1
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Sayar-Atasoy N, Yavuz Y, Laule C, Dong C, Kim H, Rysted J, Flippo K, Davis D, Aklan I, Yilmaz B, Tian L, Atasoy D. Opioidergic signaling contributes to food-mediated suppression of AgRP neurons. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113630. [PMID: 38165803 PMCID: PMC10865729 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Opioids are generally known to promote hedonic food consumption. Although much of the existing evidence is primarily based on studies of the mesolimbic pathway, endogenous opioids and their receptors are widely expressed in hypothalamic appetite circuits as well; however, their role in homeostatic feeding remains unclear. Using a fluorescent opioid sensor, deltaLight, here we report that mediobasal hypothalamic opioid levels increase by feeding, which directly and indirectly inhibits agouti-related protein (AgRP)-expressing neurons through the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). AgRP-specific MOR expression increases by energy surfeit and contributes to opioid-induced suppression of appetite. Conversely, its antagonists diminish suppression of AgRP neuron activity by food and satiety hormones. Mice with AgRP neuron-specific ablation of MOR expression have increased fat preference without increased motivation. These results suggest that post-ingestion release of endogenous opioids contributes to AgRP neuron inhibition to shape food choice through MOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufer Sayar-Atasoy
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Yavuz Yavuz
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Connor Laule
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Chunyang Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jacob Rysted
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kyle Flippo
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Debbie Davis
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Iltan Aklan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Bayram Yilmaz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Deniz Atasoy
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (FOEDRC), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Avila-Zozaya M. Uncovering Biased Signaling of Atypical Antipsychotics at Dopamine D 3 Receptors in the Prefrontal Cortex. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 94:e25-e26. [PMID: 37673517 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat Avila-Zozaya
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Biophysics, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
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3
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Straiker A, Dvorakova M, Bosquez-Berger T, Blahos J, Mackie K. A collection of cannabinoid-related negative findings from autaptic hippocampal neurons. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9610. [PMID: 37311900 PMCID: PMC10264370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autaptic hippocampal neurons are an architecturally simple model of neurotransmission that express several forms of cannabinoid signaling. Over the past twenty years this model has proven valuable for studies ranging from enzymatic control of endocannabinoid production and breakdown, to CB1 receptor structure/function, to CB2 signaling, understanding 'spice' (synthetic cannabinoid) pharmacology, and more. However, while studying cannabinoid signaling in these neurons, we have occasionally encountered what one might call 'interesting negatives', valid and informative findings in the context of our experimental design that, given the nature of scientific publishing, may not otherwise find their way into the scientific literature. In autaptic hippocampal neurons we have found that: (1) The fatty acid binding protein (FABP) blocker SBFI-26 does not alter CB1-mediated neuroplasticity. (2) 1-AG signals poorly relative to 2-AG in autaptic neurons. (3) Indomethacin is not a CB1 PAM in autaptic neurons. (4) The CB1-associated protein SGIP1a is not necessary for CB1 desensitization. We are presenting these negative or perplexing findings in the hope that they will prove beneficial to other laboratories and elicit fruitful discussions regarding their relevance and significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Straiker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Michaela Dvorakova
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Taryn Bosquez-Berger
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jaroslav Blahos
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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4
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Qi X, Jia Y, Pan C, Li C, Wen Y, Hao J, Liu L, Cheng B, Cheng S, Yao Y, Zhang F. Index of multiple deprivation contributed to common psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and comprehensive analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 140:104806. [PMID: 35926729 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited studies have been conducted to explore the interaction effects of social environmental and genetic factors on the risks of common psychiatric disorders. METHODS 56,613-106,695 individuals were collected from the UK Biobank cohort. Logistic or liner regression models were first used to evaluate the associations of index of multiple deprivation (IMD) with bipolar disorder (BD), depression and anxiety in UK Biobank cohort. Then, for the significant IMD associated with BD, depression and anxiety, genome-wide gene-environment interaction study (GWEIS) was performed by PLINK 2.0. RESULT Totally, the higher levels of IMD were significantly associated with higher risks of BD, depression and anxiety. For BD, GWEIS identified multiple significant SNPs interacting with IMD, such as rs75182167 for income and rs111841503 for education. For depression and anxiety, GWEIS found significant SNPs interacting with income and education, such as rs147013419 for income and rs142366753 for education. CONCLUSION Social environmental deprivations contributed to the risks of psychiatric disorders. Besides, we reported multiple candidate genetic loci interacting with IMD, providing novel insights into the biological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qi
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yumeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chuyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chune Li
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingcan Hao
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bolun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiqiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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5
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Xu XH, Du RQ, Li L, Yang LL, Zhang Y, Li QM. The role of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in diabetic mechanical hyperalgesia in rats. Eur J Pain 2021; 25:2039-2049. [PMID: 34101933 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have indicated a negative correlation between GRK2 expression and pain development and transmission. Here, we investigated whether G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) was involved in regulating diabetic mechanical hyperalgesia (DMH). METHODS The adeno-associated viral vectors containing the GRK2 gene (AAV-GRK2) were used to up-regulate GRK2 protein expression. The expression of GRK2 and exchange protein directly activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate 1 (Epac1) in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of lumbar 4-6 was detected via immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry, and the transfection of the GRK2 gene was detected by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Low levels of GRK2 were able to sustain STZ-induced pain in DMH rats. Intrathecal injection of AAV-GRK2 vector up-regulated GRK2 expression, providing pain rain to rats with DMH. With an increase in DMH duration, there was a decrease in paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) value, aggravating the pain, resulting in a decreasing pattern in GRK2 protein expression over time, whereas Epac1 protein expression showed an opposite trend. CONCLUSION GRK2 expression regulated DMH progression and is expected to play a role in the development of targeted therapy for DMH. GRK2 and Epac1 expressions play a vital role in maintaining pain in DMH rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Hua Xu
- Postgraduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University, The PLA Rocket Force characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Qin Du
- Department of Endocrinology, The PLA Rocket Forced Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The PLA Rocket Forced Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Yang
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yi Zhang
- Postgraduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University, The PLA Rocket Force characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Quan-Min Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The PLA Rocket Forced Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, P. R. China
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6
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Abreu N, Acosta-Ruiz A, Xiang G, Levitz J. Mechanisms of differential desensitization of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109050. [PMID: 33910009 PMCID: PMC9750234 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) interact with intracellular transducers to control both signal initiation and desensitization, but the distinct mechanisms that control the regulation of different GPCR subtypes are unclear. Here we use fluorescence imaging and electrophysiology to examine the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) family. We find distinct properties across subtypes in both rapid desensitization and internalization, with striking differences between the group II mGluRs. mGluR3, but not mGluR2, undergoes glutamate-dependent rapid desensitization, internalization, trafficking, and recycling. We map differences between mGluRs to variable Ser/Thr-rich sequences in the C-terminal domain (CTD) that control interaction with both GPCR kinases and β-arrestins. Finally, we identify a cancer-associated mutation, G848E, within the mGluR3 CTD that enhances β-arrestin coupling and internalization, enabling an analysis of mGluR3 β-arrestin-coupling properties and revealing biased variants. Together, this work provides a framework for understanding the distinct regulation and functional roles of mGluR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohely Abreu
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Acosta-Ruiz
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guoqing Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua Levitz
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Harris SS, Urs NM. Targeting β-Arrestins in the Treatment of Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders. CNS Drugs 2021; 35:253-264. [PMID: 33651366 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-021-00796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Therapies for psychiatric and neurological disorders have been in the development and refinement process for the past 5 decades. Yet, most of these therapies lack optimal therapeutic efficacy and have multiple debilitating side effects. Recent advances in understanding the pathophysiological processes of psychiatric and neurological disorders have revealed an important role for β-arrestins, which are important regulators of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) function, including desensitization and intracellular signaling. These findings have pushed β-arrestins to the forefront as potential therapeutic targets. Here, we highlight current knowledge on β-arrestin functions in certain psychiatric and neurological disorders (schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and substance abuse disorders), and how this has been leveraged to develop new therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, we discuss the obstacles impacting the field of β-arrestin-based therapeutic development and future approaches that might help advance strategies to develop optimal β-arrestin-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharonda S Harris
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr, ARB-R5-140, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Nikhil M Urs
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr, ARB-R5-140, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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8
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Targeting GRK5 for Treating Chronic Degenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041920. [PMID: 33671974 PMCID: PMC7919044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell-surface receptors and they are responsible for the transduction of extracellular signals, regulating almost all aspects of mammalian physiology. These receptors are specifically regulated by a family of serine/threonine kinases, called GPCR kinases (GRKs). Given the biological role of GPCRs, it is not surprising that GRKs are also involved in several pathophysiological processes. Particular importance is emerging for GRK5, which is a multifunctional protein, expressed in different cell types, and it has been found located in single or multiple subcellular compartments. For instance, when anchored to the plasma membrane, GRK5 exerts its canonical function, regulating GPCRs. However, under certain conditions (e.g., pro-hypertrophic stimuli), GRK5 translocates to the nucleus of cells where it can interact with non-GPCR-related proteins as well as DNA itself to promote “non-canonical” signaling, including gene transcription. Importantly, due to these actions, several studies have demonstrated that GRK5 has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of chronic-degenerative disorders. This is true in the cardiac cells, tumor cells, and neurons. For this reason, in this review article, we will inform the readers of the most recent evidence that supports the importance of targeting GRK5 to prevent the development or progression of cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases.
