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Cooper JJM, Polanco JJ, Saraswat D, Peirick JJ, Seidl A, Li Y, Ma D, Sim FJ. Chronic demyelination of rabbit lesions is attributable to failed oligodendrocyte progenitor cell repopulation. Glia 2023; 71:1018-1035. [PMID: 36537341 PMCID: PMC9931654 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The failure of remyelination in the human CNS contributes to axonal injury and disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). In contrast to regions of chronic demyelination in the human brain, remyelination in murine models is preceded by abundant oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) repopulation, such that OPC density within regions of demyelination far exceeds that of normal white matter (NWM). As such, we hypothesized that efficient OPC repopulation was a prerequisite of successful remyelination, and that increased lesion volume may contribute to the failure of OPC repopulation in human brain. In this study, we characterized the pattern of OPC activation and proliferation following induction of lysolecithin-induced chronic demyelination in adult rabbits. The density of OPCs never exceeded that of NWM and oligodendrocyte density did not recover even at 6 months post-injection. Rabbit OPC recruitment in large lesions was further characterized by chronic Sox2 expression in OPCs located in the lesion core and upregulation of quiescence-associated Prrx1 mRNA at the lesion border. Surprisingly, when small rabbit lesions of equivalent size to mouse were induced, they too exhibited reduced OPC repopulation. However, small lesions were distinct from large lesions as they displayed an almost complete lack of OPC proliferation following demyelination. These differences in the response to demyelination suggest that both volume dependent and species-specific mechanisms are critical in the regulation of OPC proliferation and lesion repopulation and suggest that alternate models will be necessary to fully understand the mechanisms that contribute to failed remyelination in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J M Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jessie J Polanco
- Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Darpan Saraswat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer J Peirick
- Lab Animal Facilities, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Anna Seidl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Dan Ma
- Translational Medicine Research Group, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fraser J Sim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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2
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Mu JD, Ma LX, Zhang Z, Qian X, Zhang QY, Ma LH, Sun TY. The factors affecting neurogenesis after stroke and the role of acupuncture. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1082625. [PMID: 36741282 PMCID: PMC9895425 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1082625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke induces a state of neuroplasticity in the central nervous system, which can lead to neurogenesis phenomena such as axonal growth and synapse formation, thus affecting stroke outcomes. The brain has a limited ability to repair ischemic damage and requires a favorable microenvironment. Acupuncture is considered a feasible and effective neural regulation strategy to improve functional recovery following stroke via the benign modulation of neuroplasticity. Therefore, we summarized the current research progress on the key factors and signaling pathways affecting neurogenesis, and we also briefly reviewed the research progress of acupuncture to improve functional recovery after stroke by promoting neurogenesis. This study aims to provide new therapeutic perspectives and strategies for the recovery of motor function after stroke based on neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Dan Mu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liang-Xiao Ma
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,The Key Unit of State Administration of Traditional Chines Medicine, Evaluation of Characteristic Acupuncture Therapy, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Liang-Xiao Ma ✉
| | - Zhou Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Qian
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qin-Yong Zhang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Hui Ma
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Yi Sun
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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3
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Kiaie N, Gorabi AM, Loveless R, Teng Y, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. The regenerative potential of glial progenitor cells and reactive astrocytes in CNS injuries. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 140:104794. [PMID: 35902044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapeutic approaches focusing on the regeneration of damaged tissue have been a popular topic among researchers in recent years. In particular, self-repair scarring from the central nervous system (CNS) can significantly complicate the treatment of an injured patient. In CNS regeneration schemes, either glial progenitor cells or reactive glial cells have key roles to play. In this review, the contribution and underlying mechanisms of these progenitor/reactive glial cells during CNS regeneration are discussed, as well as their role in CNS-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Kiaie
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armita Mahdavi Gorabi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reid Loveless
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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4
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Lee HL, Yeum CE, Lee H, Oh J, Kim JT, Lee WJ, Ha Y, Yang YI, Kim KN. Peripheral Nerve-Derived Stem Cell Spheroids Induce Functional Recovery and Repair after Spinal Cord Injury in Rodents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084141. [PMID: 33923671 PMCID: PMC8072978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is one of the most promising candidate treatments for spinal cord injury. Research has shown optimistic results for this therapy, but clinical limitations remain, including poor viability, engraftment, and differentiation. Here, we isolated novel peripheral nerve-derived stem cells (PNSCs) from adult peripheral nerves with similar characteristics to neural-crest stem cells. These PNSCs expressed neural-crest specific markers and showed multilineage differentiation potential into Schwann cells, neuroglia, neurons, and mesodermal cells. In addition, PNSCs showed therapeutic potential by releasing the neurotrophic factors, including glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor, nerve growth factor, and neurotrophin-3. PNSC abilities were also enhanced by their development into spheroids which secreted neurotrophic factors several times more than non-spheroid PNSCs and expressed several types of extra cellular matrix. These features suggest that the potential for these PNSC spheroids can overcome their limitations. In an animal spinal cord injury (SCI) model, these PNSC spheroids induced functional recovery and neuronal regeneration. These PNSC spheroids also reduced the neuropathic pain which accompanies SCI after remyelination. These PNSC spheroids may represent a new therapeutic approach for patients suffering from SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Lan Lee
- Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.-L.L.); (H.L.); (J.O.); (Y.H.)
| | - Chung-Eun Yeum
- Paik Inje Memorial Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea; (C.-E.Y.); (J.-T.K.); (W.-J.L.)
| | - HyeYeong Lee
- Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.-L.L.); (H.L.); (J.O.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jinsoo Oh
- Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.-L.L.); (H.L.); (J.O.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jong-Tae Kim
- Paik Inje Memorial Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea; (C.-E.Y.); (J.-T.K.); (W.-J.L.)
| | - Won-Jin Lee
- Paik Inje Memorial Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea; (C.-E.Y.); (J.-T.K.); (W.-J.L.)
| | - Yoon Ha
- Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.-L.L.); (H.L.); (J.O.); (Y.H.)
- POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea
| | - Young-Il Yang
- Paik Inje Memorial Institute for Clinical Research, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea; (C.-E.Y.); (J.-T.K.); (W.-J.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-I.Y.); (K.-N.K.)
| | - Keung-Nyun Kim
- Spine & Spinal Cord Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.-L.L.); (H.L.); (J.O.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-I.Y.); (K.-N.K.)
