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Wang F, Ghanzouri I, Leeper NJ, Tsao PS, Ross EG. Development of a polygenic risk score to improve detection of peripheral artery disease. Vasc Med 2022; 27:219-227. [PMID: 35287516 PMCID: PMC9254893 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x211067564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, yet timely diagnosis is elusive. Larger genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have now provided the ability to evaluate whether genetic data, in the form of genome-wide polygenic risk scores (PRS), can help improve our ability to identify patients at high risk of having PAD. METHODS Using summary statistic data from the largest PAD GWAS from the Million Veteran Program, we developed PRSs with genome data from UK Biobank. We then evaluated the clinical utility of adding the best-performing PRS to a PAD clinical risk score. RESULTS A total of 487,320 participants (5759 PAD cases) were included in our final genetic analysis. Compared to participants in the lowest 10% of PRS, those in the highest decile had 3.1 higher odds of having PAD (95% CI, 3.06-3.21). Additionally, a PAD PRS was associated with increased risk of having coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and cerebrovascular disease. The PRS significantly improved a clinical risk model (Net Reclassification Index = 0.07, p < 0.001), with most of the performance seen in downgrading risk of controls. Combining clinical and genetic data to detect risk of PAD resulted in a model with an area under the curve of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.75-0.77). CONCLUSION We demonstrate that a genome-wide PRS can discriminate risk of PAD and other cardiovascular diseases. Adding a PAD PRS to clinical risk models may help improve detection of prevalent, but undiagnosed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fudi Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ilies Ghanzouri
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Philip S Tsao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elsie Gyang Ross
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Guo H, You M, Wu J, Chen A, Wan Y, Gu X, Tan S, Xu Y, He Q, Hu B. Genetics of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Risk and Outcome. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:874962. [PMID: 35478846 PMCID: PMC9036087 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.874962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common fatal event without an effective therapy. Of note, some familial aggregation and inherited tendency is found in ICH and heritability estimates indicate that genetic variations contribute substantially to ICH risk and outcome. Thus, identification of genetic variants that affect the occurrence and outcome may be helpful for ICH prevention and therapy. There are several reviews summarizing numerous genetic variants associated with the occurrence of ICH before, but genetic variants contributing to location distribution and outcome have rarely been introduced. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of genetic variants and pay special attention to location distribution and outcome. So far, investigations have reveled variations in APOE, GPX1, CR1, ITGAV, PRKCH, and 12q21.1 are associated with lobar ICH (LICH), while ACE, COL4A2, 1q22, TIMP1, TIMP2, MMP2, MMP9, and TNF are associated with deep ICH (DICH). Moreover, variations in APOE, VWF, 17p12, HP, CFH, IL6ST, and COL4A1 are possible genetic contributors to ICH outcome. Furthermore, the prospects for ICH related genetic studies from the bench to the bed were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiu Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingfeng You
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiehong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anqi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinmei Gu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Senwei Tan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yating Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quanwei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Hutchings G, Kruszyna Ł, Nawrocki MJ, Strauss E, Bryl R, Spaczyńska J, Perek B, Jemielity M, Mozdziak P, Kempisty B, Nowicki M, Krasiński Z. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with ROS-Dependent Angiogenesis in Lower Extremity Artery Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050735. [PMID: 34066926 PMCID: PMC8148529 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, atherosclerosis, which affects the vascular bed of all vital organs and tissues, is considered as a leading cause of death. Most commonly, atherosclerosis involves coronary and peripheral arteries, which results in acute (e.g., myocardial infarction, lower extremities ischemia) or chronic (persistent ischemia leading to severe heart failure) consequences. All of them have a marked unfavorable impact on the quality of life and are associated with increased mortality and morbidity in human populations. Lower extremity artery disease (LEAD, also defined as peripheral artery disease, PAD) refers to atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremities, where partial or complete obstruction of peripheral arteries is observed. Decreased perfusion can result in ischemic pain, non-healing wounds, and ischemic ulcers, and significantly reduce the quality of life. However, the progressive atherosclerotic changes cause stimulation of tissue response processes, like vessel wall remodeling and neovascularization. These mechanisms of adapting the vascular network to pathological conditions seem to play a key role in reducing the impact of the changes limiting the flow of blood. Neovascularization as a response to ischemia induces sprouting and expansion of the endothelium to repair and grow the vessels of the circulatory system. Neovascularization consists of three different biological processes: vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and arteriogenesis. Both molecular and environmental factors that may affect the process of development and growth of blood vessels were analyzed. Particular attention was paid to the changes taking place during LEAD. It is important to consider the molecular mechanisms underpinning vessel growth. These mechanisms will also be examined in the context of diseases commonly affecting blood vessel function, or those treatable in part by manipulation of angiogenesis. Furthermore, it may be possible to induce the process of blood vessel development and growth to treat peripheral vascular disease and wound healing. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in regulation of essential cellular signaling pathways such as cell differentiation, proliferation, migration and apoptosis. With regard to the repair processes taking place during diseases such as LEAD, prospective therapeutic methods have been described that could significantly improve the treatment of vessel diseases in the future. Summarizing, regenerative medicine holds the potential to transform the therapeutic methods in heart and vessel diseases treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Hutchings
- The School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK;
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.N.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Łukasz Kruszyna
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Angiology and Phlebology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-848 Poznan, Poland; (Ł.K.); (E.S.); (Z.K.)
| | - Mariusz J. Nawrocki
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.N.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Ewa Strauss
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Angiology and Phlebology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-848 Poznan, Poland; (Ł.K.); (E.S.); (Z.K.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Rut Bryl
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.N.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Julia Spaczyńska
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.N.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Bartłomiej Perek
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland; (B.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Marek Jemielity
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland; (B.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Physiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (M.J.N.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Michał Nowicki
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Zbigniew Krasiński
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Angiology and Phlebology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-848 Poznan, Poland; (Ł.K.); (E.S.); (Z.K.)
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An updated meta-analysis showed smoking modify the association of GSTM1 null genotype on the risk of coronary heart disease. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227694. [PMID: 33506866 PMCID: PMC7881159 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD). Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymes play important roles in antioxidant defenses and may influence CHD risk. The present meta-analysis was performed to investigate the link between glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) null genotype and CHD and to get a precise evaluation of interaction between GSTM1 null genotype and smoking by the case-only design. Methods PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched through 15 December 2020 to retrieve articles. Odds ratios (ORs) were pooled using either fixed-effects or random-effects models. Results Thirty-seven studies showed that GSTM1 null genotype was associated with risk of CHD in total population, Caucasians and Asians (for total population, OR = 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15, 1.65; for Caucasians, OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.72; for Asians, OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.77). After adjustment for heterogeneity, these relationships were still significant. After adjustment for heterogeneity, case-only analysis of 11 studies showed a positive multiplicative interaction between GSTM1 null genotype and smoking (ever smoking vs. never smoking) (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.50; I2 = 0%, P=0.553). Conclusions The overall results indicated that GSTM1 null genotype was associated with a higher risk of CHD, and the association may be affected by smoking status. This is the first meta-analysis to prove a positive effect of the interaction between GSTM1 null genotype and smoking status on the risk of CHD. Well-designed studies are needed to investigate the possible gene–gene or gene–environment interactions.