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9
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Sellgren CM, Imbeault S, Larsson MK, Oliveros A, Nilsson IAK, Codeluppi S, Orhan F, Bhat M, Tufvesson-Alm M, Gracias J, Kegel ME, Zheng Y, Faka A, Svedberg M, Powell SB, Caldwell S, Kamenski ME, Vawter MP, Schulmann A, Goiny M, Svensson CI, Hökfelt T, Schalling M, Schwieler L, Cervenka S, Choi DS, Landén M, Engberg G, Erhardt S. GRK3 deficiency elicits brain immune activation and psychosis. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6820-6832. [PMID: 33976392 PMCID: PMC8760053 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family member protein GRK3 has been linked to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Expression, as well as protein levels, of GRK3 are reduced in post-mortem prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia subjects. Here, we investigate functional behavior and neurotransmission related to immune activation and psychosis using mice lacking functional Grk3 and utilizing a variety of methods, including behavioral, biochemical, electrophysiological, molecular, and imaging methods. Compared to wildtype controls, the Grk3-/- mice show a number of aberrations linked to psychosis, including elevated brain levels of IL-1β, increased turnover of kynurenic acid (KYNA), hyper-responsiveness to D-amphetamine, elevated spontaneous firing of midbrain dopamine neurons, and disruption in prepulse inhibition. Analyzing human genetic data, we observe a link between psychotic features in bipolar disorder, decreased GRK expression, and increased concentration of CSF KYNA. Taken together, our data suggest that Grk3-/- mice show face and construct validity relating to the psychosis phenotype with glial activation and would be suitable for translational studies of novel immunomodulatory agents in psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl M. Sellgren
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Imbeault
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus K. Larsson
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alfredo Oliveros
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Ida A. K. Nilsson
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Translational Psychiatry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simone Codeluppi
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Funda Orhan
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Bhat
- grid.418151.80000 0001 1519 6403Research and Development, Innovative Medicines, Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, Translational Science Centre, Science for Life Laboratory, AstraZeneca, Solna, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Tufvesson-Alm
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Gracias
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magdalena E. Kegel
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yiran Zheng
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anthi Faka
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Svedberg
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susan B. Powell
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Sorana Caldwell
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Mary E. Kamenski
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Marquis P. Vawter
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Anton Schulmann
- grid.416868.50000 0004 0464 0574Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Michel Goiny
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla I. Svensson
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Schalling
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Translational Psychiatry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lilly Schwieler
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Cervenka
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Mikael Landén
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Engberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sophie Erhardt
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Chen R, Ferris MJ, Wang S. Dopamine D2 autoreceptor interactome: Targeting the receptor complex as a strategy for treatment of substance use disorder. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107583. [PMID: 32473160 PMCID: PMC7434700 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D2 autoreceptors (D2ARs), located in somatodendritic and axon terminal compartments of dopamine (DA) neurons, function to provide a negative feedback regulatory control on DA neuron firing, DA synthesis, reuptake and release. Dysregulation of D2AR-mediated DA signaling is implicated in vulnerability to substance use disorder (SUD). Due to the extreme low abundance of D2ARs compared to postsynaptic D2 receptors (D2PRs) and the lack of experimental tools to differentiate the signaling of D2ARs from D2PRs, the regulation of D2ARs by drugs of abuse is poorly understood. The recent availability of conditional D2AR knockout mice and newly developed virus-mediated gene delivery approaches have provided means to specifically study the function of D2ARs at the molecular, cellular and behavioral levels. There is a growing revelation of novel mechanisms and new proteins that mediate D2AR activity, suggesting that D2ARs act cooperatively with an array of membrane and intracellular proteins to tightly control DA transmission. This review highlights D2AR-interacting partners including transporters, G-protein-coupled receptors, ion channels, intracellular signaling modulators, and protein kinases. The complexity of the D2AR interaction network illustrates the functional divergence of D2ARs. Pharmacological targeting of multiple D2AR-interacting partners may be more effective to restore disrupted DA homeostasis by drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Dept. of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States of America; Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction Treatment, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States of America.
| | - Mark J Ferris
- Dept. of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States of America; Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction Treatment, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States of America
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Dept. of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States of America
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11
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Xu W, Reith MEA, Liu-Chen LY, Kortagere S. Biased signaling agonist of dopamine D3 receptor induces receptor internalization independent of β-arrestin recruitment. Pharmacol Res 2019; 143:48-57. [PMID: 30844536 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Agonist-induced internalization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is a significant step in receptor kinetics and is known to be involved in receptor down-regulation. However, the dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) has been an exception wherein agonist induces D3Rs to undergo desensitization followed by pharmacological sequestration - which is defined as the sequestration of cell surface receptors into a more hydrophobic fraction within the plasma membrane without undergoing the process of receptor internalization. Pharmacological sequestration renders the receptor in an inactive state on the membrane. In our previous study we demonstrated that a novel class of D3R agonists exemplified by SK608 have biased signaling properties via the G-protein dependent pathway and do not induce D3R desensitization. In this study, using radioligand binding assay, immunoblot or immunocytochemistry methods, we observed that SK608 induced internalization of human D3R stably expressed in CHO, HEK and SH-SY5Y cells which are derived from neuroblastoma cells, suggesting that it is not a cell-type specific event. Further, we have evaluated the potential mechanism of D3R internalization induced by these biased signaling agonists. SK608-induced D3R internalization was time- and concentration-dependent. In comparison, dopamine induced D3R upregulation and pharmacological sequestration in the same assays. GRK2 and clathrin/dynamin I/II are the key molecular players in the SK608-induced D3R internalization process, while β-arrestin 1/2 and GRK-interacting protein 1(GIT1) are not involved. These results suggest that SK608-promoted D3R internalization is similar to the type II internalization observed among peptide binding GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, PA 19129, United States
| | - Maarten E A Reith
- Department of Psychiatry, Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Lee-Yuan Liu-Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Sandhya Kortagere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, PA 19129, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, PA 19102, United States.
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12
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Menezes IC, von Werne Baes C, Lacchini R, Juruena MF. Genetic biomarkers for differential diagnosis of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder: A systematic and critical review. Behav Brain Res 2019; 357-358:29-38. [PMID: 29331712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Depressive symptoms are present in the depressive mood state of bipolar disorder (BPD) and major depression disorder (MDD). Often, in clinical practice, BPD patients are misdiagnosed with MDD. Therefore, genetic biomarkers could contribute to the improvement of differential diagnosis between BPD and MDD. This systematic and critical review aimed to find in literature reliable genetic biomarkers that may show differences between BPD and MDD. This systematic review followed the PRISMA-P method. The terms used to search PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were depress*, bipolar, diagnos*, genetic*, biomark*. After applying the selection criteria, N = 27 studies were selected, being n = 9 about biomarkers for BPD; n = 15, about MDD; and n = 3 for distinguishing MDD from BPD. A total of N = 3086 subjects were assessed in the selected studies (n = 486 in BPD group; n = 1212 in MDD group; and n = 1388, healthy control group). The articles were dated up to June 2017. Of the N = 27 studies, n = 16 assessed gene, n = 1 miRNA, n = 2 lcnRNA and n = 3 protein expressions, n = 4 methylation, and n = 4 polymorphisms. Some studies applied more than one of these genetic analyses. To find reliable genetic biomarkers we have taken into account the methodological care during the studies development and their validity. The genetic biomarkers selected are related to genes that play a fundamental role in synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, mood control, brain ageing, immune-inflammatory processes and mitochondrial respiratory chain. BDNF gene expression was one of the genetic biomarkers that highlighted because of its capacity of distinguishing BPD and MDD groups, and being adequately reproduced by more than one selected study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itiana Castro Menezes
- Stress and Affective Disorders (SAD) Programme, Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane von Werne Baes
- Stress and Affective Disorders (SAD) Programme, Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Riccardo Lacchini
- Departament of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Francisco Juruena
- Stress and Affective Disorders (SAD) Programme, Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Centre for Affective Disorders, Psychological Medicine, King's College London, UK.
