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Yuan X, Wang H, Song S, Qiu L, Lan X, Dong P, Zhang J. Stepwise Targeted Matching Strategy for Comprehensive Profiling of Xanthohumol Metabolites In Vivo and In Vitro Using UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. Molecules 2023; 28:5168. [PMID: 37446828 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN), a natural prenylated flavonoid extracted and isolated from the hop plant (Humulus lupulus), possesses diverse pharmacological activities. Although the metabolites of XN have been investigated in the previous study, a comprehensive metabolic profile has been insufficient in vivo or in vitro until now. The current study was aimed at systematically elucidating the metabolic pathways of XN after oral administration to rats. Herein, a UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS was adopted for the potential metabolites detection. A stepwise targeted matching strategy for the overall identification of XN metabolites was proposed. A metabolic net (53 metabolites included) on XN in vivo and in vitro, as well as the metabolic profile investigation, were designed, preferably characterizing XN metabolites in rat plasma, urine, liver, liver microsomes, and feces. On the basis of a stepwise targeted matching strategy, the net showed that major in vivo metabolic pathways of XN in rats include glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation, demethylation, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydroxylation, and so on. The proposed metabolic pathways in this research will provide essential data for further pharmaceutical studies of prenylated flavonoids and lay the foundation for further toxicity and safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Shuyi Song
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lili Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Binzhou Polytechnic College, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Xianming Lan
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Pingping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, College of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao 999078, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
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2
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Dabrowski W, Gagos M, Siwicka-Gieroba D, Piechota M, Siwiec J, Bielacz M, Kotfis K, Stepulak A, Grzycka-Kowalczyk L, Jaroszynski A, Malbrain MLNG. Humulus lupus extract rich in xanthohumol improves the clinical course in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114082. [PMID: 36508996 PMCID: PMC9732508 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The systemic inflammatory response following severe COVID-19 is associated with poor outcomes. Several anti-inflammatory medications have been studied in COVID-19 patients. Xanthohumol (Xn), a natural extract from hop cones, possesses strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of Xn on the inflammatory response and the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients. METHODS Adult patients treated for acute respiratory failure (PaO2/FiO2 less than 150) were studied. Patients were randomized into two groups: Xn - patients receiving adjuvant treatment with Xn at a daily dose of 4.5 mg/kg body weight for 7 days, and C - controls. Observations were performed at four time points: immediately after admission to the ICU and on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th days of treatment. The inflammatory response was assessed based on the plasma IL-6 concentration, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer levels. The mortality rate was determined 28 days after admission to the ICU. RESULTS Seventy-two patients were eligible for the study, and 50 were included in the final analysis. The mortality rate was significantly lower and the clinical course was shorter in the Xn group than in the control group (20% vs. 48%, p < 0.05, and 9 ± 3 days vs. 22 ± 8 days, p < 0.001). Treatment with Xn decreased the plasma IL-6 concentration (p < 0.01), D-dimer levels (p < 0.05) and NLR (p < 0.01) more significantly than standard treatment alone. CONCLUSION Adjuvant therapy with Xn appears to be a promising anti-inflammatory treatment in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Dabrowski
- First Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland,.
| | - Mariusz Gagos
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dorota Siwicka-Gieroba
- First Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Piechota
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Centre for Artificial Extracorporeal Kidney and Liver Support, Dr. W. Bieganski Regional Specialist Hospital, Łódź, Poland
| | - Jan Siwiec
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bielacz
- First Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kotfis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Stepulak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | | | | | - Manu LNG Malbrain
- First Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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3
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Synthesis of Human Phase I and Phase II Metabolites of Hop (Humulus lupulus) Prenylated Flavonoids. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040345. [PMID: 35448532 PMCID: PMC9030851 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hop prenylated flavonoids have been investigated for their in vivo activities due to their broad spectrum of positive health effects. Previous studies on the metabolism of xanthohumol using untargeted methods have found that it is first degraded into 8-prenylnaringenin and 6-prenylnaringenin, by spontaneous cyclisation into isoxanthohumol, and subsequently demethylated by gut bacteria. Further combinations of metabolism by hydroxylation, sulfation, and glucuronidation result in an unknown number of isomers. Most investigations involving the analysis of prenylated flavonoids used surrogate or untargeted approaches in metabolite identification, which is prone to errors in absolute identification. Here, we present a synthetic approach to obtaining reference standards for the identification of human xanthohumol metabolites. The synthesised metabolites were subsequently analysed by qTOF LC-MS/MS, and some were matched to a human blood sample obtained after the consumption of 43 mg of micellarised xanthohumol. Additionally, isomers of the reference standards were identified due to their having the same mass fragmentation pattern and different retention times. Overall, the methods unequivocally identified the metabolites of xanthohumol that are present in the blood circulatory system. Lastly, in vitro bioactive testing should be applied using metabolites and not original compounds, as free compounds are scarcely found in human blood.
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4
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Paraiso IL, Mattio LM, Alcázar Magaña A, Choi J, Plagmann LS, Redick MA, Miranda CL, Maier CS, Dallavalle S, Kioussi C, Blakemore PR, Stevens JF. Xanthohumol Pyrazole Derivative Improves Diet-Induced Obesity and Induces Energy Expenditure in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1782-1793. [PMID: 34927010 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The energy intake exceeding energy expenditure (EE) results in a positive energy balance, leading to storage of excess energy and weight gain. Here, we investigate the potential of a newly synthesized compound as an inducer of EE for the management of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated flavonoid from hops, was used as a precursor for the synthesis of a pyrazole derivative tested for its properties on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic impairments. In a comparative study with XN, we report that 4-(5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-5-methoxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)benzene-1,3-diol (XP) uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in C2C12 cells. In HFD-fed mice, XP improved glucose tolerance and decreased weight gain by increasing EE and locomotor activity. Using an untargeted metabolomics approach, we assessed the effects of treatment on metabolites and their corresponding biochemical pathways. We found that XP and XN reduced purine metabolites and other energy metabolites in the plasma of HFD-fed mice. The induction of locomotor activity was associated with an increase in inosine monophosphate in the cortex of XP-treated mice. Together, these results suggest that XP, better than XN, affects mitochondrial respiration and cellular energy metabolism to prevent obesity in HFD-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines L Paraiso
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Luce M Mattio
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Armando Alcázar Magaña
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Layhna S Plagmann
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Margaret A Redick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Cristobal L Miranda
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Claudia S Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Chrissa Kioussi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Paul R Blakemore
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jan F Stevens
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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5
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Rudrapal M, Khan J, Dukhyil AAB, Alarousy RMII, Attah EI, Sharma T, Khairnar SJ, Bendale AR. Chalcone Scaffolds, Bioprecursors of Flavonoids: Chemistry, Bioactivities, and Pharmacokinetics. Molecules 2021; 26:7177. [PMID: 34885754 PMCID: PMC8659147 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chalcones are secondary metabolites belonging to the flavonoid (C6-C3-C6 system) family that are ubiquitous in edible and medicinal plants, and they are bioprecursors of plant flavonoids. Chalcones and their natural derivatives are important intermediates of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Plants containing chalcones have been used in traditional medicines since antiquity. Chalcones are basically α,β-unsaturated ketones that exert great diversity in pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, antitubercular, antiplasmodial, antileishmanial, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and so on. This review provides an insight into the chemistry, biosynthesis, and occurrence of chalcones from natural sources, particularly dietary and medicinal plants. Furthermore, the pharmacological, pharmacokinetics, and toxicological aspects of naturally occurring chalcone derivatives are also discussed herein. In view of having tremendous pharmacological potential, chalcone scaffolds/chalcone derivatives and bioflavonoids after subtle chemical modification could serve as a reliable platform for natural products-based drug discovery toward promising drug lead molecules/drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Rudrapal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rasiklal M. Dhariwal Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Pune 411019, India
| | - Johra Khan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (J.K.); (R.M.I.I.A.)