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Orekhov AN, Ivanova EA, Markin AM, Nikiforov NG, Sobenin IA. Genetics of Arterial-Wall-Specific Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis: Focus on Mitochondrial Mutations. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2020; 22:54. [PMID: 32772280 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-020-00873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mutations in both nuclear and mitochondrial genes are associated with the development of atherosclerotic lesions in arteries and may provide a partial explanation to the focal nature of lesion distribution in the arterial wall. This review is aimed to discuss the genetic aspects of atherogenesis with a special focus on possible pro-atherogenic variants (mutations) of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes that may be implicated in atherosclerosis development and progression. RECENT FINDINGS Mutations in the nuclear genes generally do not cause a phenotype restricted to a specific vascular wall cell and manifest themselves mostly at the organism level. Such mutations can act as important contributors to changes in lipid metabolism and modulate other risk factors of atherosclerosis. By contrast, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations occurring locally in the arterial wall cells or in circulating immune cells may play a site-specific role in atherogenesis. The mosaic distribution of heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations in the arterial wall tissue may explain, at least to some extent, the locality and focality of atherosclerotic lesions distribution. The genetic mechanisms of atherogenesis include alterations of both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Altered lipid metabolism and inflammatory response of resident arterial wall and circulating immune cells may be related to mtDNA damage and defective mitophagy, which hinders clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria. Mutations of mtDNA can have mosaic distribution and locally affect functionality of endothelial and subendothelial intimal cells in the arterial wall contributing to atherosclerotic lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow, Russia, 125315. .,Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, Moscow, Russia, 117418.
| | - Ekaterina A Ivanova
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, 2-1-207 Osennyaya Street, Moscow, Russia, 121609.
| | - Alexander M Markin
- Laboratory of Infection Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, Moscow, Russia, 117418
| | - Nikita G Nikiforov
- Centre of Collective Usage, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova Street, Moscow, Russia, 119334.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Street, Moscow, Russia, 121552
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow, Russia, 125315.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Street, Moscow, Russia, 121552
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Ghorbel R, Ben Salah G, Ghorbel R, Ben Mahmoud A, Chamkha I, Mkaouar-Rebai E, Ammar-Keskes L, Fakhfakh F. Do GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms influence the risk of developing mitochondrial diseases in a Tunisian population? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5779-5787. [PMID: 29235020 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0775-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential role to supply the cell with metabolic energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). As a consequence, they are also the primary source of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can cause oxidative damage of individual respiratory chain complexes. Indeed, affected OXPHOS subunits result in decreases in ATP production and increases in ROS formation which generate oxidative phosphorylation deficiency leading to mitochondrial dysfunctions. It has been suggested that ROS play a vital role in the pathogenesis of mitochondrial diseases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which aimed to investigate the genetic variant effect of the antioxidant enzymes GSTM1 and GSTT1 on mitochondrial disease among a Tunisian population. In this report, 109 patients with mitochondrial disease and 154 healthy controls were genotyped by multiplex PCR amplification, and data were analyzed by SPSS v20 software. The results showed that GSTM1 null genotype was found to be associated with mitochondrial disease with a protective effect; however, no significant association of GSTT1 polymorphism with mitochondrial disease risk was revealed. But, interestingly, our findings highlight that GSTM1 active and GSTT1 null genotype combination increased by three fold the risk of developing mitochondrial disease with p c = 0.020, notably mitochondrial myopathy with p c = 0.046 and Leigh syndrome with p c = 0.042. In conclusion, this study suggests that GSTM1 active and GSTT1 null genotype combination might be a risk factor in developing mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raouia Ghorbel
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Ghada Ben Salah
- Unaizah Pharmacy College, Qassim University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania Ghorbel
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Afif Ben Mahmoud
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Imen Chamkha
- Department of Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emna Mkaouar-Rebai
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Leila Ammar-Keskes
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Faiza Fakhfakh
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genetics, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this paper, we review the progress made thus far in research related to the genetics of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) by detailing efforts to date in heritability, linkage analyses, and candidate gene studies. We further summarize more contemporary genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and epigenetic studies of PAD. Finally, we review current challenges and future avenues of advanced research in PAD genetics including whole genome sequencing studies. RECENT FINDINGS Studies have estimated the heritability of PAD to be moderate, though the contribution to this heritability that is independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors remains unclear. Recent efforts have identified SNPs associated with PAD in GWAS analyses, but these have yet to be replicated in independent studies. Much remains to be discovered in the field of PAD genetics. An improved understanding of the genetic foundation for PAD will allow for earlier diagnosis of disease and a more complete pathophysiological understanding of the mechanisms of the disease leading to novel therapeutic interventions. Future avenues for success will likely arise from very large-scale GWAS, whole genome sequencing, and epigenetic studies involving very well-characterized cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Belkin
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 4 Maloney, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 4 Maloney, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, 3900 Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Criqui MH, Aboyans V, Allison MA, Denenberg JO, Forbang N, McDermott MM, Wassel CL, Wong ND. Peripheral Artery Disease and Aortic Disease. Glob Heart 2016; 11:313-326. [PMID: 27741978 PMCID: PMC5119538 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We reviewed published MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) study articles concerning peripheral arterial disease, subclavian stenosis (SS), abdominal aortic calcium (AAC), and thoracic artery calcium (TAC). Important findings include, compared to non-Hispanic whites, lower ankle-brachial index (ABI) and more SS in African Americans, and higher ABI and less SS in Hispanic and Chinese Americans. Abnormal ABI and brachial pressure differences were associated with other subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) measures. Both very high and low ABI independently predicted increased CVD events. Looking at aortic measures, TAC and AAC were significantly associated with other subclinical CVD measures. Comparisons of AAC with coronary artery calcium (CAC) showed that both were less common in ethnic minority groups. However, although CAC was much more common in men than in women in multivariable analysis, this was not true of AAC. Also, when AAC and CAC were adjusted for each other in multivariable analysis, there was a stronger association for AAC than for CAC with CVD and total mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Criqui
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Victor Aboyans
- Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges, France; Inserm 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julie O Denenberg
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nketi Forbang
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mary M McDermott
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christina L Wassel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT, USA
| | - Nathan D Wong
- Heart Disease Prevention Program, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Kullo IJ, Leeper NJ. The genetic basis of peripheral arterial disease: current knowledge, challenges, and future directions. Circ Res 2015; 116:1551-60. [PMID: 25908728 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.303518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several risk factors for atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease (PAD), such as dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, are heritable. However, predisposition to PAD may be influenced by genetic variants acting independently of these risk factors. Identification of such genetic variants will provide insights into underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and facilitate the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In contrast to coronary heart disease, relatively few genetic variants that influence susceptibility to PAD have been discovered. This may be, in part, because of greater clinical and genetic heterogeneity in PAD. In this review, we (1) provide an update on the current state of knowledge about the genetic basis of PAD, including results of family studies and candidate gene, linkage as well as genome-wide association studies; (2) highlight the challenges in investigating the genetic basis of PAD and possible strategies to overcome these challenges; and (3) discuss the potential of genome sequencing, RNA sequencing, differential gene expression, epigenetic profiling, and systems biology in increasing our understanding of the molecular genetics of PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar J Kullo
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Stanford, Stanford, CA (N.J.L.).
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K.); and Department of Vascular Surgery, Stanford, Stanford, CA (N.J.L.)