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13
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Hendrickx JO, van Gastel J, Leysen H, Santos-Otte P, Premont RT, Martin B, Maudsley S. GRK5 - A Functional Bridge Between Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1484. [PMID: 30618771 PMCID: PMC6304357 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex aging-triggered disorders are multifactorial programs that comprise a myriad of alterations in interconnected protein networks over a broad range of tissues. It is evident that rather than being randomly organized events, pathophysiologies that possess a strong aging component such as cardiovascular diseases (hypertensions, atherosclerosis, and vascular stiffening) and neurodegenerative conditions (dementia, Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease), in essence represent a subtly modified version of the intricate molecular programs already in place for normal aging. To control such multidimensional activities there are layers of trophic protein control across these networks mediated by so-called "keystone" proteins. We propose that these "keystones" coordinate and interconnect multiple signaling pathways to control whole somatic activities such as aging-related disease etiology. Given its ability to control multiple receptor sensitivities and its broad protein-protein interactomic nature, we propose that G protein coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) represents one of these key network controllers. Considerable data has emerged, suggesting that GRK5 acts as a bridging factor, allowing signaling regulation in pathophysiological settings to control the connectivity between both the cardiovascular and neurophysiological complications of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhana O. Hendrickx
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jaana van Gastel
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paula Santos-Otte
- Institute of Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard T. Premont
- Harrington Discovery Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, GA, United States
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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Dopamine: Functions, Signaling, and Association with Neurological Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:31-59. [PMID: 30446950 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dopaminergic system plays important roles in neuromodulation, such as motor control, motivation, reward, cognitive function, maternal, and reproductive behaviors. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, synthesized in both central nervous system and the periphery, that exerts its actions upon binding to G protein-coupled receptors. Dopamine receptors are widely expressed in the body and function in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. Dopaminergic signaling pathways are crucial to the maintenance of physiological processes and an unbalanced activity may lead to dysfunctions that are related to neurodegenerative diseases. Unveiling the neurobiology and the molecular mechanisms that underlie these illnesses may contribute to the development of new therapies that could promote a better quality of life for patients worldwide. In this review, we summarize the aspects of dopamine as a catecholaminergic neurotransmitter and discuss dopamine signaling pathways elicited through dopamine receptor activation in normal brain function. Furthermore, we describe the potential involvement of these signaling pathways in evoking the onset and progression of some diseases in the nervous system, such as Parkinson's, Schizophrenia, Huntington's, Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder, and Addiction. A brief description of new dopaminergic drugs recently approved and under development treatments for these ailments is also provided.
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15
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Mototani Y, Okamura T, Goto M, Shimizu Y, Yanobu-Takanashi R, Ito A, Kawamura N, Yagisawa Y, Umeki D, Nariyama M, Suita K, Ohnuki Y, Shiozawa K, Sahara Y, Kozasa T, Saeki Y, Okumura S. Role of G protein-regulated inducer of neurite outgrowth 3 (GRIN3) in β-arrestin 2-Akt signaling and dopaminergic behaviors. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:937-947. [PMID: 29500670 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-regulated inducer of neurite growth (GRIN) family has three isoforms (GRIN1-3), which bind to the Gαi/o subfamily of G protein that mediate signal processing via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here, we show that GRIN3 is involved in regulation of dopamine-dependent behaviors and is essential for activation of the dopamine receptors (DAR)-β-arrestin signaling cascade. Analysis of functional regions of GRIN3 showed that a di-cysteine motif (Cys751/752) is required for plasma membrane localization. GRIN3 was co-immunoprecipitated with GPCR kinases 2/6 and β-arrestins 1/2. Among GRINs, only GRIN3, which is highly expressed in striatum, strongly interacted with β-arrestin 2. We also generated GRIN3-knockout mice (GRIN3KO). GRIN3KO exhibited reduced locomotor activity and increased anxiety-like behavior in the elevated maze test, as well as a reduced locomoter response to dopamine stimulation. We also examined the phosphorylation of Akt at threonine 308 (phospho308-Akt), which is dephosphorylated via a β-arrestin 2-mediated pathway. Dephosphorylation of phospho308-Akt via the D2R-β-arrestin 2 signaling pathway was completely abolished in striatum of GRIN3KO. Our results suggest that GRIN3 has a role in recruitment and assembly of proteins involved in β-arrestin-dependent, G protein-independent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Mototani
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Division of Animal Model, Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Motohito Goto
- Division of Animal Model, Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Yukiko Shimizu
- Division of Animal Model, Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Rieko Yanobu-Takanashi
- Division of Animal Model, Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Aiko Ito
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Naoya Kawamura
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.,Department of Periodontology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Yuka Yagisawa
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Umeki
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Megumi Nariyama
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Suita
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ohnuki
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Kouichi Shiozawa
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sahara
- Department of Physiology, Iwate Medical University School of Dentistry, Morioka, 020-8505, Japan
| | - Tohru Kozasa
- Center for Drug Development, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Yasutake Saeki
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okumura
- Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.
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16
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Cannavo A, Komici K, Bencivenga L, D'amico ML, Gambino G, Liccardo D, Ferrara N, Rengo G. GRK2 as a therapeutic target for heart failure. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 22:75-83. [PMID: 29166798 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1406925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase-2 (GRK2) is a regulator of GPCRs, in particular β-adrenergic receptors (ARs), and as demonstrated by decades of investigation, it has a pivotal role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease, like heart failure (HF). Indeed elevated levels and activity of this kinase are able to promote the dysfunction of both cardiac and adrenal α- and β-ARs and to dysregulate other protective signaling pathway, such as sphingosine 1-phospate and insulin. Moreover, recent discoveries suggest that GRK2 can signal independently from GPCRs, in a 'non-canonical' manner, via interaction with non-GPCR molecule or via its mitochondrial localization. Areas covered: Based on this premise, GRK2 inhibition or its genetic deletion has been tested in several disparate animal models of cardiovascular disease, showing to protect the heart from adverse remodeling and dysfunction. Expert opinion: HF is one of the leading cause of death worldwide with enormous health care costs. For this reason, the identification of new therapeutic targets like GRK2 and strategies such as its inhibition represents a new hope in the fight against HF development and progression. Herein, we will update the readers about the 'state-of-art' of GRK2 inhibition as a potent therapeutic strategy in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cannavo
- a Center for Translational Medicine , Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Klara Komici
- b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Leonardo Bencivenga
- b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Maria Loreta D'amico
- c Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit , Telese Terme Institute , Benevento , Italy
| | - Giuseppina Gambino
- c Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit , Telese Terme Institute , Benevento , Italy
| | - Daniela Liccardo
- b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy.,c Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit , Telese Terme Institute , Benevento , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rengo
- b Dpt Translational Medical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , Naples , Italy.,c Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit , Telese Terme Institute , Benevento , Italy
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17
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Prolonged Morphine Treatment Alters Expression and Plasma Membrane Distribution of β-Adrenergic Receptors and Some Other Components of Their Signaling System in Rat Cerebral Cortex. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 63:364-376. [PMID: 29081032 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0987-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
β-Adrenergic signaling plays an important role in regulating diverse brain functions and alterations in this signaling have been observed in different neuropathological conditions. In this study, we investigated the effect of a 10-day treatment with high doses of morphine (10 mg/kg per day) on major components and functional state of the β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling system in the rat cerebral cortex. β-ARs were characterized by radioligand binding assays and amounts of various G protein subunits, adenylyl cyclase (AC) isoforms, G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), and β-arrestin were examined by Western blot analysis. AC activity was determined as a measure of functionality of the signaling system. We also assessed the partitioning of selected signaling proteins between the lipid raft and non-raft fractions prepared from cerebrocortical plasma membranes. Morphine treatment resulted in a significant upregulation of β-ARs, GRK3, and some AC isoforms (AC-I, -II, and -III). There was no change in quantity of G proteins and some other signaling molecules (AC-IV, AC-V/VI, GRK2, GRK5, GRK6, and β-arrestin) compared with controls. Interestingly, morphine exposure caused a partial redistribution of β-ARs, Gsα, Goα, and GRK2 between lipid rafts and bulk plasma membranes. Spatial localization of other signaling molecules within the plasma membrane was not changed. Basal as well as fluoride- and forskolin-stimulated AC activities were not significantly different in membrane preparations from control and morphine-treated animals. However, AC activity stimulated by the beta-AR agonist isoprenaline was markedly increased. This is the first study to demonstrate lipid raft association of key components of the cortical β-AR system and its sensitivity to morphine.
