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Alessio GD, Silvestrini CMA, Elói-Santos SM, Gontijo ED, Sales Júnior PA, Vitelli-Avelar DM, Sathler-Avelar R, Wendling APB, Teixeira-Carvalho A, de Lana M, Martins-Filho OA. Dissimilar Trypanosoma cruzi genotype-specific serological profile assessed by Chagas-Flow ATE IgG1 upon benznidazole etiological treatment of chronic Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012487. [PMID: 39269987 PMCID: PMC11423996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to verify the impact of etiological treatment on the genotype-specific serological diagnosis of chronic Chagas disease patients (CH), using the Chagas-Flow ATE IgG1 methodology. For this purpose, a total of 92 serum samples from CH, categorized as Not Treated (NT, n = 32) and Benznidazole-Treated (Bz-T, n = 60), were tested at Study Baseline and 5Years Follow-up. At Study Baseline, all patients have the diagnosis of Chagas disease confirmed by Chagas-Flow ATE IgG1, using the set of attributes ("antigen/serum dilution/cut-off"; "EVI/250/30%"). The genotype-specific serodiagnosis at Study Baseline demonstrated that 96% of patients (44/46) presented a serological profile compatible with TcII genotype infection. At 5Years Follow-up monitoring, NT and Bz-T presented no changes in anti-EVI IgG1 reactivity. However, significant differences were detected in the genotype-specific IgG1 reactivity for Bz-T. The most outstanding shift comprised the anti-amastigote TcVI/(AVI), anti-amastigote TcII/(AII) and anti-epimastigote TcVI/(EVI) reactivities. Regardless no changes in the genotype-specific serology of NT (TcI = 6%; TcII = 94%), distinct T. cruzi genotype-specific sero-classification was detected for Bz-T samples at 5Years Follow-up (TcII = 100%) as compared to Baseline (TcII = 97%; TcVI = 3%). The anti-trypomastigote TcI/(TI) was the attribute accountable for the change in genotype-specific sero-classification. In conclusion, our findings of dissimilar T. cruzi genotype-specific serology upon Bz-treatment re-emphasize the relevance of accomplishing the genotype-specific serodiagnosis during clinical pos-therapeutic management of chronic Chagas disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaucia Diniz Alessio
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eliane Dias Gontijo
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renato Sathler-Avelar
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Barbosa Wendling
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marta de Lana
- Laboratório de Doença de Chagas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Silvestrini MMA, Alessio GD, Frias BED, Sales Júnior PA, Araújo MSS, Silvestrini CMA, Brito Alvim de Melo GE, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins HR. New insights into Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity, and its influence on parasite biology and clinical outcomes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1342431. [PMID: 38655255 PMCID: PMC11035809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1342431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a serious public health problem worldwide. The parasite was subdivided into six distinct genetic groups, called "discrete typing units" (DTUs), from TcI to TcVI. Several studies have indicated that the heterogeneity of T. cruzi species directly affects the diversity of clinical manifestations of Chagas disease, control, diagnosis performance, and susceptibility to treatment. Thus, this review aims to describe how T. cruzi genetic diversity influences the biology of the parasite and/or clinical parameters in humans. Regarding the geographic dispersion of T. cruzi, evident differences were observed in the distribution of DTUs in distinct areas. For example, TcII is the main DTU detected in Brazilian patients from the central and southeastern regions, where there are also registers of TcVI as a secondary T. cruzi DTU. An important aspect observed in previous studies is that the genetic variability of T. cruzi can impact parasite infectivity, reproduction, and differentiation in the vectors. It has been proposed that T. cruzi DTU influences the host immune response and affects disease progression. Genetic aspects of the parasite play an important role in determining which host tissues will be infected, thus heavily influencing Chagas disease's pathogenesis. Several teams have investigated the correlation between T. cruzi DTU and the reactivation of Chagas disease. In agreement with these data, it is reasonable to suppose that the immunological condition of the patient, whether or not associated with the reactivation of the T. cruzi infection and the parasite strain, may have an important role in the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. In this context, understanding the genetics of T. cruzi and its biological and clinical implications will provide new knowledge that may contribute to additional strategies in the diagnosis and clinical outcome follow-up of patients with Chagas disease, in addition to the reactivation of immunocompromised patients infected with T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glaucia Diniz Alessio
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna Estefânia Diniz Frias
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Policarpo Ademar Sales Júnior
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helen Rodrigues Martins
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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3
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Muñoz-Calderón A, Ramírez JL, Díaz-Bello Z, Alarcón de Noya B, Noya O, Schijman AG. Genetic Characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi I Populations from an Oral Chagas Disease Outbreak in Venezuela: Natural Resistance to Nitroheterocyclic Drugs. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:582-592. [PMID: 36780430 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The oral transmission of Chagas disease (oCD) in Venezuela announced its appearance in 2007. Different from other populations affected by oCD and despite close supervision during treatment with nitroheterocyclic drugs, the result was treatment failure. We studied genetic features of natural bloodstream parasite populations and populations after treatment of nine patients of this outbreak. In total, we studied six hemoculture isolates, eight Pre-Tx blood samples, and 17 samples collected at two or three Post-Tx time-points between 2007 and 2015. Parasitic loads were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and discrete typing units (DTU), minicircle signatures, and Tcntr-1 gene sequences were searched from blood samples and hemocultures. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were measured from the hemocultures. All patients were infected by TcI. Significant decrease in parasitic loads was observed between Pre-Tx and Post-Tx samples, suggesting the evolution from acute to chronic phase of Chagas disease. 60% of intra-DTU-I variability was observed between Pre-Tx and Post-Tx minicircle signatures in the general population, and 43 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in a total of 12 Tcntr-1 gene sequences, indicative of a polyclonal source of infection. SNPs in three post-Tx samples produced stop codons giving rise to putative truncated proteins or displaced open reading frames, which would render resistance genes. IC50 values varied from 5.301 ± 1.973 to 104.731 ± 4.556 μM, demonstrating a wide range of susceptibility. The poor drug response in the Pre-Tx parasite populations may be associated with the presence of naturally resistant parasite clones. Therefore, any information that can be obtained on drug susceptibility from in vitro assays, in vivo assays, or molecular characterization of natural populations of Trypanosoma cruzi becomes essential when therapeutic guidelines are designed in a given geographical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Muñoz-Calderón
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor Torres", Buenos Aires CP1428ADN, Argentina
| | - José Luis Ramírez
- Centro de Biotecnología, Fundación Instituto de Estudios Avanzados, Caracas CP1080, Venezuela
| | - Zoraida Díaz-Bello
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Dr. Félix Pifano", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas CP1050, Venezuela
| | - Belkisyolé Alarcón de Noya
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Dr. Félix Pifano", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas CP1050, Venezuela
| | - Oscar Noya
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Dr. Félix Pifano", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas CP1050, Venezuela.,Centro de Estudios sobre Malaria, Instituto de Altos Estudios, Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud, Caracas CP1050, Venezuela
| | - Alejandro G Schijman
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor Torres", Buenos Aires CP1428ADN, Argentina
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da Silveira-Lemos D, Alessio GD, Batista MA, de Azevedo PO, Reis-Cunha JL, Mendes TADO, Lourdes RDA, de Lana M, Fujiwara RT, Filho OAM, Bartholomeu DC. Phenotypic, functional and serological aspects of genotypic-specific immune response of experimental T. cruzi infection. Acta Trop 2021; 222:106021. [PMID: 34161815 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The complexity and multifactorial characteristics of Chagas disease pathogenesis hampers the establishment of appropriate experimental/epidemiological sets, and therefore, still represents one of the most challenging fields for novel insights and discovery. In this context, we used a set of attributes including phenotypic, functional and serological markers of immune response as candidates to decode the genotype-specific immune response of experimental T. cruzi infection. In this investigation, we have characterized in C57BL/6 J mice, the early (parasitemia peak) and late (post-parasitemia peak) aspects of the immune response elicited by T. cruzi strains representative of TcI, TcII or TcVI. The results demonstrated earlier parasitemia peak for TcII/Y strain followed by TcVI/CL-Brener and TcI/Colombiana strains. A panoramic overview of phenotypic and functional features of the TCD4+, TCD8+ and B-cells from splenocytes demonstrated that mice infected with TcI/Colombiana strain exhibited at early stages of infection low levels of most cytokine+ cells with a slight increase at late stages of infection. Conversely, mice infected with TcII/Y strain presented an early massive increase of cytokine+ cells, which decreases at late stages. The TcVI/CL-Brener strain showed an intermediate profile at early stages of infection with a slight increase later on at post-peak of parasitemia. The panoramic analysis of immunological connectivity demonstrated that early after infection, the TcI/Colombiana strain trigger immunological network characterized by a small number of connectivity, selectively amongst cytokines that further shade towards the late stages of infection. In contrast, the TcII/Y strain elicited in more imbricate networks early after infection, comprising a robust number of interactions between pro-inflammatory mediators, regulatory cytokines and activation markers that also decrease at late infection. On the other hand, the infection with TcVI/CL-Brener strain demonstrated an intermediate profile with connectivity axes more stable at early and late stages of infection. The analysis of IgG2a reactivity to AMA, TRYPO and EPI antigens revealed that at early stages of infection, the genotype-specific reactivity to AMA, TRYPO and EPI to distinguish was higher for TcI/Colombiana as compared to TcII/Y and TcVI/CL while, at late stages of infection, higher reactivity to AMA was observed in mice infected with TcVI/CL and TcII/Y strains. The novel systems biology approaches and the use of a flow cytometry platform demonstrated that distinct T. cruzi genotypes influenced in the phenotypic and functional features of the host immune response and the genotype-specific serological reactivity during early and late stages of experimental T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise da Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos - Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil; Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores - Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz-MINAS, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Glaucia Diniz Alessio
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores - Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz-MINAS, Minas Gerais, Brasil; Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Maurício Azevedo Batista
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos - Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Patrick Orestes de Azevedo
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores - Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz-MINAS, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - João Luís Reis-Cunha
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos - Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Tiago Antônio de Oliveira Mendes
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos - Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo de Almeida Lourdes
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos - Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Marta de Lana
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos - Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores - Instituto René Rachou/Fiocruz-MINAS, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Daniella Castanheira Bartholomeu
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos - Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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5
