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Kesner AJ, Mozaffarilegha M, Thirtamara Rajamani K, Arima Y, Harony-Nicolas H, Hashimotodani Y, Ito HT, Song J, Ikemoto S. Hypothalamic Supramammillary Control of Cognition and Motivation. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7538-7546. [PMID: 37940587 PMCID: PMC10634554 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1320-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The supramammillary nucleus (SuM) is a small region in the ventromedial posterior hypothalamus. The SuM has been relatively understudied with much of the prior focus being on its connection with septo-hippocampal circuitry. Thus, most studies conducted until the 21st century examined its role in hippocampal processes, such as theta rhythm and learning/memory. In recent years, the SuM has been "rediscovered" as a crucial hub for several behavioral and cognitive processes, including reward-seeking, exploration, and social memory. Additionally, it has been shown to play significant roles in hippocampal plasticity and adult neurogenesis. This review highlights findings from recent studies using cutting-edge systems neuroscience tools that have shed light on these fascinating roles for the SuM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kesner
- Unit on Motivation and Arousal, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | - Keerthi Thirtamara Rajamani
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021
| | - Yosuke Arima
- Neurocircuitry of Motivation Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
- Center on Compulsive Behaviors, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894
| | - Hala Harony-Nicolas
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Friedman Brain Institute, Mindich Child Health and Development Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Yuki Hashimotodani
- Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto Japan 610-0394
| | - Hiroshi T Ito
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany 60438
| | - Juan Song
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Satoshi Ikemoto
- Neurocircuitry of Motivation Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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Piskorowski RA, Chevaleyre V. Hippocampal area CA2: interneuron disfunction during pathological states. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1181032. [PMID: 37180763 PMCID: PMC10174260 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1181032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal area CA2 plays a critical role in social recognition memory and has unique cellular and molecular properties that distinguish it from areas CA1 and CA3. In addition to having a particularly high density of interneurons, the inhibitory transmission in this region displays two distinct forms of long-term synaptic plasticity. Early studies on human hippocampal tissue have reported unique alteration in area CA2 with several pathologies and psychiatric disorders. In this review, we present recent studies revealing changes in inhibitory transmission and plasticity of area CA2 in mouse models of multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorder, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and propose how these changes could underly deficits in social cognition observed during these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Piskorowski
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMRS 1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France
- Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Rebecca A. Piskorowski,
| | - Vivien Chevaleyre
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMRS 1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France
- Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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3
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Hirai H, Sakaba T, Hashimotodani Y. Subcortical glutamatergic inputs exhibit a Hebbian form of long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111871. [PMID: 36577371 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus receives glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs from subcortical regions. Despite the important roles of these subcortical inputs in the regulation of hippocampal circuit, it has not been explored whether associative activation of the subcorticohippocampal pathway induces Hebbian plasticity of subcortical inputs. Here, we demonstrate that the hypothalamic supramammillary nucleus (SuM) to the dentate granule cell (GC) synapses, which co-release glutamate and GABA, undergo associative long-term potentiation (LTP) of glutamatergic, but not GABAergic, co-transmission. This LTP is induced by pairing of SuM inputs with GC spikes. We found that this Hebbian LTP is input-specific, requires NMDA receptors and CaMKII activation, and is expressed postsynaptically. By the net increase in excitatory drive of SuM inputs following LTP induction, associative inputs of SuM and the perforant path effectively discharge GCs. Our results highlight the important role of associative plasticity at SuM-GC synapses in the regulation of dentate gyrus activity and for the encoding of SuM-related information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himawari Hirai
- Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakaba
- Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yuki Hashimotodani
- Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
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Hones VI, Mizumori SJY. Response Flexibility: The Role of the Lateral Habenula. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:852235. [PMID: 35444521 PMCID: PMC9014270 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.852235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to make appropriate decisions that result in an optimal outcome is critical for survival. This process involves assessing the environment as well as integrating prior knowledge about the environment with information about one’s current internal state. There are many neural structures that play critical roles in mediating these processes, but it is not yet known how such information coalesces to influence behavioral output. The lateral habenula (LHb) has often been cited as a structure critical for adaptive and flexible responding when environmental contexts and internal state changes. A challenge, however, has been understanding how LHb promotes response flexibility. In this review, we hypothesize that the LHb enables flexible responding following the integration of context memory and internal state information by signaling downstream brainstem structures known to drive hippocampal theta. In this way, animals respond more flexibly in a task situation not because the LHb selects a particular action, but rather because LHb enhances a hippocampal neural state that is often associated with greater attention, arousal, and exploration. In freely navigating animals, these are essential conditions that are needed to discover and implement appropriate alternative choices and behaviors. As a corollary to our hypothesis, we describe short- and intermediate-term functions of the LHb. Finally, we discuss the effects on the behavior of LHb dysfunction in short- and intermediate-timescales, and then suggest that new therapies may act on the LHb to alleviate the behavioral impairments following long-term LHb disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria I. Hones
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sheri J. Y. Mizumori
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Sheri J. Y. Mizumori
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Seeking motivation and reward: roles of dopamine, hippocampus and supramammillo-septal pathway. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 212:102252. [PMID: 35227866 PMCID: PMC8961455 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Reinforcement learning and goal-seeking behavior are thought to be mediated by midbrain dopamine neurons. However, little is known about neural substrates of curiosity and exploratory behavior, which occur in the absence of clear goal or reward. This is despite behavioral scientists having long suggested that curiosity and exploratory behaviors are regulated by an innate drive. We refer to such behavior as information-seeking behavior and propose 1) key neural substrates and 2) the concept of environment prediction error as a framework to understand information-seeking processes. The cognitive aspect of information-seeking behavior, including the perception of salience and uncertainty, involves, in part, the pathways from the posterior hypothalamic supramammillary region to the hippocampal formation. The vigor of such behavior is modulated by the following: supramammillary glutamatergic neurons; their projections to medial septal glutamatergic neurons; and the projections of medial septal glutamatergic neurons to ventral tegmental dopaminergic neurons. Phasic responses of dopaminergic neurons are characterized as signaling potentially important stimuli rather than rewards. This paper describes how novel stimuli and uncertainty trigger seeking motivation and how these neural substrates modulate information-seeking behavior.
