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Jin X, Imai T, Morais A, Sasaki Y, Chung DY, Ayata C. Hippocampal infarction and generalized seizures predict early mortality after endovascular middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Exp Neurol 2024; 380:114903. [PMID: 39079623 PMCID: PMC11347107 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Endovascular middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) is a widely used experimental ischemic stroke model. However, the model carries high early mortality. Our aim was to investigate the factors that influence early mortality within 48 h of reperfusion after transient MCAO. Using C57BL/6 mice, we induced 1-hour endovascular filament MCAO. To introduce heterogeneity of infarct volumes, a subset of animals had additional tandem common carotid artery occlusion (MCAO+CCAO). Continuous video monitoring was used to gain insight into the cause of death. Mortality within 48 h was 25% in the pooled cohort. All animals with early mortality suffered from infarcts in the hippocampus, sometimes accompanied by infarcts in the thalamus and midbrain, which occurred exclusively in the MCAO+CCAO group. All animals with early mortality developed convulsive seizures captured on video monitoring. None of the animals that did not develop convulsive seizures died. Among the three regions, hippocampal infarction appeared necessary for convulsive seizures and early mortality. Our data highlight seizures as the primary cause of mortality within the first 48 h after endovascular filament MCAO, linked to hippocampal infarction. Since hippocampal blood supply is mainly from the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), avoiding concurrent PCA ischemia can decrease mortality in proximal MCAO models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Jin
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Takahiko Imai
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Andreia Morais
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yuichi Sasaki
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - David Y Chung
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Dönmez-Demir B, Yemisci M, Uruk G, Söylemezoğlu F, Bolbos R, Kazmi S, Dalkara T. Cortical spreading depolarization-induced constriction of penetrating arteries can cause watershed ischemia: A potential mechanism for white matter lesions. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1951-1966. [PMID: 37435741 PMCID: PMC10676143 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231186959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Periventricular white matter lesions (WMLs) are common MRI findings in migraine with aura (MA). Although hemodynamic disadvantages of vascular supply to this region create vulnerability, the pathophysiological mechanisms causing WMLs are unclear. We hypothesize that prolonged oligemia, a consequence of cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) underlying migraine aura, may lead to ischemia/hypoxia at hemodynamically vulnerable watershed zones fed by long penetrating arteries (PAs). For this, we subjected mice to KCl-triggered single or multiple CSDs. We found that post-CSD oligemia was significantly deeper at medial compared to lateral cortical areas, which induced ischemic/hypoxic changes at watershed areas between the MCA/ACA, PCA/anterior choroidal and at the tip of superficial and deep PAs, as detected by histological and MRI examination of brains 2-4 weeks after CSD. BALB-C mice, in which MCA occlusion causes large infarcts due to deficient collaterals, exhibited more profound CSD-induced oligemia and were more vulnerable compared to Swiss mice such that a single CSD was sufficient to induce ischemic lesions at the tip of PAs. In conclusion, CSD-induced prolonged oligemia has potential to cause ischemic/hypoxic injury at hemodynamically vulnerable brain areas, which may be one of the mechanisms underlying WMLs located at the tip of medullary arteries seen in MA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Dönmez-Demir
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muge Yemisci
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Uruk
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Figen Söylemezoğlu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Radu Bolbos
- CERMEP – imagerie du vivant, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France
| | - Shams Kazmi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Turgay Dalkara
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Voelz C, Ebrahimy N, Zhao W, Habib P, Zendedel A, Pufe T, Beyer C, Slowik A. Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia Leads to miRNA Alterations in Different Brain Regions, Blood Serum, Liver, and Spleen. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010161. [PMID: 35008586 PMCID: PMC8745086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is characterized by an occlusion of a cerebral blood vessel resulting in neuronal cell death due to nutritional and oxygen deficiency. Additionally, post-ischemic cell death is augmented after reperfusion. These events are paralleled by dysregulated miRNA expression profiles in the peri-infarct area. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanism in the peri-infarct region is crucial for developing promising therapeutics. Utilizing a tMCAo (transient Middle Cerebral Artery occlusion) model in rats, we studied the expression levels of the miRNAs (miR) 223-3p, 155-5p, 3473, and 448-5p in the cortex, amygdala, thalamus, and hippocampus of both the ipsi- and contralateral hemispheres. Additionally, the levels in the blood serum, spleen, and liver and the expression of their target genes, namely, Nlrp3, Socs1, Socs3, and Vegfa, were assessed. We observed an increase in all miRNAs on the ipsilateral side of the cerebral cortex in a time-dependent manner and increased miRNAs levels (miR-223-3p, miR-3473, and miR-448-5p) in the contralateral hemisphere after 72 h. Besides the cerebral cortex, the amygdala presented increased expression levels, whereas the thalamus and hippocampus showed no alterations. Different levels of the investigated miRNAs were detected in blood serum, liver, and spleen. The gene targets were altered not only in the peri-infarct area of the cortex but selectively increased in the investigated non-affected brain regions along with the spleen and liver during the reperfusion time up to 72 h. Our results suggest a supra-regional influence of miRNAs following ischemic stroke, which should be studied to further identify whether miRNAs are transported or locally upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Voelz
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.V.); (N.E.); (W.Z.); (A.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Nahal Ebrahimy
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.V.); (N.E.); (W.Z.); (A.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Weiyi Zhao
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.V.); (N.E.); (W.Z.); (A.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- JARA-BRAIN Institute of Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.V.); (N.E.); (W.Z.); (A.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Thomas Pufe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (C.V.); (N.E.); (W.Z.); (A.Z.); (C.B.)