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aziz Bin Dukhyil
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (J.K.); (R.M.I.I.A.)
| | - Randa Mohammed Ibrahim Ismail Alarousy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (J.K.); (R.M.I.I.A.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Veterinary Researches, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Emmanuel Ifeanyi Attah
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria;
| | - Tripti Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, India;
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6
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Microbial Conjugation Studies of Licochalcones and Xanthohumol. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136893. [PMID: 34206985 PMCID: PMC8268106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial conjugation studies of licochalcones (1-4) and xanthohumol (5) were performed by using the fungi Mucor hiemalis and Absidia coerulea. As a result, one new glucosylated metabolite was produced by M. hiemalis whereas four new and three known sulfated metabolites were obtained by transformation with A. coerulea. Chemical structures of all the metabolites were elucidated on the basis of 1D-, 2D-NMR and mass spectroscopic data analyses. These results could contribute to a better understanding of the metabolic fates of licochalcones and xanthohumol in mammalian systems. Although licochalcone A 4'-sulfate (7) showed less cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines compared to its substrate licochalcone A, its activity was fairly retained with the IC50 values in the range of 27.35-43.07 μM.
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7
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van Breemen RB, Chen L, Tonsing-Carter A, Banuvar S, Barengolts E, Viana M, Chen SN, Pauli GF, Bolton JL. Pharmacokinetic Interactions of a Hop Dietary Supplement with Drug Metabolism in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5212-5220. [PMID: 32285669 PMCID: PMC8071352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements produced from hops (Humulus lupulus) containing the chemopreventive compound xanthohumol and phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin are used by women to manage menopausal symptoms. Because of the long half-lives of prenylated hop phenols and reports that they inhibit certain cytochrome P450 enzymes, a botanically authenticated and chemically standardized hop extract was tested for Phase I pharmacokinetic drug interactions. Sixteen peri- and postmenopausal women consumed the hop extract twice daily for 2 weeks, and the pharmacokinetics of tolbutamide, caffeine, dextromethorphan, and alprazolam were evaluated before and after supplementation as probe substrates for the enzymes CYP2C9, CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5, respectively. The observed area under the time-concentration curves were unaffected, except for alprazolam which decreased 7.6% (564.6 ± 46.1 h·μg/L pre-hop and 521.9 ± 36.1 h·μg/L post-hop; p-value 0.047), suggesting minor induction of CYP3A4/5. No enzyme inhibition was detected. According to FDA guidelines, this hop dietary supplement caused no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions with respect to CYP2C9, CYP1A2, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4/5. The serum obtained after consumption of the hop extract was analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to confirm compliance. Abundant Phase II conjugates of the hop prenylated phenols were observed including monoglucuronides and monosulfates as well as previously unreported diglucuronides and sulfate-glucuronic acid diconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
- To whom correspondence should be addressed Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 305 Linus Pauling Science Center, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, Tel: 541-737-5078, Fax: 541-737-5077,
| | - Luying Chen
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Alyssa Tonsing-Carter
- Clinical and Healthcare Research Policy Division, National Institutes of Health, 6705 Rockledge Dr., Suite 750, Bethesda, MD 20817
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Suzanne Banuvar
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Elena Barengolts
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Marlos Viana
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Judy L. Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612
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8
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Cady N, Peterson SR, Freedman SN, Mangalam AK. Beyond Metabolism: The Complex Interplay Between Dietary Phytoestrogens, Gut Bacteria, and Cells of Nervous and Immune Systems. Front Neurol 2020; 11:150. [PMID: 32231636 PMCID: PMC7083015 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body has a large, diverse community of microorganisms which not only coexist with us, but also perform many important physiological functions, including metabolism of dietary compounds that we are unable to process ourselves. Furthermore, these bacterial derived/induced metabolites have the potential to interact and influence not only the local gut environment, but the periphery via interaction with and modulation of cells of the immune and nervous system. This relationship is being further appreciated every day as the gut microbiome is researched as a potential target for immunomodulation. A common feature among inflammatory diseases including relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is the presence of gut microbiota dysbiosis when compared to healthy controls. However, the specifics of these microbiota-neuro-immune system interactions remain unclear. Among all factors, diet has emerged as a strongest factor regulating structure and function of gut microbial community. Phytoestrogens are one class of dietary compounds emerging as potentially being of interest in this interaction as numerous studies have identified depletion of phytoestrogen-metabolizing bacteria such as Adlercreutzia, Parabacteroides and Prevotella in RRMS patients. Additionally, phytoestrogens or their metabolites have been reported to show protective effects when compounds are administered in the animal model of MS, Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this review, we will illustrate the link between MS and phytoestrogen metabolizing bacteria, characterize the importance of gut bacteria and their mechanisms of action in the production of phytoestrogen metabolites, and discuss what is known about the interactions of specific compounds with cells immune and nervous system. A better understanding of gut bacteria-mediated phytoestrogen metabolism and mechanisms through which these metabolites facilitate their biological actions will help in development of novel therapeutic options for MS as well as other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cady
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | | | | | - Ashutosh K. Mangalam
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Molecular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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9
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Fang JB, Nikolić D, Lankin DC, Simmler C, Chen SN, Ramos Alvarenga RF, Liu Y, Pauli GF, van Breemen RB. Formation of (2 R)- and (2 S)-8-Prenylnaringenin Glucuronides by Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11650-11656. [PMID: 31554401 PMCID: PMC6942495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Occurring in hops (Humulus lupulus) and beer as a racemic mixture, (2R,2S)-8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) is a potent phytoestrogen in hop dietary supplements used by women as alternatives to conventional hormone therapy. With a half-life exceeding 20 h, 8-PN is excreted primarily as 8-PN-7-O-glucuronide or 8-PN-4'-O-glucuronide. Human liver microsomes and 11 recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) were used to catalyze the formation of the two oxygen-linked glucuronides of purified (2R)-8-PN and (2S)-8-PN, which were subsequently identified using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Formation of (2R)- and (2S)-8-PN-7-O-glucuronides predominated over the 8-PN-4'-O-glucuronides except for intestinal UGT1A10, which formed more (2S)-8-PN-4'-O-glucuronide. (2R)-8-PN was a better substrate for all 11 UGTs except for UGT1A1, which formed more of both (2S)-8-PN glucuronides than (2R)-8-PN glucuronides. Although several UGTs conjugated both enantiomers of 8-PN, some conjugated just one enantiomer, suggesting that human phenotypic variation might affect the routes of metabolism of this chiral estrogenic constituent of hops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Bo Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dejan Nikolić
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - David C Lankin
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Charlotte Simmler
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rene F. Ramos Alvarenga
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PCRPS and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 305 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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10
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Ludwig FA, Fischer S, Houska R, Hoepping A, Deuther-Conrad W, Schepmann D, Patt M, Meyer PM, Hesse S, Becker GA, Zientek FR, Steinbach J, Wünsch B, Sabri O, Brust P. In vitro and in vivo Human Metabolism of ( S)-[ 18F]Fluspidine - A Radioligand for Imaging σ 1 Receptors With Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:534. [PMID: 31263411 PMCID: PMC6585474 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
(S)-[18F]fluspidine ((S)-[18F]1) has recently been explored for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of sigma-1 receptors in humans. In the current report, we have used plasma samples of healthy volunteers to investigate the radiometabolites of (S)-[18F]1 and elucidate their structures with LC-MS/MS. For the latter purpose additional in vitro studies were conducted by incubation of (S)-[18F]1 and (S)-1 with human liver microsomes (HLM). In vitro metabolites were characterized by interpretation of MS/MS fragmentation patterns from collision-induced dissociation or by use of reference compounds. Thereby, structures of corresponding radio-HPLC-detected radiometabolites, both in vitro and in vivo (human), could be identified. By incubation with HLM, mainly debenzylation and hydroxylation occurred, beside further mono- and di-oxygenations. The product hydroxylated at the fluoroethyl side chain was glucuronidated. Plasma samples (10, 20, 30 min p.i., n = 5-6), obtained from human subjects receiving 250–300 MBq (S)-[18F]1 showed 97.2, 95.4, and 91.0% of unchanged radioligand, respectively. In urine samples (90 min p.i.) the fraction of unchanged radioligand was only 2.6% and three major radiometabolites were detected. The one with the highest percentage, also found in plasma, matched the glucuronide formed in vitro. Only a small amount of debenzylated metabolite was detected. In conclusion, our metabolic study, in particular the high fractions of unchanged radioligand in plasma, confirms the suitability of (S)-[18F]1 as PET radioligand for sigma-1 receptor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich-Alexander Ludwig