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18
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Steury MD, McCabe LR, Parameswaran N. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases in the Inflammatory Response and Signaling. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:227-277. [PMID: 28950947 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are serine/threonine kinases that regulate a large and diverse class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Through GRK phosphorylation and β-arrestin recruitment, GPCRs are desensitized and their signal terminated. Recent work on these kinases has expanded their role from canonical GPCR regulation to include noncanonical regulation of non-GPCR and nonreceptor substrates through phosphorylation as well as via scaffolding functions. Owing to these and other regulatory roles, GRKs have been shown to play a critical role in the outcome of a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including chemotaxis, signaling, migration, inflammatory gene expression, etc. This diverse set of functions for these proteins makes them popular targets for therapeutics. Role for these kinases in inflammation and inflammatory disease is an evolving area of research currently pursued in many laboratories. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge on various GRKs pertaining to their role in inflammation and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura R McCabe
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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19
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Niu B, Liu P, Shen M, Liu C, Wang L, Wang F, Ma L. GRK5 Regulates Social Behavior Via Suppression of mTORC1 Signaling in Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:421-432. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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20
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New Concepts in Dopamine D 2 Receptor Biased Signaling and Implications for Schizophrenia Therapy. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:78-85. [PMID: 27832841 PMCID: PMC5702557 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is a common target for antipsychotic drugs. Antagonism of D2R signaling in the striatum is thought to be the primary mode of action of antipsychotic drugs in alleviating psychotic symptoms. However, antipsychotic drugs are not clinically effective at reversing cortical-related symptoms, such as cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. While the exact mechanistic underpinnings of these cognitive deficits are largely unknown, deficits in cortical dopamine function likely play a contributing role. It is now recognized that similar to most G protein-coupled receptors, D2Rs signal not only through canonical G protein pathways but also through noncanonical beta-arrestin2-dependent pathways. We review the current mechanistic bases for this dual signaling mode of D2Rs and how these new concepts might be leveraged for therapeutic gain to target both cortical and striatal dysfunction in dopamine neurotransmission and hence have the potential to correct both positive and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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21
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Distinct cortical and striatal actions of a β-arrestin-biased dopamine D2 receptor ligand reveal unique antipsychotic-like properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8178-E8186. [PMID: 27911814 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614347113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current dopamine (DA) hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates striatal hyperdopaminergia and cortical hypodopaminergia. Although partial agonists at DA D2 receptors (D2Rs), like aripiprazole, were developed to simultaneously target both phenomena, they do not effectively improve cortical dysfunction. In this study, we investigate the potential for newly developed β-arrestin2 (βarr2)-biased D2R partial agonists to simultaneously target hyper- and hypodopaminergia. Using neuron-specific βarr2-KO mice, we show that the antipsychotic-like effects of a βarr2-biased D2R ligand are driven through both striatal antagonism and cortical agonism of D2R-βarr2 signaling. Furthermore, βarr2-biased D2R agonism enhances firing of cortical fast-spiking interneurons. This enhanced cortical agonism of the biased ligand can be attributed to a lack of G-protein signaling and elevated expression of βarr2 and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 in the cortex versus the striatum. Therefore, we propose that βarr2-biased D2R ligands that exert region-selective actions could provide a path to develop more effective antipsychotic therapies.
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22
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Henckens MJAG, Deussing JM, Chen A. Region-specific roles of the corticotropin-releasing factor-urocortin system in stress. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:636-51. [PMID: 27586075 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-urocortin (UCN) system has been implicated in stress-related psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety. It has been proposed that CRF-CRF receptor type 1 (CRFR1) signalling promotes the stress response and anxiety-like behaviour, whereas UCNs and CRFR2 activation mediate stress recovery and the restoration of homeostasis. Recent findings, however, provide clear evidence that this view is overly simplistic. Instead, a more complex picture has emerged that suggests that there are brain region- and cell type-specific effects of CRFR signalling that are influenced by the individual's prior experience and that shape molecular, cellular and ultimately behavioural responses to stressful challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes J A G Henckens
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.,Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.,Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
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23
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Nanjidsuren T, Park CW, Sim BW, Kim SU, Chang KT, Kang MH, Min KS. GRK5-Knockout Mice Generated by TALEN-Mediated Gene Targeting. Anim Biotechnol 2016; 27:223-30. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2016.1176032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsevelmaa Nanjidsuren
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Won Park
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Woong Sim
- National Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- National Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hwa Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
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24
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Gurevich EV, Gainetdinov RR, Gurevich VV. G protein-coupled receptor kinases as regulators of dopamine receptor functions. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:1-16. [PMID: 27178731 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Actions of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain are mediated by dopamine receptors that belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Mammals have five dopamine receptor subtypes, D1 through D5. D1 and D5 couple to Gs/olf and activate adenylyl cyclase, whereas D2, D3, and D4 couple to Gi/o and inhibit it. Most GPCRs upon activation by an agonist are phosphorylated by GPCR kinases (GRKs). The GRK phosphorylation makes receptors high-affinity binding partners for arrestin proteins. Arrestin binding to active phosphorylated receptors stops further G protein activation and promotes receptor internalization, recycling or degradation, thereby regulating their signaling and trafficking. Four non- visual GRKs are expressed in striatal neurons. Here we describe known effects of individual GRKs on dopamine receptors in cell culture and in the two in vivo models of dopamine-mediated signaling: behavioral response to psychostimulants and L-DOPA- induced dyskinesia. Dyskinesia, associated with dopamine super-sensitivity of striatal neurons, is a debilitating side effect of L-DOPA therapy in Parkinson's disease. In vivo, GRK subtypes show greater receptor specificity than in vitro or in cultured cells. Overexpression, knockdown, and knockout of individual GRKs, particularly GRK2 and GRK6, have differential effects on signaling of dopamine receptor subtypes in the brain. Furthermore, deletion of GRK isoforms in select striatal neuronal types differentially affects psychostimulant-induced behaviors. In addition, anti-dyskinetic effect of GRK3 does not require its kinase activity: it is mediated by the binding of its RGS-like domain to Gαq/11, which suppresses Gq/11 signaling. The data demonstrate that the dopamine signaling in defined neuronal types in vivo is regulated by specific and finely orchestrated actions of GRK isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37221, USA.