| | - Alexander Slowik
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)241-80-89112
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Gu Y, Gao H, Kim K, Liu Y, Ramos-Estebanez C, Luo Y, Wang Y, Yu X. Dynamic oxygen-17 MRI with adaptive temporal resolution using golden-means-based 3D radial sampling. Magn Reson Med 2021; 85:3112-3124. [PMID: 33368649 PMCID: PMC8324328 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to develop a high-resolution 3D oxygen-17 (17 O) MRI method to delineate the kinetics of 17 O-enriched water (H217 O) across the entire mouse brain after a bolus injection via the tail vein. METHODS The dynamic 17 O signal was acquired with a golden-means-based 3D radial sampling scheme. To achieve adequate temporal resolution with preserved spatial resolution, a k-space-weighted view sharing strategy was used in image reconstruction with an adaptive window size tailored to the kinetics of the 17 O signal. Simulation studies were performed to determine the adequate image reconstruction parameters. The established method was applied to delineating the kinetics of intravenously injected H217 O in vivo in the post-stroke mouse brain. RESULTS The proposed dynamic 17 O-MRI method achieved an isotropic resolution of 1.21 mm (0.77 mm nominal) in mouse brain at 9.4T, with the temporal resolution increased gradually from 3 s at the initial phase of rapid signal increase to 15 s at the steady-state. The high spatial resolution enabled the delineation of the heterogeneous H217 O uptake and washout kinetics in stroke-affected mouse brain. CONCLUSION The current study demonstrated a 3D 17 O-MRI method for dynamic monitoring of 17 O signal changes with high spatial and temporal resolution. The method can be utilized to quantify physiological parameters such as cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier permeability by tracking injected H217 O. It can also be used to measure oxygen consumption rate in 17 O-oxygen inhalation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Huiyun Gao
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kihwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuchi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ciro Ramos-Estebanez
- Department of Neurology & Rehabilitation and Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yunmei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Brait VH, Wright DK, Nategh M, Oman A, Syeda WT, Ermine CM, O'Brien KR, Werden E, Churilov L, Johnston LA, Thompson LH, Nithianantharajah J, Jackman KA, Brodtmann A. Longitudinal hippocampal volumetric changes in mice following brain infarction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10269. [PMID: 33986303 PMCID: PMC8119705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal atrophy is increasingly described in many neurodegenerative syndromes in humans, including stroke and vascular cognitive impairment. However, the progression of brain volume changes after stroke in rodent models is poorly characterized. We aimed to monitor hippocampal atrophy occurring in mice up to 48-weeks post-stroke. Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to an intraluminal filament-induced middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). At baseline, 3-days, and 1-, 4-, 12-, 24-, 36- and 48-weeks post-surgery, we measured sensorimotor behavior and hippocampal volumes from T2-weighted MRI scans. Hippocampal volume-both ipsilateral and contralateral-increased over the life-span of sham-operated mice. In MCAO-subjected mice, different trajectories of ipsilateral hippocampal volume change were observed dependent on whether the hippocampus contained direct infarction, with a decrease in directly infarcted tissue and an increase in non-infarcted tissue. To further investigate these volume changes, neuronal and glial cell densities were assessed in histological brain sections from the subset of MCAO mice lacking hippocampal infarction. Our findings demonstrate previously uncharacterized changes in hippocampal volume and potentially brain parenchymal cell density up to 48-weeks in both sham- and MCAO-operated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa H Brait
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - David K Wright
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohsen Nategh
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Oman
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Warda T Syeda
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Charlotte M Ermine
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katrina R O'Brien
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Emilio Werden
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leonid Churilov
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leigh A Johnston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Brain Centre Imaging Unit, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lachlan H Thompson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine A Jackman
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy Brodtmann
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Activation of MC1R with BMS-470539 attenuates neuroinflammation via cAMP/PKA/Nurr1 pathway after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:26. [PMID: 33468172 PMCID: PMC7814630 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic (HI)-induced brain injury. Activation of melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in several neurological diseases. In the present study, we have explored the role of MC1R activation on neuroinflammation and the potential underlying mechanisms after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in rats. Methods A total of 169 post-natal day 10 unsexed rat pups were used. HI was induced by right common carotid artery ligation followed by 2.5 h of hypoxia. BMS-470539, a specific selective MC1R agonist, was administered intranasally at 1 h after HI induction. To elucidate the potential underlying mechanism, MC1R CRISPR KO plasmid or Nurr1 CRISPR KO plasmid was administered via intracerebroventricular injection at 48 h before HI induction. Percent brain infarct area, short- and long-term neurobehavioral tests, Nissl staining, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blot were conducted. Results The expression levels of MC1R and Nurr1 increased over time post-HI. MC1R and Nurr1 were expressed on microglia at 48 h post-HI. Activation of MC1R with BMS-470539 significantly reduced the percent infarct area, brain atrophy, and inflammation, and improved short- and long-term neurological deficits at 48 h and 28 days post-HI. MC1R activation increased the expression of CD206 (a microglial M2 marker) and reduced the expression of MPO. Moreover, activation of MC1R with BMS-470539 significantly increased the expression levels of MC1R, cAMP, p-PKA, and Nurr1, while downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β) at 48 h post-HI. However, knockout of MC1R or Nurr1 by specific CRISPR reversed the neuroprotective effects of MC1R activation post-HI. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that activation of MC1R with BMS-470539 attenuated neuroinflammation, and improved neurological deficits after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in rats. Such anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects were mediated, at least in part, via the cAMP/PKA/Nurr1 signaling pathway. Therefore, MC1R activation might be a promising therapeutic target for infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02078-2.
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7
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Gutierrez J. Heterogeneity of the circle of Willis and its implication in hippocampal perfusion. Brain 2020; 143:e58. [PMID: 32594178 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Gutierrez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Stark T, Di Bartolomeo M, Di Marco R, Drazanova E, Platania CBM, Iannotti FA, Ruda-Kucerova J, D'Addario C, Kratka L, Pekarik V, Piscitelli F, Babinska Z, Fedotova J, Giurdanella G, Salomone S, Sulcova A, Bucolo C, Wotjak CT, Starcuk Z, Drago F, Mechoulam R, Di Marzo V, Micale V. Altered dopamine D3 receptor gene expression in MAM model of schizophrenia is reversed by peripubertal cannabidiol treatment. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:114004. [PMID: 32360362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gestational methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) treatment produces offspring with adult phenotype relevant to schizophrenia, including positive- and negative-like symptoms, cognitive deficits, dopaminergic dysfunction, structural and functional abnormalities. Here we show that adult rats prenatally treated with MAM at gestational day 17 display significant increase in dopamine D3 receptor (D3) mRNA expression in prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, accompanied by increased expression of dopamine D2 receptor (D2) mRNA exclusively in the PFC. Furthermore, a significant change in the blood perfusion at the level of the circle of Willis and hippocampus, paralleled by the enlargement of lateral ventricles, was also detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Peripubertal treatment with the non-euphoric phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (30 mg/kg) from postnatal day (PND) 19 to PND 39 was able to reverse in MAM exposed rats: i) the up-regulation of the dopamine D3 receptor mRNA (only partially prevented by haloperidol 0.6 mg/kg/day); and ii) the regional blood flow changes in MAM exposed rats. Molecular modelling predicted that cannabidiol could bind preferentially to dopamine D3 receptor, where it may act as a partial agonist according to conformation of ionic-lock, which is highly conserved in GPCRs. In summary, our results demonstrate that the mRNA expression of both dopamine D2 and D3 receptors is altered in the MAM model; however only the transcript levels of D3 are affected by cannabidiol treatment, likely suggesting that this gene might not only contribute to the schizophrenia symptoms but also represent an unexplored target for the antipsychotic activity of cannabidiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Stark
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; RG "Neuronal Plasticity", Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Di Bartolomeo
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Marco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Eva Drazanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Naples, Italy
| | - Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Claudio D'Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Lucie Kratka
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Pekarik
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Naples, Italy
| | - Zuzana Babinska
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Julia Fedotova
- International Research Centre "Biotechnologies of the Third Millennium", ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology RASci., St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Giovanni Giurdanella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Salomone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alexandra Sulcova
- ICCI - International Cannabis and Cannabinoid Institute, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- RG "Neuronal Plasticity", Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & KO KG, Germany
