osokina OI, Ivnyev BB. Cerebral Evoked Potentials in Patients at an Early Stage of Schizophrenia. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-018-9751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Siekmeier PJ. Computational modeling of psychiatric illnesses via well-defined neurophysiological and neurocognitive biomarkers. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:365-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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The effect of cognitive training on evoked potentials in schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2014; 1:180-186. [PMID: 29379751 PMCID: PMC5779133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiological indices are sensitive to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia but have rarely been used to assess benefits of cognitive remediation. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of specific cognitive training approaches on event-related potentials. Forty-six patients with schizophrenia underwent either auditory (AUD) or visuo-spatial (VIS) cognitive training or treatment-as-usual (TAU). Cognitive training was computer-assisted and administered for 10 sessions within two weeks. Event-related potentials during an active odd-ball paradigm together with clinical and neuropsychological variables were assessed before and after training and again at a two-month follow-up. Compared to the TAU group both the AUD and VIS training groups showed decreased P2 latency following training. At follow-up, the P2-latency reduction was stable in the VIS group but the AUD group experienced a relapse. Training resulted in improved digit-span backward among neuropsychological variables. Increased P2 amplitude was related to more positive symptoms and lower social-occupational functioning and longer P2 latency was associated with greater severity of stereotyped thinking. The more general visuo-spatial training appears to have a longer-lasting effect on P2 latency than the specific auditory training. Alternatively, there may be specific auditory discrimination deficits in schizophrenia requiring more extensive training for a stable change.
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8
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Overlapping auditory M100 and M200 abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a MEG study. Schizophr Res 2014; 160:201-7. [PMID: 25468188 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share common etiological factors and pathophysiological pathways and have overlapping clinical features. Only few studies have directly compared early auditory information processing in the two disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the M100 and M200 auditory responses in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and compare them with healthy controls using magnetoencephalography (MEG). METHODS Whole-head MEG data were acquired during an auditory oddball paradigm in 24 schizophrenia patients, 26 bipolar I disorder patients, and 31 healthy controls. The strengths and latencies of M100 and M200 in both hemispheres and the dipole source localizations were investigated from the standard stimuli. RESULTS The M100 and M200 dipolar sources were localized to the left and right posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in all the subjects. An asymmetric pattern of M100 and M200 auditory response with more anterior sources in the right STG was observed in the healthy controls. However, both the schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients showed a symmetric M100 and M200 source pattern. When compared with the healthy control group, both patient groups showed significantly reduced M100 and M200 source strength in both hemispheres. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that early auditory information processing deficits may be similar in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and may be related to abnormalities of the STG.
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9
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Correlations of Parameters of Cerebral Evoked Potentials with Age, Clinical, and Social Characteristics of Patients with the First Episode of Psychosis. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-014-9437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Hamm JP, Ethridge LE, Boutros NN, Keshavan MS, Sweeney JA, Pearlson GD, Tamminga CA, Clementz BA. Diagnostic specificity and familiality of early versus late evoked potentials to auditory paired stimuli across the schizophrenia-bipolar psychosis spectrum. Psychophysiology 2014; 51:348-57. [PMID: 24660885 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted sensory processing is a core feature of psychotic disorders. Auditory paired stimuli (PS) evoke a complex neural response, but it is uncertain which aspects reflect shared and/or distinct liability for the most common severe psychoses, schizophrenia (SZ) and psychotic bipolar disorder (BDP). Evoked time-voltage/time-frequency domain responses quantified with EEG during a typical PS paradigm (S1-S2) were compared among proband groups (SZ [n = 232], BDP [181]), their relatives (SZrel [259], BDPrel [220]), and healthy participants (H [228]). Early S1-evoked responses were reduced in SZ and BDP, while later/S2 abnormalities showed SZ/SZrel and BDP/BDPrel specificity. Relatives' effects were absent/small despite significant familiality of the entire auditorineural response. This pattern suggests general and divergent biological pathways associated with psychosis, yet may reflect complications with conditioning solely on clinical phenomenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P Hamm
- Department of Psychology, BioImaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Department of Neuroscience, BioImaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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11
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Shin KS, Kim JS, Kim SN, Koh Y, Jang JH, An SK, O’Donnell BF, Chung CK, Kwon JS. Aberrant auditory processing in schizophrenia and in subjects at ultra-high-risk for psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2012; 38:1258-67. [PMID: 22021663 PMCID: PMC3494059 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbr138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The N1 and the mismatch negativity (MMN) responses observed in electroencephalographic and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings reflect sensory processing, sensory memory, and adaptation and are usually abnormal in patients with schizophrenia. However, their differential sensitivity to ultra-high-risk (UHR) status is controversial. The current study evaluated the sensitivity of MEG N1m, N1m adaptation, and magnetic counterpart of MMN (MMNm) in 16 UHR subjects, 15 schizophrenia patients, and 18 healthy controls (HCs) during a passive auditory oddball task. N1m adaptation was assessed using the difference in N1m dipole moment between the first and last standard tones in a standard stimulus sequence. N1m adaptation occurred in HCs, whereas neither the UHR nor the schizophrenia groups showed adaptation to the standard tone on repeated presentations. The UHR group had values between those for HCs and schizophrenia patients. Additionally, MMNm dipole moment was reduced in both the UHR and patient groups compared with HCs, whereas the UHR and schizophrenia groups did not differ from each other. These findings indicated that both N1m adaptation and MMNm were altered in UHR subjects and in schizophrenia patients, despite unaffected N1m dipole moment to the first standard tones. Moreover, both UHR and schizophrenia groups failed to show adaptation of the N1m to repeated standard tones. This failure in adaptation was more severe in patients than UHR subjects, suggesting that auditory adaptation may be sensitive to the progression of the illness and be an early biomarker of UHR for psychosis. Deficits in auditory sensory memory, on the other hand, may be similarly impaired in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Soon Shin
- Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Neuroscience Institute, Seoul National University - Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - June Sic Kim
- Magnetoencephalography Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Nyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yuri Koh
- Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Neuroscience Institute, Seoul National University - Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Hwan Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk Kyoon An
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Brian F. O’Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Chun Kee Chung
- Magnetoencephalography Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Neuroscience Institute, Seoul National University - Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Department of Brain and Cognitive Science-World Class University Program, Seoul National University College of Natural Science, Seoul, Korea,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehakno, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; tel: +82-2-2072-2972, fax: +82-2-747-9063, e-mail:
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12
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Howell TJ, Conduit R, Toukhsati S, Bennett P. Auditory stimulus discrimination recorded in dogs, as indicated by mismatch negativity (MMN). Behav Processes 2012; 89:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Ferreira-Santos F, Silveira C, Almeida PR, Palha A, Barbosa F, Marques-Teixeira J. The auditory P200 is both increased and reduced in schizophrenia? A meta-analytic dissociation of the effect for standard and target stimuli in the oddball task. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 123:1300-8. [PMID: 22197447 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Conflicting reports of P200 amplitude and latency in schizophrenia have suggested that this component is increased, reduced or does not differ from healthy subjects. A systematic review and meta-analysis were undertaken to accurately describe P200 deficits in auditory oddball tasks in schizophrenia. METHODS A systematic search identified 20 studies which were meta-analyzed. Effect size (ES) estimates were obtained: P200 amplitude and latency for target and standard tones at midline electrodes. RESULTS The ES obtained for amplitude (Cz) for standard and target stimuli indicate significant effects in opposite directions: standard stimuli elicit smaller P200 in patients (d = -0.36; 95% CI [-0.26, -0.08]); target stimuli elicit larger P200 in patients (d = 0.48; 95% CI [0.16, 0.82]). A similar effect occurs for latency at Cz, which is shorter for standards (d = -0.32; 95% CI [-0.54, -0.10]) and longer for targets (d = 0.42; 95% CI [0.23, 0.62]). Meta-regression analyses revealed that samples with more males show larger ES for amplitude of target stimuli, while the amount of medication was negatively associated with the ES for the latency of standards. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained suggest that claims of reduced or augmented P200 in schizophrenia based on the sole examination of standard or target stimuli fail to consider the stimulus effect. SIGNIFICANCE Quantification of effects for standard and target stimuli is a required first step to understand the nature of P200 deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ferreira-Santos
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Dr Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-392 Porto, Portugal.