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Ibrahim KM, Ariffin MZ, Khanna S. Modulation of Septo-Hippocampal Neural Responses in Anesthetized and Behaving Rats by Septal AMPA Receptor Mechanisms. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:663633. [PMID: 34177470 PMCID: PMC8220821 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.663633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored the effects of septal glutamatergic transmission on septal-hippocampal theta activity via intraseptal microinjection of antagonist at AMPA receptors (AMPAR). The current results showed that microinjection of AMPAR antagonist, NBQX (2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo[f]quinoxaline-2,3-dione, 20 μg/μl, 0.5 μl), evoked a decrease in the frequency of theta activity evoked by various means in anesthetized and behaving rat. Theta wave activity was induced on: (a) intraseptal microinjection of carbachol, an agonist at cholinergic receptors, (b) reticular stimulation, (c) exploration in novel open field (OF), and (d) hind paw (HP) injection of the algogen, formalin. The effect on frequency in the formalin test was observed in an early period on injection of formalin, which was novel to the animal, but not in the later more sustained phase of the formalin test. The effect of NBQX, being seen in both anesthetized and behaving animals, suggests that the modulation of theta wave frequency, including in novelty, is a function of AMPAR in MS. The effect of the antagonist on theta power was less apparent, being observed only in anesthetized animals. In addition to theta power and frequency, intraseptal NBQX also attenuated suppression of CA1 population spike (PS) induced by intraseptal carbachol, thus suggesting that septal glutamate neurotransmission is involved in the spectrum of MS-mediated network responses. Indeed, in the context of behavior, formalin injection induced an increase in the level of septal glutamate, while NBQX attenuated nociceptive behaviors. Notably, MS is involved in the modulation of formalin nociception. These findings suggest that AMPA receptors are a key modulator of septal physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairunisa Mohamad Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mohammed Zacky Ariffin
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sanjay Khanna
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Chen S, He L, Huang AJY, Boehringer R, Robert V, Wintzer ME, Polygalov D, Weitemier AZ, Tao Y, Gu M, Middleton SJ, Namiki K, Hama H, Therreau L, Chevaleyre V, Hioki H, Miyawaki A, Piskorowski RA, McHugh TJ. A hypothalamic novelty signal modulates hippocampal memory. Nature 2020; 586:270-274. [PMID: 32999460 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to recognize information that is incongruous with previous experience is critical for survival. Novelty signals have therefore evolved in the mammalian brain to enhance attention, perception and memory1,2. Although the importance of regions such as the ventral tegmental area3,4 and locus coeruleus5 in broadly signalling novelty is well-established, these diffuse monoaminergic transmitters have yet to be shown to convey specific information on the type of stimuli that drive them. Whether distinct types of novelty, such as contextual and social novelty, are differently processed and routed in the brain is unknown. Here we identify the supramammillary nucleus (SuM) as a novelty hub in the hypothalamus6. The SuM region is unique in that it not only responds broadly to novel stimuli, but also segregates and selectively routes different types of information to discrete cortical targets-the dentate gyrus and CA2 fields of the hippocampus-for the modulation of mnemonic processing. Using a new transgenic mouse line, SuM-Cre, we found that SuM neurons that project to the dentate gyrus are activated by contextual novelty, whereas the SuM-CA2 circuit is preferentially activated by novel social encounters. Circuit-based manipulation showed that divergent novelty channelling in these projections modifies hippocampal contextual or social memory. This content-specific routing of novelty signals represents a previously unknown mechanism that enables the hypothalamus to flexibly modulate select components of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan.
| | - Linmeng He
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arthur J Y Huang
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Roman Boehringer
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Vincent Robert
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, INSERM UMRS1266, Paris, France
| | - Marie E Wintzer
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Denis Polygalov
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Adam Z Weitemier
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Yanqiu Tao
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Mingxiao Gu
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Steven J Middleton
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Kana Namiki
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hama
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Ludivine Therreau
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, INSERM UMRS1266, Paris, France
| | - Vivien Chevaleyre
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, INSERM UMRS1266, Paris, France.,GHU PARIS Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris, France
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan.,Biotechnological Optics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wakoshi, Japan
| | - Rebecca A Piskorowski
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, INSERM UMRS1266, Paris, France.,GHU PARIS Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris, France
| | - Thomas J McHugh
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Japan. .,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Although Lorente de No' recognized the anatomical distinction of the hippocampal Cornu Ammonis (CA) 2 region, it had, until recently, been assigned no unique function. Its location between the key players of the circuit, CA3 and CA1, which along with the entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus compose the classic trisynaptic circuit, further distracted research interest. However, the connectivity of CA2 pyramidal cells, together with unique patterns of gene expression, hints at a much larger contribution to hippocampal information processing than has been ascribed. Here we review recent advances that have identified new roles for CA2 in hippocampal centric processing, together with specialized functions in social memory and, potentially, as a broadcaster of novelty. These new data, together with CA2's role in disease, justify a closer look at how this small region exerts its influence and how it might best be exploited to understand and treat disease-related circuit dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Middleton
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; ,
| | - Thomas J McHugh
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; ,
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Hashimotodani Y, Karube F, Yanagawa Y, Fujiyama F, Kano M. Supramammillary Nucleus Afferents to the Dentate Gyrus Co-release Glutamate and GABA and Potentiate Granule Cell Output. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2704-2715.e4. [PMID: 30517859 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The supramammillary nucleus (SuM) of the hypothalamus projects to the dentate gyrus (DG) and the CA2 region of the hippocampus. Although the SuM-to-hippocampus circuits have been implicated in spatial and emotional memory formation, little is known about precise neural connections between the SuM and hippocampus. Here, we report that axons of SuM neurons make monosynaptic connections to granule cells (GCs) and GABAergic interneurons, but not to hilar mossy cells, in the DG and co-release glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at these synapses. Although inputs from the SuM can excite some interneurons, the inputs alone fail to generate spikes in GCs. However, despite the insufficient excitatory drive and GABAergic co-transmission, SuM inputs have net excitatory effects on GCs and can potentiate GC firing when temporally associated with perforant path inputs. Our results indicate that the SuM influences DG information processing by modulating GC outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hashimotodani
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Synaptic Function, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan.
