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Hubbell JAE, Muir WW, Gorenberg E, Hopster K. A review of equine anesthetic induction: Are all equine anesthetic inductions "crash" inductions? J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 139:105130. [PMID: 38879096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Horses are the most challenging of the common companion animals to anesthetize. Induction of anesthesia in the horse is complicated by the fact that it is accompanied by a transition from a conscious standing position to uncconconscious recumbency. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on induction of anesthesia with a focus on the behavioral and physiologic/pharmacodynamic responses and the actions and interactions of the drugs administered to induce anesthesia in the healthy adult horse with the goal of increasing consistency and predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William W Muir
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Emma Gorenberg
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Klaus Hopster
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. Kennett Square, PA, USA
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Mascaró Triedo CE, Karar S, Abunemeh M, Portier K. Effect of nose twitching on the pupillary dilation in awake and anesthetized horses. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1412755. [PMID: 39036796 PMCID: PMC11258756 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1412755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pupillometry is used in humans to monitor pain, nociception and analgesia. This single-center, non-randomized, non-blinded intervention trial, evaluated the effect of nose twitching on the pupil size in awake, sedated, and anesthetized horses. Pupil height (H) and length (L) were measured before (Be) and after (Af) nose twitching in fourteen non-painful adult awake horses (T0). The percentage of variation (PSV) was calculated (PSVTn = [(TnAf-TnBe)/TnBe]*100). Measurements were repeated (Tn) after acepromazine (0.04 mg kg-1 IV) (T1), romifidine (0.04 mg kg-1 IV) (T2), morphine (0.1 mg kg-1 IV) (T3), after anesthesia induction with diazepam (0.05 mg kg-1 IV) and ketamine (2.2 mg kg-1 IV), at the time the horse was placed on the operating table (T4) and when the expiratory fraction of sevoflurane was 2% (T5). HAf vs. HBe, LAf vs. LBe as well as PSVH vs. PSVL at each time were compared with a Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon test. The PSVL and PSVH, as well as HBe and LBe over time were compared with the Skillings-Mack test followed by a Wilcoxon test for paired data to make pairwise comparisons (Tn + 1 vs. Tn). In non-sedated horses (T0), the application of the nose twitch induced a significant increase in pupil length (LT0Be: 17.09 [16.05; 19.67] mm versus LT0Af: 19.52 [18.74; 21.40]) mm (p = 0.004). Thirty minutes after acepromazine administration (T1), nose twitching induced a significant increase in pupil length (LT1Be: 16.45 [14.80; 18.66] mm versus LT1Af 18.31 [17.20; 20.52] mm) (p = 0.016) and height (HT1Be: 8.44 [5.68; 12.04] mm versus HT1Af: 11.09 [7.97; 14.3] mm) (p < 0.001). PSVHT1 was significantly greater than PSVLT1 (p = 0.025). PSVH was higher at T1 than at T0 (p = 0.04). It was also significantly higher at T1 than at T2 (p < 0.001). Romifidine induced mydriasis (HT2Be 16.95 [14.73; 18.77] mm versus HT1Be 8.44 [5.68; 12.04] mm) (p < 0,001) (LT2Be 19.66 [18.45; 20.41] mm versus LT1Be 16.45 [14.80; 18.66] mm) (p < 0.001). The results suggest that nose twitching induced a pupillary dilation in the awake horse. This effect was potentiated after the administration of acepromazine but disappeared after the administration of romifidine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahra Karar
- VetAgro Sup, CREFAC, Université de Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Maha Abunemeh
- VetAgro Sup, CREFAC, Université de Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Karine Portier
- VetAgro Sup, CREFAC, Université de Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, France
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM, CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Trajectoire, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
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Marzok M, Almubarak AI, Kandeel M, El-Khodery S. Comparing the anti-nociceptive, sedative and clinicophysiological effects of epidural detomidine, detomidine-lidocaine and lidocaine in donkeys. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2479. [PMID: 36544432 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidural analgesia using the alpha-2 agonist detomidine (DE), alone or in combination with lidocaine (LD), is frequently employed for standing surgical procedures in horses, but its use has not been evaluated in donkeys. METHODS In a randomised controlled prospective trial, 24 healthy adult donkeys were assigned to four groups (n = 6), each receiving 40 μg/kg of DE, 0.22 mg/kg of LD, combined DE and LD (DELD) or 0.9% sterile normal saline epidurally. After epidural injection of each treatment, the onset, degree and duration of sedation and anatomical extension of anti-nociception were observed. RESULTS DE and DELD treatments resulted in complete bilateral analgesia with loss of sensation in the tail, perineum, inguinal area, chest and the caudal aspect of the upper pelvic limb, and extended distally to the dorsal metatarsal area. DE and DELD resulted in a significantly (p < 0.05) longer duration of anti-nociception (110 ± 15.4 min and 141.6 ± 14.7 min, respectively) than LD (75.8 ± 4.9 min). The DELD duration of sedation was significantly (p < 0.05) longer than the DE duration (118.3 ± 19.4 min and 108.3 ± 7.5 min, respectively). LIMITATION The current study's main limitation is using only one dose of DE. CONCLUSION DE and DELD produced a very effective, safe and acceptable sedative and analgesic effect in the perineal and inguinal regions of donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Adel I Almubarak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Sabry El-Khodery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Manosura, Egypt
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Canbar R, Uslu M, Arslan MS, Kızılay H. Determination of Embryotoxic effects of Atipamezole using in ovo model. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA DE LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS VETERINARIAS 2023. [DOI: 10.52973/rcfcv-e33230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Atipamezole is a specific α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and there exists insufficient information on its use during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to determine the embryotoxic activity of Atipamezole through an in ovo method. During the first stage of the study, 210 fertile eggs were divided into seven groups of 30 fertile eggs and placed in an incubator. On the seventh day of the first stage, no application was made to the control group. The second group was administered 50 microliters (µL) of saline solution, while the other groups were given Atipamezole at doses of 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25 and 15.62 micrograms·egg-1 (µg·egg-1) in 50 µL saline solution. In the second stage, according to the embryotoxic dose range determined from the first stage, 150 fertile eggs were divided into five groups of 30 fertile eggs and placed in an incubator. On the seventh day of the second stage, no application was made to the control group. Fifty µL of saline solution was administered to the second group. The other groups were given Atipamezole at doses of 220, 190 and 160 µg·egg-1 in 50 µL saline solution. After the incubation period, the eggs hatched, and the embryonic mortality rates were calculated. The mortality rate was determined to be 39.3% at the highest dose (250 µg·egg-1 = 5 miligrams·kilograms-1 –mg·kg-1–) (P<0.05), while the mortality rate at other doses was determined to be the same as the control group (P>0.05). In conclusion, it can be stated that the dose determined for Atipamezole in this study was very high compared to the recommended doses and it can be used in pregnancy as a benefit-loss calculation when necessary. However molecular or histopathological studies regarding the development of organ drafts are necessary to determine the safety of its use during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmi Canbar
- Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Konya, Turkey
| | - Muhittin Uslu
- Yozgat Bozok University, Department of Laboratory and Veterinary Health, Sefaatli Vocational College. Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sedat Arslan
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy. Konya, Turkey
| | - Harun Kızılay
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology. Konya, Turkey
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Ingrande J, Patel HH, Kendall D, Stefanska B, Alexander S, Bakhle M, Cirino G, Docherty JR, George CH, Insel PA, Ji Y, King BF, Lilley E, Panettieri RA, Ramage AG, Sobey CG, Stanford SC, Stephens G, Teixeira M, Vergnolle N, Ahluwalia A. Guidance for the use and reporting of anaesthetic agents in BJP manuscripts involving work with animals. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:255-263. [PMID: 36529953 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists who plan to publish in the British Journal of Pharmacology (BJP) should read this article before undertaking studies utilising anaesthetics in mammalian animals. This editorial identifies certain gaps in the reporting of details on the use of anaesthetics in animal research studies published in the BJP. The editorial also provides guidance, based upon current best practices, for performing in vivo experiments that require anaesthesia. In addition, mechanisms of action and physiological impact of specific anaesthetic agents are discussed. Our goal is to identify best practices and to provide guidance on the information required for manuscripts submitted to the BJP that involve the use of anaesthetic agents in studies with experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Ingrande
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hemal H Patel
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul A Insel
- University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yong Ji