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14
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Foxe JJ, Yeap S, Snyder AC, Kelly SP, Thakore JH, Molholm S. The N1 auditory evoked potential component as an endophenotype for schizophrenia: high-density electrical mapping in clinically unaffected first-degree relatives, first-episode, and chronic schizophrenia patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011; 261:331-9. [PMID: 21153832 PMCID: PMC3119740 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-010-0176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The N1 component of the auditory evoked potential (AEP) is a robust and easily recorded metric of auditory sensory-perceptual processing. In patients with schizophrenia, a diminution in the amplitude of this component is a near-ubiquitous finding. A pair of recent studies has also shown this N1 deficit in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia probands, suggesting that the deficit may be linked to the underlying genetic risk of the disease rather than to the disease state itself. However, in both these studies, a significant proportion of the relatives had other psychiatric conditions. As such, although the N1 deficit represents an intriguing candidate endophenotype for schizophrenia, it remains to be shown whether it is present in a group of clinically unaffected first-degree relatives. In addition to testing first-degree relatives, we also sought to replicate the N1 deficit in a group of first-episode patients and in a group of chronic schizophrenia probands. Subject groups consisted of 35 patients with schizophrenia, 30 unaffected first-degree relatives, 13 first-episode patients, and 22 healthy controls. Subjects sat in a dimly lit room and listened to a series of simple 1,000-Hz tones, indicating with a button press whenever they heard a deviant tone (1,500 Hz; 17% probability), while the AEP was recorded from 72 scalp electrodes. Both chronic and first-episode patients showed clear N1 amplitude decrements relative to healthy control subjects. Crucially, unaffected first-degree relatives also showed a clear N1 deficit. This study provides further support for the proposal that the auditory N1 deficit in schizophrenia is linked to the underlying genetic risk of developing this disorder. In light of recent studies, these results point to the N1 deficit as an endophenotypic marker for schizophrenia. The potential future utility of this metric as one element of a multivariate endophenotype is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Foxe
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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15
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Leicht G, Karch S, Karamatskos E, Giegling I, Möller HJ, Hegerl U, Pogarell O, Rujescu D, Mulert C. Alterations of the early auditory evoked gamma-band response in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: hints to a new intermediate phenotype. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:699-705. [PMID: 21067772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence of abnormalities of high-frequency oscillations in the gamma-range of the electroencephalography in schizophrenia. The generation of neural activity in the gamma-band was shown to be critically related to a glutamatergic and GABAergic microcircuit which is also known to be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Recently, a reduction of the early auditory evoked gamma-band response (eGBR) in schizophrenic patients was reported. In order to investigate the possible applicability of this neurophysiological marker as an intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia, this is the main question of our investigation: Is the early eGBR decreased regarding evoked power and phase locking in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia? METHODS We investigated the early eGBR in 17 unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia and in age-, gender- and education-matched groups of schizophrenic patients and healthy controls using an auditory reaction task. RESULTS First-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenic patients showed a significant reduction of evoked power and phase locking of the early eGBR compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION This study shows significantly reduced evoked power and phase locking of the early auditory eGBR in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia pointing to the applicability of this marker as a heritable intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia. The findings are in line with the hypothesis of a disturbed GABAergic interneural modulation of pyramidal cells in schizophrenia and findings of different schizophrenia risk genes associated with transmission at glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Leicht
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch (PNB), Hamburg, Germany.
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16
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van Tricht MJ, Nieman DH, Koelman JHTM, van der Meer JN, Bour LJ, de Haan L, Linszen DH. Reduced parietal P300 amplitude is associated with an increased risk for a first psychotic episode. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68:642-8. [PMID: 20627236 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P300 abnormalities indicate changes in information processing and are one of the most reliable biological markers of schizophrenia. We sought to investigate whether abnormalities in P300 (P3) or other event-related potentials are also present in subjects at ultra high risk (UHR) for developing psychosis and whether they are helpful in predicting transition to psychosis. METHODS The N1, N2, N2b, P2, and P3 amplitudes were assessed in 61 UHR subjects, of whom 18 subjects (30%) made a transition to psychosis over a 3-year follow-up period (UHR + T: age 20.4 years) and 43 (70%) did not (UHR + NT: age 19.3 years), and 28 age- and intelligence-matched healthy control subjects (age 20.0 years). Psychopathology was also assessed. RESULTS The UHR + T subjects showed smaller parietal P3 amplitudes, compared with control subjects and UHR + NT subjects. Moreover, the N2b was higher in control subjects compared with both UHR groups. We found no differences in N1 or P2 components between the groups, and our UHR subjects did not exhibit bilateral P3 asymmetry. Reduced P3 amplitudes were the best predictor for subsequent psychosis in the UHR group. The P3 reduction was related to increased social anhedonia and withdrawal and a lower global assessment of social functioning and social personal adjustment. CONCLUSIONS The UHR + T subjects showed reduced parietal P3 amplitudes. In addition, a reduced P3 amplitude was the best predictor for subsequent psychosis. If replicated, these findings might contribute to a more accurate prediction of a first psychotic episode. Furthermore, reduced social functioning might be related to information processing deficits in UHR subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam J van Tricht
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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17
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Wang Q, Vassos E, Deng W, Ma X, Hu X, Murray RM, Collier DA, Li T. Factor structures of the neurocognitive assessments and familial analysis in first-episode schizophrenia patients, their relatives and controls. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2010; 44:109-19. [PMID: 20113299 DOI: 10.3109/00048670903270381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schizophrenia patients have a wide range of cognitive deficits. To explore the structure of these deficits and index their psychometric properties in order to define the major separable factors, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on a series of neuropsychological test results in a sample of Han Chinese first-episode schizophrenia patients, their relatives and controls without mental illness. METHODS The factors derived from the composite sample were tested with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in each of the subsamples. The heritability of each factor was estimated by using the mixed linear model in order to determine whether the common factor scores describe the familiarity of the data. RESULTS A six-factor model of general mental activity, sort and shift, attention and anti-interference, logical memory, reasoning and problem-solving/executive function, and visual reproduction were extracted and confirmed on EFA and CFA. There was a hierarchy in cognitive performance deficits in relatives depending on their relatedness to probands. Patients performed more poorly than siblings/offspring in general mental activity, sort and shift, attention and anti-interference, logical memory, planning and problem-solving, but not in visual reproduction. The logical memory domain was found to be significantly heritable (h(2)=0.34), and reasoning and problem-solving had a marginal heritability of around 0.19. CONCLUSIONS Generalized cognitive deficit accounts for the majority of the overall variance of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Estimates of heritability were modest. The present results also support the hypothesis that neurocognitive deficits of schizophrenia are familial and could serve as endophenotypes, especially logical memory, which is the most heritable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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18
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Neurophysiological measures of sensory registration, stimulus discrimination, and selection in schizophrenia patients. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2010; 4:283-309. [PMID: 21312404 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cortical Neurophysiological event related potentials (ERPs) are multidimensional measures of information processing that are well suited to efficiently parse automatic and controlled components of cognition that span the range of deficits exhibited in schizophrenia patients. Components following a stimulus reflect the sequence of neural processes triggered by the stimulus, beginning with early automatic sensory processes and proceeding through controlled decision and response related processes. Previous studies employing ERP paradigms have reported deficits of information processing in schizophrenia across automatic through attention dependent processes including sensory registration (N1), automatic change detection (MMN), the orienting or covert shift of attention towards novel or infrequent stimuli (P3a), and attentional allocation following successful target detection processes (P3b). These automatic and attention dependent information components are beginning to be recognized as valid targets for intervention in the context of novel treatment development for schizophrenia and related neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we describe three extensively studied ERP components (N1, mismatch negativity, P300) that are consistently deficient in schizophrenia patients and may serve as genetic endophenotypes and as quantitative biological markers of response outcome.