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Aranda L. Expression of c-Fos protein in medial septum/diagonal band of Broca and CA3 region, associated with the temporary inactivation of the supramammillary area. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 74:11-7. [PMID: 26802745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The supramammillary (SuM) area is part of the diencephalic nuclei comprising the mammillary bodies, and is a key structure in the memory and spatial learning processes. It is a critical region in the modulation/generation of hippocampal theta rhythm. In addition, many papers have recently shown a clear involvement of this structure in the processes of spatial learning and memory in animal models, although it is still not known how it modulates spatial navigation and response emotional. The aim of the present research was to study the effect of the temporary inactivation of the SuM area on synaptic plasticity of crucial structures in the formation of spatial memory and emotional response. Sprague-Dawley rats were asigned in three groups: a control group where the animals were not subjected to any treatment, and two groups where the rats received microinjections of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in the SuM area (5ng diluted in 0.5μl of saline) or saline (0.5μl). The microinjections were administered 90min before the perfusion. Later, cellular activity in medial septum/diagonal band of Broca (MS/DBB) and CA3 region of the dorsal hippocampus was assessed, by measuring the immediate early gene c-fos. The results show a clear hiperactivity cellular in medial septum/diagonal band of Broca and a clear hypoactivity cellular in the CA3 region of the hippocampus when there was a functional inactivation of the SuM area. It suggests that the SuM area seems to be part of the connection and information input pathways to CA3 region of the hippocampal formation, key for proper functioning in spatial memory and emotional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Aranda
- Universidad de Málaga, Andalucia Tech, Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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11
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Ye M, Lee H, Bae H, Hahm DH, Lee HJ, Shim I. Paecilomycies japonica reduces repeated nicotine-induced neuronal and behavioral activation in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:227. [PMID: 26169054 PMCID: PMC4501195 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Many studies have demonstrated that repeated injections of nicotine can produce progressive increases in locomotor activity and enhanced expression of c-fos and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in brain dopaminergic areas. Paecilomyces japonica (PJ) is a herbal medicine that is commonly used to treat opiate and other addictions in Eastern Asia. However, its influence on nicotine addiction has not been examined. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of PJ on repeated nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization of locomotor activity and c-Fos and TH expression in the rat brain using immunohistochemistry. Methods Rats were pretreated with PJ (10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) 30 min before repeated injections of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, subcutaneously, twice daily for 7 days). Locomotor activity was measured in rats during 7-day nicotine treatments. On the seventh day, c-Fos and TH expression were assessed. Results Pretreatment with PJ decreased the development of nicotine-induced sensitization, c-Fos expression in the nucleus accumbens and striatum, and TH expression in the ventral tegmental area. PJ decreased nicotine-induced locomotor activity by modulating brain dopaminergic systems. Conclusion The results of the present study suggest that PJ may be a useful agent for preventing and treating nicotine addiction.
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12
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Vertes RP. Major diencephalic inputs to the hippocampus: supramammillary nucleus and nucleus reuniens. Circuitry and function. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 219:121-44. [PMID: 26072237 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus receives two major external inputs from the diencephalon, that is, from the supramammillary nucleus (SUM) and nucleus reuniens (RE) of the midline thalamus. These two afferents systems project to separate, nonoverlapping, regions of the hippocampus. Specifically, the SUM distributes to the dentate gyrus (DG) and to CA2 of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, whereas RE projects to CA1 of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus and to the subiculum. SUM and RE fibers to the hippocampus participate in common as well as in separate functions. Both systems would appear to amplify signals from other sources to their respective hippocampal targets. SUM amplifies signals from the entorhinal cortex (EC) to DG, whereas RE may amplify them from CA3 (and EC) to CA1 of the hippocampus. This "amplification" may serve to promote the transfer, encoding, and possibly storage of information from EC to DG and from CA3 and EC to CA1. Regarding their unique actions on the hippocampus, the SUM is a vital part of an ascending brainstem to hippocampal system generating the theta rhythm of the hippocampus, whereas RE importantly routes information from the medial prefrontal cortex to the hippocampus to thereby mediate functions involving both structures. In summary, although, to date, SUM and RE afferents to the hippocampus have not been extensively explored, the SUM and RE exert a profound influence on the hippocampus in processes of learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Vertes
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
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13
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Systemic mechanism of taste, flavour and palatability in brain. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3133-47. [PMID: 25733187 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Taste is considered as one of the five traditional senses and has the ability to detect the flavour of food and certain minerals. Information of taste is transferred to the cortical gustatory area for identification and discrimination of taste quality. Animals have memory recognition power to maintain the familiar foods which are already encountered. Animal shows neophobic response when it encounters novel taste and shows no hesitation when the food is known to be safe. Palatability is the hedonic reward provided by foods and fluids. Palatability is closely related to neurochemicals, and this chemical influences the consumption of food and fluid. Even though, the food is palatable that can become aversive and avoided as a consequence of postingestional unpleasant experience such as malaise. This review presents the overall view on brain mechanisms of taste, flavour and palatability.