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5
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Kalafatakis I, Patellis A, Charalampopoulos I, Gravanis A, Karagogeos D. The beneficial role of the synthetic microneurotrophin BNN20 in a focal demyelination model. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1474-1495. [PMID: 33583101 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BNN20, a C17-spiroepoxy derivative of the neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone, has been shown to exhibit strong neuroprotective properties but its role in glial populations has not been assessed. Our aim was to investigate the effect of BNN20 on glial populations by using in vitro and in vivo approaches, taking advantage of the well-established lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-induced focal demyelination mouse model. Our in vivo studies, performed in male mice, showed that BNN20 treatment leads to an increased number of mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) in this model. It diminishes astrocytic accumulation during the demyelination phase leading to a faster remyelination process, while it does not affect oligodendrocyte precursor cell recruitment or microglia/macrophage accumulation. Additionally, our in vitro studies showed that BNN20 acts directly to OLs and enhances their maturation even after they were treated with LPC. This beneficial effect of BNN20 is mediated, primarily, through the neurotrophin receptor TrkA. In addition, BNN20 reduces microglial activation and their transition to their pro-inflammatory state upon lipopolysaccharides stimulation in vitro. Taken together our results suggest that BNN20 could serve as an important molecule to develop blood-brain barrier-permeable synthetic agonists of neurotrophin receptors that could reduce inflammation, protect and increase the number of functional OLs by promoting their differentiation/maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Kalafatakis
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology - FoRTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Charalampopoulos
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology - FoRTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Achille Gravanis
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology - FoRTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology - FoRTH, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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6
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Vaes JEG, Brandt MJV, Wanders N, Benders MJNL, de Theije CGM, Gressens P, Nijboer CH. The impact of trophic and immunomodulatory factors on oligodendrocyte maturation: Potential treatments for encephalopathy of prematurity. Glia 2020; 69:1311-1340. [PMID: 33595855 PMCID: PMC8246971 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) is a major cause of morbidity in preterm neonates, causing neurodevelopmental adversities that can lead to lifelong impairments. Preterm birth-related insults, such as cerebral oxygen fluctuations and perinatal inflammation, are believed to negatively impact brain development, leading to a range of brain abnormalities. Diffuse white matter injury is a major hallmark of EoP and characterized by widespread hypomyelination, the result of disturbances in oligodendrocyte lineage development. At present, there are no treatment options available, despite the enormous burden of EoP on patients, their families, and society. Over the years, research in the field of neonatal brain injury and other white matter pathologies has led to the identification of several promising trophic factors and cytokines that contribute to the survival and maturation of oligodendrocytes, and/or dampening neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss the current literature on selected factors and their therapeutic potential to combat EoP, covering a wide range of in vitro, preclinical and clinical studies. Furthermore, we offer a future perspective on the translatability of these factors into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josine E G Vaes
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Myrna J V Brandt
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nikki Wanders
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon J N L Benders
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline G M de Theije
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cora H Nijboer
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Effects and Mechanisms of Acupuncture Combined with Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation on Neural Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury: Progress and Prospects. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8890655. [PMID: 33061954 PMCID: PMC7533022 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8890655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a structural event with devastating consequences worldwide. Due to the limited intrinsic regenerative capacity of the spinal cord in adults, the neural restoration after SCI is difficult. Acupuncture is effective for SCI-induced neurologic deficits, and the potential mechanisms responsible for its effects involve neural protection by the inhibition of inflammation, oxidation, and apoptosis. Moreover, acupuncture promotes neural regeneration and axon sprouting by activating multiple cellular signal transduction pathways, such as the Wnt, Notch, and Rho/Rho kinase (ROCK) pathways. Several studies have demonstrated that the efficacy of combining acupuncture with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation is superior to either procedure alone. The advantage of the combined treatment is dependent on the ability of acupuncture to enhance the survival of MSCs, promote their differentiation into neurons, and facilitate targeted migration of MSCs to the spinal cord. Additionally, the differentiation of MSCs into neurons overcomes the problem of the shortage of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) in the acupuncture-treated SCI patients. Therefore, the combination of acupuncture and MSCs transplantation could become a novel and effective strategy for the treatment of SCI. Such a possibility needs to be verified by basic and clinical research.
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8
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Fressinaud C, Thomas O, Umerska AM, Saulnier P. Lipid Nanoparticles Vectorized with NFL-TBS.40-63 Peptide Target Oligodendrocytes and Promote Neurotrophin-3 Effects After Demyelination In Vitro. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2732-2748. [PMID: 32910302 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Promoting remyelination in multiple sclerosis is important to prevent axon degeneration, given the lack of curative treatment. Although some growth factors improve this repair, unspecific delivery to cells and potential side effects limit their therapeutic use. Thus, NFL-TBS.40-63 peptide (NFL)-known to enter specifically myelinating oligodendrocytes (OL)-was used to vectorize 100 nm diameter lipid nanoparticles (LNC), and the ability of NFL-LNC to specifically target OL from newborn rat brain was assessed in vitro. Specific uptake of DiD-labeled NFL-LNC by OL characterized by CNP and myelin basic protein was observed by confocal microscopy, as well as DiD colocalization with NFL and with Rab5-a marker of early endosomes. Unvectorized LNC did not significantly penetrate OL and there was no uptake of NFL-LNC by astrocytes. Canonical maturation of OL which extended compacted myelin-like membranes was observed by transmission electron microscopy in cells grown up to 9 days with NFL-LNC. Endocytosis of NFL-LNC appeared to depend on several pathways, as demonstrated by inhibitors. In addition, vectorized NFL-LNC adsorbed on neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) potentiated the proremyelinating effects of NT-3 after demyelination by lysophosphatidyl choline, allowing noticeably decreasing NT-3 concentration. Our results if they were confirmed in vivo suggest that NFL-vectorized LNC appear safe and could be considered as putative carriers for specific drug delivery to OL in order to increase remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Fressinaud
- Neurology Department, University Hospital, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers Cedex 9, France. .,MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France.
| | - Olivier Thomas
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France
| | - Anita Monika Umerska
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France
| | - Patrick Saulnier
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France
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9
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Pöyhönen S, Er S, Domanskyi A, Airavaara M. Effects of Neurotrophic Factors in Glial Cells in the Central Nervous System: Expression and Properties in Neurodegeneration and Injury. Front Physiol 2019; 10:486. [PMID: 31105589 PMCID: PMC6499070 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are abundant cell types found in the central nervous system and have been shown to play crucial roles in regulating both normal and disease states. An increasing amount of evidence points to the critical importance of glia in mediating neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (AD, PD), and in ischemic stroke, where microglia are involved in initial tissue clearance, and astrocytes in the subsequent formation of a glial scar. The importance of these cells for neuronal survival has previously been studied in co-culture experiments and the search for neurotrophic factors (NTFs) initiated after finding that the addition of conditioned media from astrocyte cultures could support the survival of primary neurons in vitro. This led to the discovery of the potent dopamine neurotrophic factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). In this review, we focus on the relationship between glia and NTFs including neurotrophins, GDNF-family ligands, CNTF family, and CDNF/MANF-family proteins. We describe their expression in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and their precursors (NG2-positive cells, OPCs), and microglia during development and in the adult brain. Furthermore, we review existing data on the glial phenotypes of NTF knockout mice and follow NTF expression patterns and their effects on glia in disease models such as AD, PD, stroke, and retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Pöyhönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Safak Er
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrii Domanskyi
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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PharmGKB summary: methylphenidate pathway, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2019; 29:136-154. [PMID: 30950912 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Matrine promotes NT3 expression in CNS cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurosci Lett 2017; 649:100-106. [PMID: 28392360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophin 3 (NT3) is a potent neurotrophic factor for promoting remyelination and recovery of neuronal function; upregulation of its expression in the central nervous system (CNS) is thus of major therapeutic importance for neurological deficits. Matrine (MAT), a quinolizidine alkaloid derived from the herb Radix Sophorae Flavescent, has been recently reported to effectively ameliorate clinical signs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), by secreting antiinflammatory cytokines. In the present study, our goal was to investigate whether MAT could affect NT3 expression of glial cells in the CNS, the major cell populations in the CNS foci of MS/EAE. We found that MAT markedly upregulated NT3 expression in the CNS not only by microglia/macrophages and astrocytes, but also by oligodendrocyte precursor cells, indicative of both paracrine and autocrine effects on myelinating cells. While MAT treatment reduced the numbers of iNOS+ M1, but increased Arg1+ M2 microglia/macrophage phenotypes, NT3 expression was upregulated in both phenotypes. These results indicate that MAT therapy for EAE acts, at least in part, by stimulating local production of NT3 by glial cells in the CNS, which protects neural cells from CNS inflammation-induced tissue damage.