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Amann L, Halene T, Ehrlichman R, Luminais S, Ma N, Abel T, Siegel S. Chronic ketamine impairs fear conditioning and produces long-lasting reductions in auditory evoked potentials. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 35:311-7. [PMID: 19467327 PMCID: PMC2726963 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is an NMDA receptor antagonist with a variety of uses, ranging from recreational drug to pediatric anesthetic and chronic pain reliever. Despite its value in the clinical setting, little is known about the immediate and long-lasting effects of repeated ketamine treatment. We assessed the effects of chronic administration of a subanesthetic dose of ketamine on contextual fear conditioning, detection of pitch deviants and auditory gating. After four, but not two, weeks of daily ketamine injections, mice exhibited decreased freezing in the fear conditioning paradigm. Gating of the P80 component of auditory evoked potentials was also significantly altered by treatment condition, as ketamine caused a significant decrease in S1 amplitude. Additionally, P20 latency was significantly increased as a result of ketamine treatment. Though no interactions were found involving test week, stimulus and treatment condition, these results suggest that repeated ketamine administration impairs fear memory and has lasting effects on encoding of sensory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.C. Amann
- SMRI Laboratory for Experimental Therapeutics in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T.B. Halene
- SMRI Laboratory for Experimental Therapeutics in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- International Research Training Group 1328 Schizophrenia and Autism, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Pennsylvania., Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R.S. Ehrlichman
- SMRI Laboratory for Experimental Therapeutics in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S.N. Luminais
- SMRI Laboratory for Experimental Therapeutics in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N. Ma
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania., Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T. Abel
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania., Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S.J. Siegel
- SMRI Laboratory for Experimental Therapeutics in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Pennsylvania., Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Doege K, Bates AT, White TP, Das D, Boks MP, Liddle PF. Reduced event-related low frequency EEG activity in schizophrenia during an auditory oddball task. Psychophysiology 2009; 46:566-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Galderisi S, Mucci A, Volpe U, Boutros N. Evidence-based medicine and electrophysiology in schizophrenia. Clin EEG Neurosci 2009; 40:62-77. [PMID: 19534300 DOI: 10.1177/155005940904000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In research on schizophrenia electrophysiological measures have been investigated to identify biomarkers of the disorder, indices enabling differential diagnosis among psychotic disorders, prognostic indicators or endophenotypes. The present systematic review will focus on the most largely studied electrophysiological indices, i.e., qualitative or quantitative (limited to spectral analysis) EEG and the P300 event-related potential. The PubMed clinical query was used with research methodology filters for each of the following categories: diagnosis/prognosis/ aetiology and a broad sensitive search strategy. The key-words: SCHIZOPHRENIA AND EEG/P3/P300 were used. The search results were then narrowed by including the terms "human" and "English language", and cross-referenced. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses, when available, were also used for cross-referencing. Case reports and studies irrelevant to the topics and methodologies under examination were excluded. The remaining papers were screened to verify the eligibility for this systematic review. Inclusion criteria were: a) a diagnosis of schizophrenia confirmed by DSM-III/ICD-9 criteria (or later editions of the same classification systems); b) the inclusion of both a schizophrenia study group and an healthy control group (when appropriate, i.e., for P300 and quantitative EEG); c) qualitative or spectral EEG findings and amplitude measures for P300. The included studies were then reviewed to verify homogeneity of the results, as well as the presence of the information needed for the present systematic review and meta-analysis. Previous reviews and studies meeting the above requirements (n = 22 for qualitative EEG; n = 45 for spectral EEG and n = 132 for P300) were classified according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine (EBM) levels of evidence criteria. For qualitative EEG as a diagnostic test, the majority of studies predated the introduction of DSM-III and were excluded from the review. Few post DSM-III studies investigated the usefulness of qualitative EEG in the differential diagnosis between schizophrenia and psychosis due to general medical condition. None of them was Oxford CEBM level 3b (non-consecutive-study or cohort-study without consistently-applied reference standard) or better (exploratory or validating cohort-study). No meta-analysis could be conducted due to the lack of reliable quantification methods in the reviewed studies. For spectral EEG as a diagnostic test, most studies qualified as level 4 (case-control study with poor reference standard), and only 24% as level 3b or better. An increase of slow activity in patients is reported by most of these studies. As to meta-analyses examining 29 studies, with 32 independent samples for the delta band and 35 for the theta band, a moderate effect size was found and only 1 study yielded findings in the opposite direction for both measures. There was no identified source for the discrepancy. The analysis of moderator factors included medication, band frequency limits, spectral parameters and disease stage. The medication status was significant for the theta band but the effect was unclear as findings for drug-naïve and drug-free patients were in a different direction. Chronicity had a significant effect on both delta and theta bands, with slow activity increase larger in chronic than in first episode patients. For P3 amplitude reduction as a diagnostic index, 63% of the studies qualified as level 3b or better. Meta-analysis (52 studies, 60 independent samples) results demonstrated a large effect size. None of the studies reported opposite findings. The analysis of moderator factors, including medication status and disease stage, revealed no significant effect on data heterogeneity. In conclusion, the examined indices are good candidates but are not ready yet for clinical applications aimed to improve present diagnostic standards for schizophrenia. Further research carried out according to adequate methodological standards and based on large scale multi-center studies is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Galderisi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Largo Madonna Grazie, Naples, Italy.