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14
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Choi WK, Wirtshafter D, Park HJ, Lee MS, Her S, Shim I. The characteristics of supramammillary cells projecting to the hippocampus in stress response in the rat. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 16:17-24. [PMID: 22416215 PMCID: PMC3298821 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2012.16.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortex (HPA) axis is the central mediator of the stress response. The supramammillary (SuM) region is relatively unique among the hypothalamic structures in that it sends a large, direct projection to the hippocampal formation. It has been shown that mild stress could activate the SuM cells that project to the hippocampus. However, the role of these cell populations in modulating the stress response is not known. The present study examined the effect of stress on different populations of SuM cells that project to the hippocampus by injecting the fluorescent retrograde tracer, fluorogold (FG), into the hippocampus and utilizing the immunohistochemistry of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), serotonin (5-HT), glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and NADPH-d reactivity. Immobilization (IMO) stress (2 hr) produced an increase in the expression of ChAT-immunoreactivity, and tended to increase in CRF, 5-HT, GAD, TH-immunoreactivity and nitric oxide (NO)-reactivity in the SuM cells. Fifty-three percent of 5-HT, 31% of ChAT and 56% of CRF cells were double stained with retrograde cells from the hippocampus. By contrast, a few retrogradely labeled cells projecting to the hippocampus were immunoreactive for dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and NO. These results suggest that the SuM region contains distinct cell populations that differentially respond to stress. In addition, the findings suggest that serotonergic, cholinergic and corticotropin releasing cells projecting to the hippocampus within the SuM nucleus may play an important role in modulating stress-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Ki Choi
- Acupuncture & Meridian Science Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - David Wirtshafter
- Department of Psychology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607-7137, USA
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Acupuncture & Meridian Science Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Research Center of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Lee
- Acupuncture & Meridian Science Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
- Division of Bio-Imaging, Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Song Her
- Division of Bio-Imaging, Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Acupuncture & Meridian Science Research Center, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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15
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Yamamoto T, Ueji K. Brain mechanisms of flavor learning. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5:76. [PMID: 21922004 PMCID: PMC3166791 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Once the flavor of the ingested food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with a preferable (e.g., good taste or nutritive satisfaction) or aversive (e.g., malaise with displeasure) signal (unconditioned stimulus, US), animals react to its subsequent exposure by increasing or decreasing ingestion to the food. These two types of association learning (preference learning vs. aversion learning) are known as classical conditioned reactions which are basic learning and memory phenomena, leading selection of food and proper food intake. Since the perception of flavor is generated by interaction of taste and odor during food intake, taste and/or odor are mainly associated with bodily signals in the flavor learning. After briefly reviewing flavor learning in general, brain mechanisms of conditioned taste aversion is described in more detail. The CS-US association leading to long-term potentiation in the amygdala, especially in its basolateral nucleus, is the basis of establishment of conditioned taste aversion. The novelty of the CS detected by the cortical gustatory area may be supportive in CS-US association. After the association, CS input is conveyed through the amygdala to different brain regions including the hippocampus for contextual fear formation, to the supramammillary and thalamic paraventricular nuclei for stressful anxiety or memory dependent fearful or stressful emotion, to the reward system to induce aversive expression to the CS, or hedonic shift from positive to negative, and to the CS-responsive neurons in the gustatory system to enhance the responsiveness to facilitate to detect the harmful stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Kio UniversityNara, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ueji
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Kio UniversityNara, Japan
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16
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Yamazaki CK, Shirao T, Sasagawa Y, Maruyama Y, Akita H, Saji M, Sekino Y. Lesions of the Supramammillary Nucleus Decrease Self-Grooming Behavior of Rats Placed in an Open Field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2974/kmj.61.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Ito M, Shirao T, Doya K, Sekino Y. Three-dimensional distribution of Fos-positive neurons in the supramammillary nucleus of the rat exposed to novel environment. Neurosci Res 2009; 64:397-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Taste is unique among sensory systems in its innate association with mechanisms of reward and aversion in addition to its recognition of quality, e.g., sucrose is sweet and preferable, and quinine is bitter and aversive. Taste information is sent to the reward system and feeding center via the prefrontal cortices such as the mediodorsal and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices in rodents and the orbitofrontal cortex in primates. The amygdala, which receives taste inputs, also influences reward and feeding. In terms of neuroactive substances, palatability is closely related to benzodiazepine derivatives and beta-endorphin, both of which facilitate consumption of food and fluid. The reward system contains the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum and finally sends information to the lateral hypothalamic area, the feeding center. The dopaminergic system originating from the ventral tegmental area mediates the motivation to consume palatable food. The actual ingestive behavior is promoted by the orexigenic neuropeptides from the hypothalamus. Even palatable food can become aversive and avoided as a consequence of a postingestional unpleasant experience such as malaise. The neural mechanisms of this conditioned taste aversion will also be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamamoto
- Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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19