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Richard Houska
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marianne Patt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp M Meyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Swen Hesse
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Franziska Ruth Zientek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Bolton JL, Dunlap TL, Hajirahimkhan A, Mbachu O, Chen SN, Chadwick L, Nikolic D, van Breemen RB, Pauli GF, Dietz BM. The Multiple Biological Targets of Hops and Bioactive Compounds. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:222-233. [PMID: 30608650 PMCID: PMC6643004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements for women's health are increasingly popular. Older women tend to take botanical supplements such as hops as natural alternatives to traditional hormone therapy to relieve menopausal symptoms. Especially extracts from spent hops, the plant material remaining after beer brewing, are enriched in bioactive prenylated flavonoids that correlate with the health benefits of the plant. The chalcone xanthohumol (XH) is the major prenylated flavonoid in spent hops. Other less abundant but important bioactive prenylated flavonoids are isoxanthohumol (IX), 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), and 6-prenylnaringenin (6-PN). Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that these flavonoids are conjugated rapidly with glucuronic acid. XH also undergoes phase I metabolism in vivo to form IX, 8-PN, and 6-PN. Several hop constituents are responsible for distinct effects linked to multiple biological targets, including hormonal, metabolic, inflammatory, and epigenetic pathways. 8-PN is one of the most potent phytoestrogens and is responsible for hops' estrogenic activities. Hops also inhibit aromatase activity, which is linked to 8-PN. The weak electrophile, XH, can activate the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway and turn on the synthesis of detoxification enzymes such as NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 and glutathione S-transferase. XH also alkylates IKK and NF-κB, resulting in anti-inflammatory activity. Antiobesity activities have been described for XH and XH-rich hop extracts likely through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Hop extracts modulate the estrogen chemical carcinogenesis pathway by enhancing P450 1A1 detoxification. The mechanism appears to involve activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by the AhR agonist, 6-PN, leading to degradation of the estrogen receptor. Finally, prenylated phenols from hops are known inhibitors of P450 1A1/2; P450 1B1; and P450 2C8, 2C9, and 2C19. Understanding the biological targets of hop dietary supplements and their phytoconstituents will ultimately lead to standardized botanical products with higher efficacy, safety, and chemopreventive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L. Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Tareisha L. Dunlap
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Atieh Hajirahimkhan
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Obinna Mbachu
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Luke Chadwick
- Bell’s Brewery, 8938 Krum Avenue, Galesburg, Michigan 49053, United States
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 305 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Birgit M. Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
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12
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Seliger JM, Misuri L, Maser E, Hintzpeter J. The hop-derived compounds xanthohumol, isoxanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin are tight-binding inhibitors of human aldo-keto reductases 1B1 and 1B10. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:607-614. [PMID: 29532688 PMCID: PMC6010053 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1437728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated chalcone unique to hops (Humulus lupulus) and two derived prenylflavanones, isoxanthohumol (IX) and 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) gained increasing attention as potential anti-diabetic and cancer preventive compounds. Two enzymes of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily are notable pharmacological targets in cancer therapy (AKR1B10) and in the treatment of diabetic complications (AKR1B1). Our results show that XN, IX and 8-PN are potent uncompetitive, tight-binding inhibitors of human aldose reductase AKR1B1 (Ki = 15.08 μM, 0.34 μM, 0.71 μM) and of human AKR1B10 (Ki = 20.11 μM, 2.25 μM, 1.95 μM). The activity of the related enzyme AKR1A1 was left unaffected by all three compounds. This is the first time these three substances have been tested on AKRs. The results of this study may provide a basis for further quantitative structure?activity relationship models and promising scaffolds for future anti-diabetic or carcinopreventive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Moritz Seliger
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Livia Misuri
- Department of Biology, Tuscany Region PhD School in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Hintzpeter
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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13
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Guijas C, Montenegro-Burke JR, Domingo-Almenara X, Palermo A, Warth B, Hermann G, Koellensperger G, Huan T, Uritboonthai W, Aisporna AE, Wolan DW, Spilker ME, Benton HP, Siuzdak G. METLIN: A Technology Platform for Identifying Knowns and Unknowns. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3156-3164. [PMID: 29381867 PMCID: PMC5933435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
METLIN originated as a database to characterize known metabolites and has since expanded into a technology platform for the identification of known and unknown metabolites and other chemical entities. Through this effort it has become a comprehensive resource containing over 1 million molecules including lipids, amino acids, carbohydrates, toxins, small peptides, and natural products, among other classes. METLIN's high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) database, which plays a key role in the identification process, has data generated from both reference standards and their labeled stable isotope analogues, facilitated by METLIN-guided analysis of isotope-labeled microorganisms. The MS/MS data, coupled with the fragment similarity search function, expand the tool's capabilities into the identification of unknowns. Fragment similarity search is performed independent of the precursor mass, relying solely on the fragment ions to identify similar structures within the database. Stable isotope data also facilitate characterization by coupling the similarity search output with the isotopic m/ z shifts. Examples of both are demonstrated here with the characterization of four previously unknown metabolites. METLIN also now features in silico MS/MS data, which has been made possible through the creation of algorithms trained on METLIN's MS/MS data from both standards and their isotope analogues. With these informatic and experimental data features, METLIN is being designed to address the characterization of known and unknown molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Guijas
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - J. Rafael Montenegro-Burke
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xavier Domingo-Almenara
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Amelia Palermo
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Gerrit Hermann
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
- ISOtopic Solutions, Waehringerstrasse 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Tao Huan
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Winnie Uritboonthai
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Aries E. Aisporna
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dennis W. Wolan
- Departments of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mary E. Spilker
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - H. Paul Benton
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular, and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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14
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Arczewska M, Kamiński DM, Gieroba B, Gagoś M. Acid-Base Properties of Xanthohumol: A Computational and Experimental Investigation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:3194-3202. [PMID: 29148787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UV-vis spectrophotometry has been applied to determine acid dissociation constants of the prenylated chalcone xanthohumol. The pKa values were compared with those derived from pH-metric titrations. The order of the deprotonation site in the xanthohumol molecule was estimated by quantum mechanical calculations as 2'-OH, 4'-OH, and 4-OH. Furthermore, the electronic and spectroscopic properties of xanthohumol have been investigated on the basis of the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). The TDDFT method, combined with a hybrid exchange-correlation functional using the B3LYP and CAM-B3LYP levels of theory in conjunction with the SMD solvation model, was used to optimize all geometries and predict the excitation energies of the neutral form and ionized species of the chalcone depending on pH value. The computed results were in good agreement with the experimental data. Consideration of the acid-base profile in conjunction with other molecular properties has a great importance and has the potential to be used to further improve the bioavailability of xanthohumol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arczewska
- Department of Biophysics, University of Life Sciences in Lublin , Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Daniel M Kamiński
- Department of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University , pl. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Gieroba
- Department of Cell Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University , Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Gagoś
- Department of Cell Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University , Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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15