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Wang R, Wang Y, Wang J, Yang K. Association of glutathione S-transferase T1 and M1 gene polymorphisms with ischemic stroke risk in the Chinese Han population. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1420-7. [PMID: 25657676 PMCID: PMC4308794 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.18.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis plays an important role in ischemic stroke, and oxidative stress participates in the entire process of atherosclerosis. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) acting with other antioxidant enzymes can eliminate reactive oxygen species and protect cells against oxidative damage. To assess the association of glutathione S-transferase (GSTT1 and GSTM1) gene polymorphisms with ischemic stroke in the Chinese Han population, the present study selected 315 patients with ischemic stroke and 210 healthy controls for comparison. GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reactions, electrophoresis and imaging analysis. No obvious evidence of GSTT1-null, GSTM1-null and GSTT1/GSTM1-double null genotype distribution differences was found between case and control groups or between genders. Subgroup analysis showed that the risk of stroke was increased when hypertension was accompanied by GSTT1-null (odds ratio (OR) = 2.996, P < 0.001) and GSTM1-null (OR = 3.680, P < 0.001) genotypes; diabetes mellitus was accompanied by GSTT1-null (OR = 1.860, P = 0.031) and GSTM1-null (OR = 2.444, P = 0.002) genotypes, and smokers showed a GSTT1-null genotype (OR = 2.276, P = 0.003). GSTT1- and GSTM1-null genotypes may interact synergistically with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and smoking to increase the incidence risk of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Junhong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
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Wu F, Jasmine F, Kibriya MG, Liu M, Cheng X, Parvez F, Paul-Brutus R, Paul RR, Sarwar G, Ahmed A, Jiang J, Islam T, Slavkovich V, Rundek T, Demmer RT, Desvarieux M, Ahsan H, Chen Y. Interaction between arsenic exposure from drinking water and genetic susceptibility in carotid intima-media thickness in Bangladesh. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 276:195-203. [PMID: 24593923 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies that evaluated genetic susceptibility for the effects of arsenic exposure from drinking water on subclinical atherosclerosis are limited. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1078 participants randomly selected from the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study in Bangladesh to evaluate whether the association between arsenic exposure and carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT) differs by 207 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 18 genes related to arsenic metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Although not statistically significant after correcting for multiple testing, nine SNPs in APOE, AS3MT, PNP, and TNF genes had a nominally statistically significant interaction with well-water arsenic in cIMT. For instance, the joint presence of a higher level of well-water arsenic (≥ 40.4 μg/L) and the GG genotype of AS3MT rs3740392 was associated with a difference of 40.9 μm (95% CI = 14.4, 67.5) in cIMT, much greater than the difference of cIMT associated with the genotype alone (β = -5.1 μm, 95% CI = -31.6, 21.3) or arsenic exposure alone (β = 7.2 μm, 95% CI = -3.1, 17.5). The pattern and magnitude of the interactions were similar when urinary arsenic was used as the exposure variable. Additionally, the at-risk genotypes of the AS3MT SNPs were positively related to the proportion of monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) in urine, which is indicative of arsenic methylation capacity. The findings provide novel evidence that genetic variants related to arsenic metabolism may play an important role in arsenic-induced subclinical atherosclerosis. Future replication studies in diverse populations are needed to confirm the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wu
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Farzana Jasmine
- Department of Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Muhammad G Kibriya
- Department of Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mengling Liu
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Faruque Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Rachelle Paul-Brutus
- Department of Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Golam Sarwar
- U-Chicago Research Bangladesh, Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Jieying Jiang
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tariqul Islam
- U-Chicago Research Bangladesh, Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Vesna Slavkovich
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ryan T Demmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Moise Desvarieux
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Habibul Ahsan
- Department of Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; The University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Živković M, Stanković A, Djurić T, Končar I, Kolaković A, Djurdjević V, Davidović L, Alavantić D. Effects of glutathione S-transferase T1 and M1 deletions on advanced carotid atherosclerosis, oxidative, lipid and inflammatory parameters. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:1157-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2962-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Cora T, Tokac M, Acar H, Soylu A, Inan Z. Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genotypes and myocardial infarction. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:3263-7. [PMID: 23275234 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI), which is the most important manifestation of coronary artery disease, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Glutathione S transferases (GSTs) are enzymes responsible for the metabolism of numerous xenobiotics and are known to be polymorphic in humans. We investigated the association between the GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms and MI. The study consists of 296 healthy controls and 324 consecutive patients who had undergone coronary angiography for suspicion of coronary artery disease and with a past history of myocardial infarction. DNA was extracted from whole blood of patient and control. GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms were examined using multiplex PCR. We found that the null GSTM1 was associated with protective effect on MI, although this increase was not significant for GSTM1 (p < 0.054). However, GSTT1 genotype was associated with an increase in the risk of developing MI. In addition to after adjusting other all coronary risk factors, the interactive effect of GSTT1 null genotype remained statistically significant (p < 0.001) for MI disease but GSTM1 null genotype was not statistically significant. Patients, who smoke having the null genotypes of GSTM1, were at a higher risk for developing MI (p < 0.001, OR = 0.41, 95 % CI = 0.240-0.207). There was an effect of interaction of GSTM1 null genotype and smoking on MI development between patient and control groups (p < 0.001). Our results showed that individuals with the null genotypes for GSTM1 had protective effect, while GSTT1 was at a higher risk for MI disease. In addition, there was additional effects of smoking when smoking and non-smoking groups were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulin Cora
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty of Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
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14
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Age-related macular degeneration and genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1). Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3299-303. [PMID: 21701824 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to understand the multifactorial causes of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), and, therefore, it is reasonable to investigate whether genetic polymorphisms of antioxidant enzymes (GSTM1 and GSTT1) contribute to the development of ARMD. This study consisted of 112 subjects (44 females, 68 males) with exudative ARMD, who were recruited from Khalili Hospital ophthalmic clinic in Shiraz (southern Iran), referred by vitreoretinal surgeon. Also 112 sex-matched controls (44 females, 68 males) were randomly selected from unrelated volunteers in the same clinic. We excluded patients and controls with cataract or past history of cataract surgery, asthma, past history of malignancy, cardiovascular disease that on medication and known cases of glaucoma, because these traits were associated with GSTM1 and/or GSTT1 polymorphisms. There was no association between polymorphisms of neither GSTM1 nor GSTT1 and risk of ARMD. The combination genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 were not associated with the risk of ARMD. We considered the time of deterioration of vision as the time of onset of exudative ARMD. The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that there was significant difference between genotypes of GSTM1 (log rank statistic = 7.03, df = 1, P = 0.008). The age at onset among GSTM1 null genotype was lower than the active genotype of GSTM1. Our results support the hypothesis that the protein encoded by the GSTM1 gene might have a protective function against oxidative stress in retina. Since the age at onset is influenced by the GSTM1 polymorphism, this implies that GSTM1 is a modifier gene.
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15
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Nomani H, Mozafari H, Ghobadloo SM, Rahimi Z, Raygani AV, Rahimi MA, Haghi AF, Keshavarz AA. The association between GSTT1, M1, and P1 polymorphisms with coronary artery disease in Western Iran. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 354:181-7. [PMID: 21499713 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage which occurred by the effect of oxidant and mutant agents has an essential role in the development of atherosclerosis. To investigate the possible association between GSTs polymorphism with coronary artery disease (CAD), we investigated the frequency of GSTT1, M1, and P1 genotypes in patients with CAD compared to controls. The genotypes of GSTT1, M1, and P1 were determined in 209 angiographically documented CAD patients and 108 normal coronary artery cases (as controls) by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction and PCR-RFLP. In CAD patients, the frequency of GSTT1-null genotype was significantly (P = 0.025) lower than that in control. The presence of this genotype was associated with 2.2-fold increased risk of CAD. However, the frequency of GSTM1 and GSTP1 genotypes were not significantly different comparing both groups (P = 0.405 and P = 0.521, respectively). Moreover, non smokers patients had a lower frequency of GSTM1-null genotype (29.2%) compared to non smoker controls (43.5%, P = 0.043). Also, the frequency of both GSTT1-null and GSTM1-null genotypes in patients (3.8%) was significantly lower compared to controls with the same genotypes (10.2%, P = 0.014). Our results indicated that a reduction in the frequency of GSTT1-null and GSTM1-null genotypes that observed in our study might be involved in the pathogenesis of CAD in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Nomani
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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16
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Onder G, Capoluongo E, Giovannini S, Concolino P, Russo A, Liperoti R, Bernabei R, Landi F. Interaction between GSTM1 genotype and IL-6 on mortality in older adults: results from the ilSIRENTE study. Cytokine 2010; 53:301-5. [PMID: 21169033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The inflammatory process is related to oxidative stress and inflammation was proven to be a strong determinant of the aging process and to ultimately lead to death. The aim of the present study was to assess if, in a population of older adults, the effect of antioxidant genes GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes on mortality may differ depending on levels of inflammation. METHODS Data are from 353 older persons aged ≥80 years enrolled in the ilSIRENTE study. Study population was divided into two groups computed based on the median value of serum IL-6 (low IL-6, n=177 and high IL-6, n=176). All participants were followed up for 48 months. RESULTS Mean age of study participants was 85.8 years (Standard Deviation 4.8), 235 (66.6%) were women. Overall 48/177 participant (27.1%) in the low IL-6 group died during the study period, compared with 97/176 (55.1%) in the high IL-6 group (p<0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, GSTM1 wildtype had no effect on mortality in the low IL-6 group (RR=1.07; 95% CI 0.46-2.47), but it was associated with a significant lower mortality rate in the high IL-6 level (RR=0.33; 95% CI 0.15-0.69). Testing the interaction between IL-6 and GSTM1 genotype, we found a significant result (p=0.02). No significant effect of GSTT1 genotype on mortality was shown in participants with low and high IL-6 level. CONCLUSION GSTM1 wildtype is associated with reduced mortality among older adults with high levels of inflammation, but not among those with low levels of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Onder
- Centro Medicina dell'Invecchiamento, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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17
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Abstract
Tobacco use is a modifiable risk factor that has many characteristics of a chronic illness. We analyzed longitudinal data from participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) and the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) and compared tobacco use to other chronic illnesses to evaluate effects on mortality. We limited our analysis to 20,293 participants aged 45 and older at baseline. We determined smoking status, diabetes status, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and lung disease status at baseline. We developed Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for age, sex and race and all comorbid diseases, to determine the effect of disease on mortality at up to 13 years of follow-up, 3,022 study participants died during the follow-up period. Adjusted proportional hazard models found that the risk of smoking for death had a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8, 2.2). This was similar to the mortality risk for ASCVD (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.7, 2.0), diabetes (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.7, 2.0), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.9, 2.4). The risk in former smokers were significantly less than that of current smokers (HR 1.1, 95% CI 1.01, 1.2). In the adjusted models, current cigarette smoking has a mortality risk that is in the same range of that seen in other "chronic diseases", whereas the risk in former smokers is greatly reduced. These data suggest that current smoking should be approached as aggressively as other chronic diseases that are amenable to interventions.