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Teston APM, Fernandes NDS, Abegg CP, de Abreu AP, Sarto MPM, Gomes ML, Toledo MJDO. Therapeutic effects of benznidazole in Swiss mice that are orally inoculated with Trypanosoma cruzi IV strains from the Western Brazilian Amazon. Exp Parasitol 2021; 228:108136. [PMID: 34280400 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Strains of Trypanosoma cruzi, etiological agent of Chagas disease, are classified into different discrete typing units that may present distinct dynamics of infection and susceptibility to benznidazole (BZ) treatment. Mice that were orally inoculated with T. cruzi IV strains exhibited a more intense course of infection compared with intraperitoneally inoculated mice, reflected by higher parasite loads. We evaluated the efficacy of BZ treatment in Swiss mice that were inoculated with T. cruzi IV strains from the Western Brazilian Amazon. The mice were orally (OR) or intraperitoneally (IP) inoculated with 2 × 106 culture-derived metacyclic trypomastigotes of the AM14, AM16, AM64, and AM69 strains of T. cruzi that were obtained from two outbreaks of orally acquired acute Chagas disease in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. The animals were treated with BZ (100 mg/kg/day for 20 days). Fresh blood examination, hemoculture, conventional and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to monitor the therapeutic effects of BZ. Significant reductions in five of 24 parameters of parasitemia and parasite load were found in different tissues in the OR group, indicating worse response to BZ treatment compared with the IP group, in which significant reductions in nine of those 24 parameters were observed. The cure rates in the OR groups ranged from 18.2% (1/11) to 75.0% (9/12) and in the IP groups from 58.3% (7/12) to 91.7% (11/12), for the AM14 and AM69 strains, respectively. These findings indicate that treatment with BZ had fewer beneficial effects with regard to reducing parasitemia and parasite load in different tissues of mice that were OR inoculated with four TcIV strains compared with IP inoculation. Therefore, the route of infection with T. cruzi should be considered when evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of BZ in patients with Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Margioto Teston
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil; Departament of Pharmacy, Uningá University Center Ingá, Rodovia PR317, Maringá, Paraná, 87035-510, Brazil.
| | - Nilma de Souza Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Camila Piva Abegg
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula de Abreu
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Marcella Paula Mansano Sarto
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Mônica Lúcia Gomes
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Max Jean de Ornelas Toledo
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87020-900, Brazil.
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Herrera C, Truyens C, Dumonteil E, Alger J, Sosa-Estani S, Cafferata ML, Gibbons L, Ciganda A, Matute ML, Zuniga C, Carlier Y, Buekens P. Phylogenetic Analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi from Pregnant Women and Newborns from Argentina, Honduras, and Mexico Suggests an Association of Parasite Haplotypes with Congenital Transmission of the Parasite. J Mol Diagn 2019; 21:1095-1105. [PMID: 31450011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, exhibits a high genetic variability and has been classified into six discrete typing units (DTUs) named TcI through TcVI. This genetic diversity is believed to be associated with clinical characteristics and outcomes, but evidence supporting such associations has been limited. Herein, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of T. cruzi sequences of the mini-exon intergenic region obtained from a large cohort of pregnant women and newborns from Argentina, Honduras, and Mexico, to assess parasite genetic diversity and possible associations with congenital transmission. Analysis of 105 samples (including five paired samples) from maternal and umbilical cord blood indicated that T. cruzi DTU distribution was similar among pregnant women and newborns from these three countries, with a high frequency of TcII-TcV-TcVI DTUs, including mixed infections with TcI. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed that although the same parasite haplotypes circulated in these three countries, they were present at different frequencies, leading to significant geographic differences. Of importance, a strong association was observed between parasite haplotypes and congenital infection of newborns. Thus, the identification of parasite haplotypes in pregnant women, but not of parasite DTUs, may help predict congenital transmission of T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Herrera
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| | | | - Eric Dumonteil
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Jackeline Alger
- Instituto de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitologia Antonio Vidal, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Hospital Escuela Universitario, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Sergio Sosa-Estani
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Nacional de Parasitología "Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben,", Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Administracion Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbran" (ANLIS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria L Cafferata
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Unidad de Investigacion Clinica y Epidemiologica Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luz Gibbons
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alvaro Ciganda
- Unidad de Investigacion Clinica y Epidemiologica Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Maria L Matute
- Laboratorio Nacional de Vigilancia de la Salud, Secretaria de Salud de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Concepcion Zuniga
- Instituto de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitologia Antonio Vidal, Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Hospital Escuela Universitario, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Yves Carlier
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Buekens
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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7
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Tavares de Oliveira M, Taciana Santos Silva K, Xavier Neves L, de Ornelas Toledo MJ, Castro-Borges W, de Lana M. Differential expression of proteins in genetically distinct Trypanosoma cruzi samples (TcI and TcII DTUs) isolated from chronic Chagas disease cardiac patients. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:611. [PMID: 30497493 PMCID: PMC6267078 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi, a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite and the etiological agent of Chagas disease (CD), exhibits great genetic and biological diversity. Infected individuals may present clinical manifestations with different levels of severity. Several hypotheses have been proposed to attempt to correlate the diversity of clinical signs and symptoms to the genetic variability of T. cruzi. This work aimed to investigate the differential expression of proteins from two distinct genetic groups of T. cruzi (discrete typing units TcI and TcII), isolated from chronically infected individuals displaying the cardiac form of CD. For this purpose, epimastigote forms of the two isolates were cultured in vitro and the cells recovered for protein extraction. Comparative two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoreses were performed and differentially expressed spots selected for identification by mass spectrometry, followed by database searching and protein categorization. RESULTS The 2D electrophoretic profiles revealed the complex composition of the T. cruzi extracted proteome. Protein spots were distributed along the entire pH and molecular mass ranges attesting for the integrity of the protein preparations. In total, 46 differentially expressed proteins were identified present in 40 distinct spots found in the comparative gel analyses. Of these, 16 displayed upregulation in the gel from TcI-typed parasites and 24 appeared overexpressed in the gel from TcII-typed parasites. Functional characterization of differentially expressed proteins revealed major alterations associated with stress response, lipid and amino acid metabolism in parasites of the TcII isolate, whilst those proteins upregulated in the TcI sample were primarily linked to central metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS The comparative 2D-gel electrophoresis allowed detection of major differences in protein expression between two T. cruzi isolates, belonging to the TcI and TcII genotypes. Our findings suggest that patients displaying the cardiac form of the disease harbor parasites capable of exhibiting distinct proteomic profiles. This should be of relevance to disease prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykon Tavares de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas do Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000 Brazil
| | - Karina Taciana Santos Silva
- Departamento de Farmácia, Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000 Brazil
| | - Leandro Xavier Neves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia do Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG Brazil
| | - Max Jean de Ornelas Toledo
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde – Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, CEP: 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, PR Brazil
| | - William Castro-Borges
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas do Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000 Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia do Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG Brazil
| | - Marta de Lana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas do Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000 Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG Brazil
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Performance of TcI/TcVI/TcII Chagas-Flow ATE-IgG2a for universal and genotype-specific serodiagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005444. [PMID: 28333926 PMCID: PMC5380352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes have been considered relevant for patient management and therapeutic response of Chagas disease. However, typing strategies for genotype-specific serodiagnosis of Chagas disease are still unavailable and requires standardization for practical application. In this study, an innovative TcI/TcVI/TcII Chagas Flow ATE-IgG2a technique was developed with applicability for universal and genotype-specific diagnosis of T. cruzi infection. For this purpose, the reactivity of serum samples (percentage of positive fluorescent parasites-PPFP) obtained from mice chronically infected with TcI/Colombiana, TcVI/CL or TcII/Y strain as well as non-infected controls were determined using amastigote-AMA, trypomastigote-TRYPO and epimastigote-EPI in parallel batches of TcI, TcVI and TcII target antigens. Data demonstrated that “α-TcII-TRYPO/1:500, cut-off/PPFP = 20%” presented an excellent performance for universal diagnosis of T. cruzi infection (AUC = 1.0, Se and Sp = 100%). The combined set of attributes “α-TcI-TRYPO/1:4,000, cut-off/PPFP = 50%”, “α-TcII-AMA/1:1,000, cut-off/PPFP = 40%” and “α-TcVI-EPI/1:1,000, cut-off/PPFP = 45%” showed good performance to segregate infections with TcI/Colombiana, TcVI/CL or TcII/Y strain. Overall, hosts infected with TcI/Colombiana and TcII/Y strains displayed opposite patterns of reactivity with “α-TcI TRYPO” and “α-TcII AMA”. Hosts infected with TcVI/CL strain showed a typical interweaved distribution pattern. The method presented a good performance for genotype-specific diagnosis, with global accuracy of 69% when the population/prototype scenario include TcI, TcVI and TcII infections and 94% when comprise only TcI and TcII infections. This study also proposes a receiver operating reactivity panel, providing a feasible tool to classify serum samples from hosts infected with distinct T. cruzi genotypes, supporting the potential of this method for universal and genotype-specific diagnosis of T. cruzi infection. Chagas disease remains a significant public health issue infecting 6–7 million people worldwide. The factors influencing the clinical heterogeneity of Chagas disease have not been elucidated, although it has been suggested that different clinical outcome may be associated with the genetic diversity of T. cruzi isolates. Moreover, differences in therapeutic response of distinct T. cruzi genotypes have been also reported. Typing strategies for genotype-specific diagnosis of Chagas disease to identify the T. cruzi discrete typing units (DTU) have already been developed, including biochemical and molecular methods, however the techniques have limitations. The majority of these methods can not directly be performed in biological and clinical samples. In addition, it has been proposed that parasite isolates from blood may not necessarily represent the full set of strains current in the individual as some strains can be confined to tissues. The improvement of genotype-specific serology to identify the T. cruzi DTU(s) present in a given host may provide a useful tool for clinical studies. In the present investigation, we developed an innovative TcI/TcVI/TcII Chagas Flow ATE-IgG2a technique with applicability for universal and genotype-specific diagnosis of T. cruzi infection that may contribute to add future insights for genotype-specific diagnosis of Chagas disease.