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Chen SF, Chen PY, Hsu HJ, Wu MJ, Yen JH. Xanthohumol Suppresses Mylip/Idol Gene Expression and Modulates LDLR Abundance and Activity in HepG2 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7908-7918. [PMID: 28812343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Xanthohumol, a prenylated flavonoid found in hops (Humulus lupulus L.), exhibits multiple biological activities such as antiatherosclerosis and hypolipidemic activities. In this study, we aim to investigate the hypocholesterolemic effects and molecular mechanisms of xanthohumol in hepatic cells. We found that xanthohumol (10 and 20 μM) increased the amount of cell-surface low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) from 100.0 ± 2.1% to 115.0 ± 1.3% and 135.2 ± 2.7%, and enhanced the LDL uptake activity from 100.0 ± 0.9% to 139.1 ± 13.2% in HepG2 cells (p < 0.01). The mRNA levels of LDLR, HMGCR, and PCSK9 were not altered. Xanthohumol (20 μM) reduced the expression of inducible degrader of the LDL receptor (Mylip/Idol) mRNA and protein by approximately 45% (p < 0.01), which was reported to be associated with increases of LDLR level. We demonstrated that xanthohumol suppressed hepatic Mylip/Idol expression via counteracting liver X receptor (LXR) activation. The molecular docking results predicted that xanthohumol has a high binding affinity to interact with the LXRα ligand-binding domain, which may result in attenuation of LXRα-induced Mylip/Idol expression. Finally, we demonstrated that the Mylip/Idol expression and LDLR activity were synergistically changed by a combination of xanthohumol and simvastatin treatment. Our findings indicated that xanthohumol may regulate the LXR-Mylip/Idol axis to modulate hepatic LDLR abundance and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Fen Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University , Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chen
- Center of Medical Genetics, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital , Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Hsu
- Department of Life Science, Tzu Chi University , Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science , Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University , Hualien 970, Taiwan
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16
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Luzak B, Kassassir H, Rój E, Stanczyk L, Watala C, Golanski J. Xanthohumol from hop cones (Humulus lupulus L.) prevents ADP-induced platelet reactivity. Arch Physiol Biochem 2017; 123:54-60. [PMID: 27855519 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2016.1247284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hop cones (Humulus lupulus L.), very rich source of phenolic compounds, possessing anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, are considered as beneficial diet ingredients improving human health. In this study, the antiplatelet action of xanthohumol (XN), the principal flavonoid in hop cones, was investigated. XN significantly attenuated ADP-induced blood platelet aggregation (97.2 ± 35.7 AU for 6 μg/ml of XN vs. 120.4 ± 30.1 AU for 0.17% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), p < 0.001) and significantly reduced the expression of fibrinogen receptor (activated form of GPIIbIIIa) on platelets' surface (47.6 ± 15.8 for 1.5 μg/ml XN, 44.6 ± 17.3% for 3 μg/ml XN vs. 54.5 ± 19.2% for control or 43.3 ± 18.4% for 6 μg/ml XN vs. 49.7 ± 19.4% for 0.17% DMSO, p < 0.05 or less). These findings suggest that the phenolic compounds originating from hops (XN) have a novel role as antiplatelet agents and can likely be used as dietary supplements in prophylactic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boguslawa Luzak
- a Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland and
| | - Hassan Kassassir
- a Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland and
| | - Edward Rój
- b New Chemical Syntheses Institute , Pulawy , Poland
| | - Lidia Stanczyk
- a Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland and
| | - Cezary Watala
- a Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland and
| | - Jacek Golanski
- a Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland and
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Zenger K, Dutta S, Wolff H, Genton MG, Kraus B. In vitro structure-toxicity relationship of chalcones in human hepatic stellate cells. Toxicology 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Study of Electrochemical Oxidation of Xanthohumol by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2954-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Biotransformations and biological activities of hop flavonoids. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1063-90. [PMID: 25708386 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Female hop cones are used extensively in the brewing industry, but there is now increasing interest in possible uses of hops for non-brewing purposes, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Among pharmaceutically important compounds from hops are flavonoids, having proven anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and estrogenic effects. In this review we aim to present current knowledge on the biotransformation of flavonoids from hop cones with respect to products, catalysis and conversion. A list of microbial enzymatic reactions associated with gastrointestinal microbiota is presented. A comparative analysis of the biological activities of hop flavonoids and their biotransformation products is described, indicating where further research has potential for applications in the pharmaceutical industry.
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20
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Pharmacological profile of xanthohumol, a prenylated flavonoid from hops (Humulus lupulus). Molecules 2015; 20:754-79. [PMID: 25574819 PMCID: PMC6272297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20010754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The female inflorescences of hops (Humulus lupulus L.), a well-known bittering agent used in the brewing industry, have long been used in traditional medicines. Xanthohumol (XN) is one of the bioactive substances contributing to its medical applications. Among foodstuffs XN is found primarily in beer and its natural occurrence is surveyed. In recent years, XN has received much attention for its biological effects. The present review describes the pharmacological aspects of XN and summarizes the most interesting findings obtained in the preclinical research related to this compound, including the pharmacological activity, the pharmacokinetics, and the safety of XN. Furthermore, the potential use of XN as a food additive considering its many positive biological effects is discussed.
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21
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Stachulski AV, Meng X. Glucuronides from metabolites to medicines: a survey of the in vivo generation, chemical synthesis and properties of glucuronides. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:806-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np70003h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Wyns C, van Steendam K, Vanhoecke B, Deforce D, Bracke M, Heyerick A. Prenylated chalcone xanthohumol associates with histones in breast cancer cells-a novel target identified by a monoclonal antibody. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1688-96. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ciska Wyns
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Katleen van Steendam
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Barbara Vanhoecke
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research; Ghent University Hospital; Ghent Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Marc Bracke
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research; Ghent University Hospital; Ghent Belgium
| | - Arne Heyerick
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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Sohrabvandi S, Mortazavian A, Rezaei K. Health-Related Aspects of Beer: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2010.487627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Legette L, Ma L, Reed RL, Miranda CL, Christensen JM, Rodriguez-Proteau R, Stevens JF. Pharmacokinetics of xanthohumol and metabolites in rats after oral and intravenous administration. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 56:466-74. [PMID: 22147307 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Xanthohumol (XN), a dietary flavonoid found in hops, may have health-protective actions against cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Yet, there are limited data on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of XN. This study provides PK parameters for XN and its major metabolites in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS A PK study was conducted in male jugular vein-cannulated Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats (n = 12/group) received an intravenous (IV) injection (1.86 mg/kg BW) or an oral gavage of a low (1.86 mg/kg BW), medium (5.64 mg/kg BW), or high (16.9 mg/kg BW) dose of XN. Plasma samples were analyzed for XN and its metabolites using LC-MS/MS. The maximum concentration (C(max) ) and area under the curve (AUC(0-96 h) ) of total XN (free and conjugated) were 2.9±0.1 mg/L and 2.5±0.3 h* mg/L in IV group, 0.019±0.002 mg/L and 0.84±0.17 h* mg/L in the oral low group, 0.043±0.002 mg/L and 1.03±0.12 h* mg/L in the oral medium group, and 0.15±0.01 mg/L and 2.49±0.10 h* mg/L in the oral high group. CONCLUSION The bioavailability of XN is dose-dependent and approximately 0.33, 0.13, and 0.11 in rats, for the low-, medium-, and high-dose groups, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeCole Legette
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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The extract from hop cones in plasma protects against changes following exposure to peroxynitrite. Open Life Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-011-0078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHumulus lupulus (Cannabaceae) is well known throughout the world as a raw material in the brewing industry. The antioxidative action of hop cones is poorly understood, therefore the aim of our present study was to investigate in vitro changes in human plasma induced by peroxynitrite in the presence of the highly purified extract from hop cones (Humulus lupulus). The aim of our study was also to explain the effect of the extract from hop cones on coagulation activity of human plasma treated with peroxynitrite. The action of the extract from hop cones was compared with the properties of a well-characterized commercial monomeric polyphenol — resveratrol (3,4′,5-trihydroxystilbene). The tested plant extract, like resveratrol, significantly inhibited protein carbonylation and nitration in plasma treated with ONOO−(0.1 mM). The extract from hop cones, like resveratrol, also caused a distinct reduction of plasma lipid peroxidation induced by ONOO−. Moreover, the tested extract modulated the coagulation properties of plasma treated with peroxynitrite. It seems that antioxidative activities of the highly purified extract from hop cones may be responsible for its medicinal properties.