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Winkelmann BR, von Holt K, Unverdorben M. Smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Part IV: Genetic markers associated with smoking. Biomark Med 2010; 4:321-33. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.10.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes influence smoking behavior, affect the metabolism of nicotine and specific chemicals produced during combustion, and enhance (or diminish) pathomechanistic pathways associated with the atherogenic potential of smoking, including oxidative stress, its inflammatory burden or procoagulant potential. Genome-wide association studies have revolutionized the search for new functional genetic markers with ever increasing marker density and the precision in identifying new genetic loci without the need for prior knowledge of functional pathways. Nevertheless, the statistical challenge remains to identify the few true positives, the need for replication of findings and the tedious work of identifying functional genetic variants and their mode of action. Genetic variation within a gene or in areas of the genetic code that control the expression of such a gene is far from being understood. Major advances include the detection of large-scale copy-number variants in the human genome and the demonstration of the decisive role of ‘miRNA’ in controlling gene expression. The role of the genomic methylation pattern in controlling the transcription of the underlying genetic sequence and its role in interacting with environmental influences have yet to be explored in depth. Although candidate genes and their genetic variants have been associated with atherosclerosis and cigarette smoking, a major breakthrough has still to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard R Winkelmann
- ClinPhenomics GmbH, 67125 Dannstadt, Germany
- Cardiology Group Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen, 60594 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Martin Unverdorben
- Clinical Research Institute, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Heinz-Meise-Strasse 100, 36199 Rotenburg an der Fulda, Germany
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Leopold JA, Loscalzo J. Oxidative risk for atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1673-706. [PMID: 19751821 PMCID: PMC2797369 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the vasculature, reactive oxidant species, including reactive oxygen, nitrogen, or halogenating species, and thiyl, tyrosyl, or protein radicals may oxidatively modify lipids and proteins with deleterious consequences for vascular function. These biologically active free radical and nonradical species may be produced by increased activation of oxidant-generating sources and/or decreased cellular antioxidant capacity. Once formed, these species may engage in reactions to yield more potent oxidants that promote transition of the homeostatic vascular phenotype to a pathobiological state that is permissive for atherothrombogenesis. This dysfunctional vasculature is characterized by lipid peroxidation and aberrant lipid deposition, inflammation, immune cell activation, platelet activation, thrombus formation, and disturbed hemodynamic flow. Each of these pathobiological states is associated with an increase in the vascular burden of free radical species-derived oxidation products and, thereby, implicates increased oxidant stress in the pathogenesis of atherothrombotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Leopold
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Influence of genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) and M1 (GSTM1) on hematological parameters. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:249-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Timofeeva M, Jäger B, Rosenberger A, Sauter W, Wichmann HE, Bickeböller H, Risch A. A multiplex real-time PCR method for detection of GSTM1 and GSTT1 copy numbers. Clin Biochem 2009; 42:500-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Wang LS, Tang JJ, Tang NP, Wang MW, Yan JJ, Wang QM, Yang ZJ, Wang B. Association of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms with coronary artery disease in relation to tobacco smoking. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 46:1720-5. [PMID: 19055448 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2008.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that the common variant in the glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) gene is associated with the risk of smoking-related coronary artery disease (CAD). Intra-ethnic as well as inter-ethnic differences are known to impact the frequencies of GST gene polymorphisms, thus influencing its interactive effect with tobacco smoking on CAD risk. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the interaction of the genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 with cigarette smoking and the risk of CAD in a Chinese population. METHODS We conducted a study with 277 CAD patients and 277 controls matched by age and sex to examine the prevalence of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphism in CAD. RESULTS We found that homozygous deletion of GSTM1 had a frequency of 32.1% among patients with CAD and 21.3% among those without CAD (p=0.004). The frequency of the GSTT1(null) genotype was 27.8% among the patients with CAD and 19.1% among CAD-free subjects (p=0.016). Patients who smoked having both the wild-type genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 were protected from developing coronary heart disease (p<0.001). Moreover, smokers with combined GSTM1(null)GSTT1(null) genotypes had a significantly higher number of stenosed vessels than those with the positive genotype (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that GST polymorphisms may be a susceptibility factor to smoking-related CAD in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Sheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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23
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Stephens JW, Bain SC, Humphries SE. Gene–environment interaction and oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2008; 200:229-38. [PMID: 18490019 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Worrall BB, Degraba TJ. The genetics of cerebrovascular atherosclerosis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2007; 11:220-9. [PMID: 17903880 DOI: 10.1053/jscd.2002.129600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke attributable to atherosclerosis remains a major public health problem. Genetic factors are increasingly recognized as influencing risk for atherosclerosis directly and indirectly. Genetic makeup may influence the development of major vascular risk factors or alter susceptibility of the cerebral vasculature to these risk factors. More recently, newly identified risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as plasma homocysteine and infection, have also been reported to be influenced by important genetic determinants. This article reviews the current nature on genetics of cerebral and precerebral atherosclerosis and seeks to identify areas of promise for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford B Worrall
- University of Virginia Department of Neurology, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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25
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Biselli JM, de Angelo Calsaverini Leal RC, Ruiz MT, Goloni-Bertollo EM, Maníglia JV, Rossit ARB, Pavarino-Bertelli EC. GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphism in cigarette smokers with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 72:654-8. [PMID: 17221058 PMCID: PMC9443562 DOI: 10.1016/s1808-8694(15)31022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene variability related to carcinogen activation and detoxification may interfere with susceptibility to head and neck cancer. Aim To investigate the relation between GSTT1 and GSTM1 null polymorphisms and the risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in cigarette smokers. Material and Method A case-control study conducted at the Sao Jose do Rio Preto Medical School, Brazil. GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype frequencies were evaluated by multiplex PCR in 45 cigarette smokers with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and 45 cigarette smokers without this disease. Results The oral cavity was the most prevalent tumor site for squamous cell carcinoma. The GSTT1 null genotype was found in 33.3% of the Experimental Group and 23.3% of the Control Group (p= 0.311). Experimental and Control Groups had GSTM1 null genotype frequencies of 35% and 48.3% (p=0.582). No association between alcohol consumption and GSTT1 and GSTMI null genotypes was found in these groups (p-values>0.05). There were more men, and alcohol consumption was prevalent in both groups. Conclusion In this study we were unable to show a correlation between GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes and the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in cigarette smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice Matos Biselli