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mauro Teixeira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Marzok M, Almubarak AI, Babiker H, Kandeel M, El-Hawari SF, El-khodery S. Comparative evaluation of sedative and anti-nociceptive effects of epidural romifidine, romifidine-lidocaine, and lidocaine in donkeys ( Equus asinus). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:966715. [PMID: 36570502 PMCID: PMC9768802 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.966715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Local and regional anesthetic procedures are valuable tools in veterinary practice. Caudal epidural administration of local anesthetic agents is widely reported for surgical interventions of the tail, anus, rectum, vulva, vagina, urethra, and bladder in the standing horse. Epidural analgesia is also obtained using various drugs such as alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists, dissociative anesthetics, and opioids. The present study evaluates the anti-nociceptive and sedative effects of epidural administration of romifidine, a romifidine-lidocaine combination, and lidocaine alone in donkeys. Materials and methods In a randomized prospective study, twenty-four healthy adult donkeys were assigned to four groups (three experimental and one control; n = 6) received either 50 μg/kg of romifidine, 0.30 mg/kg of lidocaine, combined romifidine (50 μg/kg) and lidocaine (0.30 mg/kg) diluted in 0.9% sterile normal saline solution to a total injection volume of 12 ml, or an equivalent volume of sterile saline epidurally. After epidural injection of each treatment, the onset, degree, and duration of sedation and anatomical extension of anti-nociception were documented. Observations began immediately (time 0) pre-administration and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 30-min intervals subsequently until 210 min after drug injection. Time to onset of perineal analgesia was documented every minute after the epidural injection by evaluating the animal's response to pinpricks. Results Only romifidine and romifidine-lidocaine induced mild to moderate sedation. Romifidine, romifidine-lidocaine, and lidocaine induced complete bilateral caudal epidural analgesia with loss of sensation in the perineum, tail, inguinal region, caudal aspect of the upper hind limb, chest areas, and extended distally to the dorsal metatarsal area. Sedation lasted longer (p < 0.05) with romifidine (160 ± 15.4 min) than with romifidine-lidocaine (141.6 ± 13.2 min). Longer-lasting analgesia (p < 0.05) was obtained with romifidine (158.3 ± 9.8 min) and romifidine-lidocaine (165 ± 9.4 min) than with lidocaine (75.8 ± 8 min). Conclusions Epidural administration of a single dose of romifidine or a combination of romifidine-lidocaine produced mild to moderate sedation and complete anti-nociception in the perineal and inguinal regions of donkeys. The clinical usefulness of epidural romifidine or romifidine-lidocaine combinations to perform obstetric procedures in donkeys needs to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Scienses, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt,*Correspondence: Mohamed Marzok
| | - Adel I. Almubarak
- Department of Clinical Scienses, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein Babiker
- Department of Clinical Scienses, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Sayed Fathi El-Hawari
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Sabry El-khodery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Manosura, Egypt
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Rabbogliatti V, Amari M, Brioschi FA, Di Cesare F, Zani DD, De Zani D, Di Giancamillo M, Cagnardi P, Ravasio G. Use of dexmedetomidine repeated subcutaneous administration for balanced anaesthesia in horses. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:269. [PMID: 35818051 PMCID: PMC9275161 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A balanced anaesthetic protocol is a common concept in modern veterinary anaesthesia and aims to maintain good intraoperative cardiopulmonary function. In horses, alpha-2-agonists produce sedation and analgesia and have been shown to reduce inhalational anaesthetic requirements when administered intravenously. Furthermore, these drugs can improve recovery quality. Preliminary investigations of subcutaneous dexmedetomidine administration in humans demonstrated a reduced haemodynamic impact if compared with the intravenous route suggesting that dexmedetomidine is adequately absorbed with both administration routes. The aim of the study was to compare two different dexmedetomidine (DEX) administration routes: intravenous constant rate infusion (CRI) versus repeated subcutaneous (SC) injections on cardiopulmonary function and recovery in anaesthetized horses. Results No significant differences between groups in heart rate and systolic arterial pressure were detected. A significantly higher mean and diastolic arterial pressure were detected in the SC group at T25 (p = 0.04; p = 0.02), T75 (p = 0.02; p = 0.009), and T85 (p = 0.001; p = 0.005). In SC group there was a significantly lower dobutamine infusion rate (p = 0.03) and a significantly higher urinary output (p = 0.02). Moreover, recovery quality was higher (p = 0.01). Conclusions Cardiopulmonary effects in both groups were comparable and within clinical ranges with less dobutamine requirement in the subcutaneous group. Recovery was of better quality with fewer attempts in horses receiving subcutaneous dexmedetomidine. The present study suggests that intravenous constant rate infusion and subcutaneous repeated administration of dexmedetomidine at indicated dosage can be useful in balanced anaesthesia without any systemic or local adverse effects; moreover, in healthy horses undergoing general anaesthesia, repeated subcutaneous dexmedetomidine administration may be a suitable alternative if constant rate infusion is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Rabbogliatti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Amari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Federica Di Cesare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Danilo Zani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella De Zani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Di Giancamillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Petra Cagnardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliano Ravasio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Effects of detomidine or romifidine during maintenance and recovery from isoflurane anaesthesia in horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2022; 49:624-633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nissen SD, Weis R, Krag-Andersen EK, Hesselkilde EM, Isaksen JL, Carstensen H, Kanters JK, Linz D, Sanders P, Hopster-Iversen C, Jespersen T, Pehrson S, Buhl R. Electrocardiographic characteristics of trained and untrained standardbred racehorses. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1119-1130. [PMID: 35488721 PMCID: PMC9151491 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long‐term exercise induces cardiac remodeling that potentially influences the electrical properties of the heart. Hypothesis/objectives We assessed whether training alters cardiac conduction in Standardbred racehorses. Animals Two hundred one trained and 52 untrained Standardbred horses. Methods Cross‐sectional study. Resting ECG recordings were analyzed to assess heart rate (HR) along with standard ECG parameters and for identification of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. An electrophysiological study was performed in 13 horses assessing the effect of training on sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodal function by sinus node recovery time (SNRT) and His signal recordings. Age and sex adjustments were implemented in multiple and logistic regression models for comparison. Results Resting HR in beats per minute (bpm) was lower in trained vs untrained horses (mean, 30.8 ± 2.6 bpm vs 32.9 ± 4.2 bpm; P = .001). Trained horses more often displayed second‐degree atrioventricular block (2AVB; odds ratio, 2.59; P = .04). No difference in SNRT was found between groups (n = 13). Mean P‐A, A‐H, and H‐V intervals were 71 ± 20, 209 ± 41, and 134 ± 41 ms, respectively (n = 7). We did not detect a training effect on AV‐nodal conduction intervals. His signals were present in 1 horse during 2AVB with varying H‐V interval preceding a blocked beat. Conclusions and Clinical Importance We identified decreased HR and increased frequency of 2AVB in trained horses. In 5 of 7 horses, His signal recordings had variable H‐V intervals within each individual horse, providing novel insight into AV conduction in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Nissen
- Laboratory of Cardiac Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Weis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth K Krag-Andersen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Eva M Hesselkilde
- Laboratory of Cardiac Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas L Isaksen
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helena Carstensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Jørgen K Kanters
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dominik Linz
- Laboratory of Cardiac Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Prashanthan Sanders
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Charlotte Hopster-Iversen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Thomas Jespersen
- Laboratory of Cardiac Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Pehrson
- Department of Cardiology 2142, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Rikke Buhl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