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Oliveira MTD, Branquinho RT, Alessio GD, Mello CGC, Nogueira-de-Paiva NC, Carneiro CM, Toledo MJDO, Reis AB, Martins-Filho OAM, Lana MD. TcI, TcII and TcVI Trypanosoma cruzi samples from Chagas disease patients with distinct clinical forms and critical analysis of in vitro and in vivo behavior, response to treatment and infection evolution in murine model. Acta Trop 2017; 167:108-120. [PMID: 27908747 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The clonal evolution of Trypanosoma cruzi sustains scientifically the hypothesis of association between parasite's genetic, biological behavior and possibly the clinical aspects of Chagas disease in patients from whom they were isolated. This study intended to characterize a range of biological properties of TcI, TcII and TcVI T. cruzi samples in order to verify the existence of these associations. Several biological features were evaluated, including in vitro epimastigote-growth, "Vero"cells infectivity and growth, along with in vivo studies of parasitemia, polymorphism of trypomastigotes, cardiac inflammation, fibrosis and response to treatment by nifurtimox during the acute and chronic murine infection. The global results showed that the in vitro essays (acellular and cellular cultures) TcII parasites showed higher values for all parameters (growth and infectivity) than TcVI, followed by TcI. In vivo TcII parasites were more virulent and originated from patients with severe disease. Two TcII isolates from patients with severe pathology were virulent in mice, while the isolate from a patient with the indeterminate form of the disease caused mild infection. The only TcVI sample, which displayed low values in all parameters evaluated, was also originated of an indeterminate case of Chagas disease. Response to nifurtimox was not associated to parasite genetic and biology, as well as to clinical aspects of human disease. Although few number of T. cruzi samples have been analyzed, a discreet correlation between parasite genetics, biological behavior in vitro and in vivo (murine model) and the clinical form of human disease from whom the samples were isolated was verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykon Tavares de Oliveira
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Tupinambá Branquinho
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CIPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Diniz Alessio
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Geraldo Campos Mello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CIPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Nívia Carolina Nogueira-de-Paiva
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CIPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Max Jean de Ornelas Toledo
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde-Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, CEP: 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CIPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Marta de Lana
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CIPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP: 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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10
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Margioto Teston AP, Paula de Abreu A, Gruendling AP, Bahia MT, Gomes ML, Marques de Araújo S, Jean de Ornelas Toledo M. Differential parasitological, molecular, and serological detection of Trypanosoma cruzi I, II, and IV in blood of experimentally infected mice. Exp Parasitol 2016; 166:44-50. [PMID: 26995535 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease), which affects 6-7 million people worldwide, mainly in Latin America. It presents great genetic and biological variability that plays an important role in the clinical and epidemiological features of the disease. Our working hypothesis is that the genetic diversity of T. cruzi has an important impact on detection of the parasite using diagnostic techniques. The present study evaluated the diagnostic performance of parasitological, molecular, and serological techniques for detecting 27 strains of T. cruzi that belonged to discrete typing units (DTUs) TcI (11 strains), TcII (four strains), and TcIV (12 strains) that were obtained from different hosts in the states of Amazonas and Paraná, Brazil. Blood samples were taken from experimentally infected mice and analyzed by fresh blood examination, hemoculture in Liver Infusion Tryptose (LIT) medium, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Polymerase chain reaction presented the best detection of TcI, with 80.4% positivity. For all of the detection methods, the animals that were inoculated with TcII presented the highest positivity rates (94.1-100%). ELISA that was performed 7 months after inoculation presented a higher detection ability (95.4%) for TcIV. Intra-DTU comparisons showed that the reproducibility of the majority of the results that were obtained with the different methods was weak for TcI and good for TcII and TcIV. Our data indicate that the detection capability of different techniques varies with the DTUs of the parasites in mammalian blood. The implications of these findings with regard to the diagnosis of human T. cruzi infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Margioto Teston
- State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87 020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula de Abreu
- State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87 020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Gruendling
- State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87 020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Maria Terezinha Bahia
- Federal University of Ouro Preto, Rua Costa Sena, 171, 35 400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Mônica Lúcia Gomes
- State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87 020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Marques de Araújo
- State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87 020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Max Jean de Ornelas Toledo
- State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87 020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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11
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Penitente AR, Leite ALJ, de Paula Costa G, Shrestha D, Horta AL, Natali AJ, Neves CA, Talvani A. Enalapril in Combination with Benznidazole Reduces Cardiac Inflammation and Creatine Kinases in Mice Chronically Infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:976-82. [PMID: 26350447 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi triggers an inflammatory process in mammalian heart causing events such as fibrosis, changes in the architecture and functionality in this organ. Enalapril, an angiotensin II-converting enzyme inhibitor, is a drug prescribed to ameliorate this heart dysfunction, and appears to exert a potential role in immune system regulation. Our aim was to evaluate the chronic cardiac inflammatory parameters after therapeutic treatment with enalapril and benznidazole in C57BL/6 mice infected with the VL-10 strain of T. cruzi. After infection, animals were treated with oral doses of enalapril (25 mg/kg), benznidazole (100 mg/kg), or both during 30 days. Morphometric parameters and levels of chemokines (CCL2, CCL5), IL-10, creatine kinases (CKs), and C-reactive protein were evaluated in the heart and serum at the 120th day of infection. Enalapril alone or in combination with benznidazole did not change the number of circulating parasites, but reduced cardiac leukocyte recruitment and total collagen in the cardiac tissue. Interestingly, the combination therapy (enalapril/benznidazole) also reduced the levels of chemokines, CK and CK-MB, and C-reactive proteins in chronic phase. In conclusion, during the chronic experimental T. cruzi infection, the combination therapy using enalapril plus benznidazole potentiated their immunomodulatory effects, resulting in a low production of biomarkers of cardiac lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlete Rita Penitente
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Luísa Junqueira Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Paula Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Deena Shrestha
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline Luciano Horta
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antônio J Natali
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clóvis A Neves
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andre Talvani
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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12
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Costa J, Araújo CAC, Freitas CAV, Borges-Pereira J. Are Members of the Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) Species Complex Able to Alter the Biology and Virulence of a Trypanosoma cruzi Strain? NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:186-193. [PMID: 26013138 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-015-0271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, transmitted to humans and mammals by blood-sucking hemipteran insects belonging to the Triatominae subfamily. The two main genotypes of T. cruzi (TcI and TcII) differ in many characteristics concerning their genetic profile. Despite the extensive literature on vectors and the etiologic agent, several interactive aspects between these two elements of Chagas disease are still waiting to be further clarified. Here, biological and histological features resulting from the interaction between Albino Swiss mice and T. cruzi isolate PB913 after passages through vectors of the Triatoma brasiliensis species complex were evaluated. Comparing the four members of the T. brasiliensis species complex-Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis Neiva, Triatoma brasiliensis macromelasoma Galvão, Triatoma melanica Neiva & Lent, and Triatoma juazeirensis Costa & Felix-no significant differences in parasitemia of the infected mice were observed. At 20 days post-infection, the highest number of parasites was observed in the group of mice that were infected with parasites obtained from T. b. macromelasoma. Tropism of the parasites to different organs such as heart, bladder, and skeletal muscles followed by inflammatory cell infiltrates was observed with quantitative and qualitative differences. Even though the four members of the T. brasiliensis species complex differ in their geographical distribution, morphology, biology, ecology, and genetics, no significant influence on the parasitemia of the T. cruzi PB913 isolate was detected. After evaluation of the tissue samples, a higher pathogenicity of parasites obtained from T. b. brasiliensis was noticeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Costa
- Lab de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-IOC/FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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13
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Ragone PG, Pérez Brandán C, Monje Rumi M, Tomasini N, Lauthier JJ, Cimino RO, Uncos A, Ramos F, Alberti D´Amato AM, Basombrío MA, Diosque P. Experimental evidence of biological interactions among different isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi from the Chaco Region. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119866. [PMID: 25789617 PMCID: PMC4366099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many infectious diseases arise from co-infections or re-infections with more than one genotype of the same pathogen. These mixed infections could alter host fitness, the severity of symptoms, success in pathogen transmission and the epidemiology of the disease. Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, exhibits a high biological variability often correlated with its genetic diversity. Here, we developed an experimental approach in order to evaluate biological interaction between three T. cruzi isolates belonging to different Discrete Typing Units (DTUs TcIII, TcV and TcVI). These isolates were obtained from a restricted geographical area in the Chaco Region. Different mixed infections involving combinations of two isolates (TcIII + TcV, TcIII + TcVI and TcV + TcVI) were studied in a mouse model. The parameters evaluated were number of parasites circulating in peripheral blood, histopathology and genetic characterization of each DTU in different tissues by DNA hybridization probes. We found a predominance of TcVI isolate in blood and tissues respect to TcIII and TcV; and a decrease of the inflammatory response in heart when the damage of mice infected with TcVI and TcIII + TcVI mixture were compared. In addition, simultaneous presence of two isolates in the same tissue was not detected. Our results show that biological interactions between isolates with different biological behaviors lead to changes in their biological properties. The occurrence of interactions among different genotypes of T. cruzi observed in our mouse model suggests that these phenomena could also occur in natural cycles in the Chaco Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G. Ragone