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, FAMERP, Molecular Biology Department, SP, Brazil
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Nair J, De Flora S, Izzotti A, Bartsch H. Lipid peroxidation-derived etheno-DNA adducts in human atherosclerotic lesions. Mutat Res 2007; 621:95-105. [PMID: 17412369 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and cancer are characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and share common risk factors, such as cigarette smoking, dietary habits and ageing. Growth of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in atherosclerotic plaques may result from DNA damage, caused either by exogenous mutagens or by agents endogenously generated due to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), a major LPO product, binds covalently to cellular DNA to form the exocyclic etheno-DNA-base adducts, 1,N(6)-ethenodeoxyadenine (varepsilondA) and 3,N(4)-ethenodeoxycytosine (varepsilondC). By applying an ultrasensitive (32)P-postlabeling-immunoaffinity method, varepsilondA and varepsilondC were quantified in abdominal aorta SMCs from 13 atherosclerotic patients and 3 non-smoking subjects without atherosclerotic lesions. The levels of etheno-adducts ranged for varepsilondA from 2.3 to 39.6/10(8)dA and for varepsilondC from 10.7 to 157.7/10(8)dC, with a high correlation between varepsilondA and varepsilondC (r=0.84, P=0.0001). Etheno-adduct levels were higher in atherosclerotic smokers than in ex-smokers for both varepsilondA (means 15.2 versus 7.3, P=0.06) and varepsilondC (71.9 versus 51.6, not significant). varepsilondC levels were higher in either ex-smokers (P=0.03) or smokers (P=0.07) than in non-smokers. There was a poor correlation between either varepsilondA or varepsilondC and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, whereas significant positive correlations were detected with the levels of several postlabeled bulky aromatic DNA adducts. In conclusion, two different types of DNA damage may be involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression: (i) bulky aromatic compounds, to which aorta SMCs are chronically exposed in smokers, can either covalently bind to DNA, induce redox-cycling via quinone intermediates and/or activate local chronic inflammatory processes in the arterial wall; ii) this in turn leads to a self perpetuating generation of reactive oxygen species, LPO-products and increasing DNA-damage, as documented by the presence of high levels of miscoding etheno-DNA adducts in human aorta SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesan Nair
- Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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De Flora S, Izzotti A. Mutagenesis and cardiovascular diseases Molecular mechanisms, risk factors, and protective factors. Mutat Res 2007; 621:5-17. [PMID: 17383689 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although no generalization can be made, it is of interest that cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic conditions often share common risk factors and common protective factors as well as common pathogenetic determinants, such as DNA damage, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. Atherosclerosis is the most important cause of vascular forms representing the major cause of death in the population of many geographical areas. A great deal of studies support the "response-to-injury" theory. A variety of experimental and epidemiological findings are also in favor of the somatic mutation theory, which maintains that the earliest event in the atherogenic process is represented by mutations in arterial smooth muscle cells, akin to formation of a benign tumor. These two theories can be harmonized, also taking into account the highly diversified nature of atherosclerotic lesions. Molecular epidemiology studies performed in our laboratory and other laboratories have shown that DNA adducts are systematically present in arterial smooth muscle cells, and their levels are correlated with atherogenic risk factors known from traditional epidemiology. Oxidative DNA damage was also consistently detected in these cells. The role of glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms on the frequency of the above molecular alterations and of arterial diseases is rather controversial. Prevention of both cancer and atherosclerosis is based on avoidance of exposure to risk factors and on fortification of the host defense mechanisms by means of dietary principles and chemopreventive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio De Flora
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, I-16132 Genoa, Italy.
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Izzotti A, Piana A, Minniti G, Vercelli M, Perrone L, De Flora S. Survival of atherosclerotic patients as related to oxidative stress and gene polymorphisms. Mutat Res 2007; 621:119-28. [PMID: 17383690 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A prospective molecular epidemiology study was implemented in a cohort of 98 subjects suffering from severe atherosclerotic lesions requiring removal of an abdominal aorta fragment. We previously published the results relative to detection, in the aorta medium layer, of bulky DNA adducts and fluorescent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-related DNA adducts, oxidative DNA damage, and mitochondrial DNA 4977 common deletion, as well as GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms. We report herein new data, relative to oxidative stress biomarkers, including oxidative DNA damage in both inner and medium aorta layers, malondialdehyde in the medium layer, homocysteine and reduced glutathione in plasma, and those relative to additional gene polymorphisms, including NAT1, NAT2, OGG1, MTHFR, Leiden factor V, and prothrombin. The results of biochemical and molecular analyses were related to survival of the patients, whose average age was 70 at the start of the follow up. During the following 14 years, 71.4% of them died. The results obtained provide evidence for the crucial impact of oxidative stress and certain gene polymorphisms on clinical and biochemical patterns as well as on survival of patients. Survival was significantly affected not only by traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis but also by molecular end-points and adverse gene polymorphisms, and by their combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, via A. Pastore 1, I-16132 Genoa, Italy.
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Zhou H, Chen J, Rissanen TH, Korrick SA, Hu H, Salonen JT, Longnecker MP. Outcome-dependent sampling: an efficient sampling and inference procedure for studies with a continuous outcome. Epidemiology 2007; 18:461-8. [PMID: 17568219 PMCID: PMC3664946 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e31806462d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the relation between an exposure and a continuous outcome, the sampling of subjects can be done much as it is in a case-control study, such that the sample is enriched with subjects who are especially informative. In an outcome-dependent sampling design, observations made on a judiciously chosen subset of the base population can provide nearly the same statistical efficiency as observing the entire base population. Reaping the benefits of such sampling, however, requires use of an analysis that accounts for the outcome-dependent sampling. In this report, we examine the statistical efficiency of a plain random sample analyzed with standard methods, compared with that of data collected with outcome-dependent sampling and analyzed by either of 2 appropriate methods. In addition, 3 real datasets were analyzed using an outcome-dependent sampling approach. The results demonstrate the improved statistical efficiency obtained by using an outcome-dependent sampling, and its applicability in a wide range of settings. This design, coupled with an appropriate analysis, offers a cost-efficient approach to studying the determinants of a continuous outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7420, USA.
