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Egbujor MC, Olaniyan OT, Emeruwa CN, Saha S, Saso L, Tucci P. An insight into role of amino acids as antioxidants via NRF2 activation. Amino Acids 2024; 56:23. [PMID: 38506925 PMCID: PMC10954862 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-024-03384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress can affect the protein, lipids, and DNA of the cells and thus, play a crucial role in several pathophysiological conditions. It has already been established that oxidative stress has a close association with inflammation via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling pathway. Amino acids are notably the building block of proteins and constitute the major class of nitrogen-containing natural products of medicinal importance. They exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, including the ability to activate NRF2, a transcription factor that regulates endogenous antioxidant responses. Moreover, amino acids may act as synergistic antioxidants as part of our dietary supplementations. This has aroused research interest in the NRF2-inducing activity of amino acids. Interestingly, amino acids' activation of NRF2-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) signaling pathway exerts therapeutic effects in several diseases. Therefore, the present review will discuss the relationship between different amino acids and activation of NRF2-KEAP1 signaling pathway pinning their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We also discussed amino acids formulations and their applications as therapeutics. This will broaden the prospect of the therapeutic applications of amino acids in a myriad of inflammation and oxidative stress-related diseases. This will provide an insight for designing and developing new chemical entities as NRF2 activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melford C Egbujor
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University Otuoke, Otuoke, Bayelsa, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Sarmistha Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Vittorio Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy
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2
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Roy A, Karttunen M. A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of the Effects of βGln114 Mutation on the Dynamic Behavior of the Catalytic Site of the Tryptophan Synthase. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:983-1003. [PMID: 38291608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
L-tryptophan (l-Trp), a vital amino acid for the survival of various organisms, is synthesized by the enzyme tryptophan synthase (TS) in organisms such as eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, fungi, and plantae. TS, a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme, comprises α and β subunits that typically form an α2β2 tetramer. The enzyme's activity is regulated by the conformational switching of its α and β subunits between the open (T state) and closed (R state) conformations. Many microorganisms rely on TS for growth and replication, making the enzyme and the l-Trp biosynthetic pathway potential drug targets. For instance, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Chlamydiae bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Francisella tularensis, Salmonella bacteria, and Cryptosporidium parasitic protozoa depend on l-Trp synthesis. Antibiotic-resistant salmonella strains have emerged, underscoring the need for novel drugs targeting the l-Trp biosynthetic pathway, especially for salmonella-related infections. A single amino acid mutation can significantly impact enzyme function, affecting stability, conformational dynamics, and active or allosteric sites. These changes influence interactions, catalytic activity, and protein-ligand/protein-protein interactions. This study focuses on the impact of mutating the βGln114 residue on the catalytic and allosteric sites of TS. Extensive molecular dynamics simulations were conducted on E(PLP), E(AEX1), E(A-A), and E(C3) forms of TS using the WT, βQ114A, and βQ114N versions. The results show that both the βQ114A and βQ114N mutations increase protein backbone root mean square deviation fluctuations, destabilizing all TS forms. Conformational and hydrogen bond analyses suggest the significance of βGln114 drifting away from cofactor/intermediates and forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules necessary for l-Trp biosynthesis. The βQ114A mutation creates a gap between βAla114 and cofactor/intermediates, hindering hydrogen bond formation due to short side chains and disrupting β-sites. Conversely, the βQ114N mutation positions βAsn114 closer to cofactor/intermediates, forming hydrogen bonds with O3 of cofactors/intermediates and nearby water molecules, potentially disrupting the l-Trp biosynthetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupom Roy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A5B7, Canada
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A5B7, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A3K7, Canada
- The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A5B7, Canada
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3
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Li ML, Sun SP, Sun K, Lv B, Fan YH. Role of tryptophan metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2023; 31:896-903. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v31.i21.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is comprised of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, the pathogenesis of which is closely related to intestinal flora disorders. Abnormalities in the intestinal microenvironment caused by intestinal flora disorders affect amino acid metabolism. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, and its metabolites are involved in the regulation of immunity, neuronal function, intestinal homeostasis, etc. The development of IBD disease is accompanied by tryptophan deficiency or metabolic abnormalities. This review focuses on the relationship between the intestinal flora metabolite tryptophan and its metabolites and the occurrence and development of IBD disease, and provides new ideas for future diagnostic methods for predicting IBD disease activity and protocols for treating IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Lin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shao-Peng Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bin Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi-Hong Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
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4
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Li XY, Zeng ZX, Cheng ZX, Wang YL, Yuan LJ, Zhai ZY, Gong W. Common pathogenic bacteria-induced reprogramming of the host proteinogenic amino acids metabolism. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1487-1499. [PMID: 37814028 PMCID: PMC10689525 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03334-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Apart from cancer, metabolic reprogramming is also prevalent in other diseases, such as bacterial infections. Bacterial infections can affect a variety of cells, tissues, organs, and bodies, leading to a series of clinical diseases. Common Pathogenic bacteria include Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella enterica, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and so on. Amino acids are important and essential nutrients in bacterial physiology and support not only their proliferation but also their evasion of host immune defenses. Many pathogenic bacteria or opportunistic pathogens infect the host and lead to significant changes in metabolites, especially the proteinogenic amino acids, to inhibit the host's immune mechanism to achieve its immune evasion and pathogenicity. Here, we review the regulation of host metabolism, while host cells are infected by some common pathogenic bacteria, and discuss how amino acids of metabolic reprogramming affect bacterial infections, revealing the potential adjunctive application of amino acids alongside antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yue Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zi-Xin Zeng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhi-Xing Cheng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yi-Lin Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Liang-Jun Yuan
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhai
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 518101, China.
| | - Wei Gong
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, 518101, China.
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Das S, Bhattacharjee MJ, Mukherjee AK, Khan MR. Comprehensive bacterial-metabolite profiles of Hawaijar, Bekang, and Akhone: a comparative study on traditional fermented soybeans of north-east India. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:315. [PMID: 37736853 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of traditionally fermented soybeans varies across ethnicities with distinct tastes, flavour, and nutritional values. The fermented soybean varieties Hawaijar, Bekang, and Akhone of north-east India are associated with diverse ethnic groups from Manipur, Mizoram, and Nagaland, respectively. These varieties differ in substrate and traditional practice that exerts differential bacterial-metabolite profile, which needs an in-depth analysis i. Culture-dependent and independent techniques investigated the bacterial diversity of the fermented soybean varieties. Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) studied these varieties' metabolite profiles. The common dominant bacterial genera detected in Hawaijar, Bekang, and Akhone were Bacillus, Ignatzschinaria, and Corynebacterium, with the presence of Brevibacillus and Staphylococcus exclusively in Hawaijar and Oceanobacillus in Bekang and Akhone. The metabolite analysis identified a higher abundance of essential amino acids, amino and nucleotide sugars, and vitamins in Hawaijar, short-chain fatty acids in Bekang, polyunsaturated fatty acids in Akhone and Hawaijar, and prebiotics in Akhone. The bacteria-metabolite correlation analysis predicted four distinct bacterial clusters associated with the differential synthesis of the functional metabolites. While B. subtilis is ubiquitous, cluster-1 comprised B. thermoamylovorans/B. amyloliquefaciens, cluster-2 comprised B. tropicus, cluster-3 comprised B. megaterium/B. borstelensis, and cluster-4 comprised B. rugosus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparative study on traditional fermented soybean varieties of north-east India linking bacterial-metabolite profiles which may help in designing starters for desired functionalities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Das
- Division of Life Science, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India
| | - Maloyjo Joyraj Bhattacharjee
- Division of Life Science, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Division of Life Science, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - Mojibur Rohman Khan
- Division of Life Science, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India.