| | - Zenon Starcuk
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Naples, Italy; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada; Joint International Unit on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Université Laval and Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Micale
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
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Shah FA, Li T, Kury LTA, Zeb A, Khatoon S, Liu G, Yang X, Liu F, Yao H, Khan AU, Koh PO, Jiang Y, Li S. Pathological Comparisons of the Hippocampal Changes in the Transient and Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Rat Models. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1178. [PMID: 31798514 PMCID: PMC6868119 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic strokes are categorized by permanent or transient obstruction of blood flow, which impedes delivery of oxygen and essential nutrients to brain. In the last decade, the therapeutic window for tPA has increased from 3 to 5-6 h, and a new technique, involving the mechanical removal of the clot (endovascular thrombectomy) to allow reperfusion of the injured area, is being used more often. This last therapeutic approach can be done until 24 h after stroke onset. Due to this fact, more acute ischemic stroke patients are now being recanalized, and so tMCAO is probably the "best" model to address these patients that have a potential good outcome in terms of survival and functional recovery. However, permanent occlusion patients are also important, not only to increase survival rate but also to improve functional outcomes, although these are more difficult to achieve. So, both models are important, and which target different stroke patients in the clinical scenario. Hippocampus has a vital role in memory and cognition, is prone to ischemic induced neurodegeneration. This study was designed to delineate the molecular, pathological, and neurological changes in rat models of t-MCAO, permanent MCAO (pMCAO), and pMCAO with diabetic conditions in hippocampal tissue. Our results showed that these three models showed distinct discrepancies at numerous pathological process, including key signaling molecules involved in neuronal apoptosis, glutamate induced excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotrophic changes. Our result suggests that the two commonly used MCAO models exhibited tremendous differences in terms of neuronal cell loss, glutamate excitotoxic related signaling, synaptic transmission markers, neuron inflammatory and oxidative stress molecules. These differences may reflect the variations in different models, which may provide valuable information for mechanistic and therapeutic inconsistences as experienced in both preclinical models and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawad Ali Shah
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lina Tariq Al Kury
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alam Zeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shehla Khatoon
- Department of Anatomy, Khyber Medical College, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Gongping Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Huo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Arif-Ullah Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Phil Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, South Korea
| | - Yuhua Jiang
- Cancer Centre, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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10
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Drazanova E, Ruda-Kucerova J, Kratka L, Stark T, Kuchar M, Maryska M, Drago F, Starcuk Z, Micale V. Different effects of prenatal MAM vs. perinatal THC exposure on regional cerebral blood perfusion detected by Arterial Spin Labelling MRI in rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6062. [PMID: 30988364 PMCID: PMC6465353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies consistently report structural impairments (i.e.: ventricular enlargement, decreased volume of anterior cingulate cortex or hippocampus) and functional abnormalities including changes in regional cerebral blood flow in individuals suffering from schizophrenia, which can be evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. The aim of this study was to assess cerebral blood perfusion in several schizophrenia-related brain regions using Arterial Spin Labelling MRI (ASL MRI, 9.4 T Bruker BioSpec 94/30USR scanner) in rats. In this study, prenatal exposure to methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM, 22 mg/kg) at gestational day (GD) 17 and the perinatal treatment with Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, 5 mg/kg) from GD15 to postnatal day 9 elicited behavioral deficits consistent with schizophrenia-like phenotype, which is in agreement with the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. In MAM exposed rats a significant enlargement of lateral ventricles and perfusion changes (i.e.: increased blood perfusion in the circle of Willis and sensorimotor cortex and decreased perfusion in hippocampus) were detected. On the other hand, the THC perinatally exposed rats did not show differences in the cerebral blood perfusion in any region of interest. These results suggest that although both pre/perinatal insults showed some of the schizophrenia-like deficits, these are not strictly related to distinct hemodynamic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Drazanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kratka
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tibor Stark
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchar
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Maryska
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Zenon Starcuk
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vincenzo Micale
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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11
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Zhao L, Mulligan MK, Nowak TS. Substrain- and sex-dependent differences in stroke vulnerability in C57BL/6 mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:426-438. [PMID: 29260927 PMCID: PMC6421252 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17746174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The C57BL/6 mouse strain is represented by distinct substrains, increasingly recognized to differ genetically and phenotypically. The current study compared stroke vulnerability among C57BL/6 J (J), C57BL/6JEiJ (JEiJ), C57BL/6ByJ (ByJ), C57BL/6NCrl (NCrl), C57BL/6NJ (NJ) and C57BL/6NTac (NTac) substrains, using a model of permanent distal middle cerebral artery and common carotid artery occlusion. Mean infarct volume was nearly two-fold smaller in J, JEiJ and ByJ substrains relative to NCrl, NJ and NTac (N-lineage) mice. This identifies a previously unrecognized confound in stroke studies involving genetically modified strain comparisons if control substrain background were not rigorously matched. Mean infarct size was smaller in females of J and ByJ substrains than in the corresponding males, but there was no sex difference for NCrl and NJ mice. A higher proportion of small infarcts in J and ByJ substrains was largely responsible for both substrain- and sex-dependent differences. These could not be straightforwardly explained by variations in posterior communicating artery patency, MCA anatomy or acute penumbral blood flow deficits. Their larger and more homogeneously distributed infarcts, together with their established use as the common background for many genetically modified strains, may make N-lineage C57BL/6 substrains the preferred choice for future studies in experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Megan K Mulligan
- 2 Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Nowak
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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12
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Nowak TS, Mulligan MK. Impact of C57BL/6 substrain on sex-dependent differences in mouse stroke models. Neurochem Int 2018; 127:12-21. [PMID: 30448566 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have recently found significant variation in stroke vulnerability among substrains of C57BL/6 mice, observing that commonly used N-lineage substrains exhibit larger infarcts than C57BL/6J and related substrains. Parallel variation was also seen with respect to sex differences in stroke vulnerability, in that C57BL/6 mice of the N-lineage exhibited comparable infarct sizes in males and females, whereas infarcts tended to be smaller in females than in males of J-lineage substrains. This adds to the growing list of recognized phenotypic and genetic differences among C57BL/6 substrains. Although no previous studies have explicitly compared substrains with respect to sex differences in stroke vulnerability, unrecognized background mismatch has occurred in some studies involving control and genetically modified mice. The aims of this review are to: present the evidence for associated substrain- and sex-dependent differences in a mouse permanent occlusion stroke model; examine the extent to which the published literature in other models compares with these recent results; and consider the potential impact of unrecognized heterogeneity in substrain background on the interpretation of studies investigating the impact of genetic modifications on sex differences in stroke outcome. Substrain emerges as a critical variable to be documented in any experimental stroke study in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus S Nowak
- Department of Neurology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Megan K Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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13
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Song H, Mylvaganam SM, Wang J, Mylvaganam SMK, Wu C, Carlen PL, Eubanks JH, Feng J, Zhang L. Contributions of the Hippocampal CA3 Circuitry to Acute Seizures and Hyperexcitability Responses in Mouse Models of Brain Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:278. [PMID: 30210302 PMCID: PMC6123792 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal circuitry is widely recognized as susceptible to ischemic injury and seizure generation. However, hippocampal contribution to acute non-convulsive seizures (NCS) in models involving middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) remains to be determined. To address this, we occluded the middle cerebral artery in adult C57 black mice and monitored electroencephalographic (EEG) discharges from hippocampal and neocortical areas. Electrographic discharges in the absence of convulsive motor behaviors were observed within 90 min following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Hippocampal discharges were more robust than corresponding cortical discharges in all seizure events examined, and hippocampal discharges alone or with minimal cortical involvement were also observed in some seizure events. Seizure development was associated with ipsilateral hippocampal injuries as determined by subsequent histological examinations. We also introduced hypoxia-hypoglycemia episodes in mouse brain slices and examined regional hyperexcitable responses ex vivo. Extracellular recordings showed that the hippocampal CA3 region had a greater propensity for exhibiting single/multiunit activities or epileptiform field potentials following hypoxic-hypoglycemic (HH) episodes compared to the CA1, dentate gyrus, entorhinal cortical (EC) or neocortical regions. Whole-cell recordings revealed that CA3 pyramidal neurons exhibited excessive excitatory postsynaptic currents, attenuated inhibitory postsynaptic currents and intermittent or repetitive spikes in response to HH challenge. Together, these observations suggest that hippocampal discharges, possibly as a result of CA3 circuitry hyperexcitability, are a major component of acute NCS in a mouse model of MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Song