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Lee CR, North KE, Bray MS, Couper DJ, Heiss G, Zeldin DC. CYP2J2 and CYP2C8 polymorphisms and coronary heart disease risk: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2007; 17:349-58. [PMID: 17429317 PMCID: PMC1947003 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32809913ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cytochromes P450 epoxygenases CYP2J2 and CYP2C8 synthesize epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, which regulate endothelial function. We sought to determine if genetic variation in CYP2J2 and CYP2C8 was associated with coronary heart disease risk. METHODS We genotyped 2065 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study participants (1085 incident coronary heart disease cases, 980 noncases) for polymorphisms in CYP2J2 and CYP2C8. Using a case-cohort design, associations between genotype and incident coronary heart disease risk were evaluated using proportional hazards regression. The influence of cigarette smoking on these associations was also evaluated. False discovery rate q-values were estimated to minimize the impact of the multiple statistical comparisons completed. All analyses were race stratified. RESULTS The CYP2J2 G-50T polymorphism variant -50T allele was associated with significantly lower risk of incident coronary heart disease in African-Americans (adjusted hazard rate ratio 0.58, 95% confidence interval 0.35-0.96, P=0.036, q=0.051); however, no significant association was observed in Caucasians. Overall, the I264M, I269F, and K399R polymorphisms in CYP2C8 were not significantly associated with risk of incident coronary heart disease. In Caucasians, the relationship between the I264M and K399R polymorphisms and incident coronary heart disease risk was significantly modified by cigarette smoking status (P for interaction=0.008, q=0.064), with the highest risk observed in smokers carrying at least one variant allele. CONCLUSIONS The G-50T polymorphism in CYP2J2 may be an important risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease events in African-Americans, whereas cigarette smoking may modify the relationship between the I264M and K399R polymorphisms in CYP2C8 and coronary heart disease risk in Caucasians. Confirmation of these findings in an independent population is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R. Lee
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Molly S. Bray
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David J. Couper
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Lee CR, North KE, Bray MS, Couper DJ, Heiss G, Zeldin DC. Cyclooxygenase polymorphisms and risk of cardiovascular events: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 83:52-60. [PMID: 17495879 PMCID: PMC2244790 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-derived prostaglandins modulate cardiovascular disease risk. We genotyped 2212 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study participants (1,023 incident coronary heart disease (CHD) cases; 270 incident ischemic stroke cases; 919 non-cases) with available DNA for polymorphisms in PTGS1 and PTGS2. Using a case-cohort design, associations between genotype and CHD or stroke risk were evaluated using proportional hazards regression. In Caucasians, the reduced function PTGS1 -1006A variant allele was significantly more common among stroke cases compared to non-cases (18.2 versus 10.6%, P=0.027). In African Americans, the reduced function PTGS2 -765C variant allele was significantly more common in stroke cases (61.4 versus 49.4%, P=0.032). No significant relationships with CHD risk were observed. However, aspirin utilization appeared to modify the relationship between the PTGS2 G-765C polymorphism and CHD risk (interaction P=0.072). These findings suggest that genetic variation in PTGS1 and PTGS2 may be important risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease events. Confirmation in independent populations is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- CR Lee
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - KE North
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - MS Bray
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - DJ Couper
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - G Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - DC Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Lee CR, North KE, Bray MS, Avery CL, Mosher MJ, Couper DJ, Coresh J, Folsom AR, Boerwinkle E, Heiss G, Zeldin DC. NOS3 polymorphisms, cigarette smoking, and cardiovascular disease risk: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2007; 16:891-9. [PMID: 17108813 PMCID: PMC1978174 DOI: 10.1097/01.fpc.0000236324.96056.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) activity and cigarette smoking significantly influence endothelial function. We sought to determine whether cigarette smoking modified the association between NOS3 polymorphisms and risk of coronary heart disease or stroke. METHODS All 1085 incident coronary heart disease cases, all 300 incident ischemic stroke cases, and 1065 reference individuals from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study were genotyped for the T-786C and E298D polymorphisms in NOS3. Using a case-cohort design, associations between genotype/haplotype and disease risk were evaluated by multivariable proportional hazards regression. Multiplicative scale interaction testing evaluated the influence of cigarette smoking history at baseline on these associations. RESULTS In Caucasians, association between E298D genotype and risk of coronary heart disease was significantly modified by current smoking status (interaction P=0.013), with the highest risk observed in smokers carrying the variant D298 allele relative to nonsmokers carrying two E298 alleles (adjusted hazard rate ratio 2.07, 95% confidence interval 1.39-3.07). In African-Americans, association between T-786C genotype and risk of ischemic stroke was significantly modified by pack-year smoking history (interaction P=0.037), with the highest risk observed in >or=20 pack-year smokers carrying the variant C-786 allele relative to <20 pack-year smokers carrying two T-786 alleles (adjusted hazard rate ratio 4.03, 95% confidence interval 1.54-10.6). CONCLUSIONS An interaction between the E298D and T-786C polymorphisms in NOS3, cigarette smoking, and risk of incident coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke events appears to exist, suggesting a potential complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors and cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R. Lee
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Molly S. Bray
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christy L. Avery
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary Jane Mosher
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David J. Couper
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron R. Folsom
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- The Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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North KE, Carr JJ, Borecki IB, Kraja A, Province M, Pankow JS, Wilk JB, Hixson JE, Heiss G. QTL-specific genotype-by-smoking interaction and burden of calcified coronary atherosclerosis: the NHLBI Family Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2006; 193:11-9. [PMID: 16965775 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcified coronary plaque (CCP) is a complex trait influenced by both genes and environment, and plausibly an interaction between the two. Because the familial aggregation of CCP has been demonstrated and smoking is a significant, independent predictor of CCP, we assessed the evidence for genotype-by-smoking interaction and conducted linkage analysis of quantitative Agatston CCP scores in participants of the NHLBI Family Heart Study (FHS). METHODS During standardized clinical exams smoking habits were ascertained and CCP was quantified with cardiac computed tomography (CT). Among 4387 relationship pairs from 2128 Caucasian examinees variance component analysis was implemented in SOLAR to examine: (1) additive genotype-by-smoking status interaction using a variance component approach; (2) linkage analysis in the full sample and among smoking subsets defined by individual smoking exposure; (3) QTL-specific genotype-by-smoking interaction in the regions that appeared to differentiate between smoking strata. RESULTS The prevalence of CCP (and median Agatston score) was 75% (184.6) in men and 48% (51.0) in women. We detected four genome-wide significant logarithm of odds (LOD) scores in samples stratified by individual smoking exposure: chromosome 4 at 122cM (nearest marker D4S2297; robust adjusted LOD=3.1; q=0.053), chromosome 6 at 99cM (nearest marker D6S1056; robust adjusted LOD=3.3; q=0.053), chromosome 11 at 19cM (nearest marker D11S199; robust adjusted LOD=4.0; q=0.02) and chromosome 13 at 77cM (nearest marker D13S892; robust adjusted LOD=3.1; q=0.053). Additive and QTL-specific genotype-by-smoking interaction was detected on chromosomes 4, 6, 11 and 13; all P<0.05. Three of the four QTLs identified in this report have been previously linked to atherosclerosis and harbor interesting candidate genes. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the importance of considering complex interactions in the search for genes that influence the pathogenesis of CCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States.