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6
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Wang Y, Xie M, Lin F, Sheng X, Zhao X, Zhu X, Wang Y, Lu B, Chen J, Zhang T, Wan X, Liu W, Sun X. Nomogram of uveal melanoma as prediction model of metastasis risk. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18956. [PMID: 37609406 PMCID: PMC10440531 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since the poor prognosis of uveal melanoma with distant metastasis, we intended to screen out possible biomarkers for uveal melanoma metastasis risk and establish a nomogram model for predicting the risk of uveal melanoma (UVM) metastasis. Methods Two datasets of UVM (GSE84976, GSE22138) were selected. Data was analyzed by R language, CTD database and GEPIA. Results The co-upregulated genes of two datasets, HTR2B, CHAC1, AHNAK2, and PTP4A3 were identified using a Venn diagram. These biomarkers are combined with clinical characteristics, and Lasso regression was conducted to filter the metastasis-related biomarkers. HTR2B, CHAC1, AHNAK2, PTP4A3, tumor thickness, and retinal detachment (RD) were selected to establish the nomogram. Conclusion Our study provides a comprehensive predictive model and personalized risk estimation tool for assessment of 3-year metastasis risk of UVM with a better accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wang
- Shanghai General Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minyue Xie
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, China
| | - Xiaonan Sheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaohuan Zhao
- Shanghai General Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, China
| | - Xinyue Zhu
- Shanghai General Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Shanghai General Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, China
| | - Bing Lu
- Shanghai General Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, China
| | - Jieqiong Chen
- Shanghai General Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Shanghai General Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, China
| | - Xiaoling Wan
- Shanghai General Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, China
| | - Wenjia Liu
- Shanghai General Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Shanghai General Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, China
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Shaw C, Hess M, Weimer BC. Microbial-Derived Tryptophan Metabolites and Their Role in Neurological Disease: Anthranilic Acid and Anthranilic Acid Derivatives. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1825. [PMID: 37512997 PMCID: PMC10384668 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome provides the host access to otherwise indigestible nutrients, which are often further metabolized by the microbiome into bioactive components. The gut microbiome can also shift the balance of host-produced compounds, which may alter host health. One precursor to bioactive metabolites is the essential aromatic amino acid tryptophan. Tryptophan is mostly shunted into the kynurenine pathway but is also the primary metabolite for serotonin production and the bacterial indole pathway. Balance between tryptophan-derived bioactive metabolites is crucial for neurological homeostasis and metabolic imbalance can trigger or exacerbate neurological diseases. Alzheimer's, depression, and schizophrenia have been linked to diverging levels of tryptophan-derived anthranilic, kynurenic, and quinolinic acid. Anthranilic acid from collective microbiome metabolism plays a complex but important role in systemic host health. Although anthranilic acid and its metabolic products are of great importance for host-microbe interaction in neurological health, literature examining the mechanistic relationships between microbial production, host regulation, and neurological diseases is scarce and at times conflicting. This narrative review provides an overview of the current understanding of anthranilic acid's role in neurological health and disease, with particular focus on the contribution of the gut microbiome, the gut-brain axis, and the involvement of the three major tryptophan pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Shaw
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Matthias Hess
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bart C Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Slominski RM, Raman C, Chen JY, Slominski AT. How cancer hijacks the body's homeostasis through the neuroendocrine system. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:263-275. [PMID: 36803800 PMCID: PMC10038913 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
During oncogenesis, cancer not only escapes the body's regulatory mechanisms, but also gains the ability to affect local and systemic homeostasis. Specifically, tumors produce cytokines, immune mediators, classical neurotransmitters, hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, biogenic amines, melatonin, and glucocorticoids, as demonstrated in human and animal models of cancer. The tumor, through the release of these neurohormonal and immune mediators, can control the main neuroendocrine centers such as the hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenals, and thyroid to modulate body homeostasis through central regulatory axes. We hypothesize that the tumor-derived catecholamines, serotonin, melatonin, neuropeptides, and other neurotransmitters can affect body and brain functions. Bidirectional communication between local autonomic and sensory nerves and the tumor, with putative effects on the brain, is also envisioned. Overall, we propose that cancers can take control of the central neuroendocrine and immune systems to reset the body homeostasis in a mode favoring its expansion at the expense of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jake Y Chen
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Kannan G, Batchu P, Naldurtiker A, Dykes GS, Gurrapu P, Kouakou B, Terrill TH, McCommon GW. Habituation to Livestock Trailer and Its Influence on Stress Responses during Transportation in Goats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071191. [PMID: 37048447 PMCID: PMC10093667 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of habituation to livestock trailers on stress responses in goats transported for long periods. Intact male Spanish goats (12-month old; BW = 31.6 ± 0.34 kg; N = 168) were separated into two treatment (TRT) groups and maintained on two different paddocks. Concentrate supplement was fed to one group inside two livestock trailers (5.0 × 2.3 m each; habituated group, H), while the other group received the concentrate supplement, but not inside the trailers (non-habituated, NH). After 4 weeks of habituation period, goats were subjected to a 10-h transportation stress in four replicates (n = 21 goats/replicate/TRT). Blood samples were collected by a trained individual by jugular venipuncture into vacutainer tubes before loading (Preload), 20 min after loading (0 h), and at 2-h intervals thereafter (Time) for analysis of stress responses. There was a tendency for a TRT effect (p < 0.1) on tyramine and metanephrine concentrations. Phenylethylamine and 5-methoxytryptamine concentrations were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the H group compared to the NH group. Both dopamine and 5-methoxytryptamine concentrations decreased (p < 0.05) with transportation time; however, TRT × Time interaction effects were not significant. Habituation to trailers may be beneficial in mood and energy stabilization in goats during long-distance transportation.
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Jasiewicz B, Babijczuk K, Warżajtis B, Rychlewska U, Starzyk J, Cofta G, Mrówczyńska L. Indole Derivatives Bearing Imidazole, Benzothiazole-2-Thione or Benzoxazole-2-Thione Moieties-Synthesis, Structure and Evaluation of Their Cytoprotective, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Fungicidal Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020708. [PMID: 36677766 PMCID: PMC9867442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for new bioactive compounds, a methodology based on combining two molecules with biological properties into a new hybrid molecule was used to design and synthesize of a series of ten indole derivatives bearing imidazole, benzothiazole-2-thione, or benzoxazole-2-thione moieties at the C-3 position. The compounds were spectroscopically characterized and tested for their antioxidant, antibacterial, and fungicidal activities. The crystal structures were determined for five of them. Comparison of the closely related structures containing either benzothiazole-2-thione or benzoxazole-2-thione clearly shows that the replacement of -S- and -O- ring atoms modify molecular conformation in the crystal, changes intermolecular interactions, and has a severe impact on biological activity. The results indicate that indole-imidazole derivatives with alkyl substituent exhibit an excellent cytoprotective effect against AAPH-induced oxidative hemolysis and act as effective ferrous ion chelating agents. The indole-imidazole compound with chlorine atoms inhibited the growth of fungal strains: Coriolus versicolor (Cv), Poria placenta (Pp), Coniophora puteana (Cp), and Gloeophyllum trabeum (Gt). The indole-imidazole derivatives showed the highest antibacterial activity, for which the largest growth-inhibition zones were noted in M. luteus and P. fluorescens cultures. The obtained results may be helpful in the development of selective indole derivatives as effective antioxidants and/or antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Jasiewicz
- Department of Bioactive Products, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: (B.J.); (L.M.)
| | - Karolina Babijczuk
- Department of Bioactive Products, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Beata Warżajtis
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Urszula Rychlewska
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Justyna Starzyk
- Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Bioengineering, University of Life Science, Szydłowska 50, 60-656 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Cofta
- Department of Wood Chemical Technology, Faculty of Forest and Wood Technology, University of Life Science, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Lucyna Mrówczyńska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: (B.J.); (L.M.)