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Khurana RC, Devaud LL. Sex differences in neurotransmission parameters in response to repeated mild restraint stress exposures in intact male, female and ovariectomised female rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2007; 19:511-20. [PMID: 17532795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2007.01557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study determined whether a repeated mild restraint stress exposure would differentially alter neuronal activity in male and female rats to gain insights into neurobiological substrates involved in sex differences in stress-induced behavioural responses. In our first set of experiments, we used Western blot analysis to determine whether alterations in several synaptic proteins were elicited by the repeated stress treatment. We found bidirectional changes in synaptophysin levels in female cerebral cortex and hippocampus that diverged between intact and ovariectomised females. There were persistent elevations in spinophilin levels in the male, but not female, hippocampus following the repeated mild restraint stress exposure. By contrast, levels of the NMDA receptor scaffolding protein, PSD-95, were altered only in intact female cerebral cortex and ovariectomised female hippocampus. We next used immunohistochemical evaluation of Fos expression as a marker for neuronal activation. We found significant increases in Fos immunoreactivity in all sex conditions across multiple brain regions in response to the repeated mild stress. Fos protein induction was greatest in the frontal cortex, piriform cortex and amygdala, with the degree of induction varying by sex condition. Fos induction was dramatically higher in amygdala and piriform cortex only in intact females following repeated stress compared to a single restraint stress exposure, suggestive of sensitisation rather than habituation. By contrast, the frontal cortex of intact and ovariectomised females showed habituation to the repeated stressor. Males displayed modest sensitisation in both the frontal cortex and dentate gyrus with no changes in other brain areas. Taken together, these findings show that exposure to a mild repeated stress results in sex differences in synaptic adaptations and patterns of brain activation that likely contribute to observed sex differences in stress-induced behaviours. This approach provides valuable insights into interactions between the hormonal milieu and responses to a repeated mild stress, and further supports the importance of considering hormonal status in treatment of stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Khurana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Biomedical Research Institute, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209-8334, USA
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20
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Allbutt HN, Siddall PJ, Keay KA. Contusive spinal cord injury evokes localized changes in NADPH-d activity but extensive changes in Fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat. J Anat 2007; 211:352-70. [PMID: 17584182 PMCID: PMC2375816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The histological detection of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d), a marker for nitric oxide-producing cells, was used to evaluate ongoing changes in the neural biochemistry of the rat spinal cord 1 week following contusive spinal cord injury (SCI). In addition, the immunohistochemical detection of the immediate-early gene c-fos was used to identify basal patterns of neural activity at this time. The numbers and laminar locations of NADPH-d- and c-fos-positive cells were examined in spinal segments adjacent to the site of injury (T12-S3) as well as those distant from the injury (C3-C5) in both SCI and un-injured rats. Our data show that contusive SCI results in a significant reduction in NADPH-d labelling in the superficial dorsal horn, and a significant increase in NADPH-d expression in small bipolar neurons and large motoneurons in the ventral horn at the site of the injury. In spinal segments distant to the injury site (C3-C5), NADPH-d activity did not differ from that of uninjured controls. Furthermore, significant reductions in the levels of c-fos expression were observed in SCI rats, in spinal segments both at and distant to the site of injury for all spinal laminae. The only exception was a dramatic increase observed in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. These data suggest that increased NADPH-d expression is related to conditions specific to the site of injury, whereas the changes in c-fos expression probably indicate more global changes in neuronal activity following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydn N Allbutt
- School of Medical Sciences (Anatomy & Histology), University of Sydney, Australia.
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21
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Roche M, Harkin A, Kelly JP. Chronic fluoxetine treatment attenuates stressor-induced changes in temperature, heart rate, and neuronal activation in the olfactory bulbectomized rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:1312-20. [PMID: 17119540 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory bulbectomized (OB) rat is a well-characterized animal model that exhibits a number of behavioral and neurochemical changes that have relevance to clinical depression. Hyperactivity in the open field is the most widely used parameter assessed in this model and is reversed following chronic, but not acute, antidepressant treatment. This study investigated OB-induced alterations in heart rate, body temperature, and neuronal activation following open-field exposure and the impact of chronic treatment with fluoxetine on these parameters. Upon placement in the open field, OB rats exhibited a characteristic hyperactivity response. Heart rate and body temperature were increased in sham-operated rats following open-field exposure, a predictable response to stress, which was significantly reduced in OB rats. Moreover bulbectomy reduced open field-induced cFOS expression in the basal nucleus of the stria terminalis while concurrently increasing expression in the hippocampus, amygdala, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, and dorsal raphe nucleus. Chronic fluoxetine treatment (10 mg/kg subcutaneous once daily for 5 weeks) attenuated all of these OB-associated changes. In conclusion, OB rats exhibit alterations in behavior, body temperature, heart rate, and neuronal activation in response to open-field exposure, which are reversed following chronic fluoxetine administration. These results identify stress-sensitive regions within the brain which are altered following bulbectomy and which may underlie the abnormal behavioral and physiological changes observed in this rodent model of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Roche
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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22
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Yamamoto T. Neural substrates for the processing of cognitive and affective aspects of taste in the brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 69:243-55. [PMID: 17287579 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.69.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Taste is unique among the sensory systems in that, besides its recognition of quality, it is innately associated with hedonic aspects of reward and aversion. This review of the literature will show how taste information is conveyed through the central gustatory pathways to the cortical gustatory area and is processed in terms of qualitative and quantitative aspects. Taste information is also sent to the reward system and feeding center via several brain sites including the prefrontal cortex, insular cortex, and amygdala. The reward system contains the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and ventral pallidum; it finally sends information to the lateral hypothalamic area, the feeding center. The dopamine system originating from the ventral tegmental area mediates the motivation to consume palatable food. The actual ingestive behavior is promoted by the orexigenic neuropeptides from the hypothalamus. In the last section, the neural substrate of learning and memory of taste is introduced and the biological mechanisms are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Japan.