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Lee CR, North KE, Bray MS, Fornage M, Seubert JM, Newman JW, Hammock BD, Couper DJ, Heiss G, Zeldin DC. Genetic variation in soluble epoxide hydrolase (EPHX2) and risk of coronary heart disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:1640-9. [PMID: 16595607 PMCID: PMC2040335 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction contributes to the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). Soluble epoxide hydrolase metabolizes epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in the vasculature and regulates endothelial function. We sought to determine whether genetic variation in soluble epoxide hydrolase (EPHX2) was associated with the risk of CHD. We genotyped 2,065 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study participants (1,085 incident CHD cases, 980 non-cases) for 10 previously identified polymorphisms in EPHX2. Using a case-cohort design, associations between incident CHD risk and both non-synonymous EPHX2 polymorphisms and phase-reconstructed haplotypes were evaluated using proportional hazards regression. Individuals carrying the K55R polymorphism variant allele demonstrated higher apparent soluble epoxide hydrolase activity in vivo. Presence of the K55R variant allele was significantly more common among Caucasian CHD cases when compared with non-cases (20.8% versus 15.3%, respectively, P=0.012), and was associated with significantly higher risk of incident CHD (adjusted hazard rate ratio 1.45, 95% confidence interval 1.05-2.01, P=0.026). A significant association between the K55R variant allele and risk of CHD was not observed in African-Americans. The distribution of reconstructed haplotypes were significantly different in Caucasian cases when compared with non-cases (P=0.021). Significant differences in haplotype distribution were not observed in African-Americans (P=0.315). Genetic variation in EPHX2 was significantly associated with risk of incident CHD in Caucasians, implicating EPHX2 as a potential cardiovascular disease-susceptibility gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R. Lee
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Molly S. Bray
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John M. Seubert
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - John W. Newman
- Department of Entomology, University of California-Davis Cancer Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology, University of California-Davis Cancer Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David J. Couper
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed at: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. Tel: + 1 9195411169; Fax: + 1 9195414133;
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Hayek T, Stephens JW, Hubbart CS, Acharya J, Caslake MJ, Hawe E, Miller GJ, Hurel SJ, Humphries SE. A common variant in the glutathione S transferase gene is associated with elevated markers of inflammation and lipid peroxidation in subjects with diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 2005; 184:404-12. [PMID: 16002077 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Revised: 05/08/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glutathione S transferases (GST) are enzymes responsible for the metabolism of numerous xenobiotics and play a major cellular antioxidant role. Our aim was firstly, to examine the association between the GST M1/GST mu-1 (GSTM1) and GST T1/GST theta-1 (GSTT1) gene variants with markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic patients, and secondly to examine the association and potential interaction between these variants and cigarette smoking. METHODS Seven hundred and seventy-three Caucasian subjects with diabetes and 2592 Caucasian non-diabetic subjects were successfully genotyped. Plasma total antioxidant status, C-reactive protein (CRP), oxidized-LDL (Ox-LDL) and LDL-mean/peak particle diameter were recorded in the diabetes sample. RESULTS No association was seen between genotype and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. In the diabetic subjects, GSTT1-1 compared to GSTT1-0 subjects had significantly higher CRP (p=0.001), Ox-LDL (p=0.004) and smaller LDL particles (p=0.01). In subjects without CVD, there was a significant interaction between the GSTT1-1 variant and smoking in determining Ox-LDL (p=0.04). Furthermore, CVD risk was higher in smokers compared to non-smokers with GSTT1-1. No significant associations were observed by GSTM1. Within the non-diabetic sample, no association was observed between genotype and prospective coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Of note, the frequency of the GSTT1-1 variant was significantly lower in the diabetes subjects compared to the non-diabetic sample (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates an association between the GSTT1-1 variant and markers of inflammation and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore this variant interacts with smoking to increase lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Hayek
- Lipid Research Unit, Rambam Medical Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
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Doney ASF, Lee S, Leese GP, Morris AD, Palmer CNA. Increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes is associated with the glutathione S transferase theta-null genotype: a Go-DARTS study. Circulation 2005; 111:2927-34. [PMID: 15927971 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.104.509224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) modulate oxidative stress, and variation in GST genes has been associated with cardiovascular disease risk. We prospectively determined smoking-related cardiovascular morbidity by GST genotype in a large cohort of individuals with type 2 diabetes using a population-based diabetes research database (DARTS). METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a cohort study of 2015 individuals with type 2 diabetes. Individuals were genotyped for the Ile105Val variant of GSTP1 and the deleted variants of GSTT1 and GSTM1. Clinical characteristics, smoking status, and incidence of subsequent cardiovascular events were obtained by examining the DARTS databases. Variation in the GSTP1 and GSTM1 genes was not associated with smoking-related risk of death or cardiovascular events. There was an increase in the rate of cardiovascular events in smokers lacking the GSTT1 gene compared with smokers with the GSTT1 gene intact (hazard ratio [HR], 1.96; P=0.001). This excess of cardiovascular events was due to both strokes (HR, 2.7; P=0.008) and myocardial infarctions (HR, 1.9; P=0.006). The rate of death as a result of a cardiovascular event was even more markedly increased in the GSTT1-null smokers (HR, 2.7; P=0.001), with a 2-fold increase in myocardial infarction fatality ratio. These effects translated into an increase in overall death and a decrease in age at death. We also found that the GSTT1- genotype was associated with progression of both diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy (P=0.005 and P=0.01, respectively), although we found little evidence for an interaction with smoking. CONCLUSIONS Genetic absence of the GSTT1 enzyme is an independent and powerful predictor of premature vascular morbidity and death in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S F Doney
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland
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Geisler SA, Olshan AF, Cai J, Weissler M, Smith J, Bell D. Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and survival from head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2005; 27:232-42. [PMID: 15668931 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic ability of polymorphisms of three genes involved in the metabolism of tobacco carcinogens (GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1) and one polymorphism of a DNA repair gene (XRCC1) for patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). METHODS Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate risk of death for a prospective cohort of 190 patients. RESULTS Individuals with the GSTT1 functional genotype were twice as likely to die from any cause (hazard ratio [HR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-4.97) and were three times as likely to die from SCC (HR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.33-8.41) after adjustment for age, primary therapy, and stage of disease. The XRCC1 399 Gln genotype was predictive of disease recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, from one of the first studies to examine this research question, suggest that genomic markers of carcinogen metabolism and DNA repair capability may serve as prognostic indicators of disease recurrence and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Geisler
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 611 SW Campus Drive, Mailcode: SD544, Portland, OR 97201-3097, USA.
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Influence of polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase M1 on systolic blood pressure of normotensive individuals. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 326:449-54. [PMID: 15582598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies have indicated that systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure are multi-factorial traits and significantly heritable. The aims of the present study are to assess whether the glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) genotypes are associated with SBP and DBP of normotensive subjects and to ascertain whether the level of SBP and DBP given exposure to cigarette smoking is modified by the specific genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 140 subjects (49 females and 91 males) (mean age+/-SD: 38.7+/-14.7). The genotypes were determined using a polymerase chain reaction based method. Individuals were stratified according to the mean values of DBP and SBP, lower than or maximally same as the mean value defines as group I and higher than the mean value defines as group II. The logistic regression analyses were used. The best models fitted by logistic regression analysis for variables were associated with SBP and DBP. For analysis the combination of genotypes, sex, and smoking behavior was used as qualitative variables, and age, body mass index (BMI), and heart rate were used as covariates. Combination of "present-GSTT1, null-GSTM1" genotype (OR=0.001, 95% CI=0.00-0.439, P=0.025), heart rate (OR=1.065, 95% CI=1.018-1.114, P=0.006), and interaction between BMI and combination of "present-GSTT1, null-GSTM1" (OR=1.319, 95% CI=1.058-1.644, P=0.014) was associated with SBP. There was no association between either combination genotypes of GSTs or interaction of genotypes and smoking behavior on DBP. The present results suggest that the GSTM1 gene is one of the candidate genes that alter the baseline of SBP in normotensive individuals.
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Miller EA, Pankow JS, Millikan RC, Bray MS, Ballantyne CM, Bell DA, Heiss G, Li R. Glutathione-S-transferase genotypes, smoking, and their association with markers of inflammation, hemostasis, and endothelial function: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Atherosclerosis 2004; 171:265-72. [PMID: 14644396 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiologic studies suggest that polymorphisms of glutathione-S-transferases M1 and T1 (GSTM1/GSTT1) modify the effects of cigarette smoking on risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Since GSTs are able to detoxify numerous toxic compounds and products of oxidative stress, it is possible that GST genotypes may also modify the capacity of smoking to invoke a chronic inflammatory response. A cross-sectional analysis, using a subset of participants (n = 989) in a large (n = 15, 792) biracial cohort, was used to evaluate levels of nine markers of inflammation, hemostasis, and endothelial function by different combinations of GST genotypes and cigarette smoking status. Participants with the GSTM1 null (GSTM1-0) genotype and > or = 20 pack-years of smoking had the highest mean levels of CRP, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 and lowest mean levels of albumin compared to other combinations of genotype and smoking. However, a formal test for interaction between GSTM1 genotype and smoking was statistically significant only for albumin. By contrast, participants who had the functional GSTT1 genotype (GSTT1-1) and smoked > or = 20 pack-years had the highest mean levels of only CRP and fibrinogen. The results of this study provide some limited evidence that GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms modify the effect of smoking on inflammation, hemostasis, and endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Miller
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Abstract
Epidemiologic researchers often explore effect modification in case-control studies on more than one statistical scale, an approach that one expects would increase the rate of false-positive findings of interaction. For example, researchers have measured effect modification by using both a multiplicative interaction coefficient (M) in a logistic regression model and a measure of interaction on the additive scale such as the interaction coefficient from an additive relative risk regression model (A). We performed computer simulations to investigate the degree to which type I error may be inflated when statistical interactions are evaluated by using both M and A. The overall type I error rate was often greater than 5% when both tests were performed together. These results provide empiric evidence of the limited validity of a common approach to assessing etiologic effect modification. When the scale has not been specified before analysis, interaction hypothesis tests of effect modification should be interpreted particularly cautiously. Researchers are not justified in choosing the interaction test with the lowest P value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R Starr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Childrend's Craniofacial Center, Seattle 98105-0371, USA.