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Oldan JD, Giglio BC, Smith E, Zhao W, Bouchard DM, Ivanovic M, Lee YZ, Collichio FA, Meyers MO, Wallack DE, Abernethy-Leinwand A, Long PK, Trembath DG, Googe PB, Kowalski MH, Ivanova A, Ezzell JA, Nikolaishvili-Feinberg N, Thomas NE, Wong TZ, Ollila DW, Li Z, Moschos SJ. Increased tryptophan, but not increased glucose metabolism, predict resistance of pembrolizumab in stage III/IV melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2204753. [PMID: 37123046 PMCID: PMC10142396 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2204753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials of combined IDO/PD1 blockade in metastatic melanoma (MM) failed to show additional clinical benefit compared to PD1-alone inhibition. We reasoned that a tryptophan-metabolizing pathway other than the kynurenine one is essential. We immunohistochemically stained tissues along the nevus-to-MM progression pathway for tryptophan-metabolizing enzymes (TMEs; TPH1, TPH2, TDO2, IDO1) and the tryptophan transporter, LAT1. We assessed tryptophan and glucose metabolism by performing baseline C11-labeled α-methyl tryptophan (C11-AMT) and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET imaging of tumor lesions in a prospective clinical trial of pembrolizumab in MM (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03089606). We found higher protein expression of all TMEs and LAT1 in melanoma cells than tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) within MM tumors (n = 68). Melanoma cell-specific TPH1 and LAT1 expressions were significantly anti-correlated with TIL presence in MM. High melanoma cell-specific LAT1 and low IDO1 expression were associated with worse overall survival (OS) in MM. Exploratory optimal cutpoint survival analysis of pretreatment 'high' vs. 'low' C11-AMT SUVmax of the hottest tumor lesion per patient revealed that the 'low' C11-AMT SUVmax was associated with longer progression-free survival in our clinical trial (n = 26). We saw no such trends with pretreatment FDG PET SUVmax. Treatment of melanoma cell lines with telotristat, a TPH1 inhibitor, increased IDO expression and kynurenine production in addition to suppression of serotonin production. High melanoma tryptophan metabolism is a poor predictor of pembrolizumab response and an adverse prognostic factor. Serotoninergic but not kynurenine pathway activation may be significant. Melanoma cells outcompete adjacent TILs, eventually depriving the latter of an essential amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge D. Oldan
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Eric Smith
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Weiling Zhao
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Marija Ivanovic
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yueh Z. Lee
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Frances A. Collichio
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departments of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael O. Meyers
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departmant of Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Diana E. Wallack
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Patricia K. Long
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departmant of Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dimitri G. Trembath
- Departments of Pathology And Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul B. Googe
- Departments of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Madeline H. Kowalski
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anastasia Ivanova
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Ezzell
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Nancy E. Thomas
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departments of Dermatology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Terence Z. Wong
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David W. Ollila
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departmant of Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zibo Li
- Departments of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC-CH,Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stergios J. Moschos
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Departments of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- CONTACT Stergios J. Moschos Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
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12
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Slominski AT, Slominski RM, Raman C, Chen JY, Athar M, Elmets C. Neuroendocrine signaling in the skin with a special focus on the epidermal neuropeptides. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1757-C1776. [PMID: 36317800 PMCID: PMC9744652 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00147.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The skin, which is comprised of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue, is the largest organ in the human body and it plays a crucial role in the regulation of the body's homeostasis. These functions are regulated by local neuroendocrine and immune systems with a plethora of signaling molecules produced by resident and immune cells. In addition, neurotransmitters, endocrine factors, neuropeptides, and cytokines released from nerve endings play a central role in the skin's responses to stress. These molecules act on the corresponding receptors in an intra-, juxta-, para-, or autocrine fashion. The epidermis as the outer most component of skin forms a barrier directly protecting against environmental stressors. This protection is assured by an intrinsic keratinocyte differentiation program, pigmentary system, and local nervous, immune, endocrine, and microbiome elements. These constituents communicate cross-functionally among themselves and with corresponding systems in the dermis and hypodermis to secure the basic epidermal functions to maintain local (skin) and global (systemic) homeostasis. The neurohormonal mediators and cytokines used in these communications regulate physiological skin functions separately or in concert. Disturbances in the functions in these systems lead to cutaneous pathology that includes inflammatory (i.e., psoriasis, allergic, or atopic dermatitis, etc.) and keratinocytic hyperproliferative disorders (i.e., seborrheic and solar keratoses), dysfunction of adnexal structure (i.e., hair follicles, eccrine, and sebaceous glands), hypersensitivity reactions, pigmentary disorders (vitiligo, melasma, and hypo- or hyperpigmentary responses), premature aging, and malignancies (melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers). These cellular, molecular, and neural components preserve skin integrity and protect against skin pathologies and can act as "messengers of the skin" to the central organs, all to preserve organismal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jake Y Chen
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Craig Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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13
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Preparation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes: Electrochemically Treated Pencil Graphite Electrodes for Nanomolar Detection of L‐Tryptophan in Complex Samples. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Chen G, Zhou S, Chen Q, Liu M, Dong M, Hou J, Zhou B. Tryptophan-5-HT pathway disorder was uncovered in the olfactory bulb of a depression mice model by metabolomic analysis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:965697. [PMID: 36299862 PMCID: PMC9589483 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.965697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depression (MD) is a severe mental illness that creates a heavy social burden, and the potential molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Lots of research demonstrate that the olfactory bulb is associated with MD. Recently, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomic studies on depressive rats indicated that metabolisms of purine and lipids were disordered in the olfactory bulb. With various physicochemical properties and extensive concentration ranges, a single analytical technique could not completely cover all metabolites, hence it is necessary to adopt another metabolomic technique to seek new biomarkers or molecular mechanisms for depression. Therefore, we adopted a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabonomic technique in the chronic mild stress (CMS) model to investigate significant metabolic changes in the olfactory bulb of the mice. We discovered and identified 16 differential metabolites in the olfactory bulb of the CMS treatments. Metabolic pathway analysis by MetaboAnalyst 5.0 was generated according to the differential metabolites, which indicated that the tryptophan metabolism pathway was the core pathogenesis in the olfactory bulb of the CMS depression model. Further, the expressions of tryptophan hydroxylase (TpH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) were detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The expression of TpH was increased after CMS treatment, and the level of AAAD was unaltered. These results revealed that abnormal metabolism of the tryptophan pathway in the olfactory bulb mediated the occurrence of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siqi Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meixue Dong
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Meixue Dong
| | - Jiabao Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Jiabao Hou
| | - Benhong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Benhong Zhou
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15
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Benton D, Bloxham A, Gaylor C, Brennan A, Young HA. Carbohydrate and sleep: An evaluation of putative mechanisms. Front Nutr 2022; 9:933898. [PMID: 36211524 PMCID: PMC9532617 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.933898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep problems are extremely common in industrialized countries and the possibility that diet might be used to improve sleep has been considered. The topic has been reviewed many times, resulting in the frequent suggestion that carbohydrate increases the uptake of tryptophan by the brain, where it is metabolized into serotonin and melatonin, with the suggestion that this improves sleep. An alternative mechanism was proposed based on animal literature that has been largely ignored by those considering diet and sleep. The hypothesis was that, as in the hypothalamus there are glucose-sensing neurons associated with the sleep-wake cycle, we should consider the impact of carbohydrate-induced changes in the level of blood glucose. A meta-analysis found that after consuming a lower amount of carbohydrate, more time was spent in slow-wave sleep (SWS) and less in rapid-eye-movement sleep. As the credibility of alternative mechanisms has tended not to have been critically evaluated, they were considered by examining their biochemical, nutritional, and pharmacological plausibility. Although high carbohydrate consumption can increase the uptake of tryptophan by the brain, it only occurs with such low levels of protein that the mechanism is not relevant to a normal diet. After entering the brain tryptophan is converted to serotonin, a neurotransmitter known to influence so many different aspects of sleep and wakefulness, that it is not reasonable to expect a uniform improvement in sleep. Some serotonin is converted to melatonin, although the exogenous dose of melatonin needed to influence sleep cannot be credibly provided by the diet. This review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42020223560).
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16
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Hasavci D, Blank T. Age-dependent effects of gut microbiota metabolites on brain resident macrophages. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:944526. [PMID: 36072564 PMCID: PMC9441744 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.944526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, development of age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as other brain disorders, including anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia have been shown to be associated with changes in the gut microbiome. Several factors can induce an alteration in the bacterial composition of the host's gastrointestinal tract. Besides dietary changes and frequent use of antibiotics, the microbiome is also profoundly affected by aging. Levels of microbiota-derived metabolites are elevated in older individuals with age-associated diseases and cognitive defects compared to younger, healthy age groups. The identified metabolites with higher concentration in aged hosts, which include choline and trimethylamine, are known risk factors for age-related diseases. While the underlying mechanisms and pathways remain elusive for the most part, it has been shown, that these metabolites are able to trigger the innate immunity in the central nervous system by influencing development and activation status of brain-resident macrophages. The macrophages residing in the brain comprise parenchymal microglia and non-parenchymal macrophages located in the perivascular spaces, meninges, and the choroid plexus. In this review, we highlight the impact of age on the composition of the microbiome and microbiota-derived metabolites and their influence on age-associated diseases caused by dysfunctional brain-resident macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Blank
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Shen P, Gu S, Jin D, Su Y, Wu H, Li Q, Yang J, He W, Huang J, Qi F. Engineering Metabolic Pathways for Cofactor Self-Sufficiency and Serotonin Production in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2889-2900. [PMID: 35866382 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays an essential regulatory role in numerous cognitive and behavioral functions. Recent advances in synthetic biology have enabled engineering of non-natural biosynthetic pathways for serotonin production in E. coli. Here, an optimized heterologous serotonin biosynthetic pathway was engineered in E. coli and coupled with the biosynthetic and regeneration modules of the endogenous vital cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) for efficient serotonin production using whole-cell catalysis. Further metabolic engineering efforts were performed to ensure an adequate endogenous BH4 supply, including enhancements of GTP biosynthesis and intracellular reducing power availability. Using the optimized fed-batch fermentation, an overall maximum serotonin yield of 40.3% (mol/mol) and a peak titer of 1.68 g/L (production rate of 0.016 g/L/h) were achieved. The strategies employed in this study show the promise of using E. coli for pterin self-sufficiency and high-level serotonin production, and the engineered strains hold the potential for use in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Suyi Gu
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Dou Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Su
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Hongxuan Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Qingchen Li
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Jinhua Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Wenjin He
- Center of Engineering Technology Research for Microalgae Germplasm Improvement of Fujian, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China.,Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation & Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
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18
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Recognition of Melanocytes in Immuno-Neuroendocrinology and Circadian Rhythms: Beyond the Conventional Melanin Synthesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132082. [PMID: 35805166 PMCID: PMC9266247 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes produce melanin to protect the skin from UV-B radiation. Notwithstanding, the spectrum of their functions extends far beyond their well-known role as melanin production factories. Melanocytes have been considered as sensory and computational cells. The neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and other hormones produced by melanocytes make them part of the skin’s well-orchestrated and complex neuroendocrine network, counteracting environmental stressors. Melanocytes can also actively mediate the epidermal immune response. Melanocytes are equipped with ectopic sensory systems similar to the eye and nose and can sense light and odor. The ubiquitous inner circadian rhythm controls the body’s basic physiological processes. Light not only affects skin photoaging, but also regulates inner circadian rhythms and communicates with the local neuroendocrine system. Do melanocytes “see” light and play a unique role in photoentrainment of the local circadian clock system? Why, then, are melanocytes responsible for so many mysterious functions? Do these complex functional devices work to maintain homeostasis locally and throughout the body? In addition, melanocytes have also been shown to be localized in internal sites such as the inner ear, brain, and heart, locations not stimulated by sunlight. Thus, what can the observation of extracutaneous melanocytes tell us about the “secret identity” of melanocytes? While the answers to some of these intriguing questions remain to be discovered, here we summarize and weave a thread around available data to explore the established and potential roles of melanocytes in the biological communication of skin and systemic homeostasis, and elaborate on important open issues and propose ways forward.