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Justin Wang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Chiping Wu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter L. Carlen
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James H. Eubanks
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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14
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Drazanova E, Ruda-Kucerova J, Kratka L, Horska K, Demlova R, Starcuk Z, Kasparek T. Poly(I:C) model of schizophrenia in rats induces sex-dependent functional brain changes detected by MRI that are not reversed by aripiprazole treatment. Brain Res Bull 2017; 137:146-155. [PMID: 29155259 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE One of the hallmarks of schizophrenia is altered brain structure, potentially due to antipsychotic treatment, the disorder itself or both. It was proposed that functional changes may precede the structural ones. In order to understand and potentially prevent this unwanted process, brain function assessment should be validated as a diagnostic tool. METHODS We used Arterial Spin Labelling MRI technique for the evaluation of brain perfusion in several brain regions in a neurodevelopmental poly(I:C) model of schizophrenia (8mg/kg on a gestational day 15) in rats taking into account sex-dependent effects and chronic treatment with aripiprazole (30days), an atypical antipsychotic acting as a partial agonist on dopaminergic receptors. RESULTS We found the sex of the animal to have a highly significant effect in all regions of interest, with females showing lower blood perfusion than males. However, both males and females treated prenatally with poly(I:C) showed enlargement of the lateral ventricles. Furthermore, we detected increased perfusion in the circle of Willis, hippocampus, and sensorimotor cortex, which was not influenced by chronic atypical antipsychotic aripiprazole treatment in male poly(I:C) rats. CONCLUSION We hypothesize that perfusion alterations may be caused by the hyperdopaminergic activity in the poly(I:C) model, and the absence of aripiprazole effect on perfusion in brain regions related to schizophrenia may be due to its partial agonistic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Drazanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Scientific Instruments, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Kratka
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Horska
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Regina Demlova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zenon Starcuk
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kasparek
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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15
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Barteczek P, Li L, Ernst AS, Böhler LI, Marti HH, Kunze R. Neuronal HIF-1α and HIF-2α deficiency improves neuronal survival and sensorimotor function in the early acute phase after ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:291-306. [PMID: 26746864 PMCID: PMC5363746 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15624933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors mediate adaptive responses to ischemia, among others, by induction of anti- and pro-survival genes. Thus, the impact of HIF on neuronal survival upon stroke is controversial. Therefore, neuron-specific knockout mice deficient for Hif1a and Hif2a were exposed to inspiratory hypoxia or ischemia-reperfusion injury. Both Hif1a- and Hif2a-deficient mice showed no altered infarct and edema size, suggesting that both HIF-α subunits might compensate for each other. Accordingly, hypoxic HIF-target gene regulation was marginally affected with exception of anti-survival Bnip3 and pro-survival erythropoietin. In the early acute stage upon stroke, Hif1a/Hif2a double knockout mice exhibited significantly reduced expression of the anti-survival Bnip3, Bnip3L, and Pmaip1 Accordingly, global cell death and edema were significantly reduced upon 24 h but not 72 h reperfusion. Behavioral assessment indicated that Hif1a/Hif2a-deficient mice initially performed better, but became significantly more impaired after 72 h accompanied by increased apoptosis and reduced angiogenesis. Our findings suggest that in neurons HIF-1 and HIF-2 have redundant functions for cellular survival under ischemic conditions. By contrast, lack of anti-survival factors in Hif1a/Hif2a-deficient mice might protect from early acute neuronal cell death and neurological impairment, indicating a benefit of HIF-pathway inhibition in neurons in the very acute phase after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Barteczek
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lexiao Li
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Ernst
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura-Inés Böhler
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo H Marti
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reiner Kunze
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Wang J, Wu C, Peng J, Patel N, Huang Y, Gao X, Aljarallah S, Eubanks JH, McDonald R, Zhang L. Early-Onset Convulsive Seizures Induced by Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia in Aging Mice: Effects of Anticonvulsive Treatments. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144113. [PMID: 26630670 PMCID: PMC4668036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with an increased risk of seizures/epilepsy. Stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) and cardiac arrest related brain injury are two major causative factors for seizure development in this patient population. With either etiology, seizures are a poor prognostic factor. In spite of this, the underlying pathophysiology of seizure development is not well understood. In addition, a standardized treatment regimen with anticonvulsants and outcome assessments following treatment has yet to be established for these post-ischemic seizures. Previous studies have modeled post-ischemic seizures in adult rodents, but similar studies in aging/aged animals, a group that mirrors a higher risk elderly population, remain sparse. Our study therefore aimed to investigate early-onset seizures in aging animals using a hypoxia-ischemia (HI) model. Male C57 black mice 18-20-month-old underwent a unilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery followed by a systemic hypoxic episode (8% O2 for 30 min). Early-onset seizures were detected using combined behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring. Brain injury was assessed histologically at different times post HI. Convulsive seizures were observed in 65% of aging mice post-HI but not in control aging mice following either sham surgery or hypoxia alone. These seizures typically occurred within hours of HI and behaviorally consisted of jumping, fast running, barrel-rolling, and/or falling (loss of the righting reflex) with limb spasms. No evident discharges during any convulsive seizures were seen on cortical-hippocampal EEG recordings. Seizure development was closely associated with acute mortality and severe brain injury on brain histological analysis. Intra-peritoneal injections of lorazepam and fosphenytoin suppressed seizures and improved survival but only when applied prior to seizure onset and not after. These findings together suggest that seizures are a major contributing factor to acute mortality in aging mice following severe brain ischemia and that early anticonvulsive treatment may prevent seizure genesis and improve overall outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Wang
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chiping Wu
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessie Peng
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nisarg Patel
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yayi Huang
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoxing Gao
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salman Aljarallah
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - James H. Eubanks
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Liang Zhang
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Wu C, Wang J, Peng J, Patel N, Huang Y, Gao X, Aljarallah S, Eubanks JH, McDonald R, Zhang L. Modeling early-onset post-ischemic seizures in aging mice. Exp Neurol 2015; 271:1-12. [PMID: 25943585 PMCID: PMC4758832 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of seizures and epilepsy in the aged population, with post-stroke seizures being a poor prognostic factor. The pathological processes underlying post-stroke seizures are not well understood and studies of these seizures in aging/aged animals remain scarce. Therefore, our primary objective was to model post-stroke seizures in aging mice (C57 black strain, 16-20 months-old), with a focus on early-onset, convulsive seizures that occur within 24-hours of brain ischemia. We utilized a middle cerebral artery occlusion model and examined seizure activity and brain injury using combined behavioral and electroencephalographic monitoring and histological assessments. Aging mice exhibited vigorous convulsive seizures within hours of the middle cerebral artery occlusion. These seizures manifested with jumping, rapid running, barrel-rolling and/or falling all in the absence of hippocampal-cortical electrographic discharges. Seizure development was closely associated with severe brain injury and acute mortality. Anticonvulsive treatments after seizure occurrence offered temporary seizure control but failed to improve animal survival. A separate cohort of adult mice (6-8 months-old) exhibited analogous early-onset convulsive seizures following the middle cerebral artery occlusion but had better survival outcomes following anticonvulsive treatment. Collectively, our data suggest that early-onset convulsive seizures are a result of severe brain ischemia in aging animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiping Wu
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Justin Wang
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Jessie Peng
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Nisarg Patel
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Yayi Huang
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Xiaoxing Gao
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Salman Aljarallah
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - James H Eubanks
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada; Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Liang Zhang
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada; Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Canada.
