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Ravussin E, Enerback S, Koza R. Leslie Paul Kozak, PhD (1940-2023). Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:2885-2886. [PMID: 37794563 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sven Enerback
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg Institute of Biomedicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Koza
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, Scarborough, Maine, USA
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2
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Eljalby M, Huang X, Becher T, Wibmer AG, Jiang CS, Vaughan R, Schöder H, Cohen P. Brown adipose tissue is not associated with cachexia or increased mortality in a retrospective study of patients with cancer. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 324:E144-E153. [PMID: 36576355 PMCID: PMC9902220 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00187.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although brown fat is strongly associated with a constellation of cardiometabolic benefits in animal models and humans, it has also been tied to cancer cachexia. In humans, cancer-associated cachexia increases mortality, raising the possibility that brown fat in this context may be associated with increased cancer death. However, the effect of brown fat on cancer-associated cachexia and survival in humans remains unclear. Here, we retrospectively identify patients with and without brown fat on fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET) scans obtained as part of routine cancer care and assemble a cohort to address these questions. We did not find an association between brown fat status and cachexia. Furthermore, we did not observe an association between brown fat and increased mortality in patients with cachexia. Our analyses controlled for confounding factors including age at cancer diagnosis, sex, body mass index, cancer site, cancer stage, outdoor temperature, comorbid conditions (heart failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cerebrovascular disease), and β-blocker use. Taken together, our results suggest that brown fat is not linked to cancer-associated cachexia and does not worsen overall survival in patients with cachexia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study finds that brown fat is not linked to cancer-associated cachexia. Moreover, this work shows that brown fat does not worsen overall survival in patients with cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Eljalby
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Tobias Becher
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- First Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas G Wibmer
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Caroline S Jiang
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York City, New York
| | - Roger Vaughan
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York City, New York
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Heiko Schöder
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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3
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Corbee RJ, van Everdingen DL, Kooistra HS, Penning LC. Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) analogs as possible treatment options for diabetes mellitus in veterinary patients. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1086987. [PMID: 36699319 PMCID: PMC9868460 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1086987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are involved in numerous metabolic processes. The endocrine subfamily of FGFs, consisting of FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, might have beneficial effects in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or obesity. The analog with the greatest potential, FGF21, lowers blood glucose levels, improves insulin sensitivity, and induces weight loss in several animal models. In this review we summarize recent (pre)clinical findings with FGF21 analogs in animal models and men. Furthermore, possible applications of FGF21 analogs for pets with DM will be discussed. As currently, information about the use of FGF21 analogs in pet animals is scarce.
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4
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Zeng W, Yang F, Shen WL, Zhan C, Zheng P, Hu J. Interactions between central nervous system and peripheral metabolic organs. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:1929-1958. [PMID: 35771484 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
According to Descartes, minds and bodies are distinct kinds of "substance", and they cannot have causal interactions. However, in neuroscience, the two-way interaction between the brain and peripheral organs is an emerging field of research. Several lines of evidence highlight the importance of such interactions. For example, the peripheral metabolic systems are overwhelmingly regulated by the mind (brain), and anxiety and depression greatly affect the functioning of these systems. Also, psychological stress can cause a variety of physical symptoms, such as bone loss. Moreover, the gut microbiota appears to play a key role in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Mechanistically, as the command center of the body, the brain can regulate our internal organs and glands through the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine system, although it is generally considered to be outside the realm of voluntary control. The autonomic nervous system itself can be further subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic division functions a bit like the accelerator pedal on a car, and the parasympathetic division functions as the brake. The high center of the autonomic nervous system and the neuroendocrine system is the hypothalamus, which contains several subnuclei that control several basic physiological functions, such as the digestion of food and regulation of body temperature. Also, numerous peripheral signals contribute to the regulation of brain functions. Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones, insulin, and leptin are transported into the brain, where they regulate innate behaviors such as feeding, and they are also involved in emotional and cognitive functions. The brain can recognize peripheral inflammatory cytokines and induce a transient syndrome called sick behavior (SB), characterized by fatigue, reduced physical and social activity, and cognitive impairment. In summary, knowledge of the biological basis of the interactions between the central nervous system and peripheral organs will promote the full understanding of how our body works and the rational treatment of disorders. Thus, we summarize current development in our understanding of five types of central-peripheral interactions, including neural control of adipose tissues, energy expenditure, bone metabolism, feeding involving the brain-gut axis and gut microbiota. These interactions are essential for maintaining vital bodily functions, which result in homeostasis, i.e., a natural balance in the body's systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zeng
- Institute for Immunology, and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Wei L Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. .,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Ji Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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5
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Politis-Barber V, Petrick HL, Raajendiran A, DesOrmeaux GJ, Brunetta HS, dos Reis LM, Mori MA, Wright DC, Watt MJ, Holloway GP. Ckmt1 is Dispensable for Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Within White/Beige Adipose Tissue. FUNCTION 2022; 3:zqac037. [PMID: 37954502 PMCID: PMC10633789 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Within brown adipose tissue (BAT), the brain isoform of creatine kinase (CKB) has been proposed to regulate the regeneration of ADP and phosphocreatine in a futile creatine cycle (FCC) that stimulates energy expenditure. However, the presence of FCC, and the specific creatine kinase isoforms regulating this theoretical model within white adipose tissue (WAT), remains to be fully elucidated. In the present study, creatine did not stimulate respiration in cultured adipocytes, isolated mitochondria or mouse permeabilized WAT. Additionally, while creatine kinase ubiquitous-type, mitochondrial (CKMT1) mRNA and protein were detected in human WAT, shRNA-mediated reductions in Ckmt1 did not decrease submaximal respiration in cultured adipocytes, and ablation of CKMT1 in mice did not alter energy expenditure, mitochondrial responses to pharmacological β3-adrenergic activation (CL 316, 243) or exacerbate the detrimental metabolic effects of consuming a high-fat diet. Taken together, these findings solidify CKMT1 as dispensable in the regulation of energy expenditure, and unlike in BAT, they do not support the presence of FCC within WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Politis-Barber
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Heather L Petrick
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Arthe Raajendiran
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Genevieve J DesOrmeaux
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Henver S Brunetta
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas - SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Larissa M dos Reis
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Campinas, Campinas - SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas - SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Horino M, Ikeda K, Yamada T. The Role of Thermogenic Fat Tissue in Energy Consumption. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3166-3179. [PMID: 35877443 PMCID: PMC9317885 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian adipose tissues are broadly divided into white adipose tissue (WAT) and thermogenic fat tissue (brown adipose tissue and beige adipose tissue). Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is the central protein in thermogenesis, and cells that exhibit induced UCP1 expression and appear scattered throughout WAT are called beige adipocytes, and their induction in WAT is referred to as “beiging”. Beige adipocytes can differentiate from preadipocytes or convert from mature adipocytes. UCP1 was thought to contribute to non-shivering thermogenesis; however, recent studies demonstrated the presence of UCP1-independent thermogenic mechanisms. There is evidence that thermogenic fat tissue contributes to systemic energy expenditure even in human beings. This review discusses the roles that thermogenic fat tissue plays in energy consumption and offers insight into the possibility and challenges associated with its application in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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7