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Sevilla A, Chéret J, Slominski RM, Slominski AT, Paus R. Revisiting the role of melatonin in human melanocyte physiology: A skin context perspective. J Pineal Res 2022; 72:e12790. [PMID: 35133682 PMCID: PMC8930624 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily ancient methoxyindoleamine, melatonin, has long perplexed investigators by its versatility of functions and mechanisms of action, which include the regulation of vertebrate pigmentation. Although first discovered through its potent skin-lightening effects in amphibians, melatonin's role in human skin and hair follicle pigmentation and its impact on melanocyte physiology remain unclear. Synthesizing our limited current understanding of this role, we specifically examine its impact on melanogenesis, oxidative biology, mitochondrial function, melanocyte senescence, and pigmentation-related clock gene activity, with emphasis on human skin, yet without ignoring instructive pointers from nonhuman species. Given the strict dependence of melanocyte functions on the epithelial microenvironment, we underscore that melanocyte responses to melatonin are best interrogated in a physiological tissue context. Current evidence suggests that melatonin and some of its metabolites inhibit both, melanogenesis (via reducing tyrosinase activity) and melanocyte proliferation by stimulating melatonin membrane receptors (MT1, MT2). We discuss whether putative melanogenesis-inhibitory effects of melatonin may occur via activation of Nrf2-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling, estrogen receptor-mediated and/or melanocortin-1 receptor- and cAMP-dependent signaling, and/or via melatonin-regulated changes in peripheral clock genes that regulate human melanogenesis, namely Bmal1 and Per1. Melatonin and its metabolites also accumulate in melanocytes where they exert net cyto- and senescence-protective as well as antioxidative effects by operating as free radical scavengers, stimulating the synthesis and activity of ROS scavenging enzymes and other antioxidants, promoting DNA repair, and enhancing mitochondrial function. We argue that it is clinically and biologically important to definitively clarify whether melanocyte cell culture-based observations translate into melatonin-induced pigmentary changes in a physiological tissue context, that is, in human epidermis and hair follicles ex vivo, and are confirmed by clinical trial results. After defining major open questions in this field, we close by suggesting how to begin answering them in clinically relevant, currently available preclinical in situ research models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Sevilla
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jérémy Chéret
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Radomir M. Slominski
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Pathology Laboratory Service, Veteran Administration Medical Center at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294, USA
- Corresponding authors: Ralf Paus, MD, DSc: ; Andrzej T. Slominski, MD, PhD:
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
- CUTANEON – Skin & Hair Innovations, Hamburg, Germany
- Corresponding authors: Ralf Paus, MD, DSc: ; Andrzej T. Slominski, MD, PhD:
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20
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Yu JS, Jeong SY, Li C, Oh T, Kwon M, Ahn JS, Ko SK, Ko YJ, Cao S, Kim KH. New phenalenone derivatives from the Hawaiian volcanic soil-associated fungus Penicillium herquei FT729 and their inhibitory effects on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:105-113. [PMID: 35201589 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Phenalenone derivatives sourced from fungi are polyketides that have attracted significant interest because of their diverse chemical structures and potential bioactivities. As part of our ongoing quest to discover novel natural products with biological properties from diverse natural resources, three unreported phenalenone derivatives (1-3), named ent-12-methoxyisoherqueinone (1), (-)-scleroamide (2), and (+)-scleroamide (3), together with four known phenalenone derivatives, ent-atrovenetinone (4), isoherqueinone (5), herqueinone (6), and ent-peniciherquinone (7) were isolated from the Hawaiian soil fungus Penicillium herquei FT729, collected on the Big Island, Hawaii. Compounds 2 and 3 were enantiomers, which were separated using a chiral-phase HPLC column, which provided optically pure compounds 2 and 3. The structures of the novel compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR and high-resolution ESIMS. Their absolute configurations were determined using quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. The inhibitory activity of the isolated compounds (1-7) against indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) was assessed. Compounds 1, 5-7 inhibited IDO1, with IC50 values of 32.59, 36.86, 19.05, and 24.18 μM, respectively. These findings demonstrated that the phenalenone derivatives 1 and 5-7, as IDO1 inhibitors, are promising anticancer immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.,New Material Development Team, COSMAX BIO Ltd., 255 Pangyo-ro, Bungdang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Yun Jeong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunshun Li
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Taehoon Oh
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Mincheol Kwon
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seog Ahn
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kyun Ko
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities (NCIRF), Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Protective Role of Melatonin and Its Metabolites in Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031238. [PMID: 35163162 PMCID: PMC8835651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin, being the largest organ in the human body, is exposed to the environment and suffers from both intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors. The skin aging process is characterized by several clinical features such as wrinkling, loss of elasticity, and rough-textured appearance. This complex process is accompanied with phenotypic and functional changes in cutaneous and immune cells, as well as structural and functional disturbances in extracellular matrix components such as collagens and elastin. Because skin health is considered one of the principal factors representing overall “well-being” and the perception of “health” in humans, several anti-aging strategies have recently been developed. Thus, while the fundamental mechanisms regarding skin aging are known, new substances should be considered for introduction into dermatological treatments. Herein, we describe melatonin and its metabolites as potential “aging neutralizers”. Melatonin, an evolutionarily ancient derivative of serotonin with hormonal properties, is the main neuroendocrine secretory product of the pineal gland. It regulates circadian rhythmicity and also exerts anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-tumor capacities. The intention of this review is to summarize changes within skin aging, research advances on the molecular mechanisms leading to these changes, and the impact of the melatoninergic anti-oxidative system controlled by melatonin and its metabolites, targeting the prevention or reversal of skin aging.
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The Kynurenine Pathway and Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Inhibitors. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27010273. [PMID: 35011505 PMCID: PMC8747024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Under normal physiological conditions, the kynurenine pathway (KP) plays a critical role in generating cellular energy and catabolizing tryptophan. Under inflammatory conditions, however, there is an upregulation of the KP enzymes, particularly kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO). KMO has garnered much attention due to its production of toxic metabolites that have been implicated in many diseases and disorders. With many of these illnesses having an inadequate or modest treatment, there exists a need to develop KMO inhibitors that reduce the production of these toxic metabolites. Though prior efforts to find an appropriate KMO inhibitor were unpromising, the development of a KMO crystal structure has provided the opportunity for a rational structure-based design in the development of inhibitors. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to describe the kynurenine pathway, the kynurenine 3-monooxygenase enzyme, and KMO inhibitors and their potential candidacy for clinical use.