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 143025, Moscow, Russia
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Gurevich EV, Gainetdinov RR, Gurevich VV. Regulation of Dopamine-Dependent Behaviors by G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3798-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Oda Y, Kanahara N, Iyo M. Alterations of Dopamine D2 Receptors and Related Receptor-Interacting Proteins in Schizophrenia: The Pivotal Position of Dopamine Supersensitivity Psychosis in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:30144-63. [PMID: 26694375 PMCID: PMC4691170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) has been a main target of antipsychotic pharmacotherapy for the treatment of schizophrenia, the standard treatment does not offer sufficient relief of symptoms to 20%-30% of patients suffering from this disorder. Moreover, over 80% of patients experience relapsed psychotic episodes within five years following treatment initiation. These data strongly suggest that the continuous blockade of DRD2 by antipsychotic(s) could eventually fail to control the psychosis in some point during long-term treatment, even if such treatment has successfully provided symptomatic improvement for the first-episode psychosis, or stability for the subsequent chronic stage. Dopamine supersensitivity psychosis (DSP) is historically known as a by-product of antipsychotic treatment in the manner of tardive dyskinesia or transient rebound psychosis. Numerous data in psychopharmacological studies suggest that the up-regulation of DRD2, caused by antipsychotic(s), is likely the mechanism underlying the development of the dopamine supersensitivity state. However, regardless of evolving notions of dopamine signaling, particularly dopamine release, signal transduction, and receptor recycling, most of this research has been conducted and discussed from the standpoint of disease etiology or action mechanism of the antipsychotic, not of DSP. Hence, the mechanism of the DRD2 up-regulation or mechanism evoking clinical DSP, both of which are caused by pharmacotherapy, remains unknown. Once patients experience a DSP episode, they become increasingly difficult to treat. Light was recently shed on a new aspect of DSP as a treatment-resistant factor. Clarification of the detailed mechanism of DSP is therefore crucial, and a preventive treatment strategy for DSP or treatment-resistant schizophrenia is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Oda
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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Oda Y, Tadokoro S, Takase M, Kanahara N, Watanabe H, Shirayama Y, Hashimoto K, Iyo M. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6/β-arrestin 2 system in a rat model of dopamine supersensitivity psychosis. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:1308-13. [PMID: 26174132 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115593903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In humans, long-term antipsychotic treatment is known to induce movement disorders and a psychosis, called dopamine supersensitivity psychosis (DSP). The mechanism by which chronic administration of antipsychotic(s) causes DSP may be the treatment-induced up-regulation of dopamine D2 receptors (DRD2). G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) and beta-arrestin 2 (ARRB2) play important roles in the trafficking of DRD2 by phosphorylation and internalization. We investigated the effects of chronic continuous treatment with mini-pump-administered haloperidol (HAL) on the sensitivity of Wistar rats to dopamine, as measured by the locomotor response to methamphetamine (MAP) and the density of striatal DRD2. Chronic continuous treatment with HAL resulted in significantly higher locomotor response to MAP and significantly higher striatal DRD2 density compared with those in rats administered vehicle (VEH). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays revealed that striatal ARRB2 in DSP model rats tended to decrease in comparison with that in the VEH group. In addition, the ratio of GRK6/ARRB2 in DSP model rats was significantly higher than that in controls. Our results suggest that alterations of the GRK6 and ARRB2 system could induce both DRD2 up-regulation and impairment of the dopamine signaling pathway, resulting potentially in the development of DSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Oda
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Masayuki Takase
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Shirayama
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Ichihara, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Lowe JD, Sanderson HS, Cooke AE, Ostovar M, Tsisanova E, Withey SL, Chavkin C, Husbands SM, Kelly E, Henderson G, Bailey CP. Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases 2 and 3 in μ-Opioid Receptor Desensitization and Internalization. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:347-56. [PMID: 26013542 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.098293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ongoing debate about the role of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) in agonist-induced desensitization of the μ-opioid receptor (MOPr) in brain neurons. In the present paper, we have used a novel membrane-permeable, small-molecule inhibitor of GRK2 and GRK3, Takeda compound 101 (Cmpd101; 3-[[[4-methyl-5-(4-pyridyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl] methyl] amino]-N-[2-(trifuoromethyl) benzyl] benzamidehydrochloride), to study the involvement of GRK2/3 in acute agonist-induced MOPr desensitization. We observed that Cmpd101 inhibits the desensitization of the G protein-activated inwardly-rectifying potassium current evoked by receptor-saturating concentrations of methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk), [d-Ala(2), N-MePhe(4), Gly-ol(5)]-enkephalin (DAMGO), endomorphin-2, and morphine in rat and mouse locus coeruleus (LC) neurons. In LC neurons from GRK3 knockout mice, Met-Enk-induced desensitization was unaffected, implying a role for GRK2 in MOPr desensitization. Quantitative analysis of the loss of functional MOPrs following acute agonist exposure revealed that Cmpd101 only partially reversed MOPr desensitization. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, protein kinase C, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, or GRK5 did not inhibit the Cmpd101-insensitive component of desensitization. In HEK 293 cells, Cmpd101 produced almost complete inhibition of DAMGO-induced MOPr phosphorylation at Ser(375), arrestin translocation, and MOPr internalization. Our data demonstrate a role for GRK2 (and potentially also GRK3) in agonist-induced MOPr desensitization in the LC, but leave open the possibility that another, as yet unidentified, mechanism of desensitization also exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet D Lowe
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (J.D.L., H.S.S., A.E.C., E.T., S.L.W., E.K., G.H.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (C.C.); and Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (M.O., S.M.H., C.P.B.)
| | - Helen S Sanderson
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (J.D.L., H.S.S., A.E.C., E.T., S.L.W., E.K., G.H.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (C.C.); and Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (M.O., S.M.H., C.P.B.)
| | - Alexandra E Cooke
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (J.D.L., H.S.S., A.E.C., E.T., S.L.W., E.K., G.H.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (C.C.); and Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (M.O., S.M.H., C.P.B.)
| | - Mehrnoosh Ostovar
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (J.D.L., H.S.S., A.E.C., E.T., S.L.W., E.K., G.H.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (C.C.); and Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (M.O., S.M.H., C.P.B.)
| | - Elena Tsisanova
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (J.D.L., H.S.S., A.E.C., E.T., S.L.W., E.K., G.H.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (C.C.); and Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (M.O., S.M.H., C.P.B.)
| | - Sarah L Withey
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (J.D.L., H.S.S., A.E.C., E.T., S.L.W., E.K., G.H.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (C.C.); and Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (M.O., S.M.H., C.P.B.)
| | - Charles Chavkin
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (J.D.L., H.S.S., A.E.C., E.T., S.L.W., E.K., G.H.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (C.C.); and Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (M.O., S.M.H., C.P.B.)
| | - Stephen M Husbands
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (J.D.L., H.S.S., A.E.C., E.T., S.L.W., E.K., G.H.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (C.C.); and Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (M.O., S.M.H., C.P.B.)
| | - Eamonn Kelly
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (J.D.L., H.S.S., A.E.C., E.T., S.L.W., E.K., G.H.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (C.C.); and Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (M.O., S.M.H., C.P.B.)
| | - Graeme Henderson
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (J.D.L., H.S.S., A.E.C., E.T., S.L.W., E.K., G.H.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (C.C.); and Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (M.O., S.M.H., C.P.B.)
| | - Chris P Bailey
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (J.D.L., H.S.S., A.E.C., E.T., S.L.W., E.K., G.H.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (C.C.); and Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom (M.O., S.M.H., C.P.B.)
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Oda Y, Kanahara N, Kimura H, Watanabe H, Hashimoto K, Iyo M. Genetic association between G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6/β-arrestin 2 and dopamine supersensitivity psychosis in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:1845-51. [PMID: 26251601 PMCID: PMC4524575 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s86042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Dopamine supersensitivity psychosis (DSP), clinically characterized by unstable and severe psychosis or tardive dyskinesia and often categorized as treatment-resistant schizophrenia, is promoted by long-term antipsychotic treatment. An upregulation of the dopamine D2 receptor caused by antipsychotic(s) is involved in the development of DSP. The present study explored the potential roles of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) and β-arrestin 2 (ARRB2) that are involved in the trafficking of DRD2 in patients with DSP. METHODS We conducted a genetic association study of GRK6/ARRB2 between the patients with DSP episodes [DSP(+) group: N=108] and the patients without DSP(-) episodes [DSP(-) group: N=169] from the total group of patients (N=333). Based on the patients' treatment history, a DSP episode was defined as withdrawal psychosis, developed tolerance to antipsychotic effect, and tardive dyskinesia (the remaining 56 patients were excluded due to insufficient information). RESULTS The results revealed that none of the allelic or genotyping distributions of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of GRK6 and three SNPs of ARRB2 showed any significant difference between the DSP(+) and DSP(-) groups. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the SNP analyses of these two molecules fail to classify patients into the potential clinical subtype of DSP(+) or DSP(-) group. However, since GRK6 and ARRB2 are surely involved in dopamine D2 receptor metabolism, further studies based on prospective observations of the onset of DSP under specific antipsychotic treatments are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Oda