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22
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Turetsky BI, Greenwood TA, Olincy A, Radant AD, Braff DL, Cadenhead KS, Dobie DJ, Freedman R, Green MF, Gur RE, Gur RC, Light GA, Mintz J, Nuechterlein KH, Schork NJ, Seidman LJ, Siever LJ, Silverman JM, Stone WS, Swerdlow NR, Tsuang DW, Tsuang MT, Calkins ME. Abnormal auditory N100 amplitude: a heritable endophenotype in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia probands. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64:1051-9. [PMID: 18701089 PMCID: PMC2653714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N100 evoked potential amplitude and gating abnormalities have been widely observed in schizophrenia patients. However, previous studies have been inconclusive as to whether similar deficits are present in unaffected family members. The Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) is a multisite National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) initiative examining neurocognitive and neurophysiological measures as endophenotypes for genetic studies of schizophrenia. We report initial results from the COGS dataset of auditory N100 amplitude and gating as candidate endophenotypes. METHODS Evoked potential data were acquired from 142 schizophrenia probands, 373 unaffected first-degree relatives, and 221 community comparison subjects (CCS), using an auditory paired-click stimulation paradigm. Amplitude of the N100 response to each click and the click 2/click 1 ratio were dependent variables. Heritability was estimated based on kinships using Solar v.2.1.2. Group differences were examined after subjects were categorized as either "broad" or "narrow," based on the presence (broad) or absence (narrow) of nonpsychotic psychiatric comorbidity. RESULTS Heritability estimates were .40 and .29 for click1 and click2 amplitudes and .22 for the ratio. Broad and narrow patients both had impaired click 1 amplitudes. Broad relatives, but not narrow relatives, exhibited similar impairments. There were no group differences for either click 2 amplitude or the gating ratio. CONCLUSIONS N100 amplitude is a heritable measure that is abnormal in patients and a subset of relatives for whom psychiatric comorbidity may be a genetically associated phenotype. Auditory N100 gating, although heritable, is less viable as a schizophrenia endophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce I. Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ann Olincy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Allen D. Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, and VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David L. Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kristin S. Cadenhead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Dorcas J. Dobie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, and VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael F. Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory A. Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - James Mintz
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Keith H. Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Larry J. Seidman
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts, and Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Larry J. Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,James J. Peters VA Medical Center and VISN3 MIRECC
| | - Jeremy M. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - William S. Stone
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts, and Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neal R. Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Debby W. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, and VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts, and Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Reduced auditory evoked potential component N100 in schizophrenia--a critical review. Psychiatry Res 2008; 161:259-74. [PMID: 18926573 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of a reduced N100 (or N1) component of the auditory event related potential as a potential trait marker of schizophrenia is critically discussed in this review. We suggest that the extent of the N100 amplitude reduction in schizophrenia depends on experimental and subject factors, as well as on clinical variables: N100 is more consistently reduced in studies using interstimulus intervals (ISIs) >1 s than in studies using shorter ISIs. An increase of the N100 amplitude by allocation of attention is often lacking in schizophrenia patients. A reduction of the N100 amplitude is nevertheless also observed when such an allocation is not required, proposing that both endogenous and exogenous constituents of the N100 are affected by schizophrenia. N100 is more consistently reduced in medicated than unmedicated patients, but a reduction of the N100 amplitude as a consequence of antipsychotic medication was shown in only two of seven studies. In line with that, the association between the N100 reduction and degree of psychopathology of patients appears to be weak overall. A reduced N100 amplitude is found in first degree relatives of schizophrenia patients, but the risk of developing schizophrenia is not reflected in the N100 amplitude reduction.
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24
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Auditory P300 in individuals clinically at risk for psychosis. Int J Psychophysiol 2008; 70:192-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gooding DC, Burroughs S, Boutros NN. Attentional deficits in cocaine-dependent patients: converging behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Psychiatry Res 2008; 160:145-54. [PMID: 18555537 PMCID: PMC2546507 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although there are several reports of patients with cocaine dependence displaying cognitive deficits, the nature of their information processing deficits is not well characterized. In the present study, the attentional performance of cocaine-dependent patients (n=14) was examined and compared with that of healthy control individuals (n=15). Attention was assessed using an auditory oddball event-related task as well as the Continuous Performance Test (CPT, Identical Pairs version). The cocaine-dependent group displayed P300 amplitude reduction compared to controls. The group difference in P300 response latency did not reach significance. On the CPT, the cocaine-dependent patients displayed significantly poorer discriminability and greater errors of commission than the controls. There was a positive correlation between performance on the oddball event-related task and performance on the CPT. This investigation provides converging behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of attentional deficits in cocaine-dependent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Carol Gooding
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Scott Burroughs
- Wayne State University. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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The transliminal brain at rest: baseline EEG, unusual experiences, and access to unconscious mental activity. Cortex 2008; 44:1353-63. [PMID: 18814870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2007.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transliminality reflects individual differences in the threshold at which unconscious processes or external stimuli enter into consciousness. Individuals high in transliminality possess characteristics such as magical ideation, belief in the paranormal, and creative personality traits, and also report the occurrence of manic/mystic experiences. The goal of the present research was to determine if resting brain activity differs for individuals high versus low in transliminality. We compared baseline EEG recordings (eyes-closed) between individuals high versus low in transliminality, assessed using The Revised Transliminality Scale of Lange et al. (2000). Identifying reliable differences at rest between high- and low-transliminality individuals would support a predisposition for transliminality-related traits. Individuals high in transliminality exhibited lower alpha, beta, and gamma power than individuals low in transliminality over left posterior association cortex and lower high alpha, low beta, and gamma power over the right superior temporal region. In contrast, when compared to individuals low in transliminality, individuals high in transliminality exhibited greater gamma power over the frontal-midline region. These results are consistent with prior research reporting reductions in left temporal/parietal activity, as well as the desynchronization of right temporal activity in schizotypy and related schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Further, differences between high- and low-transliminality groups extend existing theories linking altered hemispheric asymmetries in brain activity to a predisposition toward schizophrenia, paranormal beliefs, and unusual experiences.
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Ehrlichman RS, Maxwell CR, Majumdar S, Siegel SJ. Deviance-elicited Changes in Event-related Potentials are Attenuated by Ketamine in Mice. J Cogn Neurosci 2008; 20:1403-14. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: People with schizophrenia exhibit reduced ability to detect change in the auditory environment, which has been linked to abnormalities in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated glutamate neurotransmission. This ability to detect changes in stimulus qualities can be measured with electroencephalography using auditory event-related potentials (ERPs). For example, reductions in the N100 and mismatch negativity (MMN), in response to pitch deviance, have been proposed as endophenotypes of schizophrenia. This study examines a novel rodent model of impaired pitch deviance detection in mice using the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine. Methods: ERPs were recorded from unanesthetized mice during a pitch deviance paradigm prior to and following ketamine administration. First, N40 amplitude was evaluated using stimuli between 4 and 10 kHz to assess the amplitude of responses across the frequency range used. The amplitude and latency of the N40 were analyzed following standard (7 kHz) and deviant (5–9 kHz) stimuli. Additionally, we examined which portions of the ERP are selectively altered by pitch deviance to define possible regions for the mouse MMN. Results: Mice displayed increased N40 amplitude that was followed by a later negative component between 50 and 75 msec in response to deviant stimuli. Both the increased N40 and the late N40 negativity were attenuated by ketamine. Ketamine increased N40 latency for both standard and deviant stimuli alike. Conclusions: The mouse N40 and a subsequent temporal region have deviance response properties similar to the human N100 and, possibly, MMN. Deviance responses were abolished by ketamine, suggesting that ketamine-induced changes in mice mimic deviance detection deficits in schizophrenia.