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18
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El Amki M, Clavier T, Perzo N, Bernard R, Guichet PO, Castel H. Hypothalamic, thalamic and hippocampal lesions in the mouse MCAO model: Potential involvement of deep cerebral arteries? J Neurosci Methods 2015. [PMID: 26213218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intraluminal monofilament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) in mice is the most used rodent model to study the pathophysiology of stroke. However, this model often shows brain damage in regions not supplied by the MCA such as the hypothalamus, hippocampus and thalamus. Several studies have suggested some explanations on these localized infarcts. We aim to provide an alternative explanation which could allow each experimenter to better grasp the MCAO model. We propose that the MCA occlusion by the monofilament also occludes deep and small cerebral arteries arising directly from the internal carotid artery, proximally to the origin of MCA. Then, drawbacks and pitfalls of the MCAO model must be appreciated and the almost systematic risk of inducing lesions in some unwanted territories for neuroanatomical reasons, i.e. vascular connections between deep arteries and hypothalamic, thalamic and hippocampal areas in rodents has to be integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El Amki
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - Thomas Clavier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Perzo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - René Bernard
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre-Olivier Guichet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Hélène Castel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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19
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Xu CS, Liu AC, Chen J, Pan ZY, Wan Q, Li ZQ, Wang ZF. Overactivation of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors through entorhinal-hippocampal connection initiates accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in rat hippocampus after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Neurochem 2015; 134:566-77. [PMID: 25903928 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Shi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery; Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - An-Chun Liu
- Department of Physiology; Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Physiology; Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Zhi-Yong Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery; Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Qi Wan
- Department of Physiology; Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery; Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei China
- Cerebral Vascular Diseases Center; Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Ze-Fen Wang
- Department of Physiology; Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences; Wuhan Hubei China
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20
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Kanazawa M, Kawamura K, Takahashi T, Miura M, Tanaka Y, Koyama M, Toriyabe M, Igarashi H, Nakada T, Nishihara M, Nishizawa M, Shimohata T. Multiple therapeutic effects of progranulin on experimental acute ischaemic stroke. Brain 2015; 138:1932-48. [PMID: 25838514 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, progranulin, a glycoprotein growth factor, plays a crucial role in maintaining physiological functions, and progranulin gene mutations cause TAR DNA-binding protein-43-positive frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Although several studies have reported that progranulin plays a protective role against ischaemic brain injury, little is known about temporal changes in the expression level, cellular localization, and glycosylation status of progranulin after acute focal cerebral ischaemia. In addition, the precise mechanisms by which progranulin exerts protective effects on ischaemic brain injury remains unknown. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of progranulin against acute focal cerebral ischaemia, including combination treatment with tissue plasminogen activator, remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to determine temporal changes in the expression and localization of progranulin after ischaemia as well as the therapeutic effects of progranulin on ischaemic brain injury using in vitro and in vivo models. First, we demonstrated a dynamic change in progranulin expression in ischaemic Sprague-Dawley rats, including increased levels of progranulin expression in microglia within the ischaemic core, and increased levels of progranulin expression in viable neurons as well as induction of progranulin expression in endothelial cells within the ischaemic penumbra. We also demonstrated that the fully glycosylated mature secretory isoform of progranulin (∼88 kDa) decreased, whereas the glycosylated immature isoform of progranulin (58-68 kDa) markedly increased at 24 h and 72 h after reperfusion. In vitro experiments using primary cells from C57BL/6 mice revealed that the glycosylated immature isoform was secreted only from the microglia. Second, we demonstrated that progranulin could protect against acute focal cerebral ischaemia by a variety of mechanisms including attenuation of blood-brain barrier disruption, neuroinflammation suppression, and neuroprotection. We found that progranulin could regulate vascular permeability via vascular endothelial growth factor, suppress neuroinflammation after ischaemia via anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 in the microglia, and render neuroprotection in part by inhibition of cytoplasmic redistribution of TAR DNA-binding protein-43 as demonstrated in progranulin knockout mice (C57BL/6 background). Finally, we demonstrated the therapeutic potential of progranulin against acute focal cerebral ischaemia using a rat autologous thrombo-embolic model with delayed tissue plasminogen activator treatment. Intravenously administered recombinant progranulin reduced cerebral infarct and oedema, suppressed haemorrhagic transformation, and improved motor outcomes (P = 0.007, 0.038, 0.007 and 0.004, respectively). In conclusion, progranulin may be a novel therapeutic target that provides vascular protection, anti-neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection related in part to vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin 10, and TAR DNA-binding protein-43, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kanazawa
- 1 Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kunio Kawamura
- 1 Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takahashi
- 1 Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Minami Miura
- 1 Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tanaka
- 2 Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misaki Koyama
- 1 Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masafumi Toriyabe
- 1 Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hironaka Igarashi
- 3 Department of Centre for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakada
- 3 Department of Centre for Integrated Human Brain Science, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masugi Nishihara
- 2 Department of Veterinary Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoyo Nishizawa
- 1 Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Shimohata
- 1 Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Effects of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic episodes on late seizure outcomes in C57 black mice. Epilepsy Res 2015; 111:142-9. [PMID: 25769378 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined brain injury and seizures in adult C57 black mice (C57/BL6) that underwent neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) episodes. Mouse pups of 7 days-old underwent a ligation of the right common carotid artery and a subsequent hypoxic challenge (8% O2 for 45min). Post-HI mice were implanted with intracranial electrodes at 2-3 months of age, subjected to behavioral/EEG recordings and hippocampal electrical stimulation in next several months and then euthanized for brain histological assessments at ages of 11-12 months. Histological assessment revealed ipsilateral brain infarctions in 9 post-HI animals. Evident motor seizures were found to occur in only 2 animals with histologically identified cystic infarctions but not in the 21 post-HI animals with or without infarctions. In response to the hippocampal stimulation, post-HI animals were less prone than sham controls to evoked motor seizures. We thus suggest that adult C57 black mice may have low propensity of developing epileptic seizures following the neonatal HI episode. Our present observations may be relevant to future investigation of post-HI epileptogenesis in mouse models.
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22
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Lee S, Hong Y, Park S, Lee SR, Chang KT, Hong Y. Comparison of surgical methods of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion between rats and mice. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1555-61. [PMID: 25649935 PMCID: PMC4300368 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent models of focal cerebral ischemia that do not require craniotomy have been
developed by intraluminal suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Mouse MCAo
models have been widely used and extended to genetic studies of cell death or recovery
mechanisms. Therefore, we compared surgery-related parameters and techniques between such
rats and mice. In rodent MCAo models, has to be considered body temperature during the
operative period, as well as the need for the use of a standardized tip in terms of the
outer diameter of probes. Induction of focal cerebral ischemia was measured by
neurological dysfunction parameters. Our methods could induce stable moderate-severity
ischemic brain injury models and histological alteration at 24 hr after MCAo surgery.
Moreover approximately 80% (rats) and 85% (mice) survival ratios were shown indicating
with model engineering success. Finally, we described and compared major parameters
between rats and mice, including probe size, thread insert length, operation and occlusion
periods, and differences in the procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghoon Lee
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
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23
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Chin Y, Kishi M, Sekino M, Nakajo F, Abe Y, Terazono Y, Hiroyuki O, Kato F, Koizumi S, Gachet C, Hisatsune T. Involvement of glial P2Y₁ receptors in cognitive deficit after focal cerebral stroke in a rodent model. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:95. [PMID: 23890321 PMCID: PMC3733849 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is associated with many conditions that lead to dementia, such as cerebrovascular disorders or Alzheimer's disease. However, the specific role of neuroinflammation in the progression of cognitive deficits remains unclear. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these events we used a rodent model of focal cerebral stroke, which causes deficits in hippocampus-dependent cognitive function. METHODS Cerebral stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Hippocampus-dependent cognitive function was evaluated by a contextual fear conditioning test. The glial neuroinflammatory responses were investigated by immunohistochemical evaluation and diffusion tensor MRI (DTI). We used knockout mice for P2Y₁ (P2Y₁KO), a glial ADP/ATP receptor that induces the release of proinflammatory cytokines, to examine the links among P2Y₁-mediated signaling, the neuroinflammatory response, and cognitive function. RESULTS Declines in cognitive function and glial neuroinflammatory response were observed after MCAO in both rats and mice. Changes in the hippocampal tissue were detected by DTI as the mean diffusivity (MD) value, which corresponded with the cognitive decline at 4 days, 1 week, 3 weeks, and 2 months after MCAO. Interestingly, the P2Y₁KO mice with MCAO showed a decline in sensory-motor function, but not in cognition. Furthermore, the P2Y₁KO mice showed neither a hippocampal glial neuroinflammatory response (as assessed by immunohistochemistry) nor a change in hippocampal MD value after MCAO. In addition, wild-type mice treated with a P2Y₁-specific antagonist immediately after reperfusion did not show cognitive decline. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that glial P2Y₁ receptors are involved in the hippocampal inflammatory response. The findings from this study may contribute to the development of a therapeutic strategy for brain infarction, targeting the P2Y₁ receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Chin