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Viegas O, Zegura B, Pezdric M, Novak M, Ferreira IMPLVO, Pinho O, Filipič M. Protective effects of xanthohumol against the genotoxicity of heterocyclic aromatic amines MeIQx and PhIP in bacteria and in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50:949-55. [PMID: 22138251 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that xanthohumol (XN), a hop derived prenylflavonoid, very efficiently protects against genotoxicity and potential carcinogenicity of the food borne carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ). In this study, we showed that XN was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and did not induce genomic instability in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. In the bacteria XN suppressed the formation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2-amino-3,8 dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) induced mutations in a dose dependent manner and in HepG2 cells it completely prevented PhIP and MeIQx induced DNA strand breaks at nanomolar concentrations. With the QRT-PCR gene expression analysis of the main enzymes involved in the biotransformation of HAAs in HepG2 cells we found that XN upregulates the expression of phase I (CYP1A1 and CYP1A2) and phase II (UGT1A1) enzymes. Further gene expression analysis in cells exposed to MeIQx and PhIP in combination with XN revealed that XN mediated up-regulation of UGT1A1 expression may be important mechanism of XN mediated protection against HAAs induced genotoxicity. Our findings confirm the evidence that XN displays strong chemopreventive effects against genotoxicity of HAAs, and provides additional mechanistic information to assess its potential chemopreventive efficiency in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Viegas
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Slater ME, Linabery AM, Blair CK, Spector LG, Heerema NA, Robison LL, Ross JA. Maternal prenatal cigarette, alcohol and illicit drug use and risk of infant leukaemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2011; 25:559-65. [PMID: 21980945 PMCID: PMC3614405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2011.01229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several case-control studies have evaluated associations between maternal smoking, alcohol consumption and illicit drug use during pregnancy and risk of childhood leukaemia. Few studies have specifically focused on infants (<1 year) with leukaemia, a group that is biologically and clinically distinct from older children. We present data from a Children's Oncology Group case-control study of 443 infants diagnosed with acute leukaemia [including acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)] between 1996 and 2006 and 324 population controls. Mothers were queried about their cigarette, alcohol and illicit drug use 1 year before and throughout pregnancy. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals [CI] were calculated using adjusted unconditional logistic regression models. Maternal smoking (>1 cigarette/day) and illicit drug use (any amount) before and/or during pregnancy were not significantly associated with infant leukaemia. Alcohol use (>1 drink/week) during pregnancy was inversely associated with infant leukaemia overall [OR = 0.64; 95% CI 0.43, 0.94], AML [OR = 0.49; 95% CI 0.28, 0.87], and leukaemia with mixed lineage leukaemia gene rearrangements ('MLL+') [OR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.36, 0.97]. While our results agree with the fairly consistent evidence that maternal cigarette smoking is not associated with childhood leukaemia, the data regarding alcohol and illicit drug use are not consistent with prior reports and are difficult to interpret. It is possible that unhealthy maternal behaviours during pregnancy, some of which carry potential legal consequences, may not be adequately measured using only self-report. Future case-control studies of childhood leukaemia that pursue these exposures may benefit from incorporation of validated instruments and/or biomarkers when feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Slater
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota
| | - Amy M. Linabery
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota
| | - Cindy K. Blair
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota
| | - Logan G. Spector
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota,University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nyla A. Heerema
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Leslie L. Robison
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Julie A. Ross
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota,University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
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Xiang C, Qiao X, Wang Q, Li R, Miao W, Guo D, Ye M. From Single Compounds to Herbal Extract: A Strategy to Systematically Characterize the Metabolites of Licorice in Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1597-608. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.038695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Wu B, Kulkarni K, Basu S, Zhang S, Hu M. First-pass metabolism via UDP-glucuronosyltransferase: a barrier to oral bioavailability of phenolics. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:3655-81. [PMID: 21484808 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation mediated by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) is a significant metabolic pathway that facilitates efficient elimination of numerous endobiotics and xenobiotics, including phenolics. UGT genetic deficiency and polymorphisms or inhibition of glucuronidation by concomitant use of drugs are associated with inherited physiological disorders or drug-induced toxicities. Moreover, extensive glucuronidation can be a barrier to oral bioavailability as the first-pass glucuronidation (or premature clearance by UGTs) of orally administered agents usually results in the poor oral bioavailability and lack of efficacies. This review focused on the first-pass glucuronidation of phenolics including natural polyphenols and pharmaceuticals. The complexity of UGT-mediated metabolism of phenolics is highlighted with species-, gender-, organ- and isoform-dependent specificity, as well as functional compensation between UGT1A and 2B subfamily. In addition, recent advances are discussed with respect to the mechanisms of enzymatic actions, including the important properties such as binding pocket size and phosphorylation requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Wu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Hanske L, Loh G, Sczesny S, Blaut M, Braune A. Recovery and metabolism of xanthohumol in germ-free and human microbiota-associated rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 54:1405-13. [PMID: 20397197 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The impact of human intestinal bacteria on the bioavailability of the prenylflavonoid xanthohumol (XN) was studied by comparing germ-free (GF) and human microbiota-associated (HMA) rats. After XN application, XN, XN conjugates, and isoxanthohumol (IX) conjugates occurred in blood samples of GF and HMA rats, whereas IX was detected only in the blood of HMA rats. Overall excretion of XN and its metabolites within 48 h was only 4.6% of the ingested dose in GF rats and 4.2% in HMA rats, feces being the major route of excretion. While both GF and HMA rats excreted XN, IX, and their conjugates with urine and feces, 8-prenylnaringenin and its corresponding conjugates were exclusively observed in the feces of HMA rats. The microbial formation of 8-prenylnaringenin was confirmed by incubation of XN and IX with human fecal slurries. The amount of conjugates excreted in urine and feces was lower in HMA rats compared to GF rats indicating their hydrolysis by human intestinal microbiota. Thus, the impact of bacteria on the XN metabolism in the gut may affect the in vivo effects of ingested XN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hanske
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
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Floegel A, Kim DO, Chung SJ, Song WO, Fernandez ML, Bruno RS, Koo SI, Chun OK. Development and validation of an algorithm to establish a total antioxidant capacity database of the US diet. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2010; 61:600-23. [PMID: 20377495 DOI: 10.3109/09637481003670816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Estimation of total antioxidant intake is the first step to investigate the protective effects of antioxidants on oxidative stress-mediated disease. The present study was designed to develop an algorithm to estimate total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the US diet. TAC of individual antioxidants and 50 popular antioxidant-rich food items in the US diet were determined by 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Theoretical TAC of foods was calculated as the sum of individual antioxidant capacities of compounds. The top 10 TAC food items in the US diet according to standard serving size were blueberry > plum > green tea > strawberry > green tea (decaffeinated) > red wine > grape juice > black tea > cherry > grape. Major contributors to TAC were the total phenolic content (r = 0.952, P < 0.001) and flavonoid content (r = 0.827, P < 0.001) of 50 foods. Theoretical TAC was positively correlated to experimental TAC of 50 foods determined by the ABTS assay (r = 0.833, P < 0.001) and the DPPH assay (r = 0.696, P < 0.001), and to TAC from the USDA database for the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (r = 0.484, P = 0.001, n = 44). The TAC database of the US diet has been established and validated. In future studies, TAC of the US diet can be linked to biomarkers of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Floegel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-4017, USA