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Jackson KJ, Muldoon PP, De Biasi M, Damaj MI. New mechanisms and perspectives in nicotine withdrawal. Neuropharmacology 2014; 96:223-34. [PMID: 25433149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diseases associated with tobacco use constitute a major health problem worldwide. Upon cessation of tobacco use, an unpleasant withdrawal syndrome occurs in dependent individuals. Avoidance of the negative state produced by nicotine withdrawal represents a motivational component that promotes continued tobacco use and relapse after smoking cessation. With the modest success rate of currently available smoking cessation therapies, understanding mechanisms involved in the nicotine withdrawal syndrome are crucial for developing successful treatments. Animal models provide a useful tool for examining neuroadaptative mechanisms and factors influencing nicotine withdrawal, including sex, age, and genetic factors. Such research has also identified an important role for nicotinic receptor subtypes in different aspects of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome (e.g., physical vs. affective signs). In addition to nicotinic receptors, the opioid and endocannabinoid systems, various signal transduction pathways, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides have been implicated in the nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Animal studies have informed human studies of genetic variants and potential targets for smoking cessation therapies. Overall, the available literature indicates that the nicotine withdrawal syndrome is complex, and involves a range of neurobiological mechanisms. As research in nicotine withdrawal progresses, new pharmacological options for smokers attempting to quit can be identified, and treatments with fewer side effects that are better tailored to the unique characteristics of patients may become available. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: From Molecular Biology to Cognition'.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Jackson
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - P P Muldoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 E. Marshall St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - M De Biasi
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M I Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 E. Marshall St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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Funk AJ, Haroutunian V, Meador-Woodruff JH, McCullumsmith RE. Increased G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) expression in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014; 159:130-5. [PMID: 25153362 PMCID: PMC4177355 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current pharmacological treatments for schizophrenia target G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including dopamine receptors. Ligand-bound GPCRs are regulated by a family of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), members of which uncouple the receptor from heterotrimeric G proteins, desensitize the receptor, and induce receptor internalization via the arrestin family of scaffolding and signaling molecules. GRKs initiate the activation of downstream signaling pathways, can regulate receptors and signaling molecules independent of GPCR phosphorylation, and modulate epigenetic regulators like histone deacetylases (HDACs). We hypothesize that the expression of GRK proteins is altered in schizophrenia, consistent with previous findings of alterations upstream and downstream from this family of molecules that facilitate intracellular signaling processes. METHODS In this study, we measured protein expression via Western blot analysis for GRKs 2, 3, 5, and 6 in the anterior cingulate cortex of patients with schizophrenia (n=36) and a comparison group (n=33). To control for antipsychotic treatment, we measured these same targets in haloperidol-treated vs. untreated rats (n=10 for both). RESULTS We found increased levels of GRK5 in schizophrenia. No changes were detected in GRK protein expression in rats treated with haloperidol decanoate for 9 months. CONCLUSION These data suggest that increased GRK5 expression may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia via abnormal regulation of the cytoskeleton, endocytosis, signaling, GPCRs, and histone modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Funk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, CARE 5830, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0583
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029
| | - James H. Meador-Woodruff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, SC 560, 1530 3 Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama Birmingham, Shelby 911, 1530 3 Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Robert E. McCullumsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, CARE 5830, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0583
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Franklin JM, Carrasco GA. Cocaine potentiates multiple 5-HT2A receptor signaling pathways and is associated with decreased phosphorylation of 5-HT2A receptors in vivo. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:770-7. [PMID: 25213649 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder in which the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we used Sprague-Dawley rats injected with either saline (1 ml/kg) or cocaine (15 mg/kg) for 7 days (b.i.d, i.p) to study the effect of cocaine on several components of 5-HT2A receptor signaling in prefrontal cortex (PFCx). We detected enhanced activation of 5-HT2A receptor-mediated phospholipase C beta (PLCβ) and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 activity in PFCx of cocaine-treated rats. Although we were unable to detect changes in the protein levels of several proteins associated with 5-HT2A receptor signaling such as caveolin-1, postsynaptic density protein 95, β-arrestin 2, etc., we found a significant reduction in the phosphorylation status of cortical 5-HT2A receptors. This phenomenon was associated with reduced levels of G-protein receptor kinase 5 (GRK5), but not GRK2 or RSK2, proteins. Our results suggest that decreased phosphorylation of 5-HT2A receptors could mediate, at least in part, the cocaine-induced potentiation of multiple 5-HT2A receptor signaling pathways in rat PFCx. As discussed in this manuscript, we hypothesize that preventing these neuroadaptations in 5-HT2A receptor signaling may alleviate some of the aversive withdrawal-associated symptoms that contribute to relapse to cocaine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade M Franklin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 3048B Malott Hall, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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Bergeron M, Motter R, Tanaka P, Fauss D, Babcock M, Chiou SS, Nelson S, San Pablo F, Anderson JP. In vivo modulation of polo-like kinases supports a key role for PLK2 in Ser129 α-synuclein phosphorylation in mouse brain. Neuroscience 2013; 256:72-82. [PMID: 24128992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is the major component of Lewy bodies. α-Synuclein phosphorylated at Ser 129 (Phospho-α-Syn) is the most common synuclein modification observed in Parkinson's disease pathology and transgenic animal models. Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) was previously proposed as an important kinase in α-synuclein phosphorylation at Ser129. To better understand the role of PLK2 in α-synuclein phosphorylation in vivo, we further evaluated the effect of PLK2 genetic knockdown and pharmacological inhibition on Phospho-α-Syn levels in different brain regions of PLK2 knockout (KO), heterozygous (Het) and wild-type (WT) mice. Whereas PLK2 knockdown had no effect on Total-α-synuclein brain levels, it resulted in a gene-dosage dependent, albeit incomplete, reduction of endogenous Phospho-α-Syn levels in all brain regions investigated. No compensatory induction of other α-synuclein kinases (PLK3, casein kinase-2, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) and GRK6) was observed at the mRNA level in the PLK2 KO mouse brain. To determine whether increased activity of another PLK family member is responsible for the residual Phospho-α-Syn levels in the PLK2 KO mouse brain, the pan-PLK inhibitor BI 2536 was tested in PLK2 KO mice. Whereas BI 2536 reduced Phospho-α-Syn levels in WT mice, it did not further reduce the residual endogenous Phospho-α-Syn levels in PLK2 KO and Het mice, suggesting that a kinase other than PLK1-3 accounts for the remaining PLK inhibitor-resistant pool in the mouse brain. Moreover, PLK3 KO in mice had no effect on both Total- and Phospho-α-Syn brain levels. These results support a significant role for a PLK kinase in phosphorylating α-synuclein at Ser129 in the brain, and suggest that PLK2 is responsible for this activity under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bergeron
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - R Motter
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - P Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - D Fauss
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - M Babcock
- Department of Exploratory Research, Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - S-S Chiou
- Department of Protein Sciences, Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - S Nelson
- Department of Protein Sciences, Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - F San Pablo
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - J P Anderson
- Department of Exploratory Research, Elan Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Dysregulation of cannabinoid CB1 receptor and associated signaling networks in brains of cocaine addicts and cocaine-treated rodents. Neuroscience 2013; 247:294-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Wu N, Song L, Yang X, Yuan W, Liu Z. NMDA receptor regulation of levodopa-induced behavior and changes in striatal G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 and β-arrestin-1 expression in parkinsonian rats. Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8:347-52. [PMID: 23569367 PMCID: PMC3615843 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s41464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The dopamine precursor, levodopa, remains the most effective and common treatment for this disorder. However, long-term administration of levodopa is known to induce characteristic dyskinesia, and molecular mechanisms underlying dyskinesia are poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we investigated the effect of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in dopaminergic neurons and chronic treatment with levodopa on expression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 and β-arrestin-1, two key regulators of G protein-coupled receptors, in the rat striatum. RESULTS We found that a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion reduced expression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 and β-arrestin-1 protein in the lesioned striatum. Reduction of these two proteins persisted in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats on chronic levodopa treatment for 23 days. In addition, coadministration of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, MK-801, and levodopa reversed the reduction of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 and β-arrestin-1 in the striatum. MK-801 also attenuated levodopa-induced dyskinetic behavior. CONCLUSION These data indicate that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 and β-arrestin-1 in striatal neurons are sensitive to dopamine depletion and are downregulated in rats with Parkinson's disease and in levodopa-treated rats with the disease. This downregulation seems to require activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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β-Arrestins in the Central Nervous System. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 118:267-95. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394440-5.00011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Suo WZ. Accelerating Alzheimer’s pathogenesis by GRK5 deficiency via cholinergic dysfunction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/aad.2013.24020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ro 32-0432 attenuates mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal syndrome in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 386:197-204. [PMID: 23274455 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 is noted to mediate a number of signal transduction cascades involved in the causation of nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of Ro 32-0432, a G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 inhibitor, on propagation of nicotine dependence and resultant withdrawal signs in subchronic nicotine mouse model. Our experimental protocol consisted of administration of nicotine, (2.5 mg/kg, subcutaneously), four times daily for 7 days. In order to precipitate nicotine withdrawal, mice were given one injection of mecamylamine (3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) 1 h after the last nicotine injection on the test day (day 8). Behavioral observations were made for a period of 30 min immediately after mecamylamine treatment. Withdrawal syndrome was quantitated in terms of a composite withdrawal severity score, jumping frequency, nicotine-induced hyperalgesia by tail flick method, and withdrawal syndrome-related anxiety was assessed by elevated plus maze test results. Ro 32-0432 dose dependently attenuated mecamylamine-induced nicotine withdrawal syndrome in mice. It is concluded that Ro 32-0432 attenuates the propagation of nicotine dependence and reduce withdrawal signs possibly by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 activation-linked mechanisms.