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Yu X, Shi M, Wu Q, Wei W, Sun S, Zhu S. Identification of UCP1 and UCP2 as Potential Prognostic Markers in Breast Cancer: A Study Based on Immunohistochemical Analysis and Bioinformatics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:891731. [PMID: 35874806 PMCID: PMC9300932 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.891731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and UCP2 are associated with tumor metabolism and immunity. However, the prognostic value and molecular mechanisms underlying their action in breast cancer (BC) remain unclear.Materials and methods: In TCGA-BRCA cohort, we investigated the expression characteristics of UCP mRNAs, analyzed their prognostic value by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, their potential molecular functions by gene set enrichment analysis, and their relationship with immune infiltrating cell types using TIMER and CIBERSORT, along with the assessment of their association with mutational profiles. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed for UCPs in our cohort and their association with BC thermogenesis was assessed by thermal tomography.Results: High expression of UCP1 and UCP2 were positive prognostic markers for BC. UCP1 was associated with the impaired glucose metabolism, while UCP2 with enhanced anti-tumor immunity. High expressions of UCP1 and UCP2 were associated with CDH1 mutations. High UCP1 expression was associated with a high rate of thermogenesis in BC.Conclusions: These results implied a key role of UCP1 and UCP2 in prognosis, metabolism, and immune infiltration in BC. Further investigation of the relevant molecular mechanisms may provide new strategies for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Manman Shi
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Wei
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengrong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Shengrong Sun, ; Shan Zhu,
| | - Shan Zhu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Shengrong Sun, ; Shan Zhu,
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8
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Lemieux H, Blier PU. Exploring Thermal Sensitivities and Adaptations of Oxidative Phosphorylation Pathways. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040360. [PMID: 35448547 PMCID: PMC9025460 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature shifts are a major challenge to animals; they drive adaptations in organisms and species, and affect all physiological functions in ectothermic organisms. Understanding the origin and mechanisms of these adaptations is critical for determining whether ectothermic organisms will be able to survive when faced with global climate change. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is thought to be an important metabolic player in this regard, since the capacity of the mitochondria to produce energy greatly varies according to temperature. However, organism survival and fitness depend not only on how much energy is produced, but, more precisely, on how oxidative phosphorylation is affected and which step of the process dictates thermal sensitivity. These questions need to be addressed from a new perspective involving a complex view of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and its related pathways. In this review, we examine the effect of temperature on the commonly measured pathways, but mainly focus on the potential impact of lesser-studied pathways and related steps, including the electron-transferring flavoprotein pathway, glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, choline dehydrogenase, proline dehydrogenase, and sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase. Our objective is to reveal new avenues of research that can address the impact of temperature on oxidative phosphorylation in all its complexity to better portray the limitations and the potential adaptations of aerobic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Lemieux
- Faculty Saint-Jean, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6C 4G9, Canada
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (P.U.B.)
| | - Pierre U. Blier
- Department Biologie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (P.U.B.)
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9
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Ouchi Y, Chowdhury VS, Cockrem JF, Bungo T. Single nucleotide polymorphism in avian uncoupling protein gene is associated with thermoregulation in chicks. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13632. [PMID: 34482590 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Avian uncoupling protein (av-UCP) is a key protein for thermoregulation in poultry. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the av-UCP gene has been reported in chickens. The purpose of the current study was to clarify the association between this av-UCP gene mutation and thermoregulation in chickens. Wild and mutant type chicks for the av-UCP gene SNP (g. 1270 of the av-UCP gene exon 3 with C to T substitution and amino acid substitution) were exposed to high ambient temperature. Rectal temperature, radiation temperature on the body surface, and the expression of heat dissipation behavior (wing drooping and panting) during heat exposure were measured. In addition, oxygen consumption rate in the thermoneutral zone in wild and mutant type chicks was measured. Changes in wing temperature during heat exposure in wild-type chicks were lower than those in mutants. The latency of continuous wing drooping during heat exposure in wild-type chicks was shorter than in mutant chicks. It was also found that the SNP in the av-UCP gene caused reduced oxygen consumption. These results suggest that the av-UCP gene mutation affects thermoregulation, especially heat production, in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Ouchi
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - John F Cockrem
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Takashi Bungo
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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10