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Bolca S, Li J, Nikolic D, Roche N, Blondeel P, Possemiers S, De Keukeleire D, Bracke M, Heyerick A, van Breemen RB, Depypere H. Disposition of hop prenylflavonoids in human breast tissue. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54 Suppl 2:S284-94. [PMID: 20486208 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hop-derived products may contain xanthohumol (XN), isoxanthohumol (IX), and the potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN). To evaluate the potential health effects of these prenylflavonoids on breast tissue, their concentration, nature of metabolites, and biodistribution were assessed and compared with 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) exposure. In this dietary intervention study, women were randomly allocated to hop (n=11; 2.04 mg XN, 1.20 mg IX, and 0.1 mg 8-PN per supplement) or control (n=10). After a run-in of >or=4 days, three supplements were taken daily for 5 days preceding an aesthetic breast reduction. Blood and breast biopsies were analyzed using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Upon hop administration, XN and IX concentrations ranged between 0.72 and 17.65 nmol/L and 3.30 and 31.50 nmol/L, and between 0.26 and 5.14 pmol/g and 1.16 and 83.67 pmol/g in hydrolyzed serum and breast tissue, respectively. 8-PN however, was only detected in samples of moderate and strong 8-PN producers (0.43-7.06 nmol/L and 0.78-4.83 pmol/g). Phase I metabolism appeared to be minor (approximately 10%), whereas extensive glucuronidation was observed (> 90%). Total prenylflavonoids showed a breast adipose/glandular tissue distribution of 38/62 and their derived E(2)-equivalents were negligible compared with E(2) in adipose (384.6+/-118.8 fmol/g, p=0.009) and glandular (241.6+/-93.1 fmol/g, p<0.001) tissue, respectively. Consequently, low doses of prenylflavonoids are unlikely to elicit estrogenic responses in breast tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Bolca
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University-UGent, Belgium
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Dorn C, Kraus B, Motyl M, Weiss TS, Gehrig M, Schölmerich J, Heilmann J, Hellerbrand C. Xanthohumol, a chalcon derived from hops, inhibits hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54 Suppl 2:S205-13. [PMID: 20087858 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN) is a major prenylated chalcone found in hops, which is used to add bitterness and flavor to beer. In this study, we first investigated the effects of XN on hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSC), the central mediators of liver fibrogenesis. XN inhibited the activation of primary human HSC and induced apoptosis in activated HSC in vitro in a dose dependent manner (0-20 microM). In contrast, XN doses as high as 50 microM did not impair viability of primary human hepatocytes. However, in both cell types XN inhibited activation of the transcription factor NFkappaB and expression of NFkappaB dependent proinflammatory genes. In vivo, feeding of XN reduced hepatic inflammation and expression of profibrogenic genes in a murine model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. These data indicate that XN has the potential as functional nutrient for the prevention or treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis or other chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Dorn
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Sohrabvandi S, Mousavi S, Razavi S, Mortazavian A, Rezaei K. Alcohol-free Beer: Methods of Production, Sensorial Defects, and Healthful Effects. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2010.496022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Dorn C, Bataille F, Gaebele E, Heilmann J, Hellerbrand C. Xanthohumol feeding does not impair organ function and homoeostasis in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1890-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Vogel S, Barbic M, Jürgenliemk G, Heilmann J. Synthesis, cytotoxicity, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity of chalcones and influence of A-ring modifications on the pharmacological effect. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2206-13. [PMID: 20153559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jirásko R, Holcapek M, Vrublová E, Ulrichová J, Simánek V. Identification of new phase II metabolites of xanthohumol in rat in vivo biotransformation of hop extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4100-8. [PMID: 20227705 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds occurring in hop extracts and their phases I and II metabolites formed during in vivo rat biotransformation have been analyzed using HPLC/MS/MS with electrospray ionization (ESI). Two main groups of polyphenolics are present in the hops, i.e., xanthohumol related compounds and so called alpha- and beta-bitter acids (humulones and lupulones). In our study, hybrid quadrupole-time-of-flight (QqTOF) analyzer is used for the identification of both natural phenolics and their metabolites due to the possibility of accurate mass measurements in full scan and tandem mass spectra supported by MS(n) data obtained with the ion trap analyzer. Both ESI polarity modes are used for the determination of molecular weights based on [M+H](+) and [M-H](-) ions in the full scan spectra and the structural information in subsequent tandem mass spectra. The emphasis is given on the elemental composition determination of individual metabolites based on accurate masses typically better than 5ppm even with the external calibration. Advanced software tools are used for the metabolite identification using the comparison of the blank chromatogram with the real incubation sample together with the software prediction and detection of possible metabolites. Chromatograms of rat incubations are also compared with chromatograms of pure rat feed, rat feed enriched with hop extracts and the placebo experiment. More than ten compounds originating from the hops are identified in rat feces, two of them belong to phase I metabolites and five compounds are phase II metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jirásko
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Mendes V, Monteiro R, Pestana D, Teixeira D, Calhau C, Azevedo I. Xanthohumol influences preadipocyte differentiation: implication of antiproliferative and apoptotic effects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:11631-11637. [PMID: 19035642 DOI: 10.1021/jf802233q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is interest in the research of natural compounds that may interfere with the adipocyte life cycle, due to the growing prevalence of obesity and related complications. We aimed at studying the effect of xanthohumol (XN), a Humulus lupulus L. prenylflavonoid, on adipocytes measuring differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis in 3T3-L1 cells. XN reduced differentiation, as revealed by decreased lipid content and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression, an effect more pronounced when cells were treated before or during differentiation induction. XN also decreased proliferation, as measured by sulforhodamine staining (IC(50) between 26 and 12 microM for 24, 48, and 72 h), and preadipocyte Ki67 expression. Apoptosis was increased in preadipocytes and adipocytes. NF-kappaB activity was stimulated by XN in preadipocytes. Results suggest that XN may reduce adipocyte number, contributing to adipocyte hypertrophy. Taking into consideration the consequences of adipocyte hypertrophy, XN does not seem to improve the metabolic profile associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Mendes