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular, Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Cecilia Pérez Brandán
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular, Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Monje Rumi
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular, Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Tomasini
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular, Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Juan J. Lauthier
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular, Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Rubén O. Cimino
- Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Uncos
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Federico Ramos
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Anahí M. Alberti D´Amato
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular, Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Miguel A. Basombrío
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
| | - Patricio Diosque
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular, Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta-Capital, Argentina
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Oliveira-Silva JCVD, Machado-de-Assis GF, Oliveira MT, Paiva NCN, Araújo MSS, Carneiro CM, Martins-Filho OA, Martins HR, Lana MD. Experimental benznidazole treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi II strains isolated from children of the Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil, with Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:86-94. [PMID: 25742267 PMCID: PMC4371221 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi strains from distinct geographic areas show differences in drug
resistance and association between parasites genetic and treatment response has been
observed. Considering that benznidazole (BZ) can reduce the parasite burden and
tissues damage, even in not cured animals and individuals, the goal is to assess the
drug response to BZ of T. cruzi II strains isolated from children of the
Jequitinhonha Valley, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, before treatment. Mice infected
and treated with BZ in both phases of infection were compared with the untreated and
evaluated by fresh blood examination, haemoculture, polymerase chain reaction,
conventional (ELISA) and non-conventional (FC-ALTA) serologies. In mice treated in
the acute phase, a significant decrease in parasitaemia was observed for all strains.
Positive parasitological and/or serological tests in animals treated during the acute
and chronic (95.1-100%) phases showed that most of the strains were BZ resistant.
However, beneficial effect was demonstrated because significant reduction (p <
0.05%) and/or suppression of parasitaemia was observed in mice infected with all
strains (acute phase), associated to reduction/elimination of inflammation and
fibrosis for two/eight strains. BZ offered some benefit, even in not cured animals,
what suggest that BZ use may be recommended at least for recent chronic infection of
the studied region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni, MG, Brasil
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Meza SKL, Kaneshima EN, Silva SDO, Gabriel M, de Araújo SM, Gomes ML, Monteiro WM, Barbosa MDGV, Toledo MJDO. Comparative pathogenicity in Swiss mice of Trypanosoma cruzi IV from northern Brazil and Trypanosoma cruzi II from southern Brazil. Exp Parasitol 2014; 146:34-42. [PMID: 25296157 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The geographical heterogeneity of Chagas disease (ChD) is mainly caused by genetic variability of the etiological agent Trypanosoma cruzi. Our hypothesis was that the pathogenicity for mice may vary with the genetic lineage (or Discrete Typing Unit - DTU) of the parasite. To test this hypothesis, parasitological and histopathological evaluations were performed in mice inoculated with strains belonging to the DTU T. cruzi IV (TcIV) from the State of Amazonas (northern Brazil), or the DTU T. cruzi II (TcII) from the State of Paraná (southern Brazil). Groups of 10 Swiss mice were inoculated with eight strains of TcIV obtained from acute cases (7) from two outbreaks of orally acquired ChD, and from the triatomine Rhodnius robustus (1) from Amazonas; and three strains of TcII obtained from chronic patients in Paraná. We evaluated the pre-patent period, patent period, maximum peak of parasitemia, day of maximum peak of parasitemia, area under the parasitemia curve, inflammatory process, and tissue parasitism in the acute phase. TcIV was less virulent than TcII, and showed significantly (p < 0.005) lower parasitemia levels. Although the levels of tissue parasitism did not differ statistically, mice infected with TcIV displayed significantly (p < 0.001) fewer inflammatory processes than mice infected with TcII. This supported the working hypothesis, since TcIV from Amazonas was less pathogenic than TcII from Paraná; and agreed with the lower severity of human cases of ChD in the Amazon region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Karina Lüders Meza
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil; Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Western Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Silvana Marques de Araújo
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, UEM, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mônica Lúcia Gomes
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, UEM, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Maria das Graças Vale Barbosa
- Post-Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, State University of Amazonas, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Max Jean de Ornelas Toledo
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Paraná, Brazil; Department of Basic Health Sciences, UEM, Paraná, Brazil.
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Silva JCVDOE, Assis GFMD, Oliveira MTD, Valadares HMS, Valle IFD, Paiva NCND, Martins HR, Lana MD. Molecular and biological characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi strains isolated from children from Jequitinhonha Valley, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2013; 46:433-40. [PMID: 23982097 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0077-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The biological diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi strains plays an important role in the clinical and epidemiological features of Chagas disease. METHODS Eight T. cruzi strains isolated from children living in a Chagas disease vector-controlled area of Jequitinhonha Valley, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were genetically and biologically characterized. RESULTS The characterizations demonstrated that all of the strains belonged to T. cruzi II, and showed high infectivity and a variable mean maximum peak of parasitemia. Six strains displayed low parasitemia, and two displayed moderate parasitemia. Later peaks of parasitemia and a predominance of intermediate and large trypomastigotes in all T. cruzi strains were observed. The mean pre-patent period was relatively short (4.2 ± 0.25 to 13.7 ± 3.08 days), whereas the patent period ranged from 3.3 ± 1.08 to 34.5 ± 3.52 days. Mortality was observed only in animals infected with strain 806 (62.5%). Histopathological analysis of the heart showed that strains 501 and 806 caused inflammation, but fibrosis was observed only in animals infected with strain 806. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate the presence of an association between the biological behavior in mice and the genetic characteristics of the parasites. The study also confirmed general data from Brazil where T. cruzi II lineage is the most prevalent in the domiciliary cycle and generally has low virulence, with some strains capable of inducing inflammatory processes and fibrosis.
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Trypanosoma cruzi I and IV stocks from Brazilian Amazon are divergent in terms of biological and medical properties in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2069. [PMID: 23437410 PMCID: PMC3578774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the Brazilian Amazon, clinical and epidemiological frameworks of Chagas disease are very dissimilar in relation to the endemic classical areas of transmission, possibly due to genetic and biological characteristics of the circulating Trypanosoma cruzi stocks. Twenty six T. cruzi stocks from Western Amazon Region attributed to the TcI and TcIV DTUs were comparatively studied in Swiss mice to test the hypothesis that T. cruzi clonal structure has a major impact on its biological and medical properties. Methodology/Principal Findings Seventeen parameters were assayed in mice infected with 14 T. cruzi strains belonging to DTU TcI and 11 strains typed as TcIV. In comparison with TcI, TcIV stocks promoted a significantly shorter pre-patent period (p<0.001), a longer patent period (p<0.001), higher values of mean daily parasitemia (p = 0.009) and maximum of parasitemia (p = 0.015), earlier days of maximum parasitemia (p<0.001) and mortality (p = 0.018), higher mortality rates in the acute phase (p = 0.047), higher infectivity rates (p = 0.002), higher positivity in the fresh blood examination (p<0.001), higher positivity in the ELISA at the early chronic phase (p = 0.022), and a higher positivity in the ELISA at the late chronic phase (p = 0.003). On the other hand TcI showed higher values of mortality rates in the early chronic phase (p = 0.014), higher frequency of mice with inflammatory process in any organ (p = 0.005), higher frequency of mice with tissue parasitism in any organ (p = 0.027) and a higher susceptibility to benznidazole (p = 0.002) than TcIV. Survival analysis showing the time elapsed from the day of inoculation to the beginning of the patent period was significantly shorter for TcIV strains and the death episodes triggered following the infection with TcI occurred significantly later in relation to TcIV. The notable exceptions come from positivity in the hemocultures and PCR, for which the results were similar. Conclusion/Significance T. cruzi stocks belonging to TcI and TcIV DTUs from Brazilian Amazon are divergent in terms of biological and medical properties in mice. Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, constituting an important health problem in the American Continent. In the Brazilian Amazon, Chagas disease has been recognized as an emerging problem. There are few studies exploring the genetic and biological framework of stocks of T. cruzi from the Western Brazilian Amazon, where Chagas disease has a profile of lower morbidity and mortality, appearing mainly in the chronic latent form. Here, we carried out the biological characterization in mice of T. cruzi isolates belonging to TcI and TcIV DTUs from the State of Amazonas, Western Brazilian Amazon. T. cruzi stocks belonging to TcI and TcIV DTUs from Brazilian Amazon are divergent in terms of biological and medical properties in mice, with a higher virulence for the latter DTU as revealed by several biological parameters. Results strongly support the working hypothesis that biological differences are proportional to the evolutionary divergence among the DTUs, and highlight the need to take into account the phylogenetic diversity of T. cruzi natural stocks circulating in the emergent areas for Chagas disease in all applied studies dealing with clinical diversity of Chagas disease, immunology, diagnosis, prognosis, and drug and vaccine trials.