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23
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Biros E, Malabu UH, Vangaveti VN, Birosova E, Moran CS. The IFN-γ-mini/TrpRS signaling axis: an insight into the pathophysiology of osteoporosis and therapeutic potential. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 64:7-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Mehta A, Kumar Ratre Y, Sharma K, Soni VK, Tiwari AK, Singh RP, Dwivedi MK, Chandra V, Prajapati SK, Shukla D, Vishvakarma NK. Interplay of Nutrition and Psychoneuroendocrineimmune Modulation: Relevance for COVID-19 in BRICS Nations. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:769884. [PMID: 34975797 PMCID: PMC8718880 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.769884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of COVID-19 are not limited to physical health deterioration; the impact on neuropsychological well-being is also substantially reported. The inter-regulation of physical health and psychological well-being through the psychoneuroendocrineimmune (PNEI) axis has enduring consequences in susceptibility, treatment outcome as well as recuperation. The pandemic effects are upsetting the lifestyle, social interaction, and financial security; and also pose a threat through perceived fear. These consequences of COVID-19 also influence the PNEI system and wreck the prognosis. The nutritional status of individuals is also reported to have a determinative role in COVID-19 severity and convalescence. In addition to energetic demand, diet also provides precursor substances [amino acids (AAs), vitamins, etc.] for regulators of the PNEI axis such as neurotransmitters (NTs) and immunomodulators. Moreover, exaggerated immune response and recovery phase of COVID-19 demand additional nutrient intake; widening the gap of pre-existing undernourishment. Mushrooms, fresh fruits and vegetables, herbs and spices, and legumes are few of such readily available food ingredients which are rich in protein and also have medicinal benefits. BRICS nations have their influences on global development and are highly impacted by a large number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths. The adequacy and access to healthcare are also low in BRICS nations as compared to the rest of the world. Attempt to combat the COVID-19 pandemic are praiseworthy in BRICS nations. However, large population sizes, high prevalence of undernourishment (PoU), and high incidence of mental health ailments in BRICS nations provide a suitable landscape for jeopardy of COVID-19. Therefore, appraising the interplay of nutrition and PNEI modulation especially in BRICS countries will provide better understanding; and will aid in combat COVID-19. It can be suggested that the monitoring will assist in designing adjunctive interventions through medical nutrition therapy and psychopsychiatric management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Mehta
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | | | - Krishna Sharma
- Department of Psychology, Government Bilasa Girls Post Graduate Autonomous College, Bilaspur, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Soni
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | - Atul Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Zoology, Bhanwar Singh Porte Government Science College, Pendra, India
| | - Rajat Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | - Mrigendra Kumar Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Nagarjuna Post Graduate College of Science, Raipur, India
| | - Vikas Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | | | - Dhananjay Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
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25
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Tryptophan Production Maximization in a Fed-Batch Bioreactor with Modified E. coli Cells, by Optimizing Its Operating Policy Based on an Extended Structured Cell Kinetic Model. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8120210. [PMID: 34940363 PMCID: PMC8698263 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8120210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid kinetic models, linking structured cell metabolic processes to the dynamics of macroscopic variables of the bioreactor, are more and more used in engineering evaluations to derive more precise predictions of the process dynamics under variable operating conditions. Depending on the cell model complexity, such a math tool can be used to evaluate the metabolic fluxes in relation to the bioreactor operating conditions, thus suggesting ways to genetically modify the microorganism for certain purposes. Even if development of such an extended dynamic model requires more experimental and computational efforts, its use is advantageous. The approached probative example refers to a model simulating the dynamics of nanoscale variables from several pathways of the central carbon metabolism (CCM) of Escherichia coli cells, linked to the macroscopic state variables of a fed-batch bioreactor (FBR) used for the tryptophan (TRP) production. The used E. coli strain was modified to replace the PTS system for glucose (GLC) uptake with a more efficient one. The study presents multiple elements of novelty: (i) the experimentally validated modular model itself, and (ii) its efficiency in computationally deriving an optimal operation policy of the FBR.
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26
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Zhao J, Wang D, Li Y. Proteins in dried distillers' grains with solubles: A review of animal feed value and potential non‐food uses. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jikai Zhao
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas USA
| | - Donghai Wang
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas USA
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Grain Science and Industry Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas USA
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27
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MARIA G. A CCM-based modular and hybrid kinetic model to simulate the tryptophan synthesis in a fed-batch bioreactor using modified E. coli cells. Comput Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2021.107450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Chen W, Zhang J, Zheng S, Wang Z, Xu C, Zhang Q, Wu J, Lou H. Metabolite profiling and transcriptome analyses reveal novel regulatory mechanisms of melatonin biosynthesis in hickory. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:196. [PMID: 34465767 PMCID: PMC8408178 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that melatonin regulates the expression of various elements in the biosynthesis and catabolism of plant hormones. In contrast, the effects of these different plant hormones on the biosynthesis and metabolism of melatonin and their underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, the melatonin biosynthesis pathway was proposed from constructed metabolomic and transcriptomic libraries from hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.) nuts. The candidate pathway genes were further identified by phylogenetic analysis, amino-acid sequence alignment, and subcellular localization. Notably, most of the transcription factor-related genes coexpressed with melatonin pathway genes were hormone-responsive genes. Furthermore, dual-luciferase and yeast one-hybrid assays revealed that CcEIN3 (response to ethylene) and CcAZF2 (response to abscisic acid) could activate melatonin biosynthesis pathway genes, a tryptophan decarboxylase coding gene (CcTDC1) and an N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase coding gene (CcASMT1), by directly binding to their promoters, respectively. Our results provide a molecular basis for the characterization of novel melatonin biosynthesis regulatory mechanisms and demonstrate for the first time that abscisic acid and ethylene can regulate melatonin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, 313000, Huzhou, China
| | - Chuanmei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heqiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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29
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Ala M. Tryptophan metabolites modulate inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer by affecting immune system. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:326-345. [PMID: 34289794 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1954638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, going through three different metabolic pathways in the intestines. Indole pathway in the gut microbiota, serotonin system in the enterochromaffin cells and kynurenine pathway in the immune cells and intestinal lining are the three arms of tryptophan metabolism in the intestines. Clinical, in vivo and in vitro studies showed that each one of these arms has a significant impact on IBD. This review explains how different metabolites of tryptophan are involved in the pathophysiology of IBD and colorectal cancer, as a major complication of IBD. Indole metabolites alleviate colitis and protect against colorectal cancer while serotonin arm follows a more complicated and receptor-specific pattern. Indole metabolites and kynurenine interact with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) to induce T regulatory cells differentiation, confine Th17 and Th1 response and produce anti-inflammatory mediators. Kynurenine decreases tumor-infiltrating CD8+ cells and mediates tumor cells immune evasion. Serotonin system also increases colorectal cancer cells proliferation and metastasis while, indole metabolites can profoundly decrease colorectal cancer growth. Targeted therapy for tryptophan metabolites may improve the management of IBD and colorectal cancer, e.g. supplementation of indole metabolites such as indole-3-carbinol (I3C), inhibition of kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) and selective stimulation or inhibition of specific serotonergic receptors can mitigate colitis. Furthermore, it will be explained how indole metabolites supplementation, inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), KMO and serotonin receptors can protect against colorectal cancer. Additionally, extensive molecular interactions between tryptophan metabolites and intracellular signaling pathways will be thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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30
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Kaczmarek-Szczepańska B, Ostrowska J, Kozłowska J, Szota Z, Brożyna AA, Dreier R, Reiter RJ, Slominski AT, Steinbrink K, Kleszczyński K. Evaluation of Polymeric Matrix Loaded with Melatonin for Wound Dressing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115658. [PMID: 34073402 PMCID: PMC8197906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of scaffolds mimicking the extracellular matrix containing bioactive substances has great potential in tissue engineering and wound healing applications. This study investigates melatonin-a methoxyindole present in almost all biological systems. Melatonin is a bioregulator in terms of its potential clinical importance for future therapies of cutaneous diseases. Mammalian skin is not only a prominent melatonin target, but also produces and rapidly metabolizes the multifunctional methoxyindole to biologically active metabolites. In our methodology, chitosan/collagen (CTS/Coll)-contained biomaterials are blended with melatonin at different doses to fabricate biomimetic hybrid scaffolds. We use rat tail tendon- and Salmo salar fish skin-derived collagens to assess biophysical and cellular properties by (i) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), (ii) thermogravimetric analysis (TG), (iii) scanning electron microscope (SEM), and (iv) proliferation ratio of cutaneous cells in vitro. Our results indicate that melatonin itself does not negatively affect biophysical properties of melatonin-immobilized hybrid scaffolds, but it induces a pronounced elevation of cell viability within human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK), dermal fibroblasts (NHDF), and reference melanoma cells. These results demonstrate that this indoleamine accelerates re-epithelialization. This delivery is a promising technique for additional explorations in future dermatotherapy and protective skin medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kaczmarek-Szczepańska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (B.K.-S.); (J.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Justyna Ostrowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (B.K.-S.); (J.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Justyna Kozłowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (B.K.-S.); (J.O.); (J.K.)