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Meuffels J, Bertschinger H, Tindall B, Pohlin F, Luther-Binoir I, Trivedi S, Boshoff CR, Lueders I. Arterial Blood Gases and Cardiorespiratory Parameters in Etorphine-Medetomidine-Midazolam Immobilized Free-Ranging and Game-Farmed Southern White Rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) Undergoing Electro-Ejaculation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:862100. [PMID: 35573418 PMCID: PMC9094040 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.862100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid loss of individuals in the wild, semen cryopreservation has gained importance to safeguard the genetic diversity of white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum). For semen collection via electro-ejaculation, immobilization of free-ranging individuals requires the potent opioid etorphine, which is routinely combined with azaperone, but causes hypoxemia, hypercarbia, acidemia, muscle rigidity, tachycardia, and systemic hypertension. In this study, the suitability of two alternative immobilization protocols including etorphine, medetomidine, and midazolam at different doses (high vs. low etorphine) was evaluated in adult white rhinoceros bulls in two different management systems (free-ranging vs. game-farmed) and undergoing electro-ejaculation. Fourteen free-ranging (Group 1) and 28 game-farmed rhinoceroses (Group 2) were immobilized with ≈2.5 μg/kg etorphine (high dose), ≈2.5 μg/kg medetomidine, ≈25 μg/kg midazolam and 1,500–1,700 IU hyaluronidase and received ≈2.5 μg/kg of butorphanol intravenously at first handling. Twenty game-farmed animals (Group 3) received ≈1 μg/kg etorphine (low dose), ≈5 μg/kg medetomidine, ≈25 μg/kg midazolam and 1,700 IU hyaluronidase. Respiratory rate, heart rate and peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured at 5-min intervals; non-invasive oscillometric blood pressures and arterial blood gases at first handling and before reversal of the immobilization; serum clinical chemistry analytes and hematocrit at first handling. Generalized mixed models (fixed factors: group, time, recumbency; random factor: individual rhinoceros) were applied to compare longitudinal changes between free-ranging and game-farmed rhinoceroses immobilized with the higher etorphine dose (Groups 1 and 2), and between the two protocols tested in the game-farmed rhinoceroses (Groups 2 and 3). All animals were successfully immobilized, presented with normal lactate concentrations (<5 mmol/L), experienced no muscle tremors and recovered uneventfully. Hypoxemia and hypertension persisted throughout the immobilization in all groups. Acidemia and hypercarbia were absent in Group 1, but present in the game-farmed animals. The lower etorphine dose in Group 3 resulted in significantly longer induction times, however, tachycardia was not observed. SpO2 was higher for sternal vs. lateral recumbency. Semen-rich fractions were recovered following electro-stimulation in 46 out of the 62 animals. Our findings suggest that etorphine-medetomidine-midazolam provides effective immobilization with fewer side effects compared to previous reports in white rhinoceroses and is suitable for successful electro-ejaculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Meuffels
- Cryovault, Hemmersbach Rhino Force NCP, Hoedspruit, South Africa
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Janine Meuffels
| | - Henk Bertschinger
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Friederike Pohlin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Luther-Binoir
- Cryovault, Hemmersbach Rhino Force NCP, Hoedspruit, South Africa
- GEOsperm, Wildlife Reproduction and Biotechnology Services, Brits, South Africa
| | - Shweta Trivedi
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | | | - Imke Lueders
- Cryovault, Hemmersbach Rhino Force NCP, Hoedspruit, South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
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11
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Midon M, Yamada DI, Filho DZ, Natalini CC, Escobar A, Clark-Price SC. Evaluation of the effects of doxapram in combination with xylazine on recovery of horses isoflurane-anesthetized. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 111:103872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Meuffels J, Lueders I, Bertschinger H, Luther-Binoir I, Pohlin F, Gerber L, Tindall B. Cardiopulmonary Parameters and Arterial Blood Gases During Etorphine-Medetomidine-Midazolam Immobilization in Free-Ranging Black Rhinoceroses ( Diceros bicornis) Undergoing Electro-Ejaculation-A Preliminary Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:740614. [PMID: 34926635 PMCID: PMC8674947 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.740614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation management interventions for the critically endangered black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) require immobilization, which offer opportunities for semen collection and cryopreservation to establish genetic reservoirs. In free-ranging rhinoceroses, a combination of the potent opioid etorphine and the tranquilizer azaperone is routinely used for chemical immobilization but is associated with muscle rigidity and severe cardiopulmonary changes. Additionally, azaperone inhibits semen emission. Seven free-ranging, male, sexually mature black rhinoceroses were immobilized with an alternative protocol consisting of 4.5 mg etorphine, 5 mg medetomidine, 50 mg midazolam and 2,500 IU hyaluronidase delivered remotely by darting from a helicopter. During the immobilization, electro-ejaculation was performed with a portable electro-ejaculator, and a species-specific rectal probe. Animals were observed for muscle tremors. Longitudinal changes in respiratory rate, heart rate and peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation, measured at 5 min intervals, were assessed using a general mixed model. Non-invasive oscillometric blood pressure and arterial blood gas variables were measured at first handling and before reversal and compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. All animals were successfully immobilized, showed no muscle tremors, presented with normal heart rates and lactate concentration (<5 mmol/L), recovered uneventfully, but experienced acidemia, hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Induction time and total time in recumbency were 4.2 ± 0.41 and 38.4 ± 6.9 min, respectively. Electro-stimulation commenced after 11.7 ± 3.98 min and completed after 24.3 ± 6.65 min. Semen-rich fractions were successfully collected from six animals. Our observations indicate that etorphine-medetomidine-midazolam provides a promising immobilization protocol for free-ranging black rhinoceroses, that allows for successful electro-ejaculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Meuffels
- Cryovault, Hemmersbach Rhino Force NCP, Tokai, South Africa.,Department of Production Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Imke Lueders
- Cryovault, Hemmersbach Rhino Force NCP, Tokai, South Africa.,GEOlifes, Animal Fertility and Reproductive Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henk Bertschinger
- Department of Production Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ilse Luther-Binoir
- GEOSperm, Wildlife Reproduction and Biotechnology Services, Brits, South Africa
| | - Friederike Pohlin
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leandri Gerber
- Scientific Services Unit, Eastern Cape Parks and Tourism Agency, East London, South Africa
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13
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Melly V, Baia P. Evaluation of the use of an endotracheal tube as a novel method of short‐term haemostasis in post‐operative paranasal sinus surgery in three horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Melly
- B. W. Furlong and Associates Califon New Jersey USA
| | - P. Baia
- B. W. Furlong and Associates Califon New Jersey USA
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14
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Calvo-Santesmases A, Manso-Díaz G, Fores P, López-Sanromán J. Kinematic Patterns in Horses Sedated With Low Doses of Detomidine: An Accelerometric Evaluation. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 107:103777. [PMID: 34802618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-2-adrenergic drugs, such as detomidine, are commonly used to sedate lame horses during examination. However, the use of these drugs should be minimized, as they have numerous side-effects, like ataxia. Therefore, we wanted to test the effects, on the locomotor pattern, of low doses of detomidine (0.003 mg/kg). Six horses were sedated with 0.003 mg/kg of detomidine and compared with the same horses administered a saline solution. Using a triaxial accelerometer, data of kinetic, coordination and energetic locomotor parameters and the degree of sedation were collected. The effects were monitored for 60 minutes after treatment administration. No effects on coordination parameters were observed, but some kinetic and energetic parameters were significantly altered after detomidine administration compared to the saline group. These results show that administering low doses of detomidine to lame horses can be a useful sedative solution, ensuring a safe examination with lower side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atocha Calvo-Santesmases
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gabriel Manso-Díaz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fores
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier López-Sanromán
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Straticò P, Carluccio A, Varasano V, Guerri G, Suriano R, Robbe D, Cerasoli I, Petrizzi L. Analgesic Effect of Butorphanol during Castration in Donkeys under Total Intravenous Anaesthesia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2346. [PMID: 34438803 PMCID: PMC8388773 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain management is necessary for all surgical procedures. Little scientific evidence about drug efficacy in donkeys is available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of butorphanol in donkeys undergoing orchiectomy under total intravenous anaesthesia with guaifenesin-ketamine-detomidine. A randomized blinded prospective clinical trial (Protocol n. 2021/0000338), was carried out on 18 clinically healthy donkeys undergoing bilateral orchiectomy. Patients were assigned to Group D (n = 8) or Group DB (n = 10) if receiving intravenous detomidine or detomidine-butorphanol respectively, before induction of general anaesthesia with ketamine-diazepam. Intraoperative muscle relaxation, nystagmus, palpebral reflex, heart and respiratory rate, and non-invasive blood pressure were evaluated every 2 min; time to prepare the patient, duration of surgery and anaesthesia and recovery score were recorded. Group D had significantly longer surgical time, higher heart rate, higher systolic and mean blood pressure (p < 0.05; repeated measure ANOVA), increased muscle rigidity and expression of palpebral reflex (p < 0.05; Mann-Whitney U test) than group DB. Top-ups with thiopental were statistically higher in Group D. Butorphanol and detomidine together produced a more stable anaesthetic plan. The low dosage of opioid and alpha-2-agonists and reduced rescue anaesthesia are responsible for a safer and more superficial anaesthesia, which is mandatory under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Straticò
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Augusto Carluccio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Varasano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Giulia Guerri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Riccardo Suriano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Domenico Robbe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
| | - Ilaria Cerasoli
- Clinica Veterinaria Borghesiana, Via di Vermicino 96, 00133 Roma, Italy;
| | - Lucio Petrizzi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (P.S.); (A.C.); (V.V.); (R.S.); (D.R.); (L.P.)