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Perianes-Cachero A, Burgos-Ramos E, Puebla-Jiménez L, Canelles S, Viveros MP, Mela V, Chowen JA, Argente J, Arilla-Ferreiro E, Barrios V. Leptin-induced downregulation of the rat hippocampal somatostatinergic system may potentiate its anorexigenic effects. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:1385-96. [PMID: 23073237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The learning and memory mechanisms in the hippocampus translate hormonal signals of energy balance into behavioral outcomes involved in the regulation of food intake. As leptin and its receptors are expressed in the hippocampus and somatostatin (SRIF), an orexigenic neuropeptide, may inhibit leptin-mediated suppression of food intake in other brain areas, we asked whether chronic leptin infusion induces changes in the hippocampal somatostatinergic system and whether these modifications are involved in leptin-mediated effects. We studied 18 male Wistar rats divided into three groups: controls (C), treated intracerebroventricularly (icv) with leptin (12 μg/day) for 14 days (L) and a pair-fed group (PF) that received the same amount of food consumed by the L group. Food restriction increased whereas leptin decreased the hippocampal SRIF receptor density, due to changes in SRIF receptor 2 protein levels. These changes in the PF group were concurrent with an increase of hippocampal G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 protein levels and activation of Akt and cyclic AMP response element binding protein. The inhibitory effect of SRIF on adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity, however, was decreased in L rats, coincident with lower G inhibitory α3 and higher AC-I levels as well as signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 activation. In addition, 20 male Wistar rats were included to analyze whether the leptin antagonist L39A/D40A/F41A and the SRIF receptor agonist SMS 201-995 modify SRIF signaling and food intake, respectively. Administration of L39A/D40A/F41A reversed changes in SRIF signaling, whereas SMS 201-995 ameliorated food consumption in L. Altogether, these results suggest that increased somatostatinergic tone in PF rats may be a mechanism to improve the hippocampal orexigenic effects in a situation of metabolic demand, whereas down-regulation of this system in L rats may represent a mechanism to enhance the anorexigenic effects of leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arancha Perianes-Cachero
- Neurobiochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, E-28871 Madrid, Spain
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Nimitvilai S, McElvain MA, Brodie MS. Reversal of dopamine D2 agonist-induced inhibition of ventral tegmental area neurons by Gq-linked neurotransmitters is dependent on protein kinase C, G protein-coupled receptor kinase, and dynamin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 344:253-63. [PMID: 23019137 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.199844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area are important components of brain pathways related to addiction. Prolonged exposure of these neurons to moderate concentrations of dopamine (DA) decreases their sensitivity to inhibition by DA, a process called DA-inhibition reversal (DIR). DIR is mediated by phospholipase C and conventional subtype of protein kinase C (cPKC) through concurrent stimulation of D2 and D1-like DA receptors, or by D2 stimulation concurrent with activation of 5-HT(2) or neurotensin receptors. In the present study, we further characterized this phenomenon by use of extracellular recordings in brain slices to examine whether DIR is linked to G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2) or dynamin by assessing DIR in the presence of antagonists of these enzymes. DIR was blocked by β-ARK1 inhibitor, which inhibits GRK2, and by dynasore, which blocks dynamin. Reversal of inhibition by D2 agonist quinpirole was produced by serotonin (50 µM) and by neurotensin (5-10 nM). Serotonin-induced or neurotensin-induced reversal was blocked by β-ARK1 inhibitor, dynasore, or cPKC antagonist 5,6,7,13-tetrahydro-13-methyl-5-oxo-12H-indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4c]carbazole-12-propanenitrile (Gö6976). This further characterization of DIR indicates that cPKC, GRK2, and dynamin play important roles in the desensitization of D2 receptors. As drugs of abuse produce persistent increases in DA concentration in the ventral tegmental area, reduction of D2 receptor sensitivity as a result of drug abuse may be a critical factor in the processes of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarat Nimitvilai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612-7342, USA
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Managò F, Espinoza S, Salahpour A, Sotnikova TD, Caron MG, Premont RT, Gainetdinov RR. The role of GRK6 in animal models of Parkinson's disease and L-DOPA treatment. Sci Rep 2012; 2:301. [PMID: 22393477 PMCID: PMC3293148 DOI: 10.1038/srep00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 6 (GRK6) belongs to a family of kinases that phosphorylate GPCRs. GRK6 levels were found to be altered in Parkinson's Disease (PD) and D2 dopamine receptors are supersensitive in mice lacking GRK6 (GRK6-KO mice). To understand how GRK6 modulates the behavioral manifestations of dopamine deficiency and responses to L-DOPA, we used three approaches to model PD in GRK6-KO mice: 1) the cataleptic response to haloperidol; 2) introducing GRK6 mutation to an acute model of absolute dopamine deficiency, DDD mice; 3) hemiparkinsonian 6-OHDA model. Furthermore, dopamine-related striatal signaling was analyzed by assessing the phosphorylation of AKT/GSK3β and ERK1/2. GRK6 deficiency reduced cataleptic behavior, potentiated the acute effect of L-DOPA in DDD mice, reduced rotational behavior in hemi-parkinsonian mice, and reduced abnormal involuntary movements induced by chronic L-DOPA. These data indicate that approaches to regulate GRK6 activity could be useful in modulating both therapeutic and side-effects of L-DOPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Managò
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
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Authentically phosphorylated α-synuclein at Ser129 accelerates neurodegeneration in a rat model of familial Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2012; 31:16884-94. [PMID: 22090514 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3967-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the appearance of fibrillar aggregates of insoluble α-synuclein (α-syn) called Lewy bodies (LBs). Approximately 90% of α-syn deposited in LBs is phosphorylated at serine 129 (Ser129). In contrast, only 4% of total α-syn is phosphorylated in normal brain, suggesting that accumulation of Ser129-phosphorylated α-syn is involved in the pathogenesis of PD. However, the role of Ser129 phosphorylation in α-syn neurotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, we coexpressed familial PD-linked A53T α-syn and G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) in the rat SN pars compacta using recombinant adeno-associated virus 2. Coexpression of these proteins yielded abundant Ser129-phosphorylated α-syn and significantly exacerbated degeneration of dopaminergic neurons when compared with coexpression of A53T α-syn and GFP. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Ser129-phosphorylated α-syn was preferentially distributed to swollen neurites. However, biochemical analysis showed that the increased expression of Ser129-phosphorylated α-syn did not promote accumulation of detergent-insoluble α-syn. Coexpression of catalytically inactive K215R mutant GRK6 failed to accelerate A53T α-syn-induced degeneration. Furthermore, introducing a phosphorylation-incompetent mutation, S129A, into A53T α-syn did not alter the pace of degeneration, even when GRK6 was coexpressed. Our study demonstrates that authentically Ser129-phosphorylated α-syn accelerates A53T α-syn neurotoxicity without the formation of detergent-insoluble α-syn, and suggests that the degenerative process could be constrained by inhibiting the kinase that phosphorylates α-syn at Ser129.
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Raehal KM, Schmid CL, Groer CE, Bohn LM. Functional selectivity at the μ-opioid receptor: implications for understanding opioid analgesia and tolerance. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:1001-19. [PMID: 21873412 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are the most effective analgesic drugs for the management of moderate or severe pain, yet their clinical use is often limited because of the onset of adverse side effects. Drugs in this class produce most of their physiological effects through activation of the μ opioid receptor; however, an increasing number of studies demonstrate that different opioids, while presumably acting at this single receptor, can activate distinct downstream responses, a phenomenon termed functional selectivity. Functional selectivity of receptor-mediated events can manifest as a function of the drug used, the cellular or neuronal environment examined, or the signaling or behavioral measure recorded. This review summarizes both in vitro and in vivo work demonstrating functional selectivity at the μ opioid receptor in terms of G protein coupling, receptor phosphorylation, interactions with β-arrestins, receptor desensitization, internalization and signaling, and details on how these differences may relate to the progression of analgesic tolerance after their extended use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Raehal
- Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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Cellular morphine tolerance produced by βarrestin-2-dependent impairment of μ-opioid receptor resensitization. J Neurosci 2011; 31:7122-30. [PMID: 21562274 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5999-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic morphine treatment produces behavioral and cellular opioid tolerance that has been proposed to be caused by attenuated μ-opioid receptor (MOR) recovery from desensitization (resensitization). The process of MOR resensitization is thought to require βarrestin-2 (βarr-2)-dependent trafficking of desensitized receptors to endosomal compartments, followed by recycling of resensitized receptors back to the plasma membrane. However, there is little direct evidence for this, particularly in native neurons. This study used whole-cell patch-clamp recording in locus ceruleus (LC) neurons from wild-type (w.t.) and βarr-2 knock-out (k.o.) mice to examine whether βarr-2/dynamin-dependent trafficking is required for MOR resensitization in neurons from opioid-naive and morphine-treated mice. Surprisingly, recovery of MOR from acute desensitization in LC neurons does not require βarr-2- or dynamin-dependent trafficking. To the contrary, MOR resensitization was accelerated by disruption of either βarr-2 or dynamin function. Chronic morphine treatment caused cellular MOR tolerance and concurrently impaired MOR resensitization in neurons from w.t. mice, as expected from previous studies, but neither occurred in neurons from βarr-2 k.o. mice. Moreover, the impairment of MOR resensitization caused by chronic morphine was reversed in w.t. neurons when G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2) or dynamin function was disrupted. Together, these results establish that βarr-2/dynamin-dependent receptor regulation is not required for MOR resensitization in LC neurons. Furthermore, chronic morphine treatment modifies GRK2-βarr-2-dynamin-dependent MOR trafficking to impair receptor resensitization, thereby contributing to opioid tolerance in LC neurons by reducing the number of functional receptors on the surface membrane.