| | - Zofia Szota
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (Z.S.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Anna A. Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (Z.S.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Rita Dreier
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Konrad Kleszczyński
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-251-83-56523; Fax: +49-251-83-58646
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31
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Martí J, Lu H. Microscopic Interactions of Melatonin, Serotonin and Tryptophan with Zwitterionic Phospholipid Membranes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2842. [PMID: 33799606 PMCID: PMC8001758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions at the atomic level between small molecules and the main components of cellular plasma membranes are crucial for elucidating the mechanisms allowing for the entrance of such small species inside the cell. We have performed molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations of tryptophan, serotonin, and melatonin at the interface of zwitterionic phospholipid bilayers. In this work, we will review recent computer simulation developments and report microscopic properties, such as the area per lipid and thickness of the membranes, atomic radial distribution functions, angular orientations, and free energy landscapes of small molecule binding to the membrane. Cholesterol affects the behaviour of the small molecules, which are mainly buried in the interfacial regions. We have observed a competition between the binding of small molecules to phospholipids and cholesterol through lipidic hydrogen-bonds. Free energy barriers that are associated to translational and orientational changes of melatonin have been found to be between 10-20 kJ/mol for distances of 1 nm between melatonin and the center of the membrane. Corresponding barriers for tryptophan and serotonin that are obtained from reversible work methods are of the order of 10 kJ/mol and reveal strong hydrogen bonding between such species and specific phospholipid sites. The diffusion of tryptophan and melatonin is of the order of 10-7 cm2/s for the cholesterol-free and cholesterol-rich setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Martí
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Catalonia-Barcelona Tech, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Huixia Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
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32
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Biros E, Reznik JE, Moran CS. Role of inflammatory cytokines in genesis and treatment of atherosclerosis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2021; 32:138-142. [PMID: 33571665 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis demonstrates an increased rate of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) plasticity characterized by switching from the differentiated contractile phenotype to a de-differentiated synthetic state. In healthy blood vessels, phenotypic switching represents a fundamental property of VSMC in maintaining vascular homeostasis. However, in atherosclerosis, it is an initial and necessary step in VSMC-derived foam cell formation. These foam cells play a decisive role in atherosclerosis progression since approximately half of all the foam cells are of VSMC origin. Our recent work showed that interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), a primary inflammatory cytokine in progressive atherosclerosis, mediates VSMC phenotype switching exclusively through upregulating mini-tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (mini-TrpRS). Here, we discuss the pro-atherosclerotic implication of this phenomenon that inevitably occurs in the context of a more complex regulation mediated by IFN-γ. An emerging therapeutic option for patients with progressive atherosclerosis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Biros
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline E Reznik
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Corey S Moran
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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33
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Ashraf MA, Liu Z, Li C, Zhang D. Fe
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@L‐lysine‐Pd(0) organic–inorganic hybrid: As a novel heterogeneous magnetic nanocatalyst for chemo and homoselective [2 + 3] cycloaddition synthesis of 5‐substituted 1H‐tetrazoles. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf
- School of Forestry Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
- School of Environmental Studies China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Zhenling Liu
- School of Management Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Forestry Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Dangquan Zhang
- School of Forestry Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
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34
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Maria G. In silico Determination of Some Conditions Leading to Glycolytic Oscillations and Their Interference With Some Other Processes in E. coli Cells. Front Chem 2020; 8:526679. [PMID: 33195042 PMCID: PMC7655968 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.526679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autonomous oscillations of species levels in the glycolysis express the self-control of this essential cellular pathway belonging to the central carbon metabolism (CCM), and this phenomenon takes place in a large number of bacteria. Oscillations of glycolytic intermediates in living cells occur according to the environmental conditions and to the cell characteristics, especially the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) recovery system. Determining the conditions that lead to the occurrence and maintenance of the glycolytic oscillations can present immediate practical applications. Such a model-based analysis allows in silico (model-based) design of genetically modified microorganisms (GMO) with certain characteristics of interest for the biosynthesis industry, medicine, etc. Based on our kinetic model validated in previous works, this paper aims to in silico identify operating parameters and cell factors leading to the occurrence of stable glycolytic oscillations in the Escherichia coli cells. As long as most of the glycolytic intermediates are involved in various cellular metabolic pathways belonging to the CCM, evaluation of the dynamics and average level of its intermediates is of high importance for further applicative analyses. As an example, by using a lumped kinetic model for tryptophan (TRP) synthesis from literature, and its own kinetic model for the oscillatory glycolysis, this paper highlights the influence of glycolytic oscillations on the oscillatory TRP synthesis through the PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) glycolytic node shared by the two oscillatory processes. The numerical analysis allows further TRP production maximization in a fed-batch bioreactor (FBR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Maria
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.,Chemical Sciences Section, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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35
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Herqueilenone A, a unique rearranged benzoquinone-chromanone from the Hawaiian volcanic soil-associated fungal strain Penicillium herquei FT729. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104397. [PMID: 33130348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study of a Hawaiian volcanic soil-associated fungal strain Penicillium herquei FT729 led to the isolation of one unprecedented benzoquinone-chromanone, herqueilenone A (1) and two phenalenone derivatives (2 and 3). Their structures were determined through extensive analysis of NMR spectroscopic data and gauge-including atomic orbital (GIAO) NMR chemical shifts and ECD calculations. Herqueilenone A (1) contains a chroman-4-one core flanked by a tetrahydrofuran and a benzoquinone with an acetophenone moiety. Plausible pathways for the biosynthesis of 1-3 are proposed. Compounds 2 and 3 inhibited IDO1 activity with IC50 values of 14.38 and 13.69 μM, respectively. Compounds 2 and 3 also demonstrated a protective effect against acetaldehyde-induced damage in PC-12 cells.
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36
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Liu S, She F, Zhang W, Hu X, Zhao X, Yao Y. Tryptophan decreases the intensity of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in a rat model. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1139-1147. [PMID: 32789611 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a severe clinical condition that is a result of the cellular and biochemical response to infection. The present study evaluated the therapeutic potential of tryptophan against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats. Rats were grouped into sham, control (ALI), and ALI + 1, 25, and 50 mg/kg body weight L-tryptophan. Supplementation with 1, 25, and 50 mg/kg L-tryptophan reduced the total protein content by 4.9%, 33.4%, and 64.5%; the levels of neutrophils (12.5%, 31.8%, and 65.1%), lymphocytes (15.1%, 41.7%, and 63.3%), total cells (12.6%, 42.4%, and 65.7%); lipid peroxidation (9.4%, 28.4%, and 68.7%); myeloperoxidase levels (12.1%, 33.4%, and 68.2%); migration inhibitory factor (12.7%, 39.5%, and 68.2%), interleukin (IL)-8 (5.5%, 46.8%, and 78.5%), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (10.8%, 39.8%, and 72.2%), respectively. Supplementation with 1, 25, and 50 mg/kg L-tryptophan reduced mRNA expression of TNF-α (4.5%, 21.8%, and 41.8%), IL-1β (5.2%, 17.9%, and 46.2%); and the protein expression of TNF-α (2.8%, 15.2%, and 35.7%) and IL-1β (5.2%, 15.6%, and 28.6%), respectively. It also reduced glutathione (to near normal levels), neutrophilic infiltration and edema, and the wet/dry ratio of lung tissue. It significantly increased catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase levels, as well as the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) by 21.9%, 52.8%, and 87.4%, respectively. Altogether, our results suggest that supplementation with L-tryptophan has a strong protective effect against LPS-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqing Liu
- Medical school of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Emergency, the Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Trauma Research Center, the Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fei She
- Department of Emergency, the Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Emergency, the Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Hu
- Department of Emergency, the Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Emergency, the Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongming Yao
- Medical school of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China. .,Trauma Research Center, the Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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37
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Bosi A, Banfi D, Bistoletti M, Giaroni C, Baj A. Tryptophan Metabolites Along the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: An Interkingdom Communication System Influencing the Gut in Health and Disease. Int J Tryptophan Res 2020; 13:1178646920928984. [PMID: 32577079 PMCID: PMC7290275 DOI: 10.1177/1178646920928984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ‘microbiota-gut-brain axis’ plays a fundamental role in maintaining host homeostasis, and different immune, hormonal, and neuronal signals participate to this interkingdom communication system between eukaryota and prokaryota. The essential aminoacid tryptophan, as a precursor of several molecules acting at the interface between the host and the microbiota, is fundamental in the modulation of this bidirectional communication axis. In the gut, tryptophan undergoes 3 major metabolic pathways, the 5-HT, kynurenine, and AhR ligand pathways, which may be directly or indirectly controlled by the saprophytic flora. The importance of tryptophan metabolites in the modulation of the gastrointestinal tract is suggested by several preclinical and clinical studies; however, a thorough revision of the available literature has not been accomplished yet. Thus, this review attempts to cover the major aspects on the role of tryptophan metabolites in host-microbiota cross-talk underlaying regulation of gut functions in health conditions and during disease states, with particular attention to 2 major gastrointestinal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), both characterized by psychiatric disorders. Research in this area opens the possibility to target tryptophan metabolism to ameliorate the knowledge on the pathogenesis of both diseases, as well as to discover new therapeutic strategies based either on conventional pharmacological approaches or on the use of pre- and probiotics to manipulate the microbial flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bosi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Banfi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Michela Bistoletti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Thompson CM, McDonald AD, Yang H, Cavagnero S, Buller AR. Modular control of l-tryptophan isotopic substitution via an efficient biosynthetic cascade. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4189-4192. [PMID: 32452506 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00868k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Isotopologs are powerful tools for investigating biological systems. We report a biosynthetic-cascade synthesis of Trp isotopologs starting from indole, glycine, and formaldehyde using the enzymes l-threonine aldolase and an engineered β-subunit of tryptophan synthase. This modular route to Trp isotopologs is simple and inexpensive, enabling facile access to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton M Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI. 53706, USA.
| | - Allwin D McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI. 53706, USA.
| | - Hanming Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI. 53706, USA.
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI. 53706, USA.
| | - Andrew R Buller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI. 53706, USA.