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16
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Recovery after General Anaesthesia in Adult Horses: A Structured Summary of the Literature. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061777. [PMID: 34198637 PMCID: PMC8232193 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recovery is the most dangerous phase of general anaesthesia in horses. Numerous publications have reported about this phase, but structured reviews that try to reduce the risk of bias of narrative reviews/expert opinions, focussing on the topic are missing. Therefore, the aim of the present article was to publish the first structured review as a summary of the literature focussing on the recovery phase after general anaesthesia in horses. The objective was to summarise the available literature, taking into account the scientific evidence of the individual studies. A structured approach was followed with two experts in the field independently deciding on article inclusion and its level of scientific evidence. A total number of 444 articles, sorted by topics and classified based on their levels of evidence, were finally included into the present summary. The most important findings were summarised and discussed. The present structured review can be used as a compilation of the publications that, to date, focus on the recovery phase after general anaesthesia in adult horses. This type of review tries to minimise the risk of bias inherent to narrative reviews/expert opinions. Abstract Recovery remains the most dangerous phase of general anaesthesia in horses. The objective of this publication was to perform a structured literature review including levels of evidence (LoE) of each study with the keywords “recovery anaesthesia horse”, entered at once, in the search browsers PubMed and Web of Science. The two authors independently evaluated each candidate article. A final list with 444 articles was obtained on 5 April 2021, classified as: 41 “narrative reviews/expert opinions”, 16 “retrospective outcome studies”, 5 “surveys”, 59 “premedication/sedation and induction drugs”, 27 “maintenance with inhalant agents”, 55 “maintenance with total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA)”, 3 “TIVA versus inhalants”, 56 “maintenance with partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA)”, 27 “other drugs used during maintenance”, 18 “drugs before/during recovery”, 18 “recovery systems”, 21 “respiratory system in recovery”, 41 “other factors”, 51 “case series/reports” and 6 “systems to score recoveries”. Of them, 167 were LoE 1, 36 LoE 2, 33 LoE 3, 110 LoE 4, 90 LoE 5 and 8 could not be classified based on the available abstract. This review can be used as an up-to-date compilation of the literature about recovery after general anaesthesia in adult horses that tried to minimise the bias inherent to narrative reviews.
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Wiederkehr A, Barbarossa A, Ringer SK, Jörger FB, Bryner M, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. Clinical Randomized Comparison of Medetomidine and Xylazine for Isoflurane Balanced Anesthesia in Horses. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:603695. [PMID: 33959647 PMCID: PMC8093396 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.603695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: To assess drug plasma levels, preanesthetic sedation, cardiopulmonary effects during anesthesia and recovery in horses anesthetized with isoflurane combined with medetomidine or xylazine. Study design: Prospective blinded randomized clinical study. Animals: Sixty horses undergoing elective surgery. Methods: Thirty minutes after administration of antibiotics, flunixine meglumine or phenylbutazone and acepromazine horses received medetomidine 7 μg kg−1 (group MED) or xylazine 1.1 mg kg−1 (group XYL) slowly intravenously (IV) and sedation was assessed 3 min later. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine/diazepam and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen/air and medetomidine 3.5 μg kg−1 h−1 or xylazine 0.69 mg kg−1 h−1. Ringer's acetate 10 mL kg−1 h−1 and dobutamine were administered to maintain normotension. All horses were mechanically ventilated to maintain end-tidal carbon dioxide pressures at 45 ± 5 mmHg (5.3–6.7 kPa). Heart rate (HR), invasive arterial blood pressures, inspired and expired gas compositions, pH, arterial blood gases, electrolytes, lactate and glucose were measured. For recovery all horses received intramuscular morphine 0.1 mg kg−1 and medetomidine 2 μg kg−1 or xylazine 0.3 mg kg−1 IV. Recovery was timed and scored using three different scoring systems. Plasma samples to measure medetomidine and xylazine concentrations were collected at predetermined timepoints. Repeatedly measured parameters were analyzed using a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance for differences between groups and over time; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Mean arterial blood pressures (MAP) stayed within normal ranges but were higher (p = 0.011) in group XYL despite significant lower dobutamine doses (p = 0.0003). Other measured parameters were within clinically acceptable ranges. Plasma levels were at steady state during anesthesia (MED 2.194 ± 0.073; XYL 708 ± 18.791 ng mL−1). During recovery lateral recumbency (MED 42.7 ± 2.51; XYL 34.3 ± 2.63 min; p = 0.027) and time to standing (MED 62.0 ± 2.86; XYL 48.8 ± 3.01 min; p = 0.002) were significantly shorter in group XYL compared to group MED. Recovery scores did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance: In horses anesthetized with isoflurane and medetomidine or xylazine, xylazine maintained higher MAP, reduced the dobutamine consumption and recovery time, whilst overall recovery quality was unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wiederkehr
- Section Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Barbarossa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone K Ringer
- Section Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabiola B Jörger
- Section Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Bryner
- Clinic for Equine Surgery, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger
- Section Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Natalini CC, Paes SD, Polydoro ADS. Analgesic and Cardiopulmonary Effects of Epidural Romifidine and Morphine Combination in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 102:103459. [PMID: 34119202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study aim is to compare the effects of epidural administration of two different doses of romifidine combined with morphine in horses. A prospective crossover blinded experimental design was used. Five adult healthy horses two males and three females with a mean body weight of 380 ± 45 Kg (335-425 kg), were studied. Treatments consisted of romifidine 30 μg/kg (R30) or 60 μg/kg (R60) combined with morphine 0.1 mg/kg with a washout interval of 72 hours, administered through an epidural catheter placed at the first intercoccygeal space. Heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (fR), pH, blood gases, arterial blood pressures (mmHg), and threshold for electrical noxious stimulation was evaluated for 120 minutes and after 240 minutes of epidural injection. Data were collected before injections and every 15 minutes for 120 minutes, and at 240 minutes of epidural administration. Significant sedation occurred in both treatments with no statistically significant difference between them. There were significant changes in fR and HR from baseline but no difference between treatments. Arterial blood pressures were significantly lower in R60 treatment from 75 up to 120 minutes post epidural injection. Analgesia was considered moderate for both treatments lasting longer with romifidine at 60 μg/kg. Epidurally administered romifidine and morphine combination in horses produces dose-dependent sedation, arterial hypotension, and antinociceptive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio C Natalini
- Mississippi State University CVM Starkville, Starkville, MS; Post graduate program in Veterinary Medicine, Santa Maria Federal University, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Simone Dla Paes
- Post graduate program in Veterinary Medicine, Santa Maria Federal University, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alexandre da S Polydoro
- Post graduate program in Veterinary Medicine, Santa Maria Federal University, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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de Oliveira AR, Gozalo-Marcilla M, Ringer SK, Schauvliege S, Fonseca MW, Trindade PHE, Puoli Filho JNP, Luna SPL. Development, Validation, and Reliability of a Sedation Scale in Horses (EquiSed). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:611729. [PMID: 33665216 PMCID: PMC7921322 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.611729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of standardization of sedation scales in horses limits the reproducibility between different studies. This prospective, randomized, blinded, horizontal and controlled trial aimed to validate a scale for sedation in horses (EquiSed). Seven horses were treated with intravenous detomidine in low/high doses alone (DL 2.5 μg/kg + 6.25 μg/kg/h; DH 5 μg/kg +12.5 μg/kg/h) or associated with methadone (DLM and DHM, 0.2 mg/kg + 0.05 mg/kg/h) and with low (ACPL 0.02 mg/kg) or high (ACPH 0.09 mg/kg) doses of acepromazine alone. Horses were filmed at (i) baseline (ii) peak, (iii) intermediate, and (iv) end of sedation immediately before auditory, visual and pressure stimuli were applied and postural instability evaluated for another study. Videos were randomized and blindly evaluated by four evaluators in two phases with 1-month interval. Intra- and interobserver reliability of the sum of EquiSed (Intraclass correlation coefficient) ranged between 0.84-0.94 and 0.45-0.88, respectively. The criterion validity was endorsed by the high Spearman correlation between the EquiSed and visual analog (0.77), numerical rating (0.76), and simple descriptive scales (0.70), and average correlation with head height above the ground (HHAG) (-0.52). The Friedman test confirmed the EquiSed responsiveness over time. The principal component analysis showed that all items of the scale had a load factor ≥ 0.50. The item-total Spearman correlation for all items ranged from 0.3 to 0.5, and the internal consistency was good (Cronbach's α = 0.73). The area under the curve of EquiSed HHAG as a predictive diagnostic measure was 0.88. The sensitivity of the EquiSed calculated according to the cut-off point (score 7 of the sum of the EquiSed) determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve, was 96% and specificity was 83%. EquiSed has good intra- and interobserver reliabilities and is valid to evaluate tranquilization and sedation in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Miguel Gozalo-Marcilla