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Bramon E, Shaikh M, Broome M, Lappin J, Bergé D, Day F, Woolley J, Tabraham P, Madre M, Johns L, Howes O, Valmaggia L, Pérez V, Sham P, Murray RM, McGuire P. Abnormal P300 in people with high risk of developing psychosis. Neuroimage 2008; 41:553-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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29
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Sumich A, Kumari V, Dodd P, Ettinger U, Hughes C, Zachariah E, Sharma T. N100 and P300 amplitude to Go and No-Go variants of the auditory oddball in siblings discordant for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2008; 98:265-77. [PMID: 18022352 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P300 amplitude reduction is reliably seen in schizophrenia. Inconsistent reports of isolated frontal and/or parietal deficits in unaffected family members may be clarified using a task that places greater load on frontal function. METHOD Go and No-Go versions of the auditory oddball task were performed by eighteen schizophrenia patients, age-matched unaffected siblings and healthy controls matched closely to unaffected siblings on age, sex, education, socioeconomic-status, handedness and ethnicity. Groups were compared on P300 and N100 amplitude and latency. Spearman correlations were used to test the relationship between ERP amplitudes and neuropsychological measures of executive function and memory. The relationship between schizotypy--as measured using the structured interview--and ERPs was explored in a combined group of siblings and controls. RESULTS Independent of task, patients had lower P300 than controls and reduced parietal amplitude compared to siblings. Siblings had enhanced frontocentral N100 compared to controls. No-Go P300 amplitude and N100 latency was associated with executive function measures. There were significant intraclass correlations between patients and siblings for No-Go P300 amplitude, particularly at the central midline electrode. Frontocentral N100 and P300 amplitude were positively correlated with anxiety-related aspects of schizotypy. CONCLUSION Enhanced N100 is present in unaffected siblings. Parietal P300 is intact in unaffected siblings, but reduced in patients. The No-Go-oddball is more sensitive than the Go-oddball to executive function deficits in patients and as an index of heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Sumich
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, BIAU, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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Abstract
The electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded from the human scalp is widely used to study cognitive and brain functions in schizophrenia. Current research efforts are primarily devoted to the assessment of event-related potentials (ERPs) and event-related oscillations (EROs), extracted from the ongoing EEG, in patients with schizophrenia and in clinically unaffected individuals who, due to their family history and current mental status, are at high risk for developing schizophrenia. In this article, we discuss the potential usefulness of ERPs and EROs as genetic vulnerability markers, as pathophysiological markers, and as markers of possible ongoing progressive cognitive and cortical deterioration in schizophrenia. Our main purpose is to illustrate that these neurophysiological measures can offer valuable quantitative biological markers of basic pathophysiological mechanisms and cognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia, yet they may not be specific to current psychiatry's diagnosis and classification. These biological markers can provide unique information on the nature and extent of cognitive and brain dysfunction in schizophrenia. Moreover, they can be utilized to gain deeper theoretical insights into illness etiology and pathophysiology and may lead to improvements in early detection and more effective and targeted treatment of schizophrenia. We conclude by addressing several key methodological, conceptual, and interpretative issues involved in this research field and by suggesting future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odin van der Stelt
- Department of Neurology II, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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31
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Ma X, Wang Q, Sham PC, Liu X, Rabe-Hesketh S, Sun X, Hu J, Meng H, Chen W, Chen EYH, Deng W, Chan RCK, Murray RM, Collier DA, Li T. Neurocognitive deficits in first-episode schizophrenic patients and their first-degree relatives. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:407-16. [PMID: 17440937 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Some neuropsychological abilities, particularly those affecting memory, attention and executive function, are impaired amongst both schizophrenic patients and their unaffected relatives, implying that these deficits are at least partly genetic in origin. However neuropsychological performance can be altered by medication, and has rarely been examined in first onset, drug naive patients. The objective of this study was to determine whether selected neurocognitive abilities are impaired in first-onset schizophrenic patients and their relatives compared to controls. We examined attention and speed of information processing, memory and learning, verbal function, visuoconstructive abilities and executive function in 207 first-episode schizophrenic patients (163 of whom were drug naïve), 322 of their first-degree relatives and 133 unrelated normal controls. The data were subjected to multilevel modeling to compare neurocognitive performance between schizophrenic probands, relatives and controls while taking into account potential correlations among members of the same family; age, gender, and years of education were included as covariates. Of the three groups, schizophrenic patients performed poorest at all neuropsychological tests, suggestive of a broad range of neurocognitive deficits. Their first-degree relatives showed a narrower pattern of poor performance at Digit Symbol, Digit Span, Trail Making, Verbal Fluency test, Tower of Hanoi, and WCST-M tests. Our findings show that selected neurocognitive deficits especially attention and executive function are impaired in the families of schizophrenic patients. These patterns of neurocognitive deficits may represent "endophenotypes" denoting varying degrees of vulnerability to schizophrenia and may be of value in future molecular genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Ma
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P R China
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Bender S, Weisbrod M, Resch F. Which perspectives can endophenotypes and biological markers offer in the early recognition of schizophrenia? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 114:1199-215. [PMID: 17514428 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The early recognition of schizophrenia seems crucial; various studies relate a longer duration-of-untreated-psychosis to a worse prognosis. We give an overview over common psychopathological early recognition instruments (BSABS, CAARMS, SIPS, IRAOS, ERIraos). However, many clinical symptoms of prodromal schizophrenia stages are not sufficiently specific. Thus we review recent contributions of neuroimaging and electrophysiological as well as genetic studies: which new diagnostic perspectives offer endophenotypes (such as P300, P50 sensory gating, MMN, smooth pursuit eye movements; indicating a specific genetic vulnerability) together with a better understanding of schizophrenic pathophysiology (state-dependent biological markers, e.g. aggravated motor neurological soft signs during psychosis) in prodromal schizophrenia when still ambiguous clinical symptoms are present. Several examples (e.g. from COMT polymorphisms to working memory deficits) illustrate more specific underlying neuronal mechanisms behind behavioural symptoms. This way, a characteristic pattern of disturbed cerebral maturation might be distinguished in order to complement clinical instruments of early schizophrenia detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bender
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Mucci A, Galderisi S, Kirkpatrick B, Bucci P, Volpe U, Merlotti E, Centanaro F, Catapano F, Maj M. Double dissociation of N1 and P3 abnormalities in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007; 92:252-61. [PMID: 17363220 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the presence of enduring, idiopathic negative symptoms define a group of patients with a disease (deficit schizophrenia, DS) that is separate from other forms of schizophrenia (nondeficit schizophrenia, NDS). Although several findings support this hypothesis, the possibility that DS represents the severe end of a single schizophrenia continuum cannot be excluded yet. We tested the hypothesis that DS and NDS differ relative to event-related potentials (ERPs). Amplitude, scalp topography and cortical sources of the ERP components were assessed in clinically stable DS and NDS outpatients and in matched healthy subjects (HCS). Twenty subjects per group were recruited. Among the subjects who completed the target detection task, there were no group difference in accuracy. For N1, only patients with DS, as compared with HCS, showed an amplitude reduction over the scalp central leads and a reduced current source density in cingulate and parahippocampal gyrus. For P3, only patients with NDS, as compared with HCS, showed a lateralized amplitude reduction over the left posterior regions and reduced current source density in left temporal and bilateral frontal, cingulate and parietal areas. The DS and NDS groups differed significantly from each other with regard to N1 amplitude and topography, as well as P3 amplitude and cortical sources. The N1 was affected in DS but not in NDS patients, whereas P3 was affected in NDS only. This double dissociation is consistent with the hypothesis that DS represents a separate disease entity within schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armida Mucci
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, 80138 Naples, Italy.