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12
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Abstract
Demyelination of central nervous system axons, associated with traumatic injury and demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, causes impaired neural transmission and ultimately axon degeneration. Consequently, extensive research has focused on signaling systems that promote myelinating activity of oligodendrocytes or promote production of new oligodendrocytes from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Many receptor systems, notably including growth factor receptors and G protein-coupled receptors, control myelination. A number of recent clinical trials target these receptor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bothwell
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195;
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13
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Chew LJ, DeBoy CA. Pharmacological approaches to intervention in hypomyelinating and demyelinating white matter pathology. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:605-625. [PMID: 26116759 PMCID: PMC4690794 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
White matter disease afflicts both developing and mature central nervous systems. Both cell intrinsic and extrinsic dysregulation result in profound changes in cell survival, axonal metabolism and functional performance. Experimental models of developmental white matter (WM) injury and demyelination have not only delineated mechanisms of signaling and inflammation, but have also paved the way for the discovery of pharmacological approaches to intervention. These reagents have been shown to enhance protection of the mature oligodendrocyte cell, accelerate progenitor cell recruitment and/or differentiation, or attenuate pathological stimuli arising from the inflammatory response to injury. Here we highlight reports of studies in the CNS in which compounds, namely peptides, hormones, and small molecule agonists/antagonists, have been used in experimental animal models of demyelination and neonatal brain injury that affect aspects of excitotoxicity, oligodendrocyte development and survival, and progenitor cell function, and which have been demonstrated to attenuate damage and improve WM protection in experimental models of injury. The molecular targets of these agents include growth factor and neurotransmitter receptors, morphogens and their signaling components, nuclear receptors, as well as the processes of iron transport and actin binding. By surveying the current evidence in non-immune targets of both the immature and mature WM, we aim to better understand pharmacological approaches modulating endogenous oligodendroglia that show potential for success in the contexts of developmental and adult WM pathology. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Oligodendrocytes in Health and Disease'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jin Chew
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Cynthia A DeBoy
- Biology Department, Trinity Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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14
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Effects of Magnetically Guided, SPIO-Labeled, and Neurotrophin-3 Gene-Modified Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:2018474. [PMID: 26649047 PMCID: PMC4663356 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2018474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in our understanding of spinal cord injury (SCI) mechanisms, there are still no effective treatment approaches to restore functionality. Although many studies have demonstrated that transplanting NT3 gene-transfected bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is an effective approach to treat SCI, the approach is often low efficient in the delivery of engrafted BMSCs to the site of injury. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of magnetic targeting of NT3 gene-transfected BMSCs via lumbar puncture in a rat model of SCI. With the aid of a magnetic targeting cells delivery system, we can not only deliver the engrafted BMSCs to the site of injury more efficiently, but also perform cells imaging in vivo using MR. In addition, we also found that this composite strategy could significantly improve functional recovery and nerve regeneration compared to transplanting NT3 gene-transfected BMSCs without magnetic targeting system. Our results suggest that this composite strategy could be promising for clinical applications.
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Ahmad AS, Satriotomo I, Fazal JA, Nadeau SE, Doré S. Optimization of a Clinically Relevant Model of White Matter Stroke in Mice: Histological and Functional Evidences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 27512724 DOI: 10.19104/jnn.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE White matter (WM) injury during stroke increases the risk of disability and gloomy prognosis of post-stroke rehabilitation. However, modeling of WM loss in rodents has proven to be challenging. METHODS We report improved WM injury models in male C57BL/6 mice. Mice were given either endothelin-1 (ET-1) or L-N5-(1-iminoethyl)ornitine (L-NIO) into the periventricular white matter (PVWM), in the corpus callosum (CC), or in the posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC). Anatomical and functional outcomes were quantified on day 7 post injection. RESULTS Injection of ET-1 or L-NIO caused a small focal lesion in the injection site in the PVWM. No significant motor function deficits were observed in the PVWM lesion model. We next targeted the PLIC by using single or double injections of L-NIO and found that this strategy induced small focal infarction. Interestingly, injection of L-NIO in the PLIC also resulted in gliosis, and significant motor function deficits. CONCLUSIONS By employing different agents, doses, and locations, this study shows the feasibility of inducing brain WM injury accompanied with functional deficits in mice. Selective targeting of the injury location, behavioral testing, and the agents chosen to induce WM injury are all keys to successfully develop a mouse model and subsequent testing of therapeutic interventions against WM injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah S Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - Irawan Satriotomo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - Jawad A Fazal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - Stephen E Nadeau
- Research Service and the Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, FL, USA; Departments of Neuroscience, Neurology, and Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Ahmad AS, Satriotomo I, Fazal J, Nadeau SE, Doré S. Considerations for the Optimization of Induced White Matter Injury Preclinical Models. Front Neurol 2015; 6:172. [PMID: 26322013 PMCID: PMC4532913 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter (WM) injury in relation to acute neurologic conditions, especially stroke, has remained obscure until recently. Current advances in imaging technologies in the field of stroke have confirmed that WM injury plays an important role in the prognosis of stroke and suggest that WM protection is essential for functional recovery and post-stroke rehabilitation. However, due to the lack of a reproducible animal model of WM injury, the pathophysiology and mechanisms of this injury are not well studied. Moreover, producing selective WM injury in animals, especially in rodents, has proven to be challenging. Problems associated with inducing selective WM ischemic injury in the rodent derive from differences in the architecture of the brain, most particularly, the ratio of WM to gray matter in rodents compared to humans, the agents used to induce the injury, and the location of the injury. Aging, gender differences, and comorbidities further add to this complexity. This review provides a brief account of the techniques commonly used to induce general WM injury in animal models (stroke and non-stroke related) and highlights relevance, optimization issues, and translational potentials associated with this particular form of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shafique Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Irawan Satriotomo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Jawad Fazal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Stephen E Nadeau
- Research Service, Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Gainesville, FL , USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA ; Research Service, Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Gainesville, FL , USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA ; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA ; Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA ; Department of Psychology, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
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Combination of electroacupuncture and grafted mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing TrkC improves remyelination and function in demyelinated spinal cord of rats. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9133. [PMID: 25779025 PMCID: PMC5390924 DOI: 10.1038/srep09133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study attempted to graft neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) receptor (TrkC) gene modified mesenchymal stem cells (TrkC-MSCs) into the demyelinated spinal cord and to investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) treatment could promote NT-3 secretion in the demyelinated spinal cord as well as further enhance grafted TrkC-MSCs to differentiate into oligodendrocytes, remyelination and functional recovery. Ethidium bromide (EB) was microinjected into the spinal cord of rats at T10 to establish a demyelinated model. Six groups of animals were prepared for the experiment: the sham, PBS, MSCs, MSCs+EA, TrkC-MSCs and TrkC-MSCs+EA groups. The results showed that TrkC-MSCs graft combined with EA treatment (TrkC-MSCs+EA group) significantly increased the number of OPCs and oligodendrocyte-like cells differentiated from MSCs. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the oligodendrocyte-like cells differentiated from TrkC-MSCs formed myelin sheaths. Immunofluorescence histochemistry and Western blot analysis indicated that TrkC-MSCs+EA treatment could promote the myelin basic protein (MBP) expression and Kv1.2 arrangement trending towards the normal level. Furthermore, behavioural test and cortical motor evoked potentials detection demonstrated a significant functional recovery in the TrkC-MSCs+EA group. In conclusion, our results suggest that EA treatment can increase NT-3 expression, promote oligodendrocyte-like cell differentiation from TrkC-MSCs, remyelination and functional improvement of demyelinated spinal cord.