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Katja Ringer
- Section Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stijn Schauvliege
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mariana Werneck Fonseca
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - José Nicolau Prospero Puoli Filho
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Stelio Pacca Loureiro Luna
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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20
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Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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21
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Al Hussein H, Al Hussein H, Sircuta C, Cotoi OS, Movileanu I, Nistor D, Cordos B, Deac R, Suciu H, Brinzaniuc K, Simionescu DT, Harpa MM. Challenges in Perioperative Animal Care for Orthotopic Implantation of Tissue-Engineered Pulmonary Valves in the Ovine Model. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:847-862. [PMID: 32860183 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of valvular substitutes meeting the performance criteria for surgical correction of congenital heart malformations is a major research challenge. The sheep is probably the most widely used animal model in heart valves regenerative medicine. Although the standard cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) technique and various anesthetic and surgical protocols are reported to be feasible and safe, they are associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates. The premise of this paper is that the surgical technique itself, especially the perioperative animal care and management protocol, is essential for successful outcomes and survival. METHODS Ten juvenile and adult female sheep aged 7.8-37.5 months and weighing 32.0-58.0 kg underwent orthotopic implantation of tissue-engineered pulmonary valve conduits on beating heart under normothermic CPB. The animals were followed-up for 6 months before scheduled euthanasia. RESULTS Based on our observations, we established a guide for perioperative care, follow-up, and treatment containing information regarding the appropriate clinical, biological, and ultrasound examinations and recommendations for feasible and safe anesthetic, surgical, and euthanasia protocols. Specific recommendations were also included for perioperative care of juvenile versus adult sheep. CONCLUSION The described surgical technique was feasible, with a low mortality rate and minimal surgical complications. The proposed anesthetic protocol was safe and effective, ensuring both adequate sedation and analgesia as well as rapid recovery from anesthesia without significant complications. The established guide for postoperative care, follow-up and treatment in sheep after open-heart surgery may help other research teams working in the field of heart valves tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam Al Hussein
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory "TERMLab", The University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology "George Emil Palade" of Tirgu Mures, 38 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540139, Tirgu Mures, Romania.,The Emergency Institute for Cardiac Diseases and Transplantation of Tirgu Mures, 50 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540136, Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Hamida Al Hussein
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory "TERMLab", The University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology "George Emil Palade" of Tirgu Mures, 38 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540139, Tirgu Mures, Romania.
| | - Carmen Sircuta
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory "TERMLab", The University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology "George Emil Palade" of Tirgu Mures, 38 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540139, Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Ovidiu S Cotoi
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory "TERMLab", The University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology "George Emil Palade" of Tirgu Mures, 38 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540139, Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Ionela Movileanu
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory "TERMLab", The University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology "George Emil Palade" of Tirgu Mures, 38 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540139, Tirgu Mures, Romania.,The Emergency Institute for Cardiac Diseases and Transplantation of Tirgu Mures, 50 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540136, Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Dan Nistor
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory "TERMLab", The University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology "George Emil Palade" of Tirgu Mures, 38 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540139, Tirgu Mures, Romania.,The Emergency Institute for Cardiac Diseases and Transplantation of Tirgu Mures, 50 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540136, Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Bogdan Cordos
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory "TERMLab", The University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology "George Emil Palade" of Tirgu Mures, 38 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540139, Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Radu Deac
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory "TERMLab", The University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology "George Emil Palade" of Tirgu Mures, 38 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540139, Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Horatiu Suciu
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory "TERMLab", The University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology "George Emil Palade" of Tirgu Mures, 38 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540139, Tirgu Mures, Romania.,The Emergency Institute for Cardiac Diseases and Transplantation of Tirgu Mures, 50 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540136, Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Klara Brinzaniuc
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory "TERMLab", The University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology "George Emil Palade" of Tirgu Mures, 38 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540139, Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Dan T Simionescu
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory "TERMLab", The University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology "George Emil Palade" of Tirgu Mures, 38 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540139, Tirgu Mures, Romania.,Clemson University, 306 Rhodes Annex, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Marius M Harpa
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory "TERMLab", The University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology "George Emil Palade" of Tirgu Mures, 38 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540139, Tirgu Mures, Romania.,The Emergency Institute for Cardiac Diseases and Transplantation of Tirgu Mures, 50 Gh. Marinescu Street, 540136, Tirgu Mures, Romania
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Hopster K, Soma LR, Li X, Hopster-Iversen C, Boston RC, Driessen B. Pharmacokinetics of xylazine after 2-, 4-, and 6-hr durations of continuous rate infusions in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:557-564. [PMID: 32424949 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous (i.v.) bolus administration of xylazine (XYL) (0.5 mg/kg) immediately followed by a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of 1 mg kg-1 hr-1 for 2, 4, and 6 hr produced immediate sedation, which lasted throughout the duration of the CRI. Heart rate decreased and blood pressure increased significantly (p > .05) in all horses during the first 15 min of infusion, both returned to and then remained at baseline during the duration of the infusion. Compartmental models were used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of XYL administration. Plasma concentration-time curves following bolus and CRI were best described by a one-compartment model. No differences were found between pharmacokinetic estimates of the CRIs for the fractional elimination rate constant (Ke ), half-life (t1/2e ), volume of distribution (Vd ), and clearance (Cl). Median and range were 0.42 (0.15-0.97)/hr, 1.68 (0.87-4.52) hr, 5.85 (2.10-19.34) L/kg, and 28.7 (19.6-39.5) ml min-1 kg-1 , respectively. Significant differences were seen for area under the curve ( AUC 0 ∞ ) (p < .0002) and maximum concentration (Cmax ) (p < .04). This indicates that with increasing duration of infusion, XYL may not accumulate in a clinically relevant way and hence no adjustments are required in a longer XYL CRI to maintain a constant level of sedation and a rapid recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Hopster
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence R Soma
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology & Research Center, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Charlotte Hopster-Iversen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Raymond C Boston
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Bernd Driessen
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