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Holcapek M, Kolárová L, Nobilis M. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the identification and determination of phase I and phase II drug metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:59-78. [PMID: 18345532 PMCID: PMC2359828 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Applications of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the identification and determination of phase I and phase II drug metabolites are reviewed with an emphasis on recent papers published predominantly within the last 6 years (2002–2007) reporting the employment of atmospheric pressure ionization techniques as the most promising approach for a sensitive detection, positive identification and quantitation of metabolites in complex biological matrices. This review is devoted to in vitro and in vivo drug biotransformation in humans and animals. The first step preceding an HPLC-MS bioanalysis consists in the choice of suitable sample preparation procedures (biomatrix sampling, homogenization, internal standard addition, deproteination, centrifugation, extraction). The subsequent step is the right optimization of chromatographic conditions providing the required separation selectivity, analysis time and also good compatibility with the MS detection. This is usually not accessible without the employment of the parent drug and synthesized or isolated chemical standards of expected phase I and sometimes also phase II metabolites. The incorporation of additional detectors (photodiode-array UV, fluorescence, polarimetric and others) between the HPLC and MS instruments can result in valuable analytical information supplementing MS results. The relation among the structural changes caused by metabolic reactions and corresponding shifts in the retention behavior in reversed-phase systems is discussed as supporting information for identification of the metabolite. The first and basic step in the interpretation of mass spectra is always the molecular weight (MW) determination based on the presence of protonated molecules [M+H]+ and sometimes adducts with ammonium or alkali-metal ions, observed in the positive-ion full-scan mass spectra. The MW determination can be confirmed by the [M-H]- ion for metabolites providing a signal in negative-ion mass spectra. MS/MS is a worthy tool for further structural characterization because of the occurrence of characteristic fragment ions, either MSn analysis for studying the fragmentation patterns using trap-based analyzers or high mass accuracy measurements for elemental composition determination using time of flight based or Fourier transform mass analyzers. The correlation between typical functional groups found in phase I and phase II drug metabolites and corresponding neutral losses is generalized and illustrated for selected examples. The choice of a suitable ionization technique and polarity mode in relation to the metabolite structure is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holcapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Cs. Legií 565, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Pang Y, Nikolic D, Zhu D, Chadwick LR, Pauli GF, Farnsworth NR, van Breemen RB. Binding of the hop (Humulus lupulus L.) chalcone xanthohumol to cytosolic proteins in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 51:872-9. [PMID: 17579893 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200600252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Used in the brewing of beer, hops (Humulus lupulus L.) contain the prenylated chalcone xanthohumol, which is under investigation as a cancer chemoprevention agent and as a precursor for the estrogenic flavanones isoxanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin. The uptake, transport and accumulation of xanthohumol were studied using the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 to help understand the poor bioavailability of this chalcone. Studies were carried out using Caco-2 cell monolayers 18-21 days after seeding. The apparent K(m) and V(max) values of xanthohumol accumulation in Caco-2 cells were determined, and the protein binding of xanthohumol in sub-cellular fractions of Caco-2 cells was investigated. Approximately 70% of xanthohumol added to the apical side of Caco-2 cells accumulated inside the cells, while 93% of the intracellular xanthohumol was localized in the cytosol. Xanthohumol accumulation was temperature dependent and saturable with an apparent K(m )value of 26.5 +/- 4.66 muM and an apparent V(max) of 0.215 +/- 0.018 nmol/mg protein/min. Facilitated transport was not responsible for the uptake of xanthohumol, instead, accumulation inside the Caco-2 cells was apparently the result of specific binding to cytosolic proteins. These data suggest that specific binding of xanthohumol to cytosolic proteins in intestinal epithelial cells contributes to the poor oral bioavailability observed previously in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Pang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Infante-Rivard C, El-Zein M. Parental alcohol consumption and childhood cancers: a review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2007; 10:101-29. [PMID: 18074306 DOI: 10.1080/10937400601034597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of childhood cancers remains generally unknown. Given that the metabolites of alcohol are likely carcinogens and that leukemia, the most frequent childhood cancer, can arise in utero, the study of alcohol consumption as a potential risk factor for the development of childhood cancer is justified. This article summarizes the epidemiological evidence on the association between parental exposure to alcohol and the risk of childhood cancers. To do this, a thorough search of the literature from 1960 to 2003 using the PubMed database was carried out. It yielded 33 case-control studies published between 1982 and 2003, including 13 studies that considered paternal exposure in the preconceptional period. In 10 of the 33 studies at least 1 statistically significant risk increase was reported in relation with parental alcohol consumption; in 7 of these studies the increase was related to maternal consumption, whereas in 3 studies, it was related to paternal consumption. The cancers most often found associated with parental drinking were leukemia, brain tumors, and neuroblastoma. A few studies also reported a protective effect with maternal exposure at modest levels. Inconsistencies in the results and the low risks reported do not suggest an association between childhood cancer and parental consumption of alcohol. However, before reaching any definitive conclusions, methodological issues need to be addressed in future studies, as well as the role of genetic susceptibility. Moreover, subtypes of specific cancers need to be studied separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Infante-Rivard
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Kim HJ, Lee IS. Microbial metabolism of the prenylated chalcone xanthohumol. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2006; 69:1522-4. [PMID: 17067177 DOI: 10.1021/np060310g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbial metabolism of xanthohumol (1), a prenylated chalcone isolated from hops, gave three novel glucosylated derivatives (2-4) and a known compound, isoxanthohumol (5). The structures of the new compounds were identified as xanthohumol 4'-O-beta-glucopyranoside (2), xanthohumol 4,4'-O-beta-diglucopyranoside (3), and 5-methoxy-8-prenylnaringenin 7-O-beta-glucopyranoside (4) on the basis of spectroscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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Nikolic D, Li Y, Chadwick LR, van Breemen RB. In vitro studies of intestinal permeability and hepatic and intestinal metabolism of 8-prenylnaringenin, a potent phytoestrogen from hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Pharm Res 2006; 23:864-72. [PMID: 16715376 PMCID: PMC1764547 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The absorption potential and metabolism of 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) were investigated. 8-PN is a potent estrogen with the potential to be used for the relief of menopausal symptoms in women. METHODS Monolayers of the human intestinal epithelial cancer cell line Caco-2 and human hepatocytes were incubated with 8-PN to model its intestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism, respectively. RESULTS The apparent permeability coefficients for 8-PN in the apical-to-basolateral and basolateral-to-apical directions of a Caco-2 monolayer were 5.2 +/- 0.7 x 10(-5) and 4.9 +/- 0.5 x 10(-5) cm/s, respectively, indicating good intestinal absorption via passive diffusion. Both glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of 8-PN were detected in the Caco-2 cell incubations. The 4'-O-glucuronide was the predominant Caco-2 cell metabolite, followed by 7-O-sulfate and 4'-O-sulfate. Both phase I and phase II metabolites of 8-PN were formed by human hepatocytes. The 7-O-glucuronide was the most abundant hepatocyte metabolite, and no sulfate conjugates were detected. Incubations with various cDNA-expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferases indicated that the isozymes UGT1A1, UGT1A6, UGT1A8, and UGT1A9 were responsible for glucuronidation of 8-PN. CONCLUSIONS Although orally administered 8-PN should be readily absorbed from the intestine, its bioavailability should be reduced significantly by intestinal and hepatic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard B. van Breemen
- *Corresponding author: Richard B. van Breemen, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612-7231, Telephone (312) 996-9353, FAX (312) 996-7107, E-mail
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Chadwick LR, Pauli GF, Farnsworth NR. The pharmacognosy of Humulus lupulus L. (hops) with an emphasis on estrogenic properties. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 13:119-31. [PMID: 16360942 PMCID: PMC1852439 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
As the population ages, there is an ever-increasing need for therapeutic agents that can be used safely and efficaciously to manage symptoms related to postmenopausal estrogen deficiency. Endogenous estrogens, e.g., 17beta-estradiol, of exogenous mammalian origin, e.g., horses, have long been used to manage such symptoms. There are more than 20 different classes of phytochemicals that have demonstrated affinity for human estrogen receptors in vitro. Some studies on exogenous estrogenic substances of botanical origin (phytoestrogens), such as standardized formulations of plant extracts with in vitro and in vivo estrogenic activity from soy (Glycine max Merill.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), suggest clinical efficacy. Few clinical data for phytoestrogens other than isoflavonoids are available. In an exhaustive review of the literature through 2003, only two clinical trials were identified that were designed to evaluate the effect of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) on symptoms related to menopause. Folkloric, chemical, and biological literature relating primarily to the use of hops for their estrogenic activity, and two human clinical trials, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Chadwick