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Zhu T, Yu D, Feng J, Wu X, Xiang L, Gao H, Zhang X, Wei M. GDNF and NT-3 induce progenitor bone mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into neurons in fetal gut culture medium. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 35:255-64. [PMID: 25301495 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing use of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in cell therapies, factors regulating BMSC differentiation have become the interest of current research. In this study, we investigated the effects of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) on the course of BMSC differentiation. BMSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow and transfected with GDNF and NT-3 genes. Compared to mock-transfected BMSCs, GDNF and NT-3 induced BMSC differentiation to reveal neuron-like characteristics, i.e., the positive expression of neuronal marker MAP-2 and astrocyte marker GFAP, as detected by immunofluorescence assays. Semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analyses showed that the increase of expression of GDNF and NT-3 in BMSCs also simultaneously elevated the mRNA expression of NSE, nestin, and MAP-2. Furthermore, the cell patch-clamp test demonstrated that the overexpression of GDNF and NT-3 in BMSCs enhanced voltage-activated potassium currents, implying that BMSCs possess great potential as a cell-based therapeutic candidate to treat neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Hankou, Wuhan, China
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Gallo V, Deneen B. Glial development: the crossroads of regeneration and repair in the CNS. Neuron 2014; 83:283-308. [PMID: 25033178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the complexities of the mammalian CNS, its regeneration is viewed as the holy grail of regenerative medicine. Extraordinary efforts have been made to understand developmental neurogenesis, with the hopes of clinically applying this knowledge. CNS regeneration also involves glia, which comprises at least 50% of the cellular constituency of the brain and is involved in all forms of injury and disease response, recovery, and regeneration. Recent developmental studies have given us unprecedented insight into the processes that regulate the generation of CNS glia. Because restorative processes often parallel those found in development, we will peer through the lens of developmental gliogenesis to gain a clearer understanding of the processes that underlie glial regeneration under pathological conditions. Specifically, this review will focus on key signaling pathways that regulate astrocyte and oligodendrocyte development and describe how these mechanisms are reutilized in these populations during regeneration and repair after CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Benjamin Deneen
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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20
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Liu S, Li C, Xing Y, Tao F. Effect of microenvironment modulation on stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury pain. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:458-9. [PMID: 25206837 PMCID: PMC4153499 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.130057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA ; Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Changsheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA ; Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Ying Xing
- Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China ; Basic Medical College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Feng Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Liu Z, He B, Zhang RY, Zhang K, Ding Y, Ruan JW, Ling EA, Wu JL, Zeng YS. Electroacupuncture Promotes the Differentiation of Transplanted Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Preinduced With Neurotrophin-3 and Retinoic Acid Into Oligodendrocyte-Like Cells in Demyelinated Spinal Cord of Rats. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:1265-81. [PMID: 24856958 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x682099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promotes functional recovery in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and in a murine model of MS. However, there is only a modicum of information on differentiation of grafted MSCs into oligodendrocyte-like cells in MS. The purpose of this study was to transplant neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and retinoic acid (RA) preinduced MSCs (NR-MSCs) into a demyelinated spinal cord induced by ethidium bromide and to investigate whether EA treatment could promote NT-3 secretion in the demyelinated spinal cord. We also sought to determine whether increased NT-3 could further enhance NR-MSCs overexpressing the tyrosine receptor kinase C (TrkC) to differentiate into more oligodendrocyte-like cells, resulting in increased remyelination and nerve conduction in the spinal cord. Our results showed that NT-3 and RA increased transcription of TrkC mRNA in cultured MSCs. EA increased NT-3 levels and promoted differentiation of oligodendrocyte-like cells from grafted NR-MSCs in the demyelinated spinal cord. There was evidence of myelin formation by grafted NR-MSCs. In addition, NR-MSC transplantation combined with EA treatment (the NR-MSCs + EA group) reduced demyelination and promoted remyelination. Furthermore, the conduction of cortical motor-evoked potentials has improved compared to controls. Together, our data suggest that preinduced MSC transplantation combined with EA treatment not only increased MSC differentiation into oligodendrocyte-like cells forming myelin sheaths, but also promoted remyelination and functional improvement of nerve conduction in the demyelinated spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Lai BQ, Wang JM, Ling EA, Wu JL, Zeng YS. Graft of a tissue-engineered neural scaffold serves as a promising strategy to restore myelination after rat spinal cord transection. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:910-21. [PMID: 24325427 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination remains a challenging issue in spinal cord injury (SCI). In the present study, we cocultured Schwann cells (SCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) with overexpression of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and its high affinity receptor tyrosine kinase receptor type 3 (TrkC), respectively, in a gelatin sponge (GS) scaffold. This was aimed to generate a tissue-engineered neural scaffold and to investigate whether it could enhance myelination after a complete T10 spinal cord transection in adult rats. Indeed, many NT-3 overexpressing SCs (NT-3-SCs) in the GS scaffold assumed the formation of myelin. More strikingly, a higher incidence of NSCs overexpressing TrkC differentiating toward myelinating cells was induced by NT-3-SCs. By transmission electron microscopy, the myelin sheath showed distinct multilayered lamellae formed by the seeded cells. Eighth week after the scaffold was transplanted, some myelin basic protein (MBP)-positive processes were observed within the transplantation area. Remarkably, certain segments of myelin derived from NSC-derived myelinating cells and NT-3-SCs were found to ensheath axons. In conclusion, we show here that transplantation of the GS scaffold promotes exogenous NSC-derived myelinating cells and SCs to form myelins in the injury/transplantation area of spinal cord. These findings thus provide a neurohistological basis for the future application or transplantation using GS neural scaffold to repair SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Qin Lai
- 1 Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou, China
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23
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Fressinaud C, Eyer J. Axoskeletal proteins prevent oligodendrocyte from toxic injury by upregulating survival, proliferation, and differentiation in vitro. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:306-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Grin'kina NM, Abdel-Baki SG, Bergold PJ. Reversible behavioral deficits in rats during a cycle of demyelination-remyelination of the fimbria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53775. [PMID: 23349742 PMCID: PMC3551947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) selectively damages white matter. White matter damage does not produce deficits in many behavioral tests used to analyze experimental TBI. Rats were impaired on an active place avoidance task following inactivation of one hippocampal injection of tetrodotoxin. The need for both hippocampi suggests that acquisition of the active place avoidance task may require interhippocampal communication. The controlled cortical impact model of TBI demyelinates midline white matter and impairs rats on the active place avoidance task. One white matter region that is demyelinated is the fimbria that contains hippocampal commissural fibers. We therefore tested whether demyelination of the fimbria produces deficits in active place avoidance. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) was injected stereotaxically to produce a cycle of demyelination-remyelination of the fimbria. At 4 days, myelin loss was observed in the fimbria of LPC-, but not saline-injected rats. Fourteen days after injection, myelin content increased in LPC-, but not saline-injected rats. Three days after injection, both saline- and LPC-injected rats had similar performance on an open field and passive place avoidance task in which the rat avoided a stationary shock zone on a stationary arena. The following day, on the active place avoidance task, LPC-injected rats had a significantly higher number of shock zone entrances suggesting learning was impaired. At 14 days after injection, saline- and LPC-injected rats had similar performance on open field and passive place avoidance. On active place avoidance, however, saline- and LPC-injected rats had a similar number of total entrances suggesting that the impairment seen at 4 days was no longer present at 14 days. These data suggest that active place avoidance is highly sensitive to white matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M. Grin'kina
- Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Samah G. Abdel-Baki
- Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Bergold
- Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Zhang YJ, Zhang W, Lin CG, Ding Y, Huang SF, Wu JL, Li Y, Dong H, Zeng YS. Neurotrophin-3 gene modified mesenchymal stem cells promote remyelination and functional recovery in the demyelinated spinal cord of rats. J Neurol Sci 2012; 313:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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26
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Keeler BE, Liu G, Siegfried RN, Zhukareva V, Murray M, Houlé JD. Acute and prolonged hindlimb exercise elicits different gene expression in motoneurons than sensory neurons after spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2011; 1438:8-21. [PMID: 22244304 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We examined gene expression in the lumbar spinal cord and the specific response of motoneurons, intermediate gray and proprioceptive sensory neurons after spinal cord injury and exercise of hindlimbs to identify potential molecular processes involved in activity dependent plasticity. Adult female rats received a low thoracic transection and passive cycling exercise for 1 or 4weeks. Gene expression analysis focused on the neurotrophic factors: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), and their receptors because of their potential roles in neural plasticity. We also examined expression of genes involved in the cellular response to injury: heat shock proteins (HSP) -27 and -70, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and caspases -3, -7, and -9. In lumbar cord samples, injury increased the expression of mRNA for TrkB, all three caspases and the HSPs. Acute and prolonged exercise increased expression of mRNA for the neurotrophic factors BDNF and GDNF, but not their receptors. It also increased HSP expression and decreased caspase-7 expression, with changes in protein levels complimentary to these changes in mRNA expression. Motoneurons and intermediate gray displayed little change in mRNA expression following injury, but acute and prolonged exercise increased levels of mRNA for BDNF, GDNF and NT-4. In large DRG neurons, mRNA for neurotrophic factors and their receptors were largely unaffected by either injury or exercise. However, caspase mRNA expression was increased by injury and decreased by exercise. Our results demonstrate that exercise affects expression of genes involved in plasticity and apoptosis in a cell specific manner and that these change with increased post-injury intervals and/or prolonged periods of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Keeler
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
Previous work in culture has shown that basal forebrain (BF) oligodendrocyte (OLG) lineage cells respond to BDNF by increasing DNA synthesis and differentiation. Further, in the BF in vivo, reduced levels of BDNF as seen in BDNF(+/-) mice result in reduced numbers of NG2+ cells and deficits in myelin proteins throughout development and in the adult, suggesting that BDNF impacts the proliferating population of OLGs as well as differentiation in vivo. In this study, to investigate the roles BDNF may play in the repair of a demyelinating lesion, the cuprizone model was used and the corpus callosum was examined. BDNF protein levels were reduced after cuprizone treatment, suggesting that the demyelinating lesion itself elicits a decrease in BDNF. To analyze the effects of a further reduction of BDNF on OLG lineage cells following cuprizone, BDNF(+/-) mice were evaluated. These mice exhibited a blunted increase in the NG2 response at 4 and 5 weeks of cuprizone treatment. In addition, BDNF(+/-) mice exhibited decreased levels of myelin proteins during the demyelination and remyelination processes with no change in the total number of OLGs. These effects appear to be relatively specific to OLG lineage cells as comparable changes in CD11b+ microglia, GFAP+ astrocytes, and SMI32+ injured axons were not observed. These data indicate that BDNF may play a role following a demyelinating lesion by regulating the numbers of progenitors and the abilities of demyelinating and differentiating cells to express myelin proteins.