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Pallarols NB, Lamuraglia R, Guglielminetti A, Ortiz de Elguea MF, Carossino M, Funcia JP. Behavioral and Cardiopulmonary Effects of a Constant Rate Infusion of Remifentanil-Xylazine for Sedation in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 91:103111. [PMID: 32684256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Xylazine and remifentanil in constant rate infusion (CRI) could be used for sedation in horses without adverse effects. The objective was to evaluate behavioral and cardiopulmonary effects of an intravenous (IV) infusion of xylazine and remifentanil for sedation in horses. Xylazine (0.8 mg/kg IV) followed after 3 minutes by a CRI of xylazine and remifentanil (0.65 mg/kg/h and 6 μg/kg/h, respectively) was administered in 10 healthy horses for 60 minutes. Sedation, ataxia, and cardiopulmonary, hematological, and blood gases variables were evaluated. Heart rate decreased significantly during the first 25 minutes after CRI of xylazine and remifentanil, whereas the respiratory rate showed a significant decrease at 20 minutes and remained significantly low until the endpoint. There were no statistically significant fluctuations in blood arterial pressure, blood pH, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide, lactate, creatinine, calcium, chlorine, and sodium, compared with baseline values. Blood partial pressure of arterial oxygen and bicarbonate values were significantly higher compared with baseline values, whereas potassium decreased. Sedation and ataxia developed immediately after the administration of xylazine in all horses. All horses recovered successfully within 10 minutes after interruption of the CRI of xylazine and remifentanil, with no ataxia. No adverse effects were observed. The use of a combination of xylazine and remifentanil as sedation protocol has no adverse effects at the described dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia B Pallarols
- Servicio de anestesiología y cirugía, Centro de Rehabilitación y Hospital Equino Kawell, Solís, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raul Lamuraglia
- Servicio de anestesiología y cirugía, Centro de Rehabilitación y Hospital Equino Kawell, Solís, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Guglielminetti
- Servicio de anestesiología y cirugía, Centro de Rehabilitación y Hospital Equino Kawell, Solís, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Fernanda Ortiz de Elguea
- Servicio de anestesiología y cirugía, Centro de Rehabilitación y Hospital Equino Kawell, Solís, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Instituto de Investigación, Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos, Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan P Funcia
- Servicio de anestesiología y cirugía, Centro de Rehabilitación y Hospital Equino Kawell, Solís, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Blohm KO, Tichy A, Nell B. Clinical utility, dose determination, and safety of ocular contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in horses: A pilot study. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:331-340. [PMID: 31799804 PMCID: PMC7155076 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine efficacy of contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) using different sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) doses to assess blood flow and perfusion in equine eyes and to evaluate safety of SF6 in horses. Procedures Ocular B‐mode and contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography were performed bilaterally in nine sedated university‐owned horses. Intravenous SonoVue® bolus injections of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mL were administered for 2/18, 5/18, 6/18, 3/18, 1/18, and 1/18 eyes, respectively. Doses were increased based on ascending bodyweight. Each eye within one horse was examined utilizing a different dose. Qualitative blood flow and quantitative perfusion were analyzed. Heart and respiratory rates were monitored nonsedated, sedated, and during first and second minutes of CEUS. Results Qualitative contrast enhancement (CE) was visible in 7/9 animals. Quantitative CE was measurable bilaterally in four horses, unilaterally in three individuals, and not detected in two animals. In all horses with unilateral CE, the positive eye received the higher dose. Fifteen mL dose resulted in significantly shorter time to peak than 10 mL (P < .05). Peak intensity, maximum signal increase, and corresponding area under the curve were significantly higher for 15 and 20 mL doses compared with 10 mL (P < .05). Uveal and retinal tissues were enhanced frequently. Twenty‐five and 30 mL doses revealed no CE. Only sedation reduced heart rates significantly (P < .05). Clinically relevant changes in respiratory rates or adverse reactions following SF6 application were not observed. Conclusions Contrast enhancement was in most instances dose‐dependent. Fifteen mL appeared appropriate to assess equine ocular perfusion. The reliability in horses remains questionable; however, CEUS was well‐tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas-Ole Blohm
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Nell
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Kerrigan LE, Thompson DL, Chapman AM, Oberhaus EL. Effects of Epinephrine, Detomidine, and Butorphanol on Assessments of Insulin Sensitivity in Mares. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 85:102842. [PMID: 31952633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sympathoadrenal stimulation may perturb results of endocrine tests performed on fractious horses. Sedation may be beneficial; however, perturbation of results may preclude useful information. Four experiments were designed to 1) determine the effects of epinephrine on insulin response to glucose (IR2G), 2) assess the effects of detomidine (DET), alone or combined with butorphanol (DET/BUT), on IR2G and glucose response to insulin (GR2I), and 3) assess the effects of BUT alone on IR2G. In Experiment 1, mares were administered saline or epinephrine (5 μg/kg BW) immediately before infusion of glucose (100 mg/kg BW). Glucose stimulated (P < .05) insulin release in controls at 5 minutes that persisted through 30 minutes; insulin was suppressed (P < .05) by epinephrine from 5 to 15 minutes, rising gradually through 30 minutes. Experiments 2 (IR2G) and 3 (GR2I) were conducted as triplicated 3 × 3 Latin squares with the following treatments: saline (SAL), DET, and DET/BUT (all administered at .01 mg/kg BW). Glucose stimulated (P < .05) insulin release that persisted through 30 minutes in SAL mares; DET and DET/BUT severely suppressed (P < .0001) the IR2G. Sedation did not affect resting glucose and had inconsistent effects on the GR2I when mares were treated with 50 mIU/kg BW recombinant human insulin. Butorphanol had no effect on IR2G. In conclusion, adrenergic agonists severely suppress the IR2G and cannot be used for sedation for this test. The use of DET did not alter the GR2I, and therefore may be useful for conducting this test in fractious horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Kerrigan
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Donald L Thompson
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Ann M Chapman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Erin L Oberhaus
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA.
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Season's Effects on Some Clinical, Hematological Parameters and Blood Cortisol Level in Sedated Arabian Horses With Xylazine. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 84:102835. [PMID: 31864466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Influence of heat or cold stress in sedated animals is unclear and requires further investigations. The present study aimed to evaluate the season's effects on some clinical, hematological parameters and blood cortisol level in sedated Arabian horses with xylazine. Therefore, seven Arabian horses were used to investigate heart and respiratory rates, and capillary refill time and serum cortisol level were recorded before (0) and at 5, 15, 60, and 180 minutes postsedation. Heparinized venous samples were collected before (0) and 3 hours postsedation for analysis of hematological analysis. Arterial blood samples were collected before and 1 hour postsedation for arterial blood gases and electrolytes analysis. Repeated analysis of variance was performed (P < .05). Significant decreases have been observed in heart and respiratory rates at 5, 15, and 60 minutes postsedation in summer and only at 5 minutes postsedation in winter. Arterial oxygen pressure and arterial carbon dioxide pressure showed a significant decrease and increase, respectively at 1 hour postsedation in summer and winter. The serum cortisol levels were significantly higher in summer than in winter at 5, 15, and 60 minutes postsedation. In summer, the postsedation concentrations of cortisol did not change significantly than its values before sedation. However, in winter, the cortisol concentration decreased significantly at 5, 15, and 60 minutes postsedation compared with their value before sedation. The present study suggests that these season's effects on the sedated Arabian horses could take into consideration in xylazine-sedated Arabian horses.
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Mama KR, Hector RC. Therapeutic developments in equine pain management. Vet J 2019; 247:50-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Evangelista F, Tayari H, Degani M, Nocera I, Briganti A. Sedative and Respiratory Effects of Intramuscular Detomidine and Butorphanol in Donkeys Sedated for Bronchoalveolar Lavage. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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De Gasperi D, Dzierzak SL, Muir P, Vanderby R, Brounts SH. In vivo evaluation of effects of sedation on results of acoustoelastography of the superficial digital flexor tendons in clinically normal horses. Am J Vet Res 2018; 78:1421-1425. [PMID: 29182386 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.12.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of sedation on results of acoustoelastography of the superficial digital flexor tendons (SDFTs) in clinically normal horses. ANIMALS 27 clinically normal horses. PROCEDURES For each horse, the pathology index (PI) for the SDFT of each thoracic limb was determined by use of acoustoelastography at 4 locations (5, 10, 15, and 20 cm distal to the accessory carpal bone). Horses were evaluated before and after they were sedated with a combination of detomidine hydrochloride (0.01 mg/kg, IV) and butorphanol tartrate (0.01 mg/kg, IV). A repeated-measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Overall, the PI was lower after sedation than before sedation. In addition, the PI was lower at more distal locations than at more proximal locations. There was not a significant effect of limb (left or right). Differences among individual horses accounted for the largest variance effect. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Sedation with detomidine and butorphanol facilitated acoustoelastography; however, it decreased the SDFT PI in clinically normal horses and should be used consistently in prospective studies. Variance associated with each individual horse in the sample population had the greatest effect on the PI.