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Teston APM, Monteiro WM, Reis D, Bossolani GDP, Gomes ML, de Araújo SM, Bahia MT, Barbosa MGV, Toledo MJO. In vivo susceptibility to benznidazole of Trypanosoma cruzi strains from the western Brazilian Amazon. Trop Med Int Health 2012; 18:85-95. [PMID: 23130989 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the susceptibility of Trypanosoma cruzi strains from Amazon to benznidazole. METHODS We studied 23 strains of T. cruzi obtained from humans in the acute phase of Chagas disease, triatomines and marsupials in the state of Amazonas and from chronic patients and triatomines in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The strains were classified as TcI (6), TcII (4) and TcIV (13). For each strain, 20 Swiss mice were inoculated: 10 were treated orally with benznidazole 100 mg/kg/day (TBZ group) for 20 consecutive days and 10 comprised the untreated control group (NT). Fresh blood examination, haemoculture (HC), PCR, and ELISA were used to monitor the cure. RESULTS The overall cure rate was 60.5% (109/180 mice) and varied widely among strains. The strains were classified as resistant, partially resistant or susceptible to benznidazole, irrespective of discrete typing units (DTUs), geographical origin or host. However, the TcI strains from Amazonas were significantly (P = 0.028) more sensitive to benznidazole than the TcI strains from Paraná. The number of parasitological, molecular and serological parameters that were significantly reduced by benznidazole treatment also varied among the DTUs; the TBZ group of mice inoculated with TcIV strains showed more reductions (8/9) than those with TcI and TcII strains. CONCLUSIONS Benznidazole resistance was observed among natural populations of the parasite in the Amazon, even in those never exposed to the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P M Teston
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Morocoima A, Carrasco HJ, Boadas J, Chique JD, Herrera L, Urdaneta-Morales S. Trypanosoma cruzi III from armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus novemcinctus) from Northeastern Venezuela and its biological behavior in murine model. Risk of emergency of Chagas’ disease. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:341-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Monteiro WM, Magalhães LKC, Oliveira JC, Guerra JADO, Silveira H, Ferreira LCDL, Toledo MJDO, Barbosa MDGV. Biological behavior of Trypanosoma cruzi stocks obtained from the State of Amazonas, Western Brazilian Amazon, in mice. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 45:209-14. [PMID: 22534994 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012000200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The biological diversity of circulating Trypanosoma cruzi stocks in the Amazon region most likely plays an important role in the peculiar clinic-epidemiological features of Chagas disease in this area. METHODS Seven stocks of T. cruzi were recently isolated in the State of Amazonas, Brazil, from humans, wild mammals, and triatomines. They belonged to the TcI and Z3 genotypes and were biologically characterized in Swiss mice. Parasitological and histopathological parameters were determined. RESULTS Four stocks did not promote patent parasitemia in mice. Three stocks produced low parasitemia, long pre-patent periods, and a patent period of 1 day or oscillating parasitemia. Maximum parasitemia ranged from 1,400 to 2,800 trypomastigotes/0.1 mL blood. Mice inoculated with the T. cruzi stocks studied showed low positivity during fresh blood examinations, ranging from 0% to 28.6%. In hemoculture, positivity ranged from 0% to 100%. Heart tissue parasitism was observed in mice inoculated with stocks AM49 and AM61. Stock AM49 triggered a moderate inflammatory process in heart tissue. A mild inflammatory process was observed in heart tissue for stocks AM28, AM38, AM61, and AM69. An inflammatory process was frequently observed in skeletal muscle. Examinations of brain tissue revealed inflammatory foci and gliosis in mice inoculated with stock AM49. CONCLUSIONS Biological and histopathological characterization allowed us to demonstrate the low infectivity and virulence of T. cruzi stocks isolated from the State of Amazonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM.
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Ragone PG, Pérez Brandán C, Padilla AM, Monje Rumi M, Lauthier JJ, Alberti D’Amato AM, Tomasini N, Cimino RO, Romero NM, Portelli M, Nasser JR, Basombrío MA, Diosque P. Biological behavior of different Trypanosoma cruzi isolates circulating in an endemic area for Chagas disease in the Gran Chaco region of Argentina. Acta Trop 2012; 123:196-201. [PMID: 22643298 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The biological behavior of the different Trypanosoma cruzi strains is still unclear and the importance of exploring the relevance of these differences in natural isolates is of great significance. Herein we describe the biological behavior of four T. cruzi isolates circulating sympatrically in a restricted geographic area in Argentina endemic for Chagas Disease. These isolates were characterized as belonging to the Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) TcI, TcIII, TcV and TcVI as shown by Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis and Multilocus Sequence Typing. In order to study the natural behavior of the different isolates and to preserve their natural properties, we developed a vector transmission model that allows their maintenance in the laboratory. The model consisted of serial passages of these parasites between insect vectors and mice. Vector-derived parasite forms were then inoculated in C57BL/6J mice and number of parasite in peripheral blood, serological response and histological damage in acute and chronic phases of the infection were measured. Parasites from DTUs TcI, TcIII and TcVI were detected by direct fresh blood examination, while TcV parasites could only be detected by Polimerase Chain Reaction. No significant difference in the anti-T. cruzi antibody response was found during the chronic phase of infection, except for mice infected with TcV parasites where no antibodies could be detected. Histological sections showed that TcI isolate produced more damage in skeletal muscle while TcVI induced more inflammation in the heart. This work shows differential biological behavior among different parasite isolates obtained from the same cycle of transmission, permitting the opportunity to formulate future hypotheses of clinical and epidemiological importance.
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Veloso VM, Guedes PMDM, de Lana M, Martins HR, Carneiro CM, da Câmara ACJ, D'Ávila DA, Caldas IS, Galvão LMDC, Chiari E, Bahia MT. Genetic modulation in Be-78 and Y Trypanosoma cruzi strains after long-term infection in Beagle dogs revealed by molecular markers. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1128-35. [PMID: 22554652 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The genetic profile of Trypanosoma cruzi was evaluated in parasite populations isolated from Beagle dogs experimentally infected with Be-78 and Y strains that present distinct biological and genetic characteristics. Molecular characterization of the isolates obtained 30days and 2years after infection was carried out. For typing MLEE, sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene (COII) and RAPD profiles were used. The profiles of MLEE were the same for the parental Be-78 strains as their respective isolates. However, changes of MLEE profile were observed in two T. cruzi isolates from dogs inoculated with Y strain. Changes in the mitochondrial DNA (COII) and RAPD profiles of the Y strain were also observed. The dendogram constructed by UPGMA with RAPD results indicated two major branches. Global data show that the genetic modulation in polyclonal strains during the long-term infection occurred and was strain-dependent. This study still suggests that each host (here each dog) harbors a determinate T. cruzi population that may change or be modulated throughout long-term infection. This might to hinder the observation of correlation between the genetics of T. cruzi and their biological properties and behavior in different host species due to the complexity of the parasite-host interaction in which probably the genetic background of both should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Maria Veloso
- Departamento de Farmácia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Rua Costa Sena 171, Centro, CEP 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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Dos Reis D, Monteiro WM, Bossolani GDP, Teston APM, Gomes ML, de Araújo SM, Barbosa MDGV, de Ornelas Toledo MJ. Biological behaviour in mice of Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from Amazonas and Paraná, Brazil. Exp Parasitol 2012; 130:321-9. [PMID: 22406038 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The biological behaviour of 23 Trypanosoma cruzi isolates in Swiss mice was compared. Nineteen isolates were obtained from patients in the acute phase of Chagas disease (13), sylvatic reservoir hosts (Didelphis marsupialis) (3), and triatomine bugs (Rhodnius robustus) (3) from four regions of the State of Amazonas (AM). Four isolates were obtained from chronic chagasic patients in the State of Paraná (PR): three autochthones, and one allochthone from the State of Minas Gerais. Only one isolate was unable to infect the mice. The AM and PR isolates showed the largest number of significant differences from each other. The former had lower mean values in the pre-patent (5.4 days) and patent (4.6 days) periods (PP), with the parasitaemia (Pmax) reaching a peak of 9.9×10(4) blood trypomastigotes (BT)/mL of blood by the 7th day following inoculation. The AM isolates also had higher positivity to fresh-blood examination (FBE) (84.1%) compared to haemoculture (HC) (58.7%) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (33.3%), in addition to higher mortality (2.9%). The PR isolates had higher values for PP (18.5 days) and Pmax (99.9×10(4)BT/mL) as well as higher positivity to FBE (87.2%), HC (100%), and PCR (83.3%). The correlations between the biological behaviour of the T. cruzi isolates and the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of Chagas disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Dos Reis
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences at the State University of Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo 5790, Bloco 126, CEP: 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Zalloum L, Lala ERP, Moreira NM, Silveira TGV, Dalálio MMDO, Toledo MJDO, Gomes ML, Araújo SMD. Induction of phagocytic activity and nitric-oxide production in natural populations of Trypanosoma cruzi I and II from the state of Paraná, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2011; 53:247-53. [PMID: 22012449 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652011000500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve strains of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from wild reservoirs, triatomines, and chronic chagasic patients in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil, and classified as T. cruzi I and II, were used to test the correlation between genetic and biological diversity. The Phagocytic Index (PI) and nitric-oxide (NO) production in vitro were used as biological parameters. The PI of the T. cruzi I and II strains did not differ significantly, nor did the PI of the T. cruzi strains isolated from humans, triatomines, or wild reservoirs. There was a statistical difference in the inhibition of NO production between T. cruzi I and II and between parasites isolated from humans and the strains isolated from triatomines and wild reservoirs, but there was no correlation between genetics and biology when the strains were analyzed independently of the lineages or hosts from which the strains were isolated. There were significant correlations for Randomly Amplified Polymorphic Deoxyribonucleic acid (RAPD) and biological parameters for T. cruzi I and II, and for humans or wild reservoirs when the lineages or hosts were considered individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Zalloum