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Moore CS, Abdullah SL, Brown A, Arulpragasam A, Crocker SJ. How factors secreted from astrocytes impact myelin repair. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:13-21. [PMID: 20857501 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over a century ago, hypertrophy of astrocytes was noted as a pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS) and was hypothesized to play an important role in this disease, yet the contribution of astrocytes has been largely underemphasized in the pathophysiology of CNS demyelination. Astrocytes perform many homeostatic functions within the developing and adult CNS, including enhancing formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, moderating neuronal connections through the tripartite synapse, and perhaps even offering intercellular communication independently of neurons. Although there is a significant body of literature characterizing different types of MS lesions, the inflammatory demyelination in an active MS lesion is accompanied by the presence of macrophages, lymphocytes, and large reactive astrocytes. The astrocyte has long been viewed as a cell that promotes inflammation and demyelination, while also forming the glial scar, thus hindering remyelination and axon growth. Renewed interest in the astrocyte has been brought about by recent studies demonstrating that astrocytes can also function as cellular mediators of CNS myelination by promoting oligodendrocyte progenitor migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Thus, refining our knowledge of astrocytic functions in the regulation of CNS myelination may help us to better understand why remyelination fails in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Moore
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
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Mimicking the neurotrophic factor profile of embryonic spinal cord controls the differentiation potential of spinal progenitors into neuronal cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20717. [PMID: 21698095 PMCID: PMC3117794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that the choice of lineage of neural progenitor cells is determined, at least in part, by environmental factors, such as neurotrophic factors. Despite extensive studies using exogenous neurotrophic factors, the effect of endogenous neurotrophic factors on the differentiation of progenitor cells remains obscure. Here we show that embryonic spinal cord derived-progenitor cells express both ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA before differentiation. BDNF gene expression significantly decreases with their differentiation into the specific lineage, whereas CNTF gene expression significantly increases. The temporal pattern of neurotrophic factor gene expression in progenitor cells is similar to that of the spinal cord during postnatal development. Approximately 50% of spinal progenitor cells differentiated into astrocytes. To determine the effect of endogenous CNTF on their differentiation, we neutralized endogenous CNTF by administration of its polyclonal antibody. Neutralization of endogenous CNTF inhibited the differentiation of progenitor cells into astrocytes, but did not affect the numbers of neurons or oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, to mimic the profile of neurotrophic factors in the spinal cord during embryonic development, we applied BDNF or neurotrophin (NT)-3 exogenously in combination with the anti-CNTF antibody. The exogenous application of BDNF or NT-3 promoted the differentiation of these cells into neurons or oligodendrocytes, respectively. These findings suggest that endogenous CNTF and exogenous BDNF and NT-3 play roles in the differentiation of embryonic spinal cord derived progenitor cells into astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes, respectively.
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An experimental electro-acupuncture study in treatment of the rat demyelinated spinal cord injury induced by ethidium bromide. Neurosci Res 2011; 70:294-304. [PMID: 21470565 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are one of the potential treating tools for multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, the cell number and differentiation of OPCs in a demyelinated spinal cord are crucial for improvement of reparative process. In the present study, we investigated whether "Governor Vessel (GV)" electro-acupuncture (EA) could efficiently promote increase in cell number and differentiation of OPCs into oligodendrocytes, remyelination and functional recovery in the demyelinated spinal cord. The spinal cord of adult Sprague-Dawley rats was microinjected with ethidium bromide (EB) at T10, to establish a demyelinated model. Six groups of animals were performed for the experiment. After 15 days EA treatment, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) level and number of NG2-positive OPCs were significantly increased. Compared with the sham group, more NG2-positive OPCs were distributed between neurofilament (NF)-positive nerve fibres or closely associated with them in the lesion site and nearby tissue. In rats given longer EA treatment for 30 days, the number of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)-positive oligodendrocytes was increased. Concomitantly, the number of newly formed myelins was increased. This was coupled by increase in endogenous oligodendrocyte involved in myelin formation. Furthermore, behavioural test and spinal cord evoked potential detection demonstrated a significant functional recovery in the EA+EB day 30 group. Our results suggest EA treatment can promote NT-3 expression, increase the cell number and differentiation of endogenous OPCs, and remyelination in the demyelinated spinal cord as well as the functional improvement of demyelinated spinal cord.