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Ida KK, Sauvage A, Gougnard A, Grauwels M, Serteyn D, Sandersen C. Use of Nasotracheal Intubation during General Anesthesia in Two Ponies with Tracheal Collapse. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:42. [PMID: 29594157 PMCID: PMC5859214 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ponies with tracheal collapse may have an increased anesthetic risk due to airway obstruction during induction and recovery. To our knowledge, there are no anesthetic descriptions of these patients, despite a reported 5.6% incidence and 77% mortality rate. Two Shetland ponies with tracheal collapse, a 12-year-old male (pony 1) and a 27-year-old female (pony 2), were referred for right eye enucleation due to a perforating corneal ulcer and severe recurrent uveitis, respectively. Pony 1 was stressed, had lung stridor and hyperthermia, and developed inspiratory dyspnea with handling. Radiography confirmed collapse of the entire trachea as well as inflammation of the lower airways. Corticosteroids and bronchodilators were administered by nebulization for 1 week before surgery. Pony 2 had a grade III/VI mitral murmur and a clinical history of esophageal obstructions and tracheal collapse requiring tracheostomy. Both ponies were premedicated with acepromazine and xylazine; anesthesia was induced with midazolam and ketamine. Nasotracheal intubation was performed in left lateral recumbency with extension of the neck and head and was guided by capnography. The nasotracheal tube consisted of two endotracheal tubes attached end-to-end to create a tube of adequate length and diameter. Pony 2 was orotracheally intubated during surgery and later reintubated with a nasotracheal tube. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane using volume-controlled ventilation. Analgesia was provided by a retrobulbar blockade with mepivacaine and lidocaine. Cardiovascular support consisted of lactated Ringer’s solution and dobutamine. After surgery, the ponies were administered xylazine and supplemented with oxygen through the nasotracheal tube. Recovery was assisted by manual support of the head and tail. Successful extubation was achieved following butorphanol administration after approximately 1 h in standing position. Both ponies were discharged from the clinic a few days after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila K Ida
- Anesthésiologie et Réanimation Vétérinaires, Département Clinique des Animaux de Compagnie et des Équidés, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Sauvage
- Chirurgie et Clinique Chirurgicale des Petits Animaux, Département Clinique des Animaux de Compagnie et des Équidés, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Gougnard
- Anesthésiologie et Réanimation Vétérinaires, Département Clinique des Animaux de Compagnie et des Équidés, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Magda Grauwels
- Chirurgie et Clinique Chirurgicale des Petits Animaux, Département Clinique des Animaux de Compagnie et des Équidés, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Anesthésiologie et Réanimation Vétérinaires, Département Clinique des Animaux de Compagnie et des Équidés, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Sandersen
- Anesthésiologie et Réanimation Vétérinaires, Département Clinique des Animaux de Compagnie et des Équidés, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Schmutz I, Jagannathan V, Diez Bernal S, Lanz S, Kalbfleisch T, Leeb T, Spadavecchia C. Exclusion of adrenoceptor alpha 2 variants in a horse insensitive to medetomidine. Anim Genet 2018; 49:141. [PMID: 29359424 DOI: 10.1111/age.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Schmutz
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabina Diez Bernal
- Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Lanz
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern and Agroscope, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ted Kalbfleisch
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Spadavecchia
- Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
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Comparative, Sedative, and Analgesic Effects of Epidural Dexmedetomidine and Xylazine in Donkeys ( Equus asinus ). J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Romagnoli N, Al‐Qudah KM, Armorini S, Lambertini C, Zaghini A, Spadari A, Roncada P. Pharmacokinetic profile and partitioning in red blood cells of romifidine after single intravenous administration in the horse. Vet Med Sci 2017; 3:187-197. [PMID: 29152313 PMCID: PMC5677780 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess the plasma concentrations of romifidine in horses after intravenous injection, to evaluate the red blood cell (RBC) partitioning of the anaesthetic drug, and to improve knowledge regarding its sedative effect in horses describing the pharmacokinetic model. Eight adult Standardbred horses received a single bolus of romifidine at a dosage of 100 μg/kg. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected immediately before romifidine administration (t0), and at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150 and 180 min after injection. A sedation score was recorded at the same time. The romifidine concentrations in plasma and red blood cells were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The plasma and red blood cell concentrations were correlated with the sedation at each time point. Romifidine produced a satisfactory level of sedation in all animals. The sedation was detectable in all horses for up to 105 min. All the animals returned to normal without any behavioural changes at 180 min. The romifidine concentrations in the red blood cells were significantly higher (P < 0.01) at all time points than those in the plasma. The T1/2β was 148.67 ± 61.59 min and body clearance was 22.55 ± 6.67 mL/kg per min. The results showed that after a single bolus administration of romifidine, a partitioning in the RBCs was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Romagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008)University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
| | - Khaled M. Al‐Qudah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineJordan University of Science and TechnologyIrbidJordan
| | - Sara Armorini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008)University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
| | - Carlotta Lambertini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008)University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
| | - Anna Zaghini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008)University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
| | - Alessandro Spadari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008)University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008)University of BolognaOzzano EmiliaItaly
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DETOMIDINE AND BUTORPHANOL FOR STANDING SEDATION IN A RANGE OF ZOO-KEPT UNGULATE SPECIES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:616-626. [PMID: 28920785 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0047.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia poses risks for larger zoo species, like cardiorespiratory depression, myopathy, and hyperthermia. In ruminants, ruminal bloat and regurgitation of rumen contents with potential aspiration pneumonia are added risks. Thus, the use of sedation to perform minor procedures is justified in zoo animals. A combination of detomidine and butorphanol has been routinely used in domestic animals. This drug combination, administered by remote intramuscular injection, can also be applied for standing sedation in a range of zoo animals, allowing a number of minor procedures. The combination was successfully administered in five species of nondomesticated equids (Przewalski horse [ Equus ferus przewalskii; n = 1], onager [ Equus hemionus onager; n = 4], kiang [ Equus kiang ; n = 3], Grevy's zebra [ Equus grevyi ; n = 4], and Somali wild ass [ Equus africanus somaliensis; n = 7]), with a mean dose range of 0.10-0.17 mg/kg detomidine and 0.07-0.13 mg/kg butorphanol; the white ( Ceratotherium simum simum; n = 12) and greater one-horned rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis ; n = 4), with a mean dose of 0.015 mg/kg of both detomidine and butorphanol; and Asiatic elephant bulls ( Elephas maximus ; n = 2), with a mean dose of 0.018 mg/kg of both detomidine and butorphanol. In addition, the combination was successfully used for standing sedation in six species of artiodactylids: giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata; n = 3), western bongo ( Tragelaphus eurycerus eurycerus; n = 2), wisent ( Bison bonasus ; n = 5), yak ( Bos grunniens ; n = 1), water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ; n = 4) and Bactrian camel ( Camelus bactrianus ; n = 5). The mean dose range for artiodactylid species except bongo was 0.04-0.06 mg/kg detomidine and 0.03-0.06 mg/kg butorphanol. The dose in bongo, 0.15-0.20 mg/kg detomidine and 0.13-0.15 mg/kg butorphanol, was considerably higher. Times to first effect, approach, and recovery after antidote were short. The use of detomidine and butorphanol has been demonstrated to be a reliable, safe alternative to general anesthesia for a number of large ungulate species.