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Beaulieu JM, Gainetdinov RR. The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:182-217. [PMID: 21303898 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1784] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled dopamine receptors (D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5) mediate all of the physiological functions of the catecholaminergic neurotransmitter dopamine, ranging from voluntary movement and reward to hormonal regulation and hypertension. Pharmacological agents targeting dopaminergic neurotransmission have been clinically used in the management of several neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Huntington's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD(1)), and Tourette's syndrome. Numerous advances have occurred in understanding the general structural, biochemical, and functional properties of dopamine receptors that have led to the development of multiple pharmacologically active compounds that directly target dopamine receptors, such as antiparkinson drugs and antipsychotics. Recent progress in understanding the complex biology of dopamine receptor-related signal transduction mechanisms has revealed that, in addition to their primary action on cAMP-mediated signaling, dopamine receptors can act through diverse signaling mechanisms that involve alternative G protein coupling or through G protein-independent mechanisms via interactions with ion channels or proteins that are characteristically implicated in receptor desensitization, such as β-arrestins. One of the future directions in managing dopamine-related pathologic conditions may involve a transition from the approaches that directly affect receptor function to a precise targeting of postreceptor intracellular signaling modalities either directly or through ligand-biased signaling pharmacology. In this comprehensive review, we discuss dopamine receptor classification, their basic structural and genetic organization, their distribution and functions in the brain and the periphery, and their regulation and signal transduction mechanisms. In addition, we discuss the abnormalities of dopamine receptor expression, function, and signaling that are documented in human disorders and the current pharmacology and emerging trends in the development of novel therapeutic agents that act at dopamine receptors and/or on related signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Martin Beaulieu
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval–Centre de Recherche de l'Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Québec-City, Québec, Canada
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Taneja M, Salim S, Saha K, Happe HK, Qutna N, Petty F, Bylund DB, Eikenburg DC. Differential effects of inescapable stress on locus coeruleus GRK3, alpha2-adrenoceptor and CRF1 receptor levels in learned helpless and non-helpless rats: a potential link to stress resilience. Behav Brain Res 2011; 221:25-33. [PMID: 21333691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of rats to unpredictable, inescapable stress results in two distinct behaviors during subsequent escape testing. One behavior, suggestive of lack of stress resilience, is prolonged escape latency compared to non-stressed rats and is labeled learned helplessness (LH). The other behavior suggestive of stress resilience is normal escape latency and is labeled non-helpless (NH). This study examines the effects of unpredictable, inescapable tail-shock stress (TSS) on alpha(2)-adrenoceptor (α(2A)-AR) and corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptor (CRF(1)-R) regulation as well as protein levels of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3), GRK2, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) plus carbonylated protein levels in locus coeruleus (LC), amygdala (AMG), cortex (COR) and striatum (STR). In NH rats, α(2A)-AR and CRF(1)-R were significantly down-regulated in LC after TSS. No changes in these receptor levels were observed in the LC of LH rats. GRK3, which phosphorylates receptors and thereby contributes to α(2A)-AR and CRF(1)-R down-regulation, was reduced in the LC of LH but not NH rats. GRK2 levels were unchanged. In AMG, GRK3 but not GRK2 levels were reduced in LH but not NH rats, and receptor regulation was impaired in LH rats. In STR, no changes in GRK3 or GRK2 levels were observed. Finally, protein carbonylation, an index of oxidative stress, was increased in the LC and AMG of LH but not NH rats. We suggest that reduced stress resilience after TSS may be related to oxidative stress, depletion of GRK3 and impaired regulation of α(2A)-AR and CRF(1)-R in LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Taneja
- Pcol & Pceu Sci, Univ Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Role of ethanolamine phosphate in the hippocampus of rats with acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurochem Int 2011; 58:22-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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The GRK2 Overexpression Is a Primary Hallmark of Mitochondrial Lesions during Early Alzheimer Disease. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2010; 2009:327360. [PMID: 20204079 PMCID: PMC2832107 DOI: 10.1155/2009/327360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to vascular damage as an early contributor to the development of two leading causes of age-associated dementia, namely Alzheimer disease (AD) and AD-like pathology such as stroke. This review focuses on the role of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) as they relate to dementia and how the cardio and cerebrovasculature is involved in AD pathogenesis. The exploration of GRKs in AD pathogenesis may help bridge gaps in our understanding of the heart-brain connection in relation to neurovisceral damage and vascular complications of AD. The a priori basis for this inquiry stems from the fact that kinases of this family regulate numerous receptor functions in the brain, myocardium and elsewhere. The aim of this review is to discuss the finding of GRK2 overexpression in the context of early AD pathogenesis. Also, we consider the consequences for this overexpression as a loss of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) regulation, as well as suggest a potential role for GPCRs and GRKs in a unifying theory of AD pathogenesis through the cerebrovasculature. Finally, we synthesize this newer information in an attempt to put it into context with GRKs as regulators of cellular function, which makes these proteins potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for future pharmacological intervention.
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Hauger RL, Risbrough V, Oakley RH, Olivares-Reyes JA, Dautzenberg FM. Role of CRF receptor signaling in stress vulnerability, anxiety, and depression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1179:120-43. [PMID: 19906236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Markers of hyperactive central corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) systems and CRF-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in patients with anxiety and depressive disorders. Designing more effective antagonists may now be guided by data showing that small molecules bind to transmembrane domains. Specifically, CRF(1) receptor antagonists have been developed as novel anxiolytic and antidepressant treatments. Because CRF(1) receptors become rapidly desensitized by G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) and beta-arrestin mechanisms in the presence of high agonist concentrations, neuronal hypersecretion of synaptic CRF alone may be insufficient to account for excessive central CRF neurotransmission in stress-induced affective pathophysiology. In addition to desensitizing receptor function, GRK phosphorylation and beta-arrestin binding can shift a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) to signal selectively via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK-MAPK) or Akt pathways independent of G proteins. Also, Epac-dependent CRF(1) receptor signaling via the ERK-MAPK pathway has been found to potentiate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-stimulated TrkB signaling. Thus, genetic or acquired abnormalities in GRK and beta-arrestin function may be involved in the pathophysiology of stress-induced anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Hauger
- Psychiatry Service, VA Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Schroeder JA, McCafferty MR, Unterwald EM. Regulation of dynamin 2 and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in rat nucleus accumbens during acute and repeated cocaine administration. Synapse 2009; 63:863-70. [PMID: 19562697 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to cocaine causes many neuroadaptations including alterations in several neurotransmitter receptors and transporters. This study investigated potential mechanisms of cocaine-induced receptor and transporter regulation by measuring levels of two proteins involved in receptor and transporter trafficking, dynamin 2 and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2). Male Fischer rats received three daily injections of cocaine, 15 mg/kg, in a binge-pattern (at 1 h intervals) for 1, 3, or 14 days. Brain regions of interest were collected 30 min after the last injection and proteins measured by Western blot. Acute binge-pattern cocaine administration produced a significant increase in both dynamin 2- and GRK2-immunoreactivity (227% and 358% of control) in the nucleus accumbens and GKR2 (150% of control) in the caudate putamen. Tolerance to this effect occurred, as levels of both proteins returned to baseline after 3 days of cocaine. In contrast, dynamin 2 and GRK2 were significantly decreased in the nucleus accumbens after chronic cocaine. This pattern of regulation was unique to the nucleus accumbens and not seen in the frontal cortex or substantia nigra. Pretreatment with either the dopamine (DA) D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 or D2 receptor antagonist eticlopride prior to acute cocaine blocked the upregulation of dynamin 2 and GRK2 in the nucleus accumbens. However, only eticlopride was effective in attenuating the decrease in these proteins following chronic cocaine exposure. These results demonstrate that two proteins involved in receptor and transporter trafficking are selectively regulated in the nucleus accumbens following acute versus chronic cocaine exposure, and dopamine receptor activation is required for this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Schroeder
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
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