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39
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Khalivulla SI, Mohammed A, Sirajudeen KNS, Shaik MI, Ye W, Korivi M. Novel Phytochemical Constituents and Anticancer Activities of the Genus, Typhonium. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:946-957. [PMID: 31744445 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666191118102616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhonium is the largest genus in the Araceae family (~70 species), distributed in South Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia. Typhonium is well-known for its ethnopharmacological uses, and Southeast Asians consider it as an alternative medicine to treat cancer. This review elucidated the confirmed chemical structures of the isolated compounds of Typhonium and emphasized on their anticancer activities against various human cancer cells. METHODS Among several species, Typhonium blumei, T. flagelliforme, T. divaricatum and T. giganteum were extensively studied due to the presence of a class of secondary metabolites. All the available reports on Typhonium were included and discussed in this article. RESULTS Until now several groups of compounds, namely amino acids (1, 2), cinnamic acid (3), fatty acids (4-14), glycerol derivatives (15-18) and cerebrosides (19-34), flavonoids (35), hydantoins (36-38), lignin monomers (39-44), nucleobases (45-48), pheophorbides (49-52), phthalate (53), terpene and steroids (54-59) and vitamins (60, 61) were isolated and characterized from Typhonium. These phytochemicals were investigated for their anticancer properties, and results confirmed the promising growth inhibitory effect and anticancer activities against human lung, breast, prostate and colon cancer cells. The anticancer activity of these compounds appears to be mediated through the induction of apoptotic cell death. These phytochemicals further reported to exhibit other pharmacological efficacies, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-allergic, neuroprotective and hepato-protective properties. CONCLUSION This is the first review to summarize the anticancer properties of all isolated compounds of Typhonium genus with confirmed chemical structures. Further advanced studies are necessary to establish the detailed signaling pathways that are involved in the anticancer property of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaik I Khalivulla
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Arifullah Mohammed
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Institute of Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture (IFSSA), Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kuttulebbai N S Sirajudeen
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mannur I Shaik
- School of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - Weibing Ye
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua City 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mallikarjuna Korivi
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua City 321004, Zhejiang, China
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40
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Zholudov Y, Lysak N, Snizhko D, Reshetniak O, Xu G. Electrochemiluminescence analysis of tryptophan in aqueous solutions based on its reaction with tetraphenylborate anions. Analyst 2020; 145:3364-3369. [PMID: 32236246 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The emission of electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) is observed upon the oxidation of fluorescent aromatic amino acid tryptophan in aqueous solutions at a glassy carbon electrode in the presence of a sodium tetraphenylborate co-reactant in a broad pH range. The emission is particularly strong when potential pulses are applied to the electrode. The ECL intensity is proportional to the concentration of amino acid and allows its determination in the concentration range of 0.3 μM-0.3 mM with high selectivity in the presence of other amino acids. The results of studies suggest that the indole ring of tryptophan is responsible for the observed ECL emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Zholudov
- M. Rozhitskii Laboratory of Analytical Optochemotronics, Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics, 14 Nauki Ave., Kharkiv 61166, Ukraine.
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Tsvetikova SA, Koshel EI. Microbiota and cancer: host cellular mechanisms activated by gut microbial metabolites. Int J Med Microbiol 2020; 310:151425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2020.151425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Hwang ES, Song SB. Possible Adverse Effects of High-Dose Nicotinamide: Mechanisms and Safety Assessment. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050687. [PMID: 32365524 PMCID: PMC7277745 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide (NAM) at doses far above those recommended for vitamins is suggested to be effective against a wide spectrum of diseases and conditions, including neurological dysfunctions, depression and other psychological disorders, and inflammatory diseases. Recent increases in public awareness on possible pro-longevity effects of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursors have caused further growth of NAM consumption not only for clinical treatments, but also as a dietary supplement, raising concerns on the safety of its long-term use. However, possible adverse effects and their mechanisms are poorly understood. High-level NAM administration can exert negative effects through multiple routes. For example, NAM by itself inhibits poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), which protect genome integrity. Elevation of the NAD+ pool alters cellular energy metabolism. Meanwhile, high-level NAM alters cellular methyl metabolism and affects methylation of DNA and proteins, leading to changes in cellular transcriptome and proteome. Also, methyl metabolites of NAM, namely methylnicotinamide, are predicted to play roles in certain diseases and conditions. In this review, a collective literature search was performed to provide a comprehensive list of possible adverse effects of NAM and to provide understanding of their underlying mechanisms and assessment of the raised safety concerns. Our review assures safety in current usage level of NAM, but also finds potential risks for epigenetic alterations associated with chronic use of NAM at high doses. It also suggests directions of the future studies to ensure safer application of NAM.
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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Kleszczyński K, Semak I, Janjetovic Z, Sweatman T, Skobowiat C, Steketee JD, Lin Z, Postlethwaite A, Li W, Reiter RJ, Tobin DJ. Characterization of serotonin and N-acetylserotonin systems in the human epidermis and skin cells. J Pineal Res 2020; 68:e12626. [PMID: 31770455 PMCID: PMC7007327 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity was detected in cultured epidermal melanocytes and dermal fibroblasts with respective Km of 5.08 and 2.83 mM and Vmax of 80.5 and 108.0 µmol/min. Low but detectable TPH activity was also seen in cultured epidermal keratinocytes. Serotonin and/or its metabolite and precursor to melatonin, N-acetylserotonin (NAS), were identified by LC/MS in human epidermis and serum. Endogenous epidermal levels were 113.18 ± 13.34 and 43.41 ± 12.45 ng/mg protein for serotonin (n = 8/8) and NAS (n = 10/13), respectively. Their production was independent of race, gender, and age. NAS was also detected in human serum (n = 13/13) at a concentration 2.44 ± 0.45 ng/mL, while corresponding serotonin levels were 295.33 ± 17.17 ng/mL (n = 13/13). While there were no differences in serum serotonin levels, serum NAS levels were slightly higher in females. Immunocytochemistry studies showed localization of serotonin to epidermal and follicular keratinocytes, eccrine glands, mast cells, and dermal fibrocytes. Endogenous production of serotonin in cultured melanocytes, keratinocytes, and dermal fibroblasts was modulated by UVB. In conclusion, serotonin and NAS are produced endogenously in the epidermal, dermal, and adnexal compartments of human skin and in cultured skin cells. NAS is also detectable in human serum. Both serotonin and NAS inhibited melanogenesis in human melanotic melanoma at concentrations of 10-4 -10-3 M. They also inhibited growth of melanocytes. Melanoma cells were resistant to NAS inhibition, while serotonin inhibited cell growth only at 10-3 M. In summary, we characterized a serotonin-NAS system in human skin that is a part of local neuroendocrine system regulating skin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Dermatology,VA Medical Center; Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Konrad Kleszczyński
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Igor Semak
- Department of Biochemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Cezary Skobowiat
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Zongtao Lin
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Arnold Postlethwaite
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Departments of VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Desmond J. Tobin
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Chen J, Wang Q, Hao Z, Li Z, Sahu SK, Liu H, Xiao L. Relationship between the Gut Microbiome and Energy/Nutrient Intake in a Confined Bioregenerative Life Support System. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e02465-19. [PMID: 31811045 PMCID: PMC6997737 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02465-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that the gut microbiome is modified in space analogs and that human health can be affected during actual spaceflight. However, the relationship between the gut microbiome and dietary intake in simulator subjects and astronauts remains unclear. Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSSs) are confined and self-sufficient ecosystems that enable exploration of this issue. Here, we correlate changes in gut microbes to the nutrient types present in controlled diets within subjects cohabitating in a BLSS. A metagenome-wide association study (MWAS) was performed on 55 shotgun-sequenced fecal samples longitudinally obtained from healthy Chinese subjects (n = 4 in total, n = 2 per sex) subjected to a 60-day BLSS stay and a specialized diet. Each food item was categorized based on nutrient type according to the Chinese Food Ingredients List (https://wenku.baidu.com/view/3f2b628488eb172ded630b1c59eef8c75fbf9514.html?from=search). The physical parameters of each subject fluctuated within normal medical ranges. Sex- and individual-specific differences and a trend of individual convergence of the gut microbiome in the BLSS were observed. Depletion of bacterial taxa such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bifidobacterium longum, and Escherichia coli and functional modules such as short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, as well as an increase in an unidentified Lachnospiraceae and glutamate/tryptophan synthesis, were observed in the BLSS. Correlation analysis showed that these compositional and functional changes were associated with energy/nutrient intake during the BLSS stay. Our findings suggest that the gut microbiota is a useful indicator for monitoring health and that individual nutritive diets should be considered according to sex and individual differences in simulations or in spaceflight.IMPORTANCE The gut microbiome shows individual specificity and is affected by sex, environment, and diet; gut microbiome imbalance is related to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune diseases. Astronauts are faced with a challenging environment and limited diet in outer space. Recent studies indicate that the gut microbiome is altered in space simulators and space, but what happens to intestinal microorganisms when astronauts cohabitate in a self-sufficient ecosystem in which they plant and cook food is unclear. Bioregenerative life support systems (BLSSs) are ideal devices to investigate the above issues because they are closed and self-sufficient. Four healthy Chinese subjects cohabitated in a confined BLSS for 60 days, during which their physical parameters and energy/nutrient intake were recorded. We performed a metagenome-wide association study (MWAS) on 55 shotgun-sequenced fecal samples longitudinally obtained from the subjects. Alterations occurred in the gut microbial composition and function, and their relationships with energy/nutrient intake were explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zikai Hao
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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Wigner P, Saluk-Bijak J, Synowiec E, Miller E, Sliwinski T, Cichon N, Bijak M. Variation of Genes Encoding Tryptophan Catabolites Pathway Enzymes in Stroke. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122133. [PMID: 31817010 PMCID: PMC6947300 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal activation of the tryptophan catabolites pathway (TRYCATs) is observed in patients suffering from cerebrovascular disease, including stroke. A previous study confirmed that lower bioavailability of tryptophan for serotonin synthesis was characterized in the patients during the acute stroke phase. Interestingly, according to various studies, polymorphisms of the genes involved in the TRYCATs pathway may modulate the risk of stroke occurrence. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between the occurrence of TPH1, TPH2, KAT1, KAT2 and IDO1 polymorphisms and the risk of stroke development.The following 10 polymorphisms of the genes encoding enzymes of the TRYCATs pathway were selected: c.804-7C > A (rs10488682), c.-1668T > A (rs623580), c.803+221C > A (rs1800532), c.-173A > T (rs1799913) - TPH1, c.-1449C > A (rs7963803), and c.-844G > T (rs4570625) - TPH2. c.*456G > A of KAT1 (rs10988134), c.975-7T > C of KAT2 (rs1480544), c.-1849C > A (rs3824259) and c. -1493G > C (rs10089084) of IDO1. The study was carried out on DNA isolated from the peripheral blood taken from 107 patients after a stroke and 107 healthy volunteers. All DNA samples were genotyped using TaqMan probes. The genotypes of eight studied polymorphisms modulated the risk of stroke. No significant difference in genotype and allele frequencies of the c.804-7C > A -TPH1 (rs10488682) and c.*456G > A - KAT1 (rs10988134) polymorphisms were found between patients and controls. Having performed haplotype and gen-gen analyses, it was possible to determine that patients after a stroke and controls differed in terms of the frequency of selected genotypes and haplotypes. Among the studied polymorphisms, eight SNPs were linked with stroke risk modulation. The results obtained confirmed our hypothesis regarding the involvement of the TRYCATs pathway in the pathogenesis of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wigner
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (P.W.)