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Gerhäuser C. Beer constituents as potential cancer chemopreventive agents. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:1941-54. [PMID: 15953717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Beer is a complex alcoholic beverage made from barley (malt), hop, water and yeast. Phenolic constituents of beer are derived from malt (70-80%) and hop (20-30%). Structural classes include simple phenols, benzoic- and cinnamic acid derivatives, coumarins, catechins, di-, tri- and oligomeric proanthocyanidins, (prenylated) chalcones and flavonoids as well as alpha- and iso-alpha-acids derived from hop. Compounds belonging to different structural classes have distinct profiles of biological activity in in vitro test systems, and in combination might lead to enhanced effects. Scientific evidence has accumulated over the past 10 years pointing to the cancer preventive potential of selected hop-derived beer constituents, i.e., prenylflavonoids including xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol, and hop bitter acids. Chemopreventive activities observed with these compounds relevant to inhibition of carcinogenesis at the initiation, promotion and progression phases, as well as results from in vivo studies on metabolism, bioavailability and efficacy are summarised in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Gerhäuser
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Abteilung Toxikologie und Krebsrisikofaktoren, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Hussong R, Frank N, Knauft J, Ittrich C, Owen R, Becker H, Gerhäuser C. A safety study of oral xanthohumol administration and its influence on fertility in Sprague Dawley rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2005; 49:861-7. [PMID: 16092070 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200500089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN) is a prenylated chalcone, which has been shown to possess a broad range of potential cancer preventive and additional biological activities. In the present study, we have determined the subchronic 4-wk toxicity of XN and monitored its influence on fertility and development of offspring in two fertility studies. Four-week-old female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were treated with 0.5% XN in the diet or with 1,000 mg XN/kg body weight (b.w.) per day by gavage for 28 days. No remarkable treatment-related changes in general appearance and b.w. occurred during the study. After autopsy, liver, kidney, lung, heart, stomach, and spleen were examined macroscopically and histopathologically. Relative liver weights of animals in both treatment groups were significantly reduced by 30--40% in comparison with the control group, indicating weak hepatotoxicity. Also, mammary glands of treated rats appeared less developed compared to the controls. Consequently, we investigated the influence of XN on rat reproduction. In two fertility studies, XN (100 mg/kg b.w. per day), given either for 4 wk prior to or during mating, gestation, and nursing, did not cause any adverse effects on female reproduction and the development of offspring. Noteworthy, treatment of male rats prior to mating significantly (p=0.027) increased the sex ratio of male to female offspring. Overall, lifelong treatment at a daily dose of 100 mg/kg b.w. in a two-generation study did not affect the development of SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragna Hussong
- Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ruefer CE, Gerhäuser C, Frank N, Becker H, Kulling SE. In vitro phase II metabolism of xanthohumol by human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases. Mol Nutr Food Res 2005; 49:851-6. [PMID: 16092069 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200500057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN) is the principal prenylated flavonoid of the hop plant and has recently gained considerable interest due to its potential cancer-chemopreventive effects. However, the metabolism of XN has not yet been investigated in detail. Therefore, we studied the in vitro phase II metabolism of XN using nine human recombinant UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) and five sulfotransferases (SULT). The identification of the metabolites formed was elucidated using HPLC with diode array detection as well as HPLC/API-ES MS. XN was efficiently glucuronidated by UGT 1 A 8, 1 A 9, and 1 A 10; further important UGTs were UGT 1 A 1, 1 A 7, and 2 B 7. With respect to the sulfation reaction, SULT 1 A 1*2, 1 A 2, and 1 E 1 were the most active SULT forms. UGT 1 A 3, 1 A 4, and 1 A 6 as well as SULT 1 A 3 and 2 A 1 were of minor importance for the conjugation of XN. Three mono-glucuronides as well as three mono-sulfates were identified. Considering the tissue distribution of the tested UGT and SULT enzyme forms, these findings suggest a prominent role for the glucuronidation and sulfation of XN in the liver as well as in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna E Ruefer
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Possemiers S, Heyerick A, Robbens V, De Keukeleire D, Verstraete W. Activation of proestrogens from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) by intestinal microbiota; conversion of isoxanthohumol into 8-prenylnaringenin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:6281-8. [PMID: 16076107 DOI: 10.1021/jf0509714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hop, an essential ingredient in most beers, contains a number of prenylflavonoids, among which 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) would be the most potent phytoestrogen currently known. Although a number of health effects are attributed to these compounds, only a few reports are available about the bioavailability of prenylflavonoids and the transformation potency of the intestinal microbial community. To test these transformations, four fecal samples were incubated with xanthohumol, isoxanthohumol (IX), and 8-PN. Upon incubation with IX, present in strong ales up to 4 mg/L, 36% was converted into 8-PN in one fecal sample and the estrogenic properties of the sample drastically increased. In an experiment with 12 fecal cultures, this conversion was observed in one-third of the samples, indicating the importance of interindividual variability in the intestinal microbial community. Eubacterium limosum was identified to be capable of this conversion (O-demethylation) of IX into 8-PN, and after strain selection, a conversion efficiency of 90% was achieved. Finally, strain supplementation to a nonconverting fecal sample led to rapid and high 8-PN production at only 1% (v/v) addition. Up to now, the concentration of 8-PN in beer was considered too low to affect human health. However, these results show that the activity of the intestinal microbial community could more than 10-fold increase the exposure concentration. Because prenylflavonoids are present in many beers with IX being the major constituent, the results raise the question whether moderate beer consumption might contribute to increased in vivo levels of 8-PN and even influence human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Possemiers
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Gent University-UGent, Coupure Links 653, Gent, Belgium
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Nikolic D, Li Y, Chadwick LR, Pauli GF, van Breemen RB. Metabolism of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol, prenylated flavonoids from hops (Humulus lupulus L.), by human liver microsomes. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2005; 40:289-299. [PMID: 15712367 DOI: 10.1002/jms.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The female flowers of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) used to flavor beer contain the prenylated flavonoids xanthohumol (XN) and isoxanthohumol (IX). IX is moderately estrogenic in vitro and XN has pharmacological properties that might make it useful as a cancer chemopreventive agent. The metabolism of these dietary flavonoids was investigated in vitro using human liver microsomes. Hydroxylation of a prenyl methyl group was the primary route of oxidative metabolism forming either cis or trans hydroxylated metabolites of IX but only the trans isomer of XN. The double bond on the prenyl group of both compounds formed an epoxide which was opened by an intramolecular reaction with the neighboring hydroxyl group. The potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) was detected as a demethylation product of IX. However, the analogous demethylation reaction was not observed for XN. Since XN can be converted to IX through acid-catalyzed cyclization in the stomach, XN might contribute to the in vivo levels of estrogenic 8-PN following consumption of hops extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Nikolic
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, USA
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