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Barnabé C, De Meeûs T, Noireau F, Bosseno MF, Monje EM, Renaud F, Brenière SF. Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units (DTUs): Microsatellite loci and population genetics of DTUs TcV and TcI in Bolivia and Peru. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:1752-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Taniwaki NN, Gonçalves VM, Romero JK, da Silva CV, da Silva S, Mortara RA. Trypanosoma cruzi strains in the Calomys callosus: parasitemia and reaction of intracellular forms with stage-specific antibodies in the acute and chronic phase of infection and after immunosuppression. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:431-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Santos DM, Martins TA, Caldas IS, Diniz LF, Machado-Coelho GL, Carneiro CM, Oliveira RDP, Talvani A, Lana M, Bahia MT. Benznidazole alters the pattern of Cyclophosphamide-induced reactivation in experimental Trypanosoma cruzi-dependent lineage infection. Acta Trop 2010; 113:134-8. [PMID: 19854145 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The factors involved in the reactivation of chronic Chagas disease infection are not clear enough and may be related to host immune unbalance and/or parasite genetic diversity. To evaluate the role of the Trypanosoma cruzi genetic background in the Chagas disease reactivation, we inoculated Cyclophosphamide-immunosupressed (CyI) Swiss mice with clonal stocks from T. cruzi I (Cuica cl1, P209 cl1, Gamba cl1, SP104 cl1), T. cruzi II (IVV cl4, MVB cl8) and T. cruzi (Bug2148 cl1, MN cl2) lineages. We used the parasitemia as the parameter for Chagas disease reactivation and observed that CyI animals infected with T. cruzi stocks showed no reactivation and those infected with T. cruzi II stocks showed only 5% of reactivation. In contrast, immunosuppressed mice infected with stocks from T. cruzi I lineage showed 77.5 and 51.25% reactivation of the infection when Cyclophosphamide treatment was performed 60 and 180 days after inoculation, respectively. Next, we evaluated the efficacy of the Benznidazole (Bz) pre-treatment in reducing or preventing the recurrence of the infection in these CyI animals. In general, the percentage of the parasite recurrence was not altered among the CyI mice that received the Bz pre-treatment during the acute phase of the infection. Interestingly, when pre-Bz treatment was performed during the chronic phase, we observed two different patterns of response: (i) an increased protection among the animals inoculated with the SP104 cl1 (genotype 19) and Cuica cl1 (genotype 20) stocks; (ii) an increased percentage of parasitemia reactivation among mice inoculated with Gamba cl1 (genotype 19) and P209 cl1 (genotype 20) T. cruzi stocks. Our results corroborate our hypothesis by showing that the T. cruzi genetic background in combination with specific Bz treatment has an important role in the Chagas disease reactivation in immunosuppressed animals.
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Modelling the Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi: The Need for an Integrated Genetic Epidemiological and Population Genomics Approach. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 673:200-11. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6064-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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Lala ER, Andó MH, Zalloum L, Bértoli M, de Oliveira Machado Dalalio M, Silveira TGV, Gomes ML, Guedes TA, de Araújo SM. Trypanosoma cruzi: Different methods of data analysis to evaluate the genetics–biology relationship. Exp Parasitol 2009; 123:173-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Susceptibilidad in vitro a hexadecilfosfocolina (miltefosina), nifurtimox y benznidazole de cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi aisladas en Santander, Colombia. BIOMEDICA 2009. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v29i3.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M de Lederkremer
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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32
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Trypanosoma cruzi: Induction of benznidazole resistance in vivo and its modulation by in vitro culturing and mice infection. Exp Parasitol 2008; 120:385-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Devillers H, Lobry JR, Menu F. An agent-based model for predicting the prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi I and II in their host and vector populations. J Theor Biol 2008; 255:307-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Ackermann AA, Carmona SJ, Agüero F. TcSNP: a database of genetic variation in Trypanosoma cruzi. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 37:D544-9. [PMID: 18974180 PMCID: PMC2686512 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The TcSNP database (http://snps.tcruzi.org) integrates information on genetic variation (polymorphisms and mutations) for different stocks, strains and isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. The database incorporates sequences (genes from the T. cruzi reference genome, mRNAs, ESTs and genomic sequences); multiple sequence alignments obtained from these sequences; and single-nucleotide polymorphisms and small indels identified by scanning these multiple sequence alignments. Information in TcSNP can be readily interrogated to arrive at gene sets, or SNP sets of interest based on a number of attributes. Sequence similarity searches using BLAST are also supported. This first release of TcSNP contains nearly 170 000 high-confidence candidate SNPs, derived from the analysis of annotated coding sequences. As new sequence data become available, TcSNP will incorporate these data, mapping new candidate SNPs onto the reference genome sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A Ackermann
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad de San Martín - CONICET, San Martín, 1650, Argentina
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35
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Téllez-Meneses J, Mejía-Jaramillo AM, Triana-Chávez O. Biological characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi stocks from domestic and sylvatic vectors in Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia. Acta Trop 2008; 108:26-34. [PMID: 18804443 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta is one of the most endemic regions of Chagas disease in Colombia. In this study, we compared the biological behavior and genetic features of Trypanosoma cruzi stocks that were isolated from domestic and sylvatic insects in this area. Rhodnius prolixus (from domestic environments) and Triatoma dimidiata (from sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic environments) are the most important vectors in this region. Genetic characterization showed that all stocks corresponded to T. cruzi I, but LSSP-PCR analyses indicated that some genotypes were present in both environments. Biological characterization in vitro showed a low growth rate in sylvatic T. cruzi stocks and in some domestic T. cruzi stocks, possibly indicating the presence of stocks with similar behavior in both transmission cycles. In parallel, in vivo behavioral analysis also indicated that T. cruzi stocks are variable and this species did not show a correlation between the environments where they were isolated. In addition, all stocks demonstrated a low mortality rate and histopathological lesions in heart, skeletal muscle and colon tissue. Moreover, our data indicated that experimentally infected chagasic mice displayed a relation between their myocardial inflammation intensity, parasitism tissue and parasite load using the qPCR. In conclusion, our results indicate that the T. cruzi stocks present in SNSM have similar biological behavior and do not show a correlation with the different transmission cycles. This could be explained by the complex transmission dynamics of T. cruzi in Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, where hosts, vectors (e.g., T. dimidiata) and reservoirs circulate in both environments due to the close contact between the two transmission cycles, favoring environment overlapping. This knowledge is an important key to understanding the epidemiology and pathology of Chagas disease in this Colombian region. Furthermore, our findings could be of significant use in the design of control strategies restricted to a specified endemic region.
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36
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dos Santos DM, Talvani A, Guedes PMDM, Machado-Coelho GLL, de Lana M, Bahia MT. Trypanosoma cruzi: Genetic diversity influences the profile of immunoglobulins during experimental infection. Exp Parasitol 2008; 121:8-14. [PMID: 18848935 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The clonal evolution model postulated for Trypanosoma cruzi predicts a correlation between the phylogenetic divergence of T. cruzi clonal genotypes and their biological properties. In the present study, the linkage between phylogenetic divergence of the parasite and IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b response has been evaluated during the acute and chronic phases of the experimental infection. Eight laboratory-cloned stocks representative of this phylogenetic diversity and including the lineages T. cruzi I (genotypes 19 and 20), T. cruzi II (genotype 32) and T. cruzi (genotype 39) have been studied. The results showed that the pattern of humoral immune response was correlated with T. cruzi genotype, and that stocks included in genotype 20 were responsible for the high IgG response in the acute and chronic phases. Moreover, T. cruzi I lineage was more efficient in over-expressing all subclasses of specific anti-parasite IgG than either T. cruzi II or T. cruzi lineages. Curiously, the alteration in the pattern of antibodies induced by Benznidazole treatment was related to the phase of the infection but not to the genotype of the parasite. The data suggest that genotypes of T. cruzi are able to drive levels/subclasses of specific IgG, hence giving rise to further concerns about the sensitivity of serological assays in the diagnosis of human Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Maria dos Santos
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas', Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
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37
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Usefulness of the polymerase chain reaction for monitoring cure of mice infected with different Trypanosoma cruzi clonal genotypes following treatment with benznidazole. Exp Parasitol 2008; 120:45-9. [PMID: 18533149 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the DNA of Trypanosoma cruzi was evaluated in 90 blood samples from BALB/c mice infected with T. cruzi cloned stocks of genotypes 19 and 20 (T. cruzi I) and 39 and 32 (T. cruzi II), and treated with benznidazole. The results from the fresh blood examination, hemoculture, and ELISA allowed to group the treated animals into: cured (TC), dissociated (DIS) and non-cured (NC). The PCR detected T. cruzi DNA in 50.9%, 58.3% and 100.0% of the samples from TC, DIS and NC mice, respectively. These DNA possibly derives from live T. cruzi or from recently lysed parasites, suggests that these animals are in fact not cured. The difference between the PCR results and results obtained using other techniques was statistically significant and independent of the parasite genotype. The PCR described has therefore potential to be used in cure control of treated patients.