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Coelho RP, Yuelling LM, Fuss B, Sato-Bigbee C. Neurotrophin-3 targets the translational initiation machinery in oligodendrocytes. Glia 2009; 57:1754-64. [PMID: 19455580 PMCID: PMC4300950 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) regulates oligodendrocyte (OLG) differentiation by mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Exposure of OLGs to NT-3 induces a significant increase in the levels of myelin basic protein (MBP). However, we found that this stimulation occurs in the absence of measurable effects on MBP gene promoter activation or mRNA expression, suggesting that NT-3 upregulates MBP protein expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism. Furthermore, NT-3 also causes an increase in the levels of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin OLG glycoprotein (MOG), raising the possibility of a more general effect on myelin protein synthesis. Surprisingly, (35)S-methionine incorporation into total OLG proteins demonstrated a 50% increase in labeling following only a brief, 15-min treatment with NT-3. Such a remarkably fast response is unlikely due to transcriptional activation, reinforcing the possibility that NT-3 may play a crucial role in regulating protein expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism. In support of this idea, we found that NT-3 stimulates the phosphorylation of essential regulators of the initiation machinery, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), and its inhibitory binding partner 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1), two crucial players in controlling cap-dependent protein synthesis. This stimulation involves the activation of pathways mediated by ERK1/2 and PI3K/mTOR, implicating these two kinase systems as modulators of protein synthesis in developing OLGs. Altogether, these observations show for the first time that NT-3 has the capacity of targeting the translational machinery and suggest a potential stimulatory effect of this neurotrophin on myelination by direct action on protein translation in the OLGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle P. Coelho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Larra M. Yuelling
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Carmen Sato-Bigbee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Shakhbazau A, Isayenka I, Kartel N, Goncharova N, Seviaryn I, Kosmacheva S, Potapnev M, Shcharbin D, Bryszewska M. Transfection efficiencies of PAMAM dendrimers correlate inversely with their hydrophobicity. Int J Pharm 2009; 383:228-35. [PMID: 19770028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendriplexes were characterized by ethidium bromide intercalation assay and their transfection efficiency was studied using HEK 293 cells and human mesenchymal stem cells. PAMAM G4 showed a higher transfection efficiency than PAMAM G3-G6, G4-OH, G4-25% or G4-50% dendrimers. Substitution of OH groups for the NH(2) surface groups rendered the dendrimer unable to form dendriplexes and to transfect cells. Partial (25%) substitution of CH(3) groups for the NH(2) groups markedly impaired transfection; 50% substitution decreased the ability of PAMAM G4 to transfect threefold. It was concluded that increased hydrophobicity decreased the ability of dendrimers to transfect. PAMAM G4-50% is highly hydrophobic and forms micelles in solution, which can transfect pGFP. The results of ethidium bromide intercalation assays, ANS fluorescence studies and transfection efficiencies of PAMAM dendrimers were correlated. Subsequently, we constructed a neurotrophin-encoding plasmid and studied its delivery to mesenchymal stem cells using PAMAM G4 dendrimer and Lipofectamine 2000. Lipofectamine 2000 was a more effective carrier (18.5%) than PAMAM G4 dendrimer (1.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antos Shakhbazau
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology of Natl Acad Sci Bel, Minsk, Belarus
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Mastroeni R, Bensadoun JC, Charvin D, Aebischer P, Pujol A, Raoul C. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and neurotrophin-3 gene therapy prevents motor decline in an X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy mouse model. Ann Neurol 2009; 66:117-22. [PMID: 19670442 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most common inherited peroxisomal disorder characterized by a progressive demyelination of the central nervous system. The marked loss of myelin and oligodendrocytes observed in the disease prompted us to evaluate the therapeutic potential of insulin-like growth factor-1 and neurotrophin-3, two potent inducers of myelin formation and oligodendrocyte survival. Viral vectors engineered to produce insulin-like growth factor-1 or neurotrophin-3 were administrated into the cerebrospinal fluid of an X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy mouse model. We show that viral-based, long-lasting delivery of insulin-like growth factor-1 and neurotrophin-3 significantly halts the progression of the disease and leads to potent protective effect against the demyelination process. Ann Neurol 2009;66:117-122.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mastroeni
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Hibbits N, Pannu R, John Wu T, Armstrong RC. Cuprizone demyelination of the corpus callosum in mice correlates with altered social interaction and impaired bilateral sensorimotor coordination. ASN Neuro 2009; 1:e00013. [PMID: 19650767 PMCID: PMC2784600 DOI: 10.1042/an20090032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For studies of remyelination in demyelinating diseases, the cuprizone model of CC (corpus callosum) demyelination has experimental advantages that include overall size, proximity to neural stem cells of the subventricular zone, and correlation with a lesion predilection site in multiple sclerosis. In addition, cuprizone treatment can be ended to allow more direct analysis of remyelination than with viral or autoimmune models. However, CC demyelination lacks a useful functional correlate in rodents for longitudinal analysis throughout the course of demyelination and remyelination. In the present study, we tested two distinct behavioural measurements in mice fed 0.2% cuprizone. Running on a 'complex' wheel with varied rung intervals requires integration between cerebral hemispheres for rapid bilateral sensorimotor coordination. Maximum running velocity on the 'complex' wheel decreased during acute (6 week) and chronic (12 week) cuprizone demyelination. Running velocity on the complex wheel distinguished treated (for 6 weeks) from non-treated mice, even after a 6-week recovery period for spontaneous remyelination. A second behavioural assessment was a resident-intruder test of social interaction. The frequency of interactive behaviours increased among resident mice after acute or chronic demyelination. Differences in both sensorimotor coordination and social interaction correlated with demonstrated CC demyelination. The wheel assay is applicable for longitudinal studies. The resident-intruder assay provides a complementary assessment of a distinct modality at a specific time point. These behavioural measurements are sufficiently robust for small cohorts as a non-invasive assessment of demyelination to facilitate analysis of subsequent remyelination. These measurements may also identify CC involvement in other mouse models of central nervous system injuries and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah Hibbits
- *Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.
| | - Ravinder Pannu
- †Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.
| | - T John Wu
- ‡Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.
| | - Regina C Armstrong
- *Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.
- †Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.
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Ding Y, Yan Q, Ruan JW, Zhang YQ, Li WJ, Zhang YJ, Li Y, Dong H, Zeng YS. Electro-acupuncture promotes survival, differentiation of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as well as functional recovery in the spinal cord-transected rats. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:35. [PMID: 19374777 PMCID: PMC2679038 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the potential tools for treatment of the spinal cord injury; however, the survival and differentiation of MSCs in an injured spinal cord still need to be improved. In the present study, we investigated whether Governor Vessel electro-acupuncture (EA) could efficiently promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) survival and differentiation, axonal regeneration and finally, functional recovery in the transected spinal cord. Results The spinal cords of adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were completely transected at T10, five experimental groups were performed: 1. sham operated control (Sham-control); 2. operated control (Op-control); 3. electro-acupuncture treatment (EA); 4. MSCs transplantation (MSCs); and 5. MSCs transplantation combined with electro-acupuncture (MSCs+EA). After 2-8 weeks of MSCs transplantation plus EA treatment, we found that the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), cAMP level, the differentiation of MSCs, the 5-HT positive and CGRP positive nerve fibers in the lesion site and nearby tissue of injured spinal cord were significantly increased in the MSCs+EA group as compared to the group of the MSCs transplantation or the EA treated alone. Furthermore, behavioral test and spinal cord evoked potentials detection demonstrated a significantly functional recovery in the MSCs +EA group. Conclusion These results suggest that EA treatment may promote grafted MSCs survival and differentiation; MSCs transplantation combined with EA treatment could promote axonal regeneration and partial locomotor functional recovery in the transected spinal cord in rats and indicate a promising avenue of treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ding
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Coelho RP, Saini HS, Sato-Bigbee C. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and oligodendrocytes: from cell development to the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2009; 91:139-44. [PMID: 19808013 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that mediates a wide variety of biological effects in different cells and tissues. This review discusses the effects of S1P signaling in oligodendrocytes, the myelin making cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Results from different laboratories have uncovered direct actions of S1P at different maturational stages along the oligodendroglial lineage. There is also evidence for the existence in oligodendrocytes of interactions between S1P and signaling by factors which, like neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), have profound effects on oligodendrocyte development and myelination. Moreover, S1P signaling in oligodendrocytes may not only play an important role during normal CNS development but also offer new therapeutic avenues to stimulate remyelination in demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle P Coelho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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37