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Gassab L, Mechri A, Dogui M, Gaha L, d'Amato T, Dalery J, Saoud M. Abnormalities of auditory event-related potentials in students with high scores on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. Psychiatry Res 2006; 144:117-22. [PMID: 17007936 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2004.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2003] [Revised: 08/28/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Some auditory event-related potential (ERP) abnormalities characterize both patients with schizophrenia and subjects with schizotypal personality disorder. It was therefore hypothesized that subjects from the community with schizotypal traits might also present ERP abnormalities. In this study, we compared auditory ERP latencies and amplitudes in 13 subjects with high (H-SPQ) and 12 subjects with low (L-SPQ) scores on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), selected from 198 Tunisian students. Auditory ERPs were recorded at Fz, Cz, and Pz, with a standard oddball paradigm. Smaller P300 amplitudes and delayed P300 latencies were found in H-SPQ compared with L-SPQ participants. Confirming previous reports, our results suggest that reduced P300 amplitudes and delayed P300 latencies may be considered as vulnerability markers of the schizophrenia spectrum in nonclinical subjects from the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Gassab
- Unité de Recherche en Psychiatrie, Faculté de Médecine de Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
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35
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Ahveninen J, Jääskeläinen IP, Osipova D, Huttunen MO, Ilmoniemi RJ, Kaprio J, Lönnqvist J, Manninen M, Pakarinen S, Therman S, Näätänen R, Cannon TD. Inherited auditory-cortical dysfunction in twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:612-20. [PMID: 16876141 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on the inheritance of neurophysiological abnormalities might help elucidate the molecular genetic basis of schizophrenia. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate the inheritance of auditory-cortical deficiencies in twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. METHODS Auditory EEG/MEG responses to frequent standard and occasional deviant tones were measured in mono- and dizygotic (MZ and DZ) twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia and demographically matched healthy twin pairs, recruited from a total population cohort. The MEG/EEG results were regressed against the genetic resemblance to patients with schizophrenia across the patients' unaffected MZ/DZ co-twins and control subjects (with genetic correlations of 1, .5, and 0 to schizophrenia patients, respectively). RESULTS The EEG responses P50, N100, and mismatch negativity (MMN), as well as the MEG response P50m, were reduced in the schizophrenic patients. P50 and N100 were significantly decreased also in their unaffected co-twins, as compared with the control subjects. Importantly, the P50 and N100 decrease correlated with the unaffected subjects' genetic resemblance to schizophrenia patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest inherited abnormalities in cortical auditory processing in schizophrenia, reflected by the decreased P50/P50m and N100 amplitudes, whereas the MMN abnormalities might reflect predominantly state-dependent neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki Ahveninen
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School-Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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36
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Winterer G, Egan MF, Kolachana BS, Goldberg TE, Coppola R, Weinberger DR. Prefrontal electrophysiologic "noise" and catechol-O-methyltransferase genotype in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:578-84. [PMID: 16730334 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased variability of stimulus-induced prefrontal electromagnetic activity ("noise") has been associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia. On the basis of animal experiments and computational models, we have predicted that this prefrontal "noise" phenotype would be related to variation in prefrontal dopamine (DA) signaling, which itself might be abnormal in schizophrenia. In the present study, the effect of a functional single nucleotide polymorphism (val(108/158)met) within the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene on prefrontal "noise" was examined, because the COMT enzyme is involved in cortical synaptic dopamine metabolism and weakly predictive of risk for schizophrenia. METHODS A Caucasian sample comprising 112 unrelated normal subjects, 83 schizophrenic probands, and 87 of their unaffected siblings was investigated, all of whom had measures of prefrontal "noise" estimated from event-related electroencephalogram during an auditory oddball task. RESULTS The val(108/158)met genotype was significantly associated with prefrontal "noise"; homozygous Val-carriers had greatest prefrontal "noise" values; odds ratio (OR) = 2.37 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37-4.10), p = 003. The genotype-phenotype association was stronger when only considering male subjects with an OR = 3.37 (95% CI: 1.63-6.98), p = 002. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that COMT genotype impacts the level of prefrontal physiologic "noise."
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Winterer
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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37
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Radek RJ, Miner HM, Bratcher NA, Decker MW, Gopalakrishnan M, Bitner RS. Alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor stimulation contributes to the effects of nicotine in the DBA/2 mouse model of sensory gating. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 187:47-55. [PMID: 16767415 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nicotine improves the deficiencies of sensory gating function in schizophrenic patients and in dilute brown non-Agouti (DBA/2) mice. This effect of nicotine has been attributed to activation of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtype. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether the activation of another nAChR subtype, the central nervous system (CNS) prominent alpha4beta2 receptor, also contributes to the effects of nicotine on sensory gating in DBA/2 mice. METHODS Unanesthetized DBA/2 mice were treated either with nicotine, the alpha4beta2 antagonist dihydro-beta-erythroidine, the noncompetitive nAChR antagonist mecamylamine, or a combination of an antagonist and nicotine. Thereafter, gating was assessed by recording hippocampal evoked potentials (EP), which were elicited by pairs of auditory clicks. The EP response to the second click, or test amplitude (TAMP), was divided by the EP response to the first click, or condition amplitude (CAMP), to derive gating T:C ratios. RESULTS Nicotine significantly (p<0.05) lowered T:C ratios by 42%, while significantly increasing CAMP by 55%. After a pretreatment with dihydro-beta-erythroidine, nicotine still significantly lowered T:C ratios by 28%; however, the nicotine-induced increase of CAMP was blocked. Mecamylamine blocked the effect of nicotine on both T:C ratios and CAMP. CONCLUSIONS Activation of alpha4beta2 receptors by nicotine increases CAMP. However, under conditions where alpha4beta2 receptors are blocked, nicotine still lowers T:C ratios and may improve sensory gating, possibly through the activation of other nAChR subtypes such as alpha7. These effects of nicotine on auditory EPs may be indicative of a profile that would improve information processing in schizophrenia and other CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Radek
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Dept. R4N5, AP9A/LL, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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Price GW, Michie PT, Johnston J, Innes-Brown H, Kent A, Clissa P, Jablensky AV. A multivariate electrophysiological endophenotype, from a unitary cohort, shows greater research utility than any single feature in the Western Australian family study of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:1-10. [PMID: 16368076 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have found several electrophysiological endophenotypes that each co-varies individually with schizophrenia. This study extends these investigations to compare and contrast four electrophysiological endophenotype, mismatch negativity, P50, P300, and antisaccades, and analyze their covariance on the basis of a single cohort tested with all paradigms. We report a multivariate endophenotype that is maximally associated with diagnosis and evaluate this new endophenotype with respect to its application to genetic analysis. METHODS Group differences and covariance were analyzed for probands (n = 60), family members (n = 53), and control subjects (n = 44). Associations between individual endophenotypes and diagnostic groups, as well as between the multivariate endophenotype and diagnostic groups, were investigated with logistic regression. RESULTS Results from all four individual endophenotypes replicated previous findings of deficits in the proband group. The P50 and P300 endophenotypes similarly replicated significant deficits in the family member group, whereas mismatch negativity and antisaccade measures showed a trend. There was minimal correlation between the different endophenotypes. A logistic regression model based on all four features significantly represented the diagnostic grouping (chi(2) = 32.7; p < .001), with 80% accuracy in predicting group membership. CONCLUSIONS A multivariate endophenotype, based on a weighted combination of electrophysiological features, provides greater diagnostic classification power than any single endophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Price
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience and Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, University of Western Australia and Graylands Hospital, Perth, Australia.