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
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24
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Hu X, Zhang Y, Li W, Liu J, Li Y. Preconditioning with sevoflurane ameliorates spatial learning and memory deficit after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:328-33. [PMID: 23628555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that sevoflurane could attenuate cerebral neuron necrosis and apoptosis in ischemia-reperfusion models in rats. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of preconditioning with sevoflurane on spatial learning and memory ability after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats and its potential mechanisms. Focal cerebral ischemia was performed via 1h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion. Before ischemia, rats were subjected to preconditioning with inhalation of 2.4% sevoflurane for 1h. The spatial learning and memory ability of rats was measured by the Morris water maze. The activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in hippocampus CA1 region was observed by immunohistochemistry method. We found MCAO elicited a significant decrease of the ability of spatial learning and memory in contrast to the sham surgery controls. However, preconditioning with sevoflurane resulted in significantly ameliorates spatial learning and memory deficit induced by MCAO. Furthermore, the number of ChAT positive cells in hippocampus CA1 region in sevoflurane preconditioning group was striking more than that of ischemia-reperfusion group. All results suggested that preconditioning with 2.4% sevoflurane could ameliorate the ability of spatial learning and memory after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats via protecting the cholinergic neurons in hippocampal CA1 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, PR China
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25
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Yuan F, Tang Y, Lin X, Xi Y, Guan Y, Xiao T, Chen J, Zhang Z, Yang GY, Wang Y. Optimizing Suture Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model in C57BL/6 Mice Circumvents Posterior Communicating Artery Dysplasia. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:1499-505. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Falei Yuan
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Xi
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjing Guan
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiqiao Xiao
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Xie M, Yi C, Luo X, Xu S, Yu Z, Tang Y, Zhu W, Du Y, Jia L, Zhang Q, Dong Q, Zhu W, Zhang X, Bu B, Wang W. Glial gap junctional communication involvement in hippocampal damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Ann Neurol 2011; 70:121-32. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.22386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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27
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Complexities, Confounders, and Challenges in Experimental Stroke Research: A Checklist for Researchers and Reviewers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-750-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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28
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Kuraoka M, Furuta T, Matsuwaki T, Omatsu T, Ishii Y, Kyuwa S, Yoshikawa Y. Direct experimental occlusion of the distal middle cerebral artery induces high reproducibility of brain ischemia in mice. Exp Anim 2009; 58:19-29. [PMID: 19151508 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.58.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several investigators have used murine models to investigate the pathophysiology of brain ischemia. The focal ischemic model is a closer approximation to human stroke which includes a necrotic core, penumbra, and undamaged tissue. Occlusion of a unilateral artery, especially the middle cerebral artery (MCA), is performed in this model, but collateral circulation often induces variation of ischemic lesions both qualitatively and quantitatively. It is likely that the more proximal the artery which is unilaterally occluded is, the more inconsistent the outcomes. The present study was designed to examine the reproducibility of infarct lesion by distal or proximal artery occlusion. Direct occlusion of the distal MCA was performed and compared with unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO) in C57BL/6 mice. Direct MCA occlusion (MCAO) consistently induced ischemic lesions in cortical areas. All model animals (n=14) survived 24 h after occlusion, and exhibited a maximum infarct volume (20.0 +/- 5.0%). In contrast, permanent and transient unilateral CCAO models had mortality rates of 62.5 and 25.0%, and showed severe to absent lesions with the infarct volumes of 29.0 +/- 20.8 and 33.2 +/- 24.2%, respectively. In conclusion, distal MCAO produces high reproducibility of ischemic insults and survivability compared to unilateral CCAO. Thus, distal MCAO is a useful method for the focal ischemic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuki Kuraoka
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Ma J, Zhao L, Nowak TS. Selective, reversible occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats by an intraluminal approach. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 156:76-83. [PMID: 16581135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
These studies optimized design and application of an intraluminal filament method to achieve selective middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in rats. Silicone plugs of 300 microm diameter and 700-800 microm length were molded onto 6-0 suture. These were introduced into Wistar rats previously fitted with telemetric probes, using established placement procedures, with and without heparinization. Temperature and activity were monitored for 3 days, after which lesion volumes were assessed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Optimized filaments entered the MCA in 85% of Wistar rats, failures being attributable to anatomical variation at its origin from the internal carotid artery. Infarcts restricted to the MCA territory were apparent after 90 min occlusion, and maximal after 3 h occlusion. Intraischemic hyperthermia was noted in a third of occlusions performed without heparin, but never with anticoagulant treatment. Permanent occlusions were also evaluated in Fisher, Lewis, Long-Evans, Spontaneously Hypertensive and Sprague-Dawley rats, and Wistar rats from a second supplier, and compared with data for surgical MCA occlusions. Success rates varied among strains, but infarct volumes correlated with those obtained after surgical occlusions in respective populations. These studies demonstrate the feasibility and limitations of reversible and selective intraluminal filament occlusion of the MCA in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianya Ma
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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30
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Yang SH, Shetty RA, Liu R, Sumien N, Heinrich KR, Rutledge M, Thangthaeng N, Brun-Zinkernagel AM, Forster MJ. Endovascular middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats as a model for studying vascular dementia. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 28:297-307. [PMID: 22253496 PMCID: PMC3259150 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-006-9026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD), incorporating cognitive dysfunction with vascular disease, ranks as the second leading cause of dementia in the United States, yet no effective treatment is currently available. The challenge of defining the pathological substrates of VaD is complicated by the heterogeneous nature of cerebrovascular disease and coexistence of other pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) types of lesion. The use of rodent models of ischemic stroke may help to elucidate the type of lesions that are responsible for cognitive impairment in humans. Endovascular middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in rats is considered to be a convenient and reliable model of human cerebral ischemia. Both sensorimotor and cognitive dysfunction can be induced in the rat endovascular MCA occlusion model, yet sensorimotor deficits induced by endovascular MCA occlusion may improve with time, whereas data presented in this review suggest that in rats this model can result in a progressive course of cognitive impairment that is consistent with the clinical progression of VaD. Thus far, experimental studies using this model have demonstrated a direct interaction of cerebral ischemic damage and AD-type neuropathologies in the primary ischemic area. Further, coincident to the progressive decline of cognitive function, a delayed neurodegeneration in a remote area, distal to the primary ischemic area, the hippocampus, has been demonstrated in a rat endovascular MCA occlusion model. We argue that this model could be employed to study VaD and provide insight into some of the pathophysiological mechanisms of VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Yang
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Ritu A. Shetty
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Nathalie Sumien
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Kevin R. Heinrich
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Margaret Rutledge
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Nopporn Thangthaeng
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Anne-Marie Brun-Zinkernagel
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Michael J. Forster
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
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31
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Block F, Dihné M, Loos M. Inflammation in areas of remote changes following focal brain lesion. Prog Neurobiol 2005; 75:342-65. [PMID: 15925027 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Focal brain lesions can lead to metabolic and structural changes in areas distant from but connected to the lesion site. After focal ischemic or excitotoxic lesions of the cortex and/or striatum, secondary changes have been observed in the thalamus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, hippocampus and spinal cord. In all these regions, inflammatory changes characterized by activation of microglia and astrocytes appear. In the thalamus, substantia nigra pars reticulata and hippocampus, an expression of proinflammatory cytokine like tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta is induced. However, time course of expression and cellular localisation differ between these regions. Neuronal damage has consistently been observed in the thalamus, substantia nigra and spinal cord. It can be present in the hippocampus depending on the procedure of induction of focal cerebral ischemia. This secondary neuronal damage has been linked to antero- and retrograde degeneration. Anterograde degeneration is associated with somewhat later expression of cytokines, which is localised in neurons. In case of retrograde degeneration, the expression of cytokines is earlier and is localised in astrocytes. Pharmacological intervention aiming at reducing expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha leads to reduction of secondary neuronal damage. These first results suggest that the inflammatory changes in remote areas might be involved in the pathogenesis of secondary neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Block
- Department of Neurology UK Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52057 Aachen, Germany.