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Synowiec
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (P.W.)
| | - Elzbieta Miller
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Poland, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Sliwinski
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (P.W.)
| | - Natalia Cichon
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-635-43-36
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Song SB, Park JS, Chung GJ, Lee IH, Hwang ES. Diverse therapeutic efficacies and more diverse mechanisms of nicotinamide. Metabolomics 2019; 15:137. [PMID: 31587111 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotinamide (NAM) is a form of vitamin B3 that, when administered at near-gram doses, has been shown or suggested to be therapeutically effective against many diseases and conditions. The target conditions are incredibly diverse ranging from skin disorders such as bullous pemphigoid to schizophrenia and depression and even AIDS. Similar diversity is expected for the underlying mechanisms. In a large portion of the conditions, NAM conversion to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) may be a major factor in its efficacy. The augmentation of cellular NAD+ level not only modulates mitochondrial production of ATP and superoxide, but also activates many enzymes. Activated sirtuin proteins, a family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases, play important roles in many of NAM's effects such as an increase in mitochondrial quality and cell viability countering neuronal damages and metabolic diseases. Meanwhile, certain observed effects are mediated by NAM itself. However, our understanding on the mechanisms of NAM's effects is limited to those involving certain key proteins and may even be inaccurate in some proposed cases. AIM OF REVIEW This review details the conditions that NAM has been shown to or is expected to effectively treat in humans and animals and evaluates the proposed underlying molecular mechanisms, with the intention of promoting wider, safe therapeutic application of NAM. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW NAM, by itself or through altering metabolic balance of NAD+ and tryptophan, modulates mitochondrial function and activities of many molecules and thereby positively affects cell viability and metabolic functions. And, NAM administration appears to be quite safe with limited possibility of side effects which are related to NAM's metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Beom Song
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoulsiripdae-ro 163, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sung Park
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoulsiripdae-ro 163, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu June Chung
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoulsiripdae-ro 163, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hye Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Ewhayeodae-gil 52, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seong Hwang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoulsiripdae-ro 163, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Kwon M, Ko SK, Jang M, Kim GH, Ryoo IJ, Son S, Ryu HW, Oh SR, Lee WK, Kim BY, Jang JH, Ahn JS. Inhibitory effects of flavonoids isolated from Sophora flavescens on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1481-1488. [PMID: 31423846 PMCID: PMC6713164 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1640218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a tryptophan catabolising enzyme, is known as a tumour cell survival factor that causes immune escape in several types of cancer. Flavonoids of Sophora flavescens have a variety of biological benefits for humans; however, cancer immunotherapy effect has not been fully investigated. The flavonoids (1-6) isolated from S. flavescens showed IDO1 inhibitory activities (IC50 4.3-31.4 µM). The representative flavonoids (4-6) of S. flavescens were determined to be non-competitive inhibitors of IDO1 by kinetic analyses. Their binding affinity to IDO1 was confirmed using thermal stability and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays. The molecular docking analysis and mutagenesis assay revealed the structural details of the interactions between the flavonoids (1-6) and IDO1. These results suggest that the flavonoids (1-6) of S. flavescens, especially kushenol E (6), as IDO1 inhibitors might be useful in the development of immunotherapeutic agents against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mincheol Kwon
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Sung-Kyun Ko
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Mina Jang
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Gun-Hee Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - In-Ja Ryoo
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Sangkeun Son
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Won-Kyu Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Jang
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Korea.,Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Jong Seog Ahn
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Cheongju , Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Korea
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48
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Miller ED, Dziedzic A, Saluk-Bijak J, Bijak M. A Review of Various Antioxidant Compounds and their Potential Utility as Complementary Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071528. [PMID: 31284389 PMCID: PMC6682972 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The etiology of this multifactorial disease has not been clearly defined. Conventional medical treatment of MS has progressed, but is still based on symptomatic treatment. One of the key factors in the pathogenesis of MS is oxidative stress, enhancing inflammation and neurodegeneration. In MS, both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are formed in the CNS mainly by activated macrophages and microglia structures, which can lead to demyelination and axon disruption. The course of MS is associated with the secretion of many inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators, including cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, INF-γ) and chemokines (MIP-1a, MCP-1, IP10). The early stage of MS (RRMS) lasts about 10 years, and is dominated by inflammatory processes, whereas the chronic stage is associated with neurodegenerative axon and neuron loss. Since oxidative damage has been known to be involved in inflammatory and autoimmune-mediated processes, antioxidant therapy could contribute to the reduction or even prevention of the progression of MS. Further research is needed in order to establish new aims for novel treatment and provide possible benefits to MS patients. The present review examines the roles of oxidative stress and non-pharmacological anti-oxidative therapies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Dorota Miller
- Department of Physical Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Pl. Hallera 1, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
- Neurorehabilitation Ward, General Hospital no III, Milionowa 14, 90-001 Lodz, Poland
| | - Angela Dziedzic
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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Ghorbani‐Choghamarani A, Mohammadi M, Hudson RH, Tamoradi T. Boehmite@tryptophan‐Pd nanoparticles: A new catalyst for C–C bond formation. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceIlam University PO Box 69315516 Ilam Iran
| | - Robert H.E. Hudson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Taiebeh Tamoradi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Kurdistan Sanandaj Iran
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Neuroendocrine Aspects of Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112798. [PMID: 31181682 PMCID: PMC6600459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin aging is accompanied by a gradual loss of function, physiological integrity and the ability to cope with internal and external stressors. This is secondary to a combination of complex biological processes influenced by constitutive and environmental factors or by local and systemic pathologies. Skin aging and its phenotypic presentation are dependent on constitutive (genetic) and systemic factors. It can be accelerated by environmental stressors, such as ultraviolet radiation, pollutants and microbial insults. The skin’s functions and its abilities to cope with external stressors are regulated by the cutaneous neuroendocrine systems encompassing the regulated and coordinated production of neuropeptides, neurohormones, neurotransmitters and hormones, including steroids and secosteroids. These will induce/stimulate downstream signaling through activation of corresponding receptors. These pathways and corresponding coordinated responses to the stressors decay with age or undergo pathological malfunctions. This affects the overall skin phenotype and epidermal, dermal, hypodermal and adnexal functions. We propose that skin aging can be attenuated or its phenotypic presentation reversed by the topical use of selected factors with local neurohormonal activities targeting specific receptors or enzymes. Some of our favorite factors include melatonin and its metabolites, noncalcemic secosteroids and lumisterol derivatives, because of their low toxicity and their desirable local phenotypic effects.
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