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38
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Mathieu-Daudé F, Bosseno MF, Garzon E, Lelièvre J, Sereno D, Ouaissi A, Brenière SF. Sequence diversity and differential expression of Tc52 immuno-regulatory protein in Trypanosoma cruzi: potential implications in the biological variability of strains. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:1355-63. [PMID: 17659387 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0651-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is highly heterogeneous in terms of genetics and biological properties. To explore the diversity of T. cruzi, we focused our study on the T. cruzi Tc52 protein playing a critical immunosuppressive role during infection. Sequence variability and expression levels of this virulence factor were analysed in various strains. Among the 40 amino acid substitutions detected in the Tc52 coding sequences, three substitutions may have an impact on protein activity or function, as two are localized in sites involved in the glutathione binding and the third is present in the region bearing immunomodulatory function. This sequence variability was consistent with the genetic subdivisions of T. cruzi. Moreover, we observed that the level of Tc52 transcripts and proteins varied between the different strains, but we did not find a significant correlation between Tc52 expression and the phylogeny of the parasite. Thus, both diversity in the sequences and differences in the expression levels of Tc52 protein may be involved in the biological variability of T. cruzi, especially in virulence and immunosuppression properties of T. cruzi strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Mathieu-Daudé
- Département Sociétés et Santé, UR008 Pathogénie et Epidémiologie des Trypanosomatidés, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 Av. Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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39
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Pérez Brandán C, Padilla AM, Diosque P, Basombrío MA. Trypanosoma cruzi: Infectivity modulation of a clone after passages through different hosts. Exp Parasitol 2006; 114:89-93. [PMID: 16564526 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although Trypanosoma cruzi virulence can be modified through passages in vivo or long-term in vitro culture, the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Here we report modifications in the infectivity of a T. cruzi clone after passages in different hosts without detectable changes in parasite genetic patterns. A clone was obtained from a T. cruzi IIe isolate and showed to be less virulent than the original isolate (p<0.05). This clone was enzymatically similar to the original isolate as shown by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Infection of this clone was compared by successive passages in mice and guinea pigs. The mouse-passaged subline became more virulent for both host species compared to the guinea pig-passaged subline (p<0.05). The clone line displayed similar random amplified polymorphic DNA patterns before and after passages in different hosts suggesting that alterations in virulence could be a result of a differential expression of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Pérez Brandán
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Avda. Bolivia 5150, CP 4400 Salta, Argentina.
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40
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Sardinha LR, Elias RM, Mosca T, Bastos KRB, Marinho CRF, D'Império Lima MR, Alvarez JM. Contribution of NK, NK T, gamma delta T, and alpha beta T cells to the gamma interferon response required for liver protection against Trypanosoma cruzi. Infect Immun 2006; 74:2031-42. [PMID: 16552032 PMCID: PMC1418886 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.4.2031-2042.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we show that intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi is rarely found in the livers of acutely infected mice, but inflammation is commonly observed. The presence of numerous intrahepatic amastigotes in infected gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-deficient mice corroborates the notion that the liver is protected by an efficient local immunity. The contribution of different cell populations was suggested by data showing that CD4- and CD8-deficient mice were able to restrain liver parasite growth. Therefore, we have characterized the liver-infiltrating lymphocytes and determined the sources of IFN-gamma during acute T. cruzi infection. We observed that natural killer (NK) cells increased by day 7, while T and B cells increased by day 14. Among CD3+ cells, CD4+, CD8+, and CD4- CD8- cell populations were greatly expanded. A large fraction of CD3+ cells were positive for PanNK, a beta1 integrin expressed by NK and NK T cells. However, these lymphocytes were not classic NK T cells because they did not express NK1.1 and showed no preferential usage of Vbeta8. Otherwise, liver NK T (CD3+ NK1.1+) cells were not increased in acutely infected mice. The majority of PanNK+ CD4+ and PanNK+ CD8+ cells expressed T-cell receptor alphabeta (TCRalphabeta), whereas PanNK+ CD4- CD8- cells were positive for TCRgammadelta. In fact, gammadelta T cells showed the most remarkable increase (40- to 100-fold) among liver lymphocytes. Most importantly, intracellular analysis revealed high levels of IFN-gamma production at day 7 by NK cells and at day 14 by CD4+, CD8+, and CD4- CD8- TCRgammadelta+ cells. We concluded that NK cells are a precocious source of IFN-gamma in the livers of acutely infected mice, and, as the disease progresses, conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and gammadelta T cells, but not classic NK-T cells, may provide the IFN-gamma required for liver protection against T. cruzi.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Chagas Disease/immunology
- Chagas Disease/pathology
- Chagas Disease/prevention & control
- Female
- Immunophenotyping
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/parasitology
- Liver/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Trypanosoma cruzi/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Roberto Sardinha
- Departamento de Imunologia, ICB, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP CEP-05508-000, Brazil.
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41
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Miyamoto CT, Gomes ML, Marangon AV, Araújo SM, Bahia MT, Lana M, Toledo MJO. Trypanosoma cruzi: Sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction for detecting the parasite in the blood of mice infected with different clonal genotypes. Exp Parasitol 2006; 112:198-201. [PMID: 16376332 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction showed high sensitivity for detecting Trypanosoma cruzi in the blood of mice, independent of clonal genotype (19, 20-T. cruzi I; 32, 39-T. cruzi II) or phase of the infection (acute or chronic).
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Miyamoto
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia Básica, Bloco I-90, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, 87020-900, C.P. 331, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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42
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Bértoli M, Andó MH, De Ornelas Toledo MJ, De Araújo SM, Gomes ML. Infectivity for mice of Trypanosoma cruzi I and II strains isolated from different hosts. Parasitol Res 2006; 99:7-13. [PMID: 16447068 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-0122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the infectivity for mice of Trypanosoma cruzi I and II strains isolated from sylvatic animals, triatomines, and humans is determined using fresh blood examination, hemoculture, culture of macerated organs, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Six strains were considered to have low infectivity (9.1-18.2%), five medium (27.3-45.4%), and one high (100.0%). Infectivity of T. cruzi strains isolated from sylvatic animals was significantly higher than that of strains isolated from humans and triatomines (p=0.0141). No significant difference was observed between the infectivity of T. cruzi I and II strains. The parasite was detected by fresh blood examination in one strain, by hemoculture and culture of macerated organs in four strains, and by PCR in all strains. We conclude that the infectivity is related to the host from which the strains were isolated, but the infectivity is not related to the genetic group of the parasite. We also conclude that the majority of the strains studied have low and medium infectivity for mice, and that PCR is an important tool to detect T. cruzi in strains with this biological characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bértoli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Parasitologia Básica, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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43
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Martins HR, Toledo MJO, Veloso VM, Carneiro CM, Machado-Coelho GLL, Tafuri WL, Bahia MT, Valadares HM, Macedo AM, Lana M. Trypanosoma cruzi: Impact of dual-clone infections on parasite biological properties in BALB/c mice. Exp Parasitol 2006; 112:237-46. [PMID: 16406355 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have analyzed major biological properties following dual-clone Trypanosoma cruzi infections in BALB/c mice. Eight T. cruzi clonal stocks, two of each principal genotype, including genotype 19 and 20 (T. cruzi I), hybrid genotype 39 (T. cruzi) and 32 (T. cruzi II) were combined into 24 different dual-clone infections. Special attention was given to characterize biological parameters assayed including: prepatent period, patent period, maximum of parasitemia, day of maximum parasitemia, area under the parasitemia curve, infectivity, mortality, and hemoculture positivity. Our findings clearly demonstrated that features resultant of dual-clone infections of T. cruzi clonal stocks did not display either the characteristics of the corresponding monoclonal infections or the theoretical mixture based on the respective monoclonal infections. Significant changes in the expected values were observed in 4.2-79.2% of the mixtures considering the eight biological parameters studied. A lower frequency of significant differences was found for mixtures composed by phylogenetically distant clonal stocks. Altogether, our data support our hypothesis that mixed T. cruzi infections have a great impact on the biological properties of the parasite in the host and re-emphasizes the importance of considering the possible occurrence of natural mixed infections in humans and their consequences on the biological aspects of ongoing Chagas' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Martins
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas (ICEB), UFOP, MG, Brazil
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44