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23
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Yamamoto T. Brain Regions Responsible for the Expression of Conditioned Taste Aversion in Rats. Chem Senses 2006; 32:105-9. [PMID: 17110526 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjj045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is acquired when the ingestion of a food is followed by malaise. CTA is a kind of fear learning making animals avoid subsequent intake of the food and show aversive behavior to the taste of the food. To elucidate the brain regions responsible for the expression of CTA, our previous electrophysiological and recent c-fos immunohistochemical studies have been reviewed. Among a variety of brain regions including the parabrachial nucleus, amygdala, insular cortex, supramammillary nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and ventral pallidum that are involved in different phases of CTA expression, the enhanced taste sensitivity to facilitate detection of the conditioned stimulus may originate in the central nucleus of the amygdala and the hedonic shift, from positive to negative, may originate in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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24
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Aranda L, Santín LJ, Begega A, Aguirre JA, Arias JL. Supramammillary and adjacent nuclei lesions impair spatial working memory and induce anxiolitic-like behavior. Behav Brain Res 2006; 167:156-64. [PMID: 16236369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study assesses the involvement of the supramammillary and adjacent nuclei in spatial memory and anxiety-like behaviors. Rats with electrolytic lesions in the supramammillary nucleus were pre- and post-operatively trained in two spatial memory tasks and two anxiety tasks. Spatial memory tasks were performed in an open field with seven different goal positions containing the reward. Anxiety-like behaviors were tested in the elevated T-maze. In the spatial reference memory task, neither lesioned nor sham-lesioned groups were impaired. In the working memory task, lesioned animals were permanently impaired in their ability to solve the delayed-matching-to-position task. This working memory deficit is not related to increased proactive interference. It could be related to impairment of the rats ability to reorganize spatial stimuli. Consequently, rats were not able to achieve an optimal performance level to solve spatial tasks with continuous changes in the place location. In the elevated T-maze, lesioned rats reduced passive avoidance response but no changes in the escape response were observed. These results suggest a clear involvement of the supramammillary nucleus in working memory and behavioral inhibition but not in either spatial reference memory or in escape responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Aranda
- Dpto. Psicobiología y Metodología de las CC, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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25
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Olazábal DE, Morrell JI. Juvenile rats show reduced c-fos activity in neural sites associated with aversion to pups and inhibition of maternal behavior. Behav Neurosci 2005; 119:1097-110. [PMID: 16187837 PMCID: PMC2430413 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.119.4.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile rats (18-23 days old) interact avidly with pups as novel stimuli and show maternal behavior after only 1-3 days of pup exposure; adults initially avoid pups and require 3-9 days of pup exposure. Upon exposure to pups as novel stimuli, adults had more c-Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus and amygdala--regions associated with aversion to pups--than adults exposed to familiar pup stimuli (maternal) or not exposed to pups (p < .05). In juvenile rats exposed to pups as novel stimuli, only the medial amygdala had a small significant increase of c-Fos neurons. In juveniles, this blunted engagement of c-Fos neurons may reflect the diminished activation of inhibitory neurons, facilitating the interaction of juveniles with pups as novel stimuli and onset of maternal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Olazábal
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ, US.
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26
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Lee HJ, Lee B, Choi SH, Hahm DH, Kim MR, Roh PU, Pyun KH, Golden G, Yang CH, Shim I. Electroacupuncture reduces stress-induced expression of c-fos in the brain of the rat. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2005; 32:795-806. [PMID: 15633814 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x04002405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that electroacupuncture (EA) at Shaohai and Neiguan (HT3-PC6) points significantly attenuated stress-induced peripheral responses, including increases in blood pressure, heart rate and plasma catecholamines. In this study, we examined the central effect of EA on the expression of c-fos, one of the immediate-early genes in the brain of rats subjected to immobilization stress. Immobilization stress (180 minutes) preferentially produced a significant increase in Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in stress-relevant regions including the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), arcuate nucleus (ARN), supraoptic nucleus (SON), suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), medial amygdaloid nucleus (AMe), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), hippocampus, lateral septum (LS), nucleus accumbens, and the locus coeruleus (LC). EA (3 Hz, 0.2 ms rectangular pulses, 20 mA) at HT3-PC6 on the heart and pericardium channels for 30 minutes during stress, significantly attenuated stress-induced FLI in the parvocellular PVN, SON, SCN, AMe, LS and the LC. However, EA stimulations at HT3-PC6 had no effect on FLI in the magnocelluar PVN, ARN, BST or the hippocampus. EA stimulation at HT3-PC6 had a greater inhibitory effect on stress-induced FLI than that at TE5-LI11, the triple energizer and large intestine meridian, or non-acupoints. These results demonstrated that EA attenuated stress-induced c-fos expression in brain areas. These results suggest that decreased c-fos expression in hypothalamic and LC neurons, among stress-related areas, may reflect the integrative action of acupuncture in stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jung Lee
- Department of Oriental Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Korea
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27
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Pan WX, McNaughton N. The supramammillary area: its organization, functions and relationship to the hippocampus. Prog Neurobiol 2004; 74:127-66. [PMID: 15556285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The supramammillary area of the hypothalamus, although small in size, can have profound modulatory effects on the hippocampal formation and related temporal cortex. It can control hippocampal plasticity and also has recently been shown to contain cells that determine the frequency of hippocampal rhythmical slow activity (theta rhythm). We review here its organization and anatomical connections providing an atlas and a new nomenclature. We then review its functions particularly in relation to its links with the hippocampus. Much of its control of behaviour and its differential activation by specific classes of stimuli is consistent with a tight relationship with the hippocampus. However, its ascending connections involve not only caudal areas of the cortex with close links to the hippocampus but also reciprocal connections with more rostral areas such as the infralimbic and anterior cingulate cortices. These latter areas appear to be the most rostral part of a network that, via the medial septum, hippocampus and lateral septum, is topographically mapped into the hypothalamus. The supramammillary area is thus diffusely connected with areas that control emotion and cognition and receives more topographically specific return information from areas that control cognition while also receiving ascending information from brain stem areas involved in emotion. We suggest that it is a key part of a network that recursively transforms information to achieve integration of cognitive and emotional aspects of goal-directed behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xing Pan