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32
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Duckworth EAM, Butler TL, De Mesquita D, Collier SN, Collier L, Pennypacker KR. Temporary focal ischemia in the mouse: Technical aspects and patterns of Fluoro-Jade evident neurodegeneration. Brain Res 2005; 1042:29-36. [PMID: 15823250 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of cerebral infarction are crucial to understanding the mechanisms of neuronal survival following ischemic brain injury and to the development of therapeutic interventions for victims of all types of stroke. Rodents have been used extensively in such research. One rodent model of stroke utilizes either permanent or temporary occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) to produce ischemia. Since the development of an endovascular method for this was published in 1989, MCAO has been applied commonly to the rat, and often paired with 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining for stroke volume measurement. Meanwhile, advances in the ability to genetically alter mice have allowed exciting lines of research into ischemia. Because of technical demands and issues with survival, relatively few laboratories have investigated the MCAO method in the mouse. Our present work utilizes a mouse middle cerebral occlusion (MCAO) model of embolic stroke to study neuronal degeneration following temporary focal cerebral ischemia. C57Bl/6J mice were used to examine the exact effects of MCAO using Fluoro-Jade, a marker of neurodegeneration that allows observation of specific brain regions and cells destined to die. A time course of escalating neuronal degeneration from 10 min to 7 days following MCAO was established. Technical aspects of this popular method for transient focal ischemia as it applies to the mouse are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A M Duckworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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33
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von Arnim CAF, Verstege E, Riepe MW. Strain dependence of receptor regulation on chemical preconditioning in mice hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2004; 365:171-5. [PMID: 15246542 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2004] [Revised: 04/14/2004] [Accepted: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
While one current focus for studying mechanisms of disease is investigation of transgenic mice confounding effects of the background strain often are neglected. We investigated mRNA expression of known markers of hypoxic tolerance by a semiquantitative RT-PCR (adenosine receptors (A1 and A3), nitric oxide synthases (eNOS and nNOS), APP production, progesterone receptor, and estrogen receptors alpha and beta) in CD-1, C3H, and B6 mice. We found differences in the baseline mRNA expression of adenosine A3 receptors in C3H mice and neuronal NOS in B6 mice as well as a distinct regulation of adenosine A3 receptors and estrogen receptor beta (no changes in C3H and B6 compared to upregulation in CD-1) on treatment of animals with a low dosage of 3-nitropropionate (20mg/kg body weight, i.p.). We conclude that the choice of background strain may confound interpretation of the effects of specific transgens in the study of the mechanisms of primary and induced hypoxic tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/biosynthesis
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics
- Animals
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Estrogen Receptor alpha
- Estrogen Receptor beta
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
- Nitro Compounds
- Propionates/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Adenosine A1/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Adenosine A1/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- C A F von Arnim
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Steinhövelstrasse 1, 89075 Ulm, Germany
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34
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Dahlqvist P, Rönnbäck A, Bergström SA, Söderström I, Olsson T. Environmental enrichment reverses learning impairment in the Morris water maze after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:2288-98. [PMID: 15090055 DOI: 10.1111/j.0953-816x.2004.03248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is common after ischemic stroke. In rodent stroke models using occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) this is reflected by impaired spatial memory associated with the size of the ischemic lesion. Housing in an enriched environment enhances brain plasticity and improves recovery of sensorimotor functions after experimental stroke in rats. In this study we report that postischemic housing in an enriched environment also attenuates the long-term spatial memory impairment after MCA occlusion and extinguishes the association between spatial memory and infarct volume. An enriched environment did not significantly alter the expression of selected neuronal plasticity-associated genes 1 month after MCA occlusion, indicating that most of the adaptive changes induced by an enriched environment have already occurred at this time point. We conclude that the attenuated memory impairment induced by environmental enrichment after MCA occlusion provides a useful model for further studies on the neurobiological mechanisms of recovery of cognitive functions after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Dahlqvist
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, S-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
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35
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Goto S, Sampei K, Alkayed NJ, Doré S, Koehler RC. Characterization of a new double-filament model of focal cerebral ischemia in heme oxygenase-2-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285:R222-30. [PMID: 12663258 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00067.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Variations in vascular anatomy in knockout mouse strains can influence infarct volume after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion (MCAO). In wild-type (WT) and heme oxygenase-2 gene-deleted (HO2-/-) mice, infarcts were not reproducibly achieved with the standard intraluminal filament technique. The present study characterizes a double-filament model of MCAO, which was developed to produce consistent infarcts in both WT and HO2-/- mice. Diameters of most cerebral arteries were similar in WT and HO2-/- mice, although the posterior communicating artery size was variable. In halothane-anesthetized mice, two 6-0 monofilaments with blunted tips were inserted into the left internal carotid artery 6.0 and 4.5 mm past the pterygopalatine artery junction to reside distal and proximal to the origin of the MCA. The tissue "volume at risk" determined by brief dye perfusion in WT (59 +/- 2% of hemisphere; +/-SE) was similar to HO2-/- (62 +/- 4%). The volume of tissue with cerebral blood flow <50 ml.min(-1).100 g(-1) was similar in WT (35 +/- 9%) and HO2-/- (36 +/- 11%) during MCAO and at 3 h of reperfusion (<2%). After 1 h MCAO, infarct volume was greater in HO2-/- (44 +/- 6%) than WT (25 +/- 3%). After increasing MCAO duration to 2 h, the difference between HO2-/- (47 +/- 4%) and WT (36 +/- 3%) diminished, but infarct volume remained substantially less than the volume at risk. Infusion of tin protoporphyrin IX, an HO inhibitor, during reperfusion after 1 h MCAO increased infarct volume in WT but not significantly in HO2-/- mice, although infarct volume remained less than the volume at risk. Thus greater infarct volume in HO2-/- mice is not attributable to a greater volume at risk, lower intraischemic blood flow, or poor reflow, but rather to a neuroprotective effect of HO2 activity. The double-filament model may be of use as an alternative in other murine knockout strains in which the standard filament model does not yield consistent infarcts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shozo Goto
- Dept. of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 600 N. Wolfe St., Blalock 1404, Baltimore, MD 21287-4961, USA
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Scholz H, Wagner N. Cerebral ischemia in heme oxygenase-2-deficient mice: the second filament makes the difference. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285:R28-9. [PMID: 12793990 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00189.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ardehali MR, Rondouin G. Microsurgical intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rodents. Acta Neurol Scand 2003; 107:267-75. [PMID: 12675700 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2003.00010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Focal brain ischemia induced in rodents by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is a widely used paradigm of human brain infarct. The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness and reproducibility of MCA filament occlusion model in rats and mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 140 rodents (69 rats and 71 mice) were operated. Ninety-five animals were subjected to MCA occlusion; the surgical procedure consisted of introducing an uncoated surgical nylon monofilament into the cervical common carotid artery (CCA) and advancing it intracranially to permanently block blood flow into the right MCA. Forty-five sham-occluded rodents underwent CCA ligation. Surgical success, autopsy confirmed success and mortality rate were evaluated. Effective MCA occlusion was confirmed by the evidence of motor neurological deficit, by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). IHC was performed in a randomly selected number of animals to detect the protein product of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The brain tissue in mice was examined by RT-PCR for the expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha mRNA. RESULTS Surgical success rate was 89% in the rats, significantly lower than that in the mice (100%, P < 0.05). Autopsy confirmed success rate in the rats, 60%, was also significantly different from that in the mice (92.5%, P < 0.001). The operative mortality rate was 4.3% in the rats and 15% in the mice. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that the microsurgical filament occlusion of the MCA can be more successfully performed in mice. The lower rate of success in rats seems to be as a result of the architecture of the carotid canal in this animal. No previous reports, using a considerable number of animals, have compared the feasibility of intraluminal model in the rat with that in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Ardehali
- National Center of Scientific Research, CNRS, UPR 9023, Montpellier, France.