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Evans AJ, Henner WD, Eilers KM, Montalto MA, Wersinger EM, Andersen PE, Cohen JI, Everts EC, McWilliams JE, Beer TM. Polymorphisms of GSTT1 and related genes in head and neck cancer risk. Head Neck 2004; 26:63-70. [PMID: 14724908 DOI: 10.1002/hed.10342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferase T1 detoxifies some environmental carcinogens while activating others and is deleted in 15% to 38% of humans. We sought to determine whether GSTT1 genotype and genotypes of several related genes are associated with risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). METHODS Somatic genotypes for GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1, and CYP1A1 were determined in 283 individuals with HNSCC and 208 population-based controls. RESULTS The OR for presence of GSTT1 was 1.6 (CI, 1.1-2.5, p = 0.03). HNSCC risk was not associated with GSTM1 null genotype, the presence of the GSTP1 Val/Val genotype, or the Val/Val homozygous genotype for CYP1A1. Stratified analysis revealed disparate ORs for women (OR, 3.0; CI, 1.5-6.3) and men (OR, 1.2; CI, 0.7-2.1) for the presence of GSTT1. CONCLUSIONS In this population, the presence of GSTT1 gene was associated with a significant increase in the risk of HNSCC. This association was particularly robust in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Evans
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Mail Code L586, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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Masetti S, Botto N, Manfredi S, Colombo MG, Rizza A, Vassalle C, Clerico A, Biagini A, Andreassi MG. Interactive effect of the glutathione S-transferase genes and cigarette smoking on occurrence and severity of coronary artery risk. J Mol Med (Berl) 2003; 81:488-94. [PMID: 12811412 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-003-0448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2003] [Accepted: 05/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases and cancer are the main causes of death in developed countries. Mortality trends for these diseases suggest that they share common pathogenetic mechanisms. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a family of enzymes that detoxify reactive electrophiles, particularly present in tobacco smoke. Glutathione S-transferase null M1 and T1 (GSTM1 and GSTT1) genotypes have often been associated with increased risk of developing cancer. Our hypothesis was that the polymorphic GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes modulate the risk of smoking-coronary artery disease (CAD). We evaluated the distribution of GST genotypes in 430 angiographically defined patients (308 CAD and 122 non-CAD). The frequencies of GST null genotypes did not differ significantly between patients with CAD and without CAD. However, smokers with GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes had a significantly higher risk of CAD than never-smokers with these genotypes present (OR 2.2 and 3.4 for smokers with null GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes, respectively). There was also evidence of multiple interaction between GSTM1 and GSTT1 deleted genotypes and smoking. In nonsmokers carrying both null genotypes the risk of CAD was 0.66. In smokers with both present genotypes the OR was 1.5 and was significantly increased in smokers with concurrent lack for GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes (OR=4.0). Moreover, smokers lacking GST genes had both more stenosed vessels and a higher Duke score than smokers expressing the genes. We also examined the levels of DNA damage in 66 men patients using the micronucleus test, a sensitive assay for evaluating chromosome damage. Micronucleus levels were higher in smokers with null genes than in smokers with present genes. These observations suggest that GST-null genotypes strengthen the effect of smoking on CAD risk by modulating the detoxification of genotoxic atherogens.
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Wilson MH, Grant PJ, Kain K, Warner DP, Wild CP. Association between the risk of coronary artery disease in South Asians and a deletion polymorphism in glutathione S-transferase M1. Biomarkers 2003; 8:43-50. [PMID: 12519635 DOI: 10.1080/1354750021000042439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
South Asians living in Western societies show a greater risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) than the indigenous Caucasian population, probably related to the change to a Westernised lifestyle and an associated genetic susceptibility. Modulation of DNA damage and mutation caused by polymorphisms in detoxification enzymes, including the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), is a well-established risk factor for tobacco-related carcinogenesis, and a similar change in cellular damage may be involved in the risk of vascular disease associated with tobacco smoking. In this study we examined whether polymorphisms in GST genes influence the risk of CAD in a case-control group of South Asians, following our recent observation of such an association in Caucasians from the same region of the UK. Blood was obtained from 170 patients of South Asian origin admitted for angiographic investigation of chest pain and from 203 controls. Patients were subdivided into those with and without previous acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and DNA was analysed for deletions in the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes. An association was found between the prevalence of the GSTM1 null genotype and the risk of developing CAD in this study population. The frequency of the null genotype was 52.7% in healthy controls and 41.2% in patients (odds ratio [OR] 0.63, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.42-0.95, p = 0.029). The effect was similar in subjects with or without a prior history of AMI. The association was also independent of smoking history, with both non-smokers and smokers showing a similar pattern of genotype distribution, the frequency of the null genotype being 51.2% in controls versus 37.0% in patients in 'never' smokers (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.33-0.94, p = 0.037) and 60.0% in controls versus 46.2% in patients in 'ever' smokers (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.25-1.28, p = 0.223). The association remained after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index and the presence or absence of stenosis. No significant associations were observed between the GSTT1 genotype and cardiovascular disease (chi(2) test, p > 0.1). The results of this study indicate that the GSTM1 null genotype is protective against both CAD and AMI. However, further study is required in order to elucidate the, as yet unexplained, mechanisms underlying this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Wilson
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Epidemiology and Health Services Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Andreassi MG. Coronary atherosclerosis and somatic mutations: an overview of the contributive factors for oxidative DNA damage. Mutat Res 2003; 543:67-86. [PMID: 12510018 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5742(02)00089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multifactorial process that appears to be caused by the interaction of environmental risk factors with multiple predisposing genes. Genetic research on CAD has traditionally focused on investigation aimed at identifying disease-susceptibility genes. Recent evidence suggests that somatically acquired DNA mutations may also contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of the disease, underlining the similarity between atherosclerotic and carcinogenic processes. The generation of oxidative stress has been emphasized as an important cause of DNA damage in atherosclerosis. This review highlights some of the major atherogenic risk factors as likely mediators in the oxidative modification of DNA. It also examines the hypothesis that an increase in oxidative stress may derive from "oxidatively" damaged mitochondria. Accordingly, further research in this field should be given high priority, since increased somatic DNA damage could be an important pathogenic factor and an additional prognostic predictor, as well as a potential target for therapeutic strategies in coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Andreassi
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, G Pasquinucci Hospital, Via Aurelia Sud-Montepepe, 54100 Massa, Italy.
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Talmud PJ, Humphries SE. Gene:environment interaction in lipid metabolism and effect on coronary heart disease risk. Curr Opin Lipidol 2002; 13:149-54. [PMID: 11891417 DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200204000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Both genetic and environmental factors influence coronary heart disease, therefore studies of coronary heart disease risk are often confounded by gene:gene and gene:environment interactions. Such interactions imply that at the molecular level there is synergy between the gene products or with the by-products of the environmental insult, resulting in a greater than additive effect on risk. Genetic risk is thus modifiable in an environment-specific manner. This review focuses on recently reported effects of smoking (environmental factor) on the impact of variation in the genes for glutathione S-transferase, paraoxonase and apolipoprotein E on the risk of coronary heart disease and effects on intermediate lipid traits. We end on a cautionary note for the need for repeat studies to confirm these reported gene:environment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa J Talmud
- Cardiovascular Genetics, British Heart Foundation Laboratories, Rayne Building, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, London, UK.
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