- Department of Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Otago, POB56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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c-fos reduces corticosterone-mediated effects on neurotrophic factor expression in the rat hippocampal CA1 region. J Neurosci 2003. [PMID: 12853419 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-14-06013.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription of neurotrophic factors, i.e., basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is regulated by glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation despite the lack of a classical glucocorticoid response element in their promoter region. A time course for corticosterone (10 mg/kg, s.c.) in adrenalectomized rats revealed a peak hormone effect at the 4 hr time interval for bFGF (110-204% increase), BDNF (53-67% decrease), GR (53-64% decrease), and MR (34-56% decrease) mRNA levels in all hippocampal subregions using in situ hybridization. c-fos mRNA levels were affected exclusively in the dentate gyrus after 50 min to 2 hr (38-46% decrease). Furthermore, it was evaluated whether corticosterone regulation of these genes depends on interactions with the transcription factor complex activator protein-1. c-fos antisense oligodeoxynucleotides were injected into the dorsal hippocampus of adrenalectomized rats. Corticosterone was given 2 hr later, and the effects on gene expression were measured 4 hr later. In CA1, antisense treatment significantly and selectively enhanced the hormone action on the expression of bFGF (44% enhanced increase) and BDNF (38% enhanced decrease) versus control oligodeoxynucleotide treatment. In addition, an upregulation of c-fos expression (89% increase) was found. There were no effects of c-fos antisense on hippocampal GR and MR expression. Thus it seems that a tonic c-fos mechanism exists within CA1, which reduces GR- and MR-mediated effects on expression of bFGF and BDNF.
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Abstract
Fear is an adaptive component of the acute "stress" response to potentially-dangerous (external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when disproportional in intensity, chronic and/or irreversible, or not associated with any genuine risk, it may be symptomatic of a debilitating anxious state: for example, social phobia, panic attacks or generalized anxiety disorder. In view of the importance of guaranteeing an appropriate emotional response to aversive events, it is not surprising that a diversity of mechanisms are involved in the induction and inhibition of anxious states. Apart from conventional neurotransmitters, such as monoamines, gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, many other modulators have been implicated, including: adenosine, cannabinoids, numerous neuropeptides, hormones, neurotrophins, cytokines and several cellular mediators. Accordingly, though benzodiazepines (which reinforce transmission at GABA(A) receptors), serotonin (5-HT)(1A) receptor agonists and 5-HT reuptake inhibitors are currently the principle drugs employed in the management of anxiety disorders, there is considerable scope for the development of alternative therapies. In addition to cellular, anatomical and neurochemical strategies, behavioral models are indispensable for the characterization of anxious states and their modulation. Amongst diverse paradigms, conflict procedures--in which subjects experience opposing impulses of desire and fear--are of especial conceptual and therapeutic pertinence. For example, in the Vogel Conflict Test (VCT), the ability of drugs to release punishment-suppressed drinking behavior is evaluated. In reviewing the neurobiology of anxious states, the present article focuses in particular upon: the multifarious and complex roles of individual modulators, often as a function of the specific receptor type and neuronal substrate involved in their actions; novel targets for the management of anxiety disorders; the influence of neurotransmitters and other agents upon performance in the VCT; data acquired from complementary pharmacological and genetic strategies and, finally, several open questions likely to orientate future experimental- and clinical-research. In view of the recent proliferation of mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis, modulation and, potentially, treatment of anxiety disorders, this is an opportune moment to survey their functional and pathophysiological significance, and to assess their influence upon performance in the VCT and other models of potential anxiolytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Psychopharmacology Department, Centre de Rescherches de Croissy, Institut de Recherches (IDR) Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, Paris, France.
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Pan WX, McNaughton N. The role of the medial supramammillary nucleus in the control of hippocampal theta activity and behaviour in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 16:1797-809. [PMID: 12431233 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The medial supramammillary nucleus (mSUM) controls the frequency of hippocampal theta activity, completely in anaethsetized rats and partially in free-moving rats. mSUM could therefore influence hippocampal contributions to cognition and emotion. Using chemical lesions of mSUM in rats, we tested whether mSUM is involved in controlling several hippocampal-dependent functions: (i) defensive behaviour (open field, fear conditioning); (ii) behavioural inhibition (fixed interval schedule, differential reinforcement of low rates schedule); and (iii) spatial learning (water maze). Theta frequency was measured in all these tasks. mSUM lesions produced a pattern of changes in motivated/emotional behaviours (hyperactivity in defensive and operant tasks) similar to the pattern produced by hippocampal lesions, but had no significant effect on spatial learning. mSUM lesion decreased theta frequency modestly (by approximately 0.4 Hz) in behaving rats if the amount of movement was unchanged. There was not always a parallel between changes in theta frequency and behaviour; behaviours changed despite unchanged theta in defensive tasks and learning changed little despite a lower frequency of theta in the water maze task. This suggests that mSUM function impacts on emotional behaviour more than cognition, and can modulate theta and behaviour independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xing Pan
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Otago, POB56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Sewards TV, Sewards MA. Fear and power-dominance drive motivation: neural representations and pathways mediating sensory and mnemonic inputs, and outputs to premotor structures. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2002; 26:553-79. [PMID: 12367590 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Based on the available literature on activation of brain structures by fear- and anger-inducing stimuli, on the effects of electrical and chemical stimulation and lesions of candidate structures, and on connectional data, we propose that both the fear and power-dominance drives are represented in four distinct locations: the medial hypothalamus, lateral/dorsolateral periaqueductal gray, midline thalamic nuclei, and medial prefrontal cortex. The hypothalamic fear representation is located in the dorsomedial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei, the midbrain representation in the caudal part of the lateral/dorsolateral periaqueductal gray, the thalamic representation primarily in parts of the paraventricular and reuniens thalamic nuclei, and the cortical representation in prelimbic cortex. The hypothalamic power-dominance representation is located in the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial aspect of the ventromedial nucleus, and in adjacent parts of the medial preoptic area. The corresponding midbrain representation occurs in rostral part of the lateral/dorsolateral periaqueductal gray, and the thalamic representation in parts of the paraventricular, parataenial, and reuniens thalamic nuclei. We discuss sensory/mnemonic inputs to these representations, and outputs to premotor structures in the medulla, caudate-putamen, and cortex, and their differential contributions to involuntary, learned sequential, and voluntary motor acts. We examine potential contributions of neuronal activities in these representations to the subjective awareness of fear and anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence V Sewards
- Sandia Research Center, 21 Perdiz Canyon Road, Placitas, NM 87043, USA.