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Loos M, Dihné M, Block F. Tumor necrosis factor-α expression in areas of remote degeneration following middle cerebral artery occlusion of the rat. Neuroscience 2003; 122:373-80. [PMID: 14614903 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Remote areas undergoing delayed neuronal degeneration after focal brain ischemia display a preceding glial activation. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines there has not been examined so far. We examined the expression of TNFalpha in the thalamus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) 1, 3 and 7 days after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) of the rat. We used antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), OX-42, NeuN and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) for immunohistochemistry/double-immunofluorescent labeling to investigate the time course of glial activation and the cellular localization of TNFalpha. Neuronal degeneration was measured by means of cell counting in Nissl-stained sections. In the ipsilateral thalamus, TNFalpha was upregulated already 1 day after MCAO. Microglia and astroglia were activated after 3 days. A cellular colocalisation of GFAP and TNFalpha was observed. Neuronal degeneration was evident at day 14. In the SNr, TNFalpha expression was enhanced 3 days after MCAO. Microglia was activated after 3 days and astroglia after 7 days. A cellular colocalisation of NeuN and TNFalpha was observed. Neuronal degeneration was evident at day 14. Thus, in both areas, expression of TNFalpha precedes astrogliosis and neuronal degeneration. The different patterns of TNFalpha upregulation of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and the thalamus following middle cerebral artery occlusion may reflect different pathophysiological mechanisms leading to remote neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Loos
- Department of Neurology, Rheinisch Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52057 Aachen, Germany.
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Dihné M, Grommes C, Lutzenburg M, Witte OW, Block F. Different mechanisms of secondary neuronal damage in thalamic nuclei after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 2002; 33:3006-11. [PMID: 12468804 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000039406.64644.cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE After focal cerebral ischemia, depending on its localization and extent, secondary neuronal damage may occur that is remote from the initial lesion. In this study differences in secondary damage of the ventroposterior thalamic nucleus (VPN) and the reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) were investigated with the use of different ischemia models. METHODS Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) leads to cortical infarction, including parts of the basal ganglia such as the globus pallidus, and to widespread edema. Photothrombotic ischemia generates pure cortical infarcts sparing the basal ganglia and with only minor edema. Neuronal degeneration was quantified within the ipsilateral RTN and VPN 14 days after ischemia. Glial reactions were studied with the use of immunohistochemistry. RESULTS MCAO resulted in delayed neuronal cell loss of the ipsilateral VPN and RTN. Glial activation occurred in both nuclei beginning after 24 hours. Photothrombotic ischemia resulted in delayed neuronal cell loss only within the VPN. Even 2 weeks after photothrombotic ischemia, glial activation could only be seen within the VPN. CONCLUSIONS Pure cortical infarcts after photothrombotic ischemia, without major edema and without effects on the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia, only lead to secondary VPN damage that is possibly due to retrograde degeneration. MCAO, which results in infarction of cortex and globus pallidus and which causes widespread edema, leads to secondary damage in the VPN and RTN. Thus, additional RTN damage may be due to loss of protective GABAergic input from the globus pallidus to the RTN or due to the extensive edema. Retrograde degeneration is not possible because the RTN, in contrast to the VPN, has no efferents to the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Dihné
- Department of Neurology, Rheinisch Westfälische Technische Hochschule-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Unal I, Gürsoy-Ozdemir Y, Bolay H, Söylemezoglu F, Saribaş O, Dalkara T. Chronic daily administration of selegiline and EGb 761 increases brain's resistance to ischemia in mice. Brain Res 2001; 917:174-81. [PMID: 11640903 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02914-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Brief cerebral ischemia is reported to cause selective neuronal necrosis, apoptotic cell death, silent infarcts and, when recurrent, cognitive decline. Acute administration of selegiline and EGb 761 have been shown to have anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects in experimental ischemia. Their daily use is currently advised to slow down cognitive decline in patients with vascular dementia. Hence, unlike previous studies, we studied the neuroprotective action of chronic daily administration of these drugs in Swiss mice subjected to 30-min middle cerebral artery occlusion and 72 h of reperfusion since this model was reported to induce a slowly evolving infarct with profuse apoptotic cell death. Infarct area was evaluated by H&E staining on coronal brain sections and, apoptotic cells were identified by histological criteria, terminal transferase-mediated d-UTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by immunohistochemical detection of caspase-cleaved actin fragments (fractin). Fifty-one mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg/kg selegiline (n=18) or 50 mg/kg EGb 761 (n=17) or equal volume of saline (n=16) for 10-14 days before but not on the day of insult. The infarct volume, number of TUNEL- and fractin-positive cells were significantly reduced in treatment groups by 30, 42 and 51% (selegiline) and, 27, 27 and 29% (EGb 761), respectively. These data suggest that prophylactic use of selegiline and EGb 761 could increase the brain's resistance to mild ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Unal
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
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Gürsoy-Ozdemir Y, Bolay H, Saribaş O, Dalkara T. Role of endothelial nitric oxide generation and peroxynitrite formation in reperfusion injury after focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2000; 31:1974-80; discussion 1981. [PMID: 10926966 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.31.8.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Reperfusion injury is one of the factors that unfavorably affects stroke outcome and shortens the window of opportunity for thrombolysis. Surges of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide generation on reperfusion have been demonstrated. Concomitant generation of these radicals can lead to formation of the strong oxidant peroxynitrite during reperfusion. METHODS We have examined the role of NO generation and peroxynitrite formation on reperfusion injury in a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (2 hours) and reperfusion (22 hours). The infarct volume was assessed by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining; blood-brain barrier permeability was evaluated by Evans blue extravasation. Nitrotyrosine formation and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Infarct volume was significantly decreased (47%) in animals treated with the nonselective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA) at reperfusion. The specific inhibitor of neuronal NOS, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), given at reperfusion, showed no protection, although preischemic treatment with 7-NI decreased infarct volume by 40%. Interestingly, prereperfusion administration of both NOS inhibitors decreased tyrosine nitration (a marker of peroxynitrite toxicity) in the ischemic area. L-NA treatment also significantly reduced vascular damage, as indicated by decreased Evans blue extravasation and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that in addition to the detrimental action of NO formed by neuronal NOS during ischemia, NO generation at reperfusion plays a significant role in reperfusion injury, possibly through peroxynitrite formation. Contrary to L-NA, failure of 7-NI to protect against reperfusion injury suggests that the source of NO is the cerebrovascular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gürsoy-Ozdemir
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, and Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Tanaka K, Nogawa S, Nagata E, Ito D, Suzuki S, Dembo T, Kosakai A, Fukuuchi Y. Persistent CREB phosphorylation with protection of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons following temporary occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the rat. Exp Neurol 2000; 161:462-71. [PMID: 10686068 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1999.7313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the DNA-binding transcription factor, cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), was immunohistochemically examined in rat brain hippocampal CA1 in order to examine the ischemic vulnerability of this region from the viewpoint of CREB activation. The rat brain had been subjected to 90-min focal ischemia followed by various periods of recirculation. Focal ischemia was induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery using the intraluminal suture method. CA1 pyramidal neurons in the sham animals showed definite immunoreactivity with anti-CREB antibody, which binds to both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated CREB, while reactivity with anti-phosphorylated CREB antibody was barely detectable in these neurons. In contrast, at 3.5 h of recirculation, a significant increase in the number of phosphorylated CREB-positive neurons was noted in the CA1 on both sides, and the increase continued until 48 h of recirculation with a tendency for gradual decline. At each period, the ischemic side showed a more marked increase in the number of immunoreactive cells as compared to the nonischemic side. Cresyl violet staining revealed CA1 pyramidal neurons to be maintained intact until 14 day of recirculation, at which time CREB phosphorylation has returned to the control level. Transient global ischemia is known to induce only mild CREB phosphorylation in the CA1 followed by a frank neuronal loss in this region. These data suggest that CREB phosphorylation can be persistently activated in CA1 neurons after focal ischemia and that this phenomenon may be closely associated with protection of these neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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