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Hall MH, Schulze K, Bramon E, Murray RM, Sham P, Rijsdijk F. Genetic overlap between P300, P50, and duration mismatch negativity. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141B:336-43. [PMID: 16649211 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch Negativity (MMN), P300, and P50 suppression event-related potential (ERP) components measure intermediate stages of information processing but little is known of how they relate to each other genetically. The present study used multivariate genetic model fitting analytic techniques in 46 monozygotic and 32 dizygotic twin pairs. P300, P50 suppression, and MMN were recorded using a 19-channel electroencephalograph (EEG). Zygosity was determined using DNA genotyping. Little evidence for either genetic or environmental association between each of the three ERP paradigms was found. This result suggests that P300, MMN, and P50 suppression serve to evaluate different brain information processing functions that may be mediated by distinct neurobiological mechanisms which in turn are influenced by different sets of genes. Within paradigm, P300 amplitude and latency shared about half of their genetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hua Hall
- Social, Genetic Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Preston GA, Weinberger DR. Intermediate phenotypes in schizophrenia: a selective review. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2005. [PMID: 16262211 PMCID: PMC3181731 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2005.7.2/gpreston] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies aiming to identify susceptibility genes for schizophrenia and other complex psychiatric disorders are faced with the confounds of subjective clinical criteria, commonly occurring phenocopies, significant between-subject variability of candidate traits, and the likelihood of allelic and locus heterogeneity that has been shown to define the genetics of other complex human brain and somatic disorders. Additionally, research aimed at identification of the molecular origins of schizophrenia must also deal with the confounding nature of the human brain. Unlike organs with a few common cellular phenotypes, transcriptomes, and proteomes, individual neurons are often distinct from one another in all of these respects. In this review, we present recent work testing the assumption that studies of genetic susceptibility in complex polygenic disorders such as schizophrenia might be enhanced by the identification of intermediate phenotypes related to more fundamental aspects of brain development and function. Progress in the identification of meaningful intermediate phenotypes in schizophrenia has been made possible by the advent of newer methods in cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging, and the use of combined multimodal techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert A Preston
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 4s235, MSC 1379, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-1379, USA.
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Kogoj A, Pirtosek Z, Tomori M, Vodusek DB. Event-related potentials elicited by distractors in an auditory oddball paradigm in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2005; 137:49-59. [PMID: 16214220 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Revised: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia are affected more adversely than healthy controls by distracting conditions, due to their inability to adequately apportion attentional resources to targets or distractors. We attempted to re-evaluate the effects of distractors in 25 patients with chronic schizophrenia and in 12 controls. They performed an auditory target-detection task with 1500 Hz tone distractors and an additional control condition where a 1500-Hz tone was used as the target. The rate of target misses for patients with schizophrenia was 3.79% in non-distractor conditions and 14.79% in distractor conditions. Significantly reduced N100 responses to distractors and distractor condition targets were found. P300 responses to all target stimulus categories were reduced, but P300 responses to distractors were equal to those in the control group. There was a reduction of P300 amplitudes to distractors in both groups; however, only the control group showed significant enlargement of P300 amplitude when the distractors became the target stimuli. There is evidence that patients with schizophrenia tend to be less able to allocate their attentional resources adequately to target vs. distractor stimuli. When the distractors became the target stimuli, their responses remained unchanged, which suggests their inability to appropriately integrate stimulus information with contextual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Kogoj
- University Psychiatric Hospital, Studenec 48, SI 1260 Ljubljana Polje, Slovenia.
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van der Stelt O, Lieberman JA, Belger A. Auditory P300 in high-risk, recent-onset and chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2005; 77:309-20. [PMID: 15944141 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study examined the integrity of the P300 component of the event-related potential (ERP) in patients at high imminent risk for schizophrenia in relation to healthy comparison subjects and patients in the recent-onset and chronic stages of schizophrenia. METHODS The P300 was recorded by using an auditory oddball task in 10 patients clinically considered at risk of being prodromally symptomatic for schizophrenia, 10 patients with recent-onset schizophrenia, 14 patients with chronic schizophrenia, 14 young healthy comparison subjects, who were age-matched to the high-risk and recent-onset schizophrenia groups, and 14 older healthy comparison subjects, who were age-matched to the chronic schizophrenia group. RESULTS High-risk subjects displayed smaller than normal P300 amplitudes at the parietal, centroparietal and central scalp locations. The observed P300 amplitude abnormalities in high-risk subjects were severe, being comparable in magnitude to the abnormalities seen in recent-onset and chronic schizophrenia subjects. However, whereas high-risk subjects showed P300 amplitude abnormalities that were bilaterally symmetrical, subjects with recent-onset schizophrenia and, particularly, subjects with chronic schizophrenia exhibited abnormalities that were markedly larger over the left temporal scalp sites. CONCLUSIONS Patients at high imminent risk for developing a first florid psychotic episode seem to manifest auditory P300 amplitude abnormalities that are similar, but not identical, to those observed in patients in the recent-onset and chronic stages of schizophrenia. These results support the idea that auditory P300 abnormalities in schizophrenia reflect a primary cognitive and pathophysiological feature of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odin van der Stelt
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, USA.