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Moorman VJ, Kawcak CE, King MR. Evaluation of a portable media device for use in determining postural stability in standing horses. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:1036-1042. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.9.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Sumner SM, Naskou MC, Thoresen M, Copland I, Peroni JF. Platelet lysate obtained via plateletpheresis performed in standing and awake equine donors. Transfusion 2017; 57:1755-1762. [PMID: 28439897 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet preparations containing growth factors, attachment factors, and enzymes are appealing to enhance healing of injured tissues and as an alternative to xenogenic serum in cell culture media. Plateletpheresis is commonly used to collect platelets in human medicine but has not been validated in horses. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Plateletpheresis to collect platelet concentrate was performed on six female, mixed breed, chemically restrained horses using commercially available apheresis equipment. Before and immediately after plateletpheresis, we performed physical examinations and collected blood for chemistry and coagulation panels and then again at 8, 16, 24, and 48 hours after the procedure. To produce platelet lysate, the platelet concentrate underwent two freeze-thaw cycles followed by centrifugation and filtration processing. The platelet lysate was then analyzed for cellular debris, fibrinogen, and growth factors. RESULTS The collected platelet concentration contained a mean platelet yield of 390 × 103 /μL. Donor platelet count decreased from a mean of 193 × 103 /μL to 138 × 103 /μL after plateletpheresis, but no individual was at risk for hemorrhage. Pooled platelet lysate had minimal cellular residue and contained growth factor concentrations at 6.1 ng/mL for transforming growth factor-β1, at 3.5 ng/mL for platelet-derived growth factor-BB, and at 13.8 ng/mL for vascular endothelial growth factor-A. CONCLUSION Plateletpheresis using commercially available apheresis equipment is a feasible option for collecting platelet concentrate from equine donors. The lysate generated from the apheresis product contains growth factors and has potential to be used as a fetal bovine serum substitute for cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlett M Sumner
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Maria C Naskou
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Merrilee Thoresen
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ian Copland
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John F Peroni
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia
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Knych HK, Stanley SD, McKemie DS, Steinmetz SJ. Pharmacokinetics and selected pharmacodynamics of romifidine following low-dose intravenous administration in combination with exercise to quarter horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:569-574. [PMID: 28097665 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Romifidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used for sedation and analgesia in horses. As it is a prohibited substance, its purported use at low doses in performance horses necessitates further study. The primary goal of the study reported here was to describe the serum concentrations and pharmacokinetics of romifidine following low-dose administration immediately prior to exercise, utilizing a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay that is currently employed in many drug testing laboratories. An additional objective was to describe changes in heart rate and rhythm following intravenous administration of romifidine followed by exercise. Eight adult Quarter Horses received a single intravenous dose of 5 mg (0.01 mg/kg) romifidine followed by 1 h of exercise. Blood samples were collected and drug concentrations measured at time 0 and at various times up to 72 h. Mean ± SD systemic clearance, steady-state volume of distribution and terminal elimination half-life were 34.1 ± 6.06 mL/min/kg and 4.89 ± 1.31 L/kg and 3.09 ± 1.18 h, respectively. Romifidine serum concentrations fell below the LOQ (0.01 ng/mL) and the LOD (0.005 ng/mL) by 24 h postadministration. Heart rate and rhythm appeared unaffected when a low dose of romifidine was administered immediately prior to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S D Stanley
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - D S McKemie
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S J Steinmetz
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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40
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Knych HK, Stanley SD, McKemie DS, Arthur RM, Kass PH. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of xylazine administered to exercised thoroughbred horses. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:713-720. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather K. Knych
- K.L. Maddy Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Scott D. Stanley
- K.L. Maddy Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Daniel S. McKemie
- K.L. Maddy Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Rick M. Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California, Davis, 1 Garrod Drive; Davis CA USA
| | - Phil H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis USA
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41
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Effect of low inspired oxygen fraction on respiratory indices in mechanically ventilated horses anaesthetised with isoflurane and medetomidine constant rate infusion. Vet J 2016; 211:70-4. [PMID: 27012166 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Horses may become hypoxaemic during anaesthesia despite a high inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2). A lower FiO2 is used commonly in human beings to minimise atelectasis and to improve lung function, and previously has been shown to be of potential benefit in horses in experimental conditions. Other studies suggest no benefit to using a FiO2 of 0.5 during clinically relevant conditions; however, low FiO2 (0.65) is commonly used in practice and in a large number of studies. The present study was performed to compare the effect of a commonly used FiO2 of 0.65 versus 0.90 on calculated respiratory indices in anaesthetised mechanically ventilated horses in a clinical setting. Eighteen healthy Thoroughbred horses anaesthetised for experimental laryngeal surgery were recruited into a prospective, non-blinded, randomised clinical study. Before anaesthesia, the horses were randomly allocated into either low (0.65) or high (0.90) FiO2 groups and arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis was performed every 30 min during anaesthesia to allow for statistical analysis of respiratory indices. As expected, PaO2 was significantly lower in horses anaesthetised with a low FiO2, but was sufficient to fully saturate haemoglobin. There were no significant improvements in any of the other respiratory indices. There is no obvious benefit to be gained from the use of a FiO2 of 0.65 compared to 0.90 for mechanically ventilated Thoroughbred horses anaesthetised in lateral recumbency with isoflurane and a medetomidine constant rate infusion.
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Funcia JP, Lamuraglia R, Guglielminetti A, Soriano M, Martinez Melo L. Preliminary Results of Behavioral and Cardiopulmonary Effects of a Constant Rate Infusion of Remifentanil–Xylazine for Sedation in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hyndman TH, Musk GC, Murdoch FR, Maker GL, Whittem T. The bioavailability of medetomidine in eight sheep following oesophageal administration. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:137-42. [PMID: 26679808 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is sound evidence that medetomidine is an effective analgesic for acute pain in sheep. In this study, 15 μg kg(-1) of medetomidine was administered intravenously, and into the oesophagus, in a cross-over study, using eight sheep. Following intravenous administration, medetomidine could be detected in the plasma of these sheep for 120-180 min but following oesophageal administration, medetomidine could not be detected in the plasma of any sheep at any of 17 time points over four days. It is suspected that this is due to high first pass metabolism in the liver. Consequently, we conclude that future studies investigating the use of analgesics in orally-administered osmotic pumps in sheep should consider higher doses of medetomidine (e.g. >100 μg kg(-1)), further investigations into the barriers of medetomidine bioavailability from the sheep gut, liver-bypass drug delivery systems, or other α2-adrenergic agonists (e.g. clonidine or xylazine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Hyndman
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Gabrielle C Musk
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Fraser R Murdoch
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Garth L Maker
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ted Whittem
- Translational Research and Clinical Trials (TRACTs) Group, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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Rettig MJ, Leelamankong P, Rungsri P, Lischer CJ. Effect of sedation on fore- and hindlimb lameness evaluation using body-mounted inertial sensors. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:603-7. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Rettig
- Equine Clinic at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Free University of Berlin; Germany
| | - P. Leelamankong
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Chiang Mai University; Thailand
| | - P. Rungsri
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Chiang Mai University; Thailand
| | - C. J. Lischer
- Equine Clinic at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Free University of Berlin; Germany
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45
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Dahan R, Sutton GA, Oreff GL, Kelmer G. Agreement among three different equine venipuncture sites with regard to measurement of packed cell volume and total solids. Aust Vet J 2015; 93:109-11. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Dahan
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine-Veterinary Teaching Hospital, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences; POB 12 Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - GA Sutton
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine-Veterinary Teaching Hospital, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences; POB 12 Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - GL Oreff
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine-Veterinary Teaching Hospital, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences; POB 12 Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - G Kelmer
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine-Veterinary Teaching Hospital, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences; POB 12 Rehovot 76100 Israel
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Serpa PB, Garbade P, Natalini CC, Cavalcanti RL, da Cruz FS, Molnar BF, Estrella JPN, Bezerra DP, Pires AR. Energy Imbalance and Physiological Changes During Detomidine Hydrochloride Constant Rate Infusion in Standing Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gozalo-Marcilla M, Gasthuys F, Schauvliege S. Partial intravenous anaesthesia in the horse: a review of intravenous agents used to supplement equine inhalation anaesthesia. Part 2: opioids and alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 42:1-16. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Pöppel N, Hopster K, Geburek F, Kästner S. Influence of ketamine or xylazine supplementation on isoflurane anaesthetized horses- a controlled clinical trial. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 42:30-8. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Decloedt A, de Clercq D, van der Vekens N, Verheyen T, Ven S, van Loon G. Influence of detomidine on atrial fibrillation cycle length measured by intracardiac electrogram recording and by colour tissue Doppler imaging in horses. Equine Vet J 2014; 48:21-6. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - D. de Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - N. van der Vekens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - T. Verheyen
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - S. Ven
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - G. van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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50
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Umar MA, Fukui S, Kawase K, Itami T, Yamashita K. Cardiovascular effects of total intravenous anesthesia using ketamine-medetomidine-propofol (KMP-TIVA) in horses undergoing surgery. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:281-8. [PMID: 25409552 PMCID: PMC4383773 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular effects of total intravenous anesthesia using ketamine-medetomidine-propofol drug combination (KMP-TIVA) were determined in 5 Thoroughbred horses undergoing surgery. The horses were anesthetized with intravenous administration (IV) of ketamine (2.5 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.04 mg/kg) following premedication with medetomidne (5 µg/kg, IV) and artificially ventilated. Surgical anesthesia was maintained by controlling propofol infusion rate (initially 0.20 mg/kg/min following an IV loading dose of 0.5 mg/kg) and constant rate infusions of ketamine (1 mg/kg/hr) and medetomidine (1.25 µg/kg/hr). The horses were anesthetized for 175 ± 14 min (range from 160 to 197 min). Propofol infusion rates ranged from 0.13 to 0.17 mg/kg/min, and plasma concentration (Cpl) of propofol ranged from 11.4 to 13.3 µg/ml during surgery. Cardiovascular measurements during surgery remained within clinically acceptable ranges in the horses (heart rate: 33 to 37 beats/min, mean arterial blood pressure: 111 to 119 mmHg, cardiac index: 48 to 53 ml/kg/min, stroke volume: 650 to 800 ml/beat and systemic vascular resistance: 311 to 398 dynes/sec/cm(5)). The propofol Cpl declined rapidly after the cessation of propofol infusion and was significantly lower at 10 min (4.5 ± 1.5 µg/ml), extubation (4.0 ± 1.2 µg/ml) and standing (2.4 ± 0.9 µg/ml) compared with the Cpl at the end of propofol administration (11.4 ± 2.7 µg/ml). All the horses recovered uneventfully and stood at 74 ± 28 min after the cessation of anesthesia. KMP-TIVA provided satisfactory quality and control of anesthesia with minimum cardiovascular depression in horses undergoing surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ahmed Umar
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
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