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Veloso VM, Romanha AJ, Lana M, Murta SMF, Carneiro CM, Alves CF, Borges EC, Tafuri WL, Machado-Coelho GLL, Chiari E, Bahia MT. Influence of the long-term Trypanosoma cruzi infection in vertebrate host on the genetic and biological diversity of the parasite. Parasitol Res 2005; 96:382-9. [PMID: 15940522 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1373-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the long-term Trypanosoma cruzi infection in vertebrate host on the biological and genetic properties of the parasite was evaluated. Four T. cruzi isolates obtained from different chronic chagasic dogs infected with Berenice-78 T. cruzi strain during 2 and 7 years were comparatively analyzed. The long-term T. cruzi infection has led to alterations in parasitemia, virulence and pathogenicity of Be-78 strain for mice. These biological parameters varied from low to high in realation to the parental strain. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA and isoenzyme profiles detected two distinct genetic groups of parasites. The first group included the parental strain and two T. cruzi isolates, and the second group the two other isolates. Interestingly, the isolates of the second group showed a reversibility of the genetic profile to the parental strain after 25 passages in mice. No correlation between the genetic groups and biological properties of the isolates was observed. Our findings confirmed the population heterogeneity of the Be-78 strain, and showed how differently it responds to the long-term infection in the same vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Veloso
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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45
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Garzon E, Genna F, Bosseno MF, Simony-La Fontaine J, Radal M, Sereno D, Mathieu-Daude F, Ouaissi A, Brenière SF. Differential infectivity and immunopathology in murine experimental infections by two natural clones belonging to theTrypanosoma cruziI lineage. Parasitology 2005; 131:109-19. [PMID: 16038402 DOI: 10.1017/s003118200400722x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Immunopathology of Chagas' disease in Balb/c mice infected with 2Trypanosoma cruziclones, belonging to theT. cruziI lineage and presenting differentin vitrovirulence (P/209 cl1>SO34 cl4) was compared. In the acute phase, evading mechanisms such as parasite-induced lymphocyte polyclonal activation and T cell immunosuppression were higher in mice infected with the clone giving a higher parasitaemia (P/209 cl1). A similar increase of non-specific isotypes was observed in both infections with IgG2a prevalence. Interestingly, CD8+ cell hypercellularity and lymphocyte immunosuppression were observed during the chronic phase (245 days post-infection) in mice infected by the most virulent clone. In the same way, the parasite-specific antibody response was more intense in P/209 cl1-infected mice over the acute phase. During the chronic phase this response remarkably dropped down in SO34 cl4-infected mice exclusively. Finally, P/209 cl1-infected mice presented a more severe inflammation and tissue damage in heart and quadriceps than SO34 cl4-infected mice. This comparative study showed differences between the two clones: a higher virulencein vivobeing clearly associated with a greater ability to induce evasion mechanisms and severe tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garzon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD, UR 008 Pathogénie et Epidémiologie des Trypanosomatidés, 911 Av. Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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46
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Villarreal D, Barnabé C, Sereno D, Tibayrenc M. Lack of correlation between in vitro susceptibility to Benznidazole and phylogenetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease. Exp Parasitol 2004; 108:24-31. [PMID: 15491545 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2003] [Revised: 05/15/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease remains an important health problem in Central and South America. Nitroimidazole derivative drugs like Benznidazole are commonly used to treat Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Natural variation of drug susceptibility between various T. cruzi stocks has been proposed as a possible explanation of treatment failure. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine potential correlations between in vitro Benznidazole susceptibility of different T. cruzi stocks and their genetic diversity. For this purpose, 16 natural stocks representing the overall genetic diversity of the parasite were analysed. Genetic characterisation was assessed by both random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) analyses. Drug activity was determined by two complementary methods, the MTT-PMS micro-method and FACs analysis. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)s) were determined. Important variation of IC(50) values (7.3-16.9 microM) among stocks belonging to different discrete typing units (DTUs) was recorded. Further, correlation analysis showed that natural susceptibility to Benznidazole in T. cruzi expressed as IC(50) level was not related with its genetic structure represented by the different DTUs. These results are discussed in relation with the proposed hypothesis establishing a link between genetic diversity and biological behaviour in T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Villarreal
- Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses G.E.M.I (Ex-CEPM) UMR No. 2724 CNRS/IRD, UR 165 IRD, Centre de Recherche IRD, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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47
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Barnabé C, Tibayrenc M. Trypanosoma cruzi: long-term sub-cultures in two different culture media do not confirm the existence of highly versatile multilocus genotypes. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:779-84. [PMID: 15157760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Revised: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi Y reference strain is found in many laboratories under at least two highly distinct genotypes, A and B corresponding to the 'discrete typing units' T. cruzi IIb and T. cruzi IId, respectively. Previous work has reported reversible switches between these genotypes according to the culture media used in the experiments: genotype A would be associated with blood-enriched culture media, while genotype B would be associated with blood-free culture media. We tried to reproduce this observation, but used a different cloning method of individual organisms. Our cloning was verified visually under the microscope, while the previous studies relied on a cloning by dilution only. The subclones so obtained were submitted to long-term exposure to both media, and no change was observed in isoenzyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA genotypes. The discrepancy is probably explained by the cloning method: clones obtained from the previous method (dilution and plating) could come from several parasite cells while only one cell generates a clone when micro-manipulation is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Barnabé
- Génétique et Evolution des Maladies Infectieuses, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) no. 2724, IRD, Montpellier, France.
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Tibayrenc M. Genetic subdivisions within Trypanosoma cruzi (Discrete Typing Units) and their relevance for molecular epidemiology and experimental evolution. KINETOPLASTID BIOLOGY AND DISEASE 2003; 2:12. [PMID: 14613498 PMCID: PMC270070 DOI: 10.1186/1475-9292-2-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2003] [Accepted: 10/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background This paper summarizes the main results obtained on Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity and population structure since this parasite became the theme of many genetic and molecular studies in the early seventies. Results T. cruzi exibits a paradigmatic pattern of long-term, clonal evolution, which has structured its natural populations into several discrete genetic subdivisions or "Discrete Typing Units" (DTU). Rare hybridization events are nevertheless detectable in natural populations and have been recently obtained in the laboratory. Conclusions The DTUs and natural clones of T. cruzi constitute relevant units for molecular epidemiology and experimental evolution. Experimental mating opens the way to an in-depth knowledge of this parasite's formal genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Tibayrenc
- UR62 "Genetics of Infectious Diseases", UMR CNRS/IRD 9926, IRD Centre, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Gomes ML, Toledo MJDO, Nakamura CV, Bittencourt NDLR, Chiari E, de Araújo SM. Trypanosoma cruzi: genetic group with peculiar biochemical and biological behavior. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98:649-54. [PMID: 12973532 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-two Trypanosoma cruzi strains, isolated from chronic chagasic patients in the northwest of the state of Paran (Brazil), were analyzed using molecular, biochemical and biological characteristics. Genotypic analysis using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA and simple sequence repeat-anchored polymerase chain reaction amplified profiles showed a large, genetically well-correlated group that contained the majority of the strains and a divergent group that included the PR-150 strain. For glycoconjugate composition, the PR-150 strain was different from the other strains considering the absence or presence of specific bands in aqueous or detergent phases. This strain was also totally different from the others in one out of the six parameters related to in vitro and in vivo biological behavior. We highlight the fact that the PR-150 was totally resistant to benznidazole. For the other biological parameters this strain was not totally distinct from the others, but it showed a peculiar behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Lúcia Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maring , PR, 87020-900, Brasil.
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Toledo MJDO, Bahia MT, Carneiro CM, Martins-Filho OA, Tibayrenc M, Barnabé C, Tafuri WL, de Lana M. Chemotherapy with benznidazole and itraconazole for mice infected with different Trypanosoma cruzi clonal genotypes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:223-30. [PMID: 12499195 PMCID: PMC149031 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.1.223-230.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The benznidazole (BZ) and itraconazole (ITC) susceptibilities of a standard set of Trypanosoma cruzi natural stocks were evaluated during the acute phase and the chronic phase of experimental chagasic infection in BALB/c mice. Twenty laboratory-cloned stocks representative of the total phylogenetic diversity of T. cruzi, including genotypes 20 and 19 (T. cruzi I) and genotypes 39 and 32 (T. cruzi II), were analyzed. Our results demonstrate important differences among stocks that could be pointed out as markers of biological behavior. Members of the T. cruzi I group were highly resistant to both BZ and ITC, whereas members of the T. cruzi II group were partially resistant to both drugs, despite their susceptibilities to ITC during the chronic phase of infection. The resistance to BZ observed for T. cruzi I was mainly triggered by genotype 20 isolates, whereas resistance to ITC was due to both genotype 20 and 19 isolates. Two polar patterns of response to BZ observed for genotype 39 isolates had a major impact on the partial resistance pattern observed for members of the T. cruzi II group. Genotype 32 isolates showed a typical profile of susceptibility. The correlation between the response to treatment and phylogenetic classification of T. cruzi stocks was clearer for ITC than for BZ. In conclusion, the data presented show a correlation between phylogenetic divergence among T. cruzi stocks and their susceptibilities to chemotherapeutic agents in vivo. Our results warn of the necessity to take into account the lesser genetic subdivisions of T. cruzi stocks since the upper subdivisions (T. cruzi I and II) show a great deal of heterogeneity for in vivo drug susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Jean de Ornelas Toledo
- Departamento Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil.
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