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Gallinat J, Winterer G, Herrmann CS, Senkowski D. Reduced oscillatory gamma-band responses in unmedicated schizophrenic patients indicate impaired frontal network processing. Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 115:1863-74. [PMID: 15261865 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2004.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Integration of sensory information by cortical network binding appears to be crucially involved in target detection. Studies in schizophrenia using functional and diffusion tensor neuroimaging, event-related potentials and EEG coherence indicate an impairment of cortical network coupling in this disorder. Previous electrophysiological investigations in animals and humans suggested that gamma activity (oscillations at around 40 Hz) is essential for cortical network binding. Studies in medicated schizophrenia provide evidence for a reduced gamma activity in the context of auditory stimulus processing. This is the first investigation of oscillatory activations in the gamma-band in an auditory oddball paradigm in unmedicated schizophrenic patients. METHODS EEG gamma-band responses (GBRs) of 15 drug-free schizophrenic patients and 15 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were compared. A wavelet transform based on Morlet wavelets was employed for the calculation of oscillatory GBRs. RESULTS In response to standard stimuli, early evoked GBRs (20-100 ms), which are supposed to reflect auditory cortex activation, did not show significant group differences. However, schizophrenic patients showed reduced evoked GBRs in a late latency range (220-350 ms), particularly after target stimuli. This deficit occurred over right frontal scalp regions. Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between oscillatory GBRs and clinical parameters in schizophrenic patients. CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with a relative preserved stimulus processing in the auditory cortex as reflected by the early GBR. The reduced late GBR is compatible with an abnormal interaction within a frontal lobe network, as was postulated by previous neuroimaging studies. SIGNIFICANCE The present study provides evidence for disturbed processing within frontal cortical regions in unmedicated schizophrenic patients as indicated by reduced evoked EEG GBRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Gallinat
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive dysfunctions are potential endophenotypes of schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate whether recent evidence indeed suggests that cognitive dysfunctions are potent indicators of specific genetic traits that represent susceptibility for schizophrenia. METHOD Studies including large, well-defined samples and controlled cognitive assessment have been reviewed. RESULTS Evidence suggests that schizophrenia patients and their unaffected biological relatives are impaired in several cognitive domains, including working memory, executive functions, sustained attention, verbal episodic memory, processing of visual and auditory stimuli, and smooth pursuit eye movements. However, these impairments are present only in a limited proportion of subjects, showing low specificity and sensitivity and high variability. Linkage with specific genes is weak. CONCLUSION Although some results are promising, at present cognitive dysfunctions cannot be considered as highly sensitive and specific endophenotypes of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kéri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Clementz BA, Keil A, Kissler J. Aberrant brain dynamics in schizophrenia: delayed buildup and prolonged decay of the visual steady-state response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 18:121-9. [PMID: 14736571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2003.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In schizophrenia, aberrant brain activity has been reported both during stimulus processing and at rest. Evoked response amplitude is a function of both the number and synchronization of neurons firing in relation to a stimulus. It is at present unclear whether schizophrenia patients have normal synchronization of neural activity in relation to stimulus processing, and whether the amount and time course of synchronization is related to their evoked response amplitudes. EEG brain dynamics in response to visual steady-state stimulation were assessed in 12 schizophrenia and 12 healthy subjects at three stimulation durations (2, 4, and 6 s). Group differences in the visual evoked potential, the visual steady-state response, and the local coherence of the visual steady-state response were evaluated over time. Schizophrenia patients had smaller and delayed event-related potentials. Moreover, they had a slower buildup of steady-state amplitude following stimulation onset and a prolonged decrease after stimulation offset. Groups did not differ during mid-segments of steady-state stimulation. Increase in coherence to stimulation onset did not differ between-groups, but coherence decay of the visual steady-state response following stimulus offset was delayed in schizophrenia patients. The initial response to visual stimulation among schizophrenia subjects, therefore, may be reduced in amplitude due to weak signal strength, not poor coordination between distant cortical regions. The prolonged recovery function of schizophrenia patients' visual system may indicate abnormal nonlinearity in neural response. These findings have implications understanding the nature of evoked response differences between schizophrenia and normal groups especially in repetitive stimulus paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Clementz
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Psychology Building, Athens, GA 30602-3013, USA.
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Pae JS, Kwon JS, Youn T, Park HJ, Kim MS, Lee B, Park KS. LORETA imaging of P300 in schizophrenia with individual MRI and 128-channel EEG. Neuroimage 2003; 20:1552-60. [PMID: 14642467 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the characteristics of P300 generators in schizophrenics by using voxel-based statistical parametric mapping of current density images. P300 generators, produced by a rare target tone of 1500 Hz (15%) under a frequent nontarget tone of 1000 Hz (85%), were measured in 20 right-handed schizophrenics and 21 controls. Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA), using a realistic head model of the boundary element method based on individual MRI, was applied to the 128-channel EEG. Three-dimensional current density images were reconstructed from the LORETA intensity maps that covered the whole cortical gray matter. Spatial normalization and intensity normalization of the smoothed current density images were used to reduce anatomical variance and subject-specific global activity and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was applied for the statistical analysis. We found that the sources of P300 were consistently localized at the left superior parietal area in normal subjects, while those of schizophrenics were diversely distributed. Upon statistical comparison, schizophrenics, with globally reduced current densities, showed a significant P300 current density reduction in the left medial temporal area and in the left inferior parietal area, while both left prefrontal and right orbitofrontal areas were relatively activated. The left parietotemporal area was found to correlate negatively with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total scores of schizophrenic patients. In conclusion, the reduced and increased areas of current density in schizophrenic patients suggest that the medial temporal and frontal areas contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, the frontotemporal circuitry abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Soo Pae
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-744, Korea
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Alfimova M, Uvarova L. Cognitive peculiarities in relatives of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients: heritability and resting EEG-correlates. Int J Psychophysiol 2003; 49:201-16. [PMID: 14507439 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8760(03)00133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of genetic factors in liability to schizophrenia is well established. It is supposed that different susceptibility genes produce distinct neurobiological and behavioural phenotypes that may each increase the risk for developing schizophrenia. The aim of the study was to search for genetically and pathophysiologically independent domains of mild cognitive disturbances that might be the components of liability to schizophrenia. One hundred and twenty-seven adult relatives of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients were tested with a battery of cognitive tasks. Results were subjected to a principal component analysis, and factors obtained were further investigated with behavioural genetic methods in 56 families of schizophrenics. Resting EEGs were recorded from a subsample of 66 relatives. Correlations of the cognitive factors with absolute power values of seven frequency bands at 16 derivations were assessed using regression analysis. The study revealed four components of cognitive deficits in relatives of schizophrenics in domains of verbal short-term memory, thinking, communication and attention/working memory, all with substantive heritability except the last. The four components had a partial overlapping, but still distinct patterns of resting EEG correlates. The findings are in line with the assumption that cognitive deficit in high-risk individuals may be decomposed to relatively independent dimensions, each with its specific genetic and pathophysiological background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Alfimova
- Department of Clinical Genetics, National Mental Health Research Centre, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Zagorodnoe sh.2, k.2, Moscow 113152, Russia.
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Winterer G, Weinberger DR. Cortical signal-to-noise ratio: insight into the pathophysiology and genetics of schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-2772(03)00019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Siegel SJ, Connolly P, Liang Y, Lenox RH, Gur RE, Bilker WB, Kanes SJ, Turetsky BI. Effects of strain, novelty, and NMDA blockade on auditory-evoked potentials in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:675-82. [PMID: 12655312 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
People with schizophrenia exhibit impaired ability to modify electroencephalographic event-related potential (ERP) responses to novel stimuli. These deficits serve as a window into the abnormalities of neuronal organization and function and are thought to reflect a component of genetic vulnerability for schizophrenia. We describe differences among inbred mouse strains for ERPs following a novelty detection paradigm, as a model for genetic contributions to disease vulnerability. Auditory-evoked potentials were recorded during an auditory oddball task in nonanesthetized C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, and DBA/2J mice prior to and following ketamine (10 mg/kg). Stimuli consisted of 80 sets of 24 standard tones followed by one novel tone. Principal component analysis yielded four temporal components that contribute to the auditory ERP responses to standard and novel stimuli. Two principal components that varied between standard and novel stimuli also differed among inbred mouse strains. Post hoc analyses indicate that strain effects on novelty detection are due to a significant difference between the response to novel and standard tones in C3H/HeJ mice that is absent in the other two strains. Inbred strains of mice vary in their ability to perform neuronal detection of change in the auditory environment. The ability to model novelty detection deficits in mice will aid in identifying genetic contributions to abnormal neuronal organization in people with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Siegel
- Stanley Center for Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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