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Katz JS, Burdick JA. Hydrogel mediated delivery of trophic factors for neural repair. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 1:128-139. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S. Katz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Coelho RP, Payne SG, Bittman R, Spiegel S, Sato-Bigbee C. The immunomodulator FTY720 has a direct cytoprotective effect in oligodendrocyte progenitors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 323:626-35. [PMID: 17726159 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.123927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulator 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (FTY720) has promising therapeutic effects in multiple sclerosis (MS), a degenerative disease in which demyelination of the central nervous system is accompanied by death of oligodendrocytes (OLGs), the myelin-producing cells. In vivo phosphorylation of FTY720 generates an agonist for G protein-coupled receptors for sphingosine-1-phosphate, a lipid mediator that plays a crucial role in the stimulation of OLG survival by neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). The mechanisms underlying the action of FTY720 in MS are not clearly understood, although the effects of this drug in autoimmune diseases are thought to stem from its ability to reduce lymphocyte infiltration and inflammation. Interestingly, we now found that FTY720 also has a direct effect on OLG progenitors. Treatment of these cells with FTY720 causes activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt, accompanied by protection from apoptosis. However, FTY720 also arrested OLG differentiation. Importantly, this effect was counteracted by NT-3, which not only enhanced the survival of OLG progenitors induced by FTY720 but also stimulated their maturation. Altogether, these observations suggest that in addition to its immunosuppressive functions, FTY720 could also have a beneficial effect in MS by direct action on OLG progenitors. However, the finding that FTY720 blocks the differentiation of these cells raises the question of whether MS therapies with FTY720 should include the use of differentiation-enhancing factors such as NT-3. This approach would ensure both protection of existing OLG progenitor pools against immune-mediated insults as well as stimulation of remyelination by enhancing the maturation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle P Coelho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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39
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Dasari VR, Spomar DG, Gondi CS, Sloffer CA, Gujrati M, Rao JS, Dinh DH. Axonal remyelination by cord blood stem cells after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:391-410. [PMID: 17376002 PMCID: PMC1859845 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical cord blood stem cells (hUCB) hold great promise for therapeutic repair after spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we present our preliminary investigations on axonal remyelination of injured spinal cord by transplanted hUCB. Adult male rats were subjected to moderate SCI using NYU Impactor, and hUCB were grafted into the site of injury one week after SCI. Immunohistochemical data provides evidence of differentiation of hUCB into several neural phenotypes including neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Ultrastructural analysis of axons reveals that hUCB form morphologically normal appearing myelin sheaths around axons in the injured areas of spinal cord. Colocalization studies prove that oligodendrocytes derived from hUCB secrete neurotrophic hormones neurotrophin-3 (NT3) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Cord blood stem cells aid in the synthesis of myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP) of myelin in the injured areas, thereby facilitating the process of remyelination. Elevated levels of mRNA expression were observed for NT3, BDNF, MBP and PLP in hUCB-treated rats as revealed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Recovery of hind limb locomotor function was also significantly enhanced in the hUCB-treated rats based on Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores assessed 14 days after transplantation. These findings demonstrate that hUCB, when transplanted into the spinal cord 7 days after weight-drop injury, survive for at least 2 weeks, differentiate into oligodendrocytes and neurons, and enable improved locomotor function. Therefore, hUCB facilitate functional recovery after moderate SCI and may prove to be a useful therapeutic strategy to repair the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Ramesh Dasari
- Program of Cancer Biology, Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Daniel G. Spomar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Christopher S. Gondi
- Program of Cancer Biology, Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Christopher A. Sloffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Meena Gujrati
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Jasti S Rao
- Program of Cancer Biology, Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Dzung H. Dinh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
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Fressinaud C. Déficit oligodendrocytaire et insuffisance de la remyélinisation au cours de la SEP : étude anatomoclinique et expérimentale comparative. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2007; 163:448-54. [PMID: 17452946 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(07)90420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mechanisms responsible for the failure of remyelination during MS are poorly understood. We have analyzed in which way oligodendrocytes (OL) could be involved. METHODS The number of remyelinated fiber per OL has been determined in 18 chronic MS lesions and compared to normal appearing white matter (NAWM), as well as in the center of lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC)-induced lesions in adult rats in which remyelination was accelerated by microinjection of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). RESULTS In chronic MS lesions and in LPC-induced lesions the number of myelinated fibers per OL was strongly decreased compared to NAWM and to animals treated with NT-3 respectively. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the capacity of OL to remyelinate axons could be impaired, due to successive relapses, during MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fressinaud
- Département de Neurologie, UPRES EA 3143, C.H.U., Angers, France.
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Harel NY, Strittmatter SM. Can regenerating axons recapitulate developmental guidance during recovery from spinal cord injury? Nat Rev Neurosci 2006; 7:603-16. [PMID: 16858389 PMCID: PMC2288666 DOI: 10.1038/nrn1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The precise wiring of the adult mammalian CNS originates during a period of stunning growth, guidance and plasticity that occurs during and shortly after development. When injured in adults, this intricate system fails to regenerate. Even when the obstacles to regeneration are cleared, growing adult CNS fibres usually remain misdirected and fail to reform functional connections. Here, we attempt to fill an important niche related to the topics of nervous system development and regeneration. We specifically contrast the difficulties faced by growing fibres within the adult context to the precise circuit-forming capabilities of developing fibres. In addition to focusing on methods to stimulate growth in the adult, we also expand on approaches to recapitulate development itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Y Harel
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Girard C, Bemelmans AP, Dufour N, Mallet J, Bachelin C, Nait-Oumesmar B, Baron-Van Evercooren A, Lachapelle F. Grafts of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin 3-transduced primate Schwann cells lead to functional recovery of the demyelinated mouse spinal cord. J Neurosci 2006; 25:7924-33. [PMID: 16135749 PMCID: PMC6725455 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4890-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies provided overwhelming proof that transplants of myelin-forming cells achieve efficient remyelination in the CNS. Among cellular candidates, Schwann cells can be used for autologous transplantation to ensure robust remyelination of lesions and to deliver therapeutic factors in the CNS. In the present study, macaque Schwann cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) were infected with human immunodeficiency virus-derived vectors overexpressing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or Neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), two neurotrophins that also modulate glial cell biology. The ability of transgenic Schwann cells to secrete growth factors was assessed by ELISA and showed 35- and 62-fold increases in BDNF and NT-3, respectively, in transduced macaque Schwann cell supernatants. Conditioned media of BDNF- and NT-3-transduced Schwann cells reduced Schwann cell proliferation and favored their differentiation in vitro. Transgenic cells were grafted in demyelinated spinal cords of adult nude mice. Two behavioral assays showed that NT-3- and BDNF-transduced Schwann cells promoted faster and stronger functional recovery than GFP-transduced Schwann cells. Morphological analysis indicated that functional recovery correlated with enhanced proliferation and differentiation of resident oligodendrocyte progenitors and enhanced oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell differentiation. Moreover, NT-3-transduced Schwann cells provided neuroprotection and reduced astrogliosis. These results underline the potential therapeutic benefit of combining neuroprotection and activation of myelin-forming cells to restore altered functions in demyelinating diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Girard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 546, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Cao Q, Xu XM, Devries WH, Enzmann GU, Ping P, Tsoulfas P, Wood PM, Bunge MB, Whittemore SR. Functional recovery in traumatic spinal cord injury after transplantation of multineurotrophin-expressing glial-restricted precursor cells. J Neurosci 2006; 25:6947-57. [PMID: 16049170 PMCID: PMC2813488 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1065-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelination contributes to the physiological and behavioral deficits after contusive spinal cord injury (SCI). Therefore, remyelination may be an important strategy to facilitate repair after SCI. We show here that rat embryonic day 14 spinal cord-derived glial-restricted precursor cells (GRPs), which differentiate into both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, formed normal-appearing central myelin around axons of cultured DRG neurons and had enhanced proliferation and survival in the presence of neurotrophin 3 (NT3) and brain-derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF). We infected GRPs with retroviruses expressing the multineurotrophin D15A (with both BDNF and NT3 activities) and then transplanted them into the contused adult thoracic spinal cord at 9 d after injury. Expression of D15A in the injured spinal cord is five times higher in animals receiving D15A-GRP grafts than ones receiving enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-GRP or DMEM grafts. Six weeks after transplantation, the grafted GRPs differentiated into mature oligodendrocytes expressing both myelin basic protein (MBP) and adenomatus polyposis coli (APC). Ultrastructural analysis showed that the grafted GRPs formed morphologically normal-appearing myelin sheaths around the axons in the ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) of spinal cord. Expression of D15A significantly increased the percentage of APC+ oligodendrocytes of grafted GRPs (15-30%). Most importantly, 8 of 12 rats receiving grafts of D15A-GRPs recovered transcranial magnetic motor-evoked potential responses, indicating that conduction through the demyelinated VLF axons was restored. Such electrophysiological recovery was not observed in rats receiving grafts of EGFP-GRPs, D15A-NIH3T3 cells, or an injection of an adenovirus expressing D15A. Recovery of hindlimb locomotor function was also significantly enhanced only in the D15A-GRP-grafted animals at 4 and 5 weeks after transplantation. Therefore, combined treatment with neurotrophins and GRP grafts can facilitate functional recovery after traumatic SCI and may prove to be a useful therapeutic strategy to repair the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Cao