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Shim I, Javaid JI, Wirtshafter D, Jang SY, Shin KH, Lee HJ, Chung YC, Chun BG. Nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization is associated with extracellular dopamine release and expression of c-Fos in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of the rat. Behav Brain Res 2001; 121:137-47. [PMID: 11275291 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that repeated injections of nicotine produce progressively larger increases in locomotor activity, an effect referred to as behavioral sensitization. This study was carried out to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization using in vivo microdialysis and Fos-like immunohistochemistry (FLI). Rats were given repeated injections of saline or nicotine (0.4 mg/kg s.c., twice daily for 7 days) followed by one challenge injection on the 4th day after the last daily injection. Systemic challenge with nicotine produced a much larger increase in locomotor activity in nicotine-pretreated rats (659.1+/-94.9 counts/2 h) than in saline-pretreated rats (218.1+/-61 counts/2 h). A direct local challenge of nicotine (1 or 5 mM) via a microdialysis probe in the nucleus accumbens or striatum induced a much greater dose-dependent increase of dopamine (DA) output in nicotine-pretreated rats than in saline-pretreated rats. Furthermore, in parallel with the behavioral and biochemical data, systemic challenge with nicotine produced marked Fos-like immunohistochemistry in the nucleus accumbens and the striatum in the nicotine-pretreated rats. Taken together, this study demonstrates that behavioral sensitization is clearly associated with an increase in DA release and activation of Fos-like immunoreactive cells in the striatum and the nucleus accumbens produced by repeated nicotine treatment. Our results strongly suggest that the striatum and the nucleus accumbens may play a major role in nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization. The present results are discussed in terms of the development and expression of nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Shim
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Le Guen S, Gestreau C, Besson JM. Sensitivity to naloxone of the behavioral signs of morphine withdrawal and c-Fos expression in the rat CNS: a quantitative dose-response analysis. J Comp Neurol 2001; 433:272-96. [PMID: 11283964 DOI: 10.1002/cne.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have used c-Fos expression to delineate the neural substrate underlying naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal (MW). However, because behavioral manifestations of MW depend on both the degree of dependence and the doses of naloxone (NAL), a comprehensive study would require examining c-Fos expression in relation with the degree of MW. Here, changes in behavior and in c-Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) were studied in the same rats after injection of three doses of NAL to precipitate various degrees of MW. Fifteen established signs of MW were examined for 1 hour after NAL injection, and FLI was quantified in 52 regions of the brain and in the lumbosacral spinal cord. Linear regression analyses were used to examine changes in numbers of signs and FLI neurons with the doses of NAL, and data were considered dose-related for a statistical level of significance of P < 0.05. In summary, autonomic signs of MW increased in a dose-related manner, whereas somatomotor signs did not. After MW, 33 central nervous system regions exhibited significant increases in FLI and were, thus, considered as important neural correlates of MW. Twenty of them displayed dose-related increases in c-Fos expression and correspond to regions related to autonomic functions. Low c-Fos expression was detected in some regions involved in motor control or in reward, suggesting either their minor role in MW or a limitation of the technique. This dose-response analysis suggests that the increase in the severity of autonomic manifestations of MW is associated with a gradual activation of major structures of the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Le Guen
- INSERM U161 and EPHE, 75014 Paris, France.
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Abstract
Neurons compute in part by integrating, on a time scale of milliseconds, many synaptic inputs and generating a digital output-the "action potential" of classic electrophysiology. Recent discoveries indicate that neurons also perform a second, much slower, integration operating on a time scale of minutes or even hours. The output of this slower integration involves a pulse of gene expression which may be likened to the electrophysiological action potential. Its function, however, is not directed toward immediate transmission of a synaptic signal but rather toward the experience-dependent modification of the underlying synaptic circuitry. Commonly termed the "immediate early gene" (IEG) response, this phenomenon is often assumed to be a necessary component of a linear, deterministic cascade of memory consolidation. Critical review of the large literature describing the phenomenon, however, leads to an alternative model of IEG function in the brain. In this alternative, IEG activation is not directed at the consolidation of memories of a specific inducing event; instead, it sets the overall gain or efficiency of memory formation and directs it to circuits engaged by behaviorally significant contexts. The net result is a sharpening of the selectivity of memory formation, a recruitment of temporally correlated associations, and an ultimate enhancement of long-term memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Clayton
- Beckman Institute Neuronal Pattern Analysis Group, Department of Cell & Structural Biology and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA.
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