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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44
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Saini HS, Coelho RP, Goparaju SK, Jolly PS, Maceyka M, Spiegel S, Sato-Bigbee C. Novel role of sphingosine kinase 1 as a mediator of neurotrophin-3 action in oligodendrocyte progenitors. J Neurochem 2006; 95:1298-310. [PMID: 16313513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We had found previously that neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is a potent stimulator of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in cultured oligodendrocyte progenitors. Here, we show that CREB phosphorylation in these cells is also highly stimulated by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a sphingolipid metabolite that is known to be a potent mediator of numerous biological processes. Moreover, CREB phosphorylation in response to NT-3 involves sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), the enzyme that synthesizes S1P. Immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy indicated that NT-3 induces translocation of SphK1 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane of oligodendrocytes, a process accompanied by increased SphK1 activity in the membrane fraction where its substrate sphingosine resides. To examine the involvement of SphK1 in NT-3 function, SphK1 expression was down-regulated by treatment with SphK1 sequence-specific small interfering RNA. Remarkably, the capacity of NT-3 to protect oligodendrocyte progenitors from apoptotic cell death induced by growth factor deprivation was abolished by down-regulating the expression of SphK1, as assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Altogether, these results suggest that SphK1 plays a crucial role in the stimulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor survival by NT-3, and demonstrate a functional link between NT-3 and S1P signaling, adding to the complexity of mechanisms that modulate neurotrophin function and oligodendrocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsimran S Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0614, USA
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of neurological disability in young adults. The pathological hallmark is multifocal demyelination and inflammation in the CNS. In addition, there is also a variable extent of axonal damage. Remyelination has been seen in up to 70% of lesions but repair is generally incomplete. The demonstration of neuropathological heterogeneity of MS lesions suggests different pathophysiological subtypes and it is therefore unlikely that there is a uniform cause of incomplete remyelination in MS. In recent years, a great body of knowledge has accumulated in order to better understand the regulatory mechanisms of remyelination. This has led to a number of approaches to promote repair mechanisms, most of which have been successful in animal experiments. Unfortunately, the translation of these experimental data into clinical treatments has proven difficult. More information on the pathogenesis of MS, the reason why repair mechanisms fail in MS and a better understanding of the regulation of remyelination are required. This will ultimately lead to a specific treatment tailored for the individual patient and will probably involve a combination of immunomodulation, remyelination and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Medical School Hannover, Germany.
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Aldskogius H. Repairing CNS myelin—astrocytes have to do their jobs. Exp Neurol 2005; 192:7-10. [PMID: 15698614 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Aldskogius
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomed Center, PO Box 587, Uppsala, SE-75123, Sweden.
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Fressinaud C. Repeated injuries dramatically affect cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage: Effects of PDGF and NT-3 in vitro. Glia 2005; 49:555-66. [PMID: 15578728 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis, relapses occur and remyelination is incomplete, whereas one demyelinating lesion induced by lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) in rats is completely remyelinated; this process is accelerated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (Allamargot et al.: Brain Res 918:28-39,2001) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) (Jean et al.: Brain Res 972:110-118,2003). Similarly, oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitors might not be depleted by two to three episodes of toxic demyelination (Penderis et al.: Brain 126:1382-1391,2003); nevertheless this does not allow conclusions about the fate of resident cells (mature OL). As myelinated fibers per OL are constantly decreased in chronic MS plaques (Fressinaud and Jean: J Neurochem 85(suppl):100, 2003), this suggests that OL decreased capability to synthesize new myelin membranes could result from successive relapses, impairing thereby remyelination. Thus, we have determined the consequences of multiple versus unique (Fressinaud and Vallat: J Neurosci Res 38:202-213, 1994) LPC treatments on newborn rat brain pure OL cultures, as well as the putative pro-remyelinating effects of PDGF and of NT-3 in these conditions. Split (0.5. 0(-5) M, 6 h x 4) and multiple (2.10(-5) M, 24 h x 2) LPC doses induced more cell loss than a unique treatment (2 x 10(-5) M, 24 h) and there was no recovery. OL progenitors (A2B5+ cells) and differentiated (CNP+) OL were drastically decreased. Moreover, mature (MBP+) OL disappeared from these cultures, indicating that mature OL are also vulnerable to multiple insults. PDGF, as well as NT-3, induced at least partial recovery, and enhanced OL progenitor proliferation. In cultures treated with either of these growth factors, mature OL represented one-fourth of cells and extended numerous ramified processes and putative myelin balls.
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Fushimi S, Shirabe T. Expression of insulin-like growth factors in remyelination following ethidium bromide-induced demyelination in the mouse spinal cord. Neuropathology 2004; 24:208-18. [PMID: 15484699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2004.00561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors, IGF-I and IGF-II, play important roles in development and myelination in the CNS, but little is known about the response of IGF after demyelination. The present study investigated the expression of IGF and their cognitive receptors in the process of remyelination following ethidium bromide (EBr)-induced demyelination in the adult mouse spinal cord. The present results, in a quantitative real-time PCR, showed significant increases in the levels of the mRNA for both IGF-I and IGF-II during both the demyelination and remyelination stages. The levels of IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) mRNA increased from 10 days to 4 weeks after the EBr injection. The levels of IGF-II receptor (IGF-IIR) mRNA decreased for 6 days and then increased 10 days after the EBr injection. In situ hybridization studies showed the cells expressing IGF-I mRNA to be mainly macrophage-like cells, while those expressing IGF-II mRNA were predominantly Schwann cell-like cells invading the demyelinating lesion. The immunoreactivity for the IGF-IR and IGF-IIR increased in various kinds of cells within and around the demyelinating lesions from 6 days to 4 weeks after the EBr injection. These results suggest that locally produced IGF could partly be involved in some mechanisms underlying remyelination processes following the EBr-induced demyelination in the mouse spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeko Fushimi
- Division of Neuropathology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan.
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Saini HS, Gorse KM, Boxer LM, Sato-Bigbee C. Neurotrophin-3 and a CREB-mediated signaling pathway regulate Bcl-2 expression in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. J Neurochem 2004; 89:951-61. [PMID: 15140194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our previous results suggested that the transcription factor CREB mediates the actions of neuroligands and growth factor signals that coupled to different signaling pathways may play different roles along oligodendrocyte (OLG) development. We showed before that CREB phosphorylation in OLG progenitors is up-regulated by neurotrophin-3 (NT-3); and moreover CREB is required for NT-3 to stimulate the proliferation of these cells. We now show that treatment of OLG progenitors with NT-3 is also accompanied by an increase in the levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Interestingly, the presence of a putative CREB binding site (CRE) in the Bcl-2 gene raised the possibility that CREB could also be involved in regulating Bcl-2 expression in the OLGs. Supporting this hypothesis, the NT-3 dependent increase in Bcl-2 levels is abolished by inhibition of CREB expression. In addition, transient transfection experiments using various regions of the Bcl-2 promoter and mutation of the CRE site indicate a direct role of CREB in regulating Bcl-2 gene activity in response to NT-3. Furthermore, protein-DNA binding assays show that the CREB protein from freshly isolated OLGs indeed binds to the Bcl-2 promoter CRE. Together with our previous results, these observations suggest that CREB may play an important role in linking proliferation and survival pathways in the OLG progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsimran S Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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