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Brown adipose tissue is associated with healthier body fat distribution and metabolic benefits independent of regional adiposity. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100332. [PMID: 34337558 PMCID: PMC8324464 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The association of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and body fat distribution and their combined effects on metabolic health in humans remains unknown. Here, we retrospectively identify individuals with and without BAT on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and assemble a propensity score-matched study cohort to compare body fat distribution and determine its role in mediating the benefits of brown fat. We find that BAT is associated with lower amounts of visceral adipose tissue and higher amounts of subcutaneous adipose tissue, resulting in less central obesity. In addition, BAT is independently associated with lower blood glucose and white blood cell count, improved lipids, lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and decreased liver fat accumulation. These observations are most prominent in individuals with central obesity. Our results support a role of BAT in protection from visceral adiposity and improved metabolic health. Brown adipose tissue is associated with more subcutaneous and less visceral fat Brown adipose tissue is associated with health independent of fat distribution Brown adipose tissue is associated with less liver fat and type 2 diabetes Brown adipose tissue is most beneficial in individuals with central obesity
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11
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Wang Z, Wang QA, Liu Y, Jiang L. Energy metabolism in brown adipose tissue. FEBS J 2021; 288:3647-3662. [PMID: 34028971 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is well known to burn calories through uncoupled respiration, producing heat to maintain body temperature. This 'calorie wasting' feature makes BAT a special tissue, which can function as an 'energy sink' in mammals. While a combination of high energy intake and low energy expenditure is the leading cause of overweight and obesity in modern society, activating a safe 'energy sink' has been proposed as a promising obesity treatment strategy. Metabolically, lipids and glucose have been viewed as the major energy substrates in BAT, while succinate, lactate, branched-chain amino acids, and other metabolites can also serve as energy substrates for thermogenesis. Since the cataplerotic and anaplerotic reactions of these metabolites interconnect with each other, BAT relies on its dynamic, flexible, and complex metabolism to support its special function. In this review, we summarize how BAT orchestrates the metabolic utilization of various nutrients to support thermogenesis and contributes to whole-body metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Qiong A Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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12
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Sostre-Colón J, Uehara K, Garcia Whitlock AE, Gavin MJ, Ishibashi J, Potthoff MJ, Seale P, Titchenell PM. Hepatic AKT orchestrates adipose tissue thermogenesis via FGF21-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109128. [PMID: 34010646 PMCID: PMC8167823 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Organismal stressors such as cold exposure require a systemic response to maintain body temperature. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a key thermogenic tissue in mammals that protects against hypothermia in response to cold exposure. Defining the complex interplay of multiple organ systems in this response is fundamental to our understanding of adipose tissue thermogenesis. In this study, we identify a role for hepatic insulin signaling via AKT in the adaptive response to cold stress and show that liver AKT is an essential cell-nonautonomous regulator of adipocyte lipolysis and BAT function. Mechanistically, inhibition of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) by AKT controls BAT thermogenesis by enhancing catecholamine-induced lipolysis in the white adipose tissue (WAT) and increasing circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Our data identify a role for hepatic insulin signaling via the AKT-FOXO1 axis in regulating WAT lipolysis, promoting BAT thermogenic capacity, and ensuring a proper thermogenic response to acute cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimarie Sostre-Colón
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kahealani Uehara
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna E Garcia Whitlock
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew J Gavin
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeff Ishibashi
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul M Titchenell
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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13
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Ouchi Y, Chowdhury VS, Cockrem JF, Bungo T. Av-UCP single nucleotide polymorphism affects heat production during cold exposure in chicks. J Therm Biol 2021; 98:102909. [PMID: 34016336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uncoupling protein one (UCP1) is involved in thermogenesis, especially in non-shivering heat production. In chickens, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the av-UCP (avian UCP) gene has been reported to be associated with body weight gain and increased abdominal fat. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the av-UCP gene SNP and heat production in chicks. METHODS C/C and T/T male chicks (Rhode Island Red) of av-UCP gene SNP (g. 1270, C > T) were exposed to a low temperature environment (16 °C for 15 min) and their physiological responses were compared. RESULTS After cold exposure, mean rectal temperatures of C/C chicks were higher than those of T/T chicks. In pectoral muscle, genes expression of av-UCP and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 were higher in C/C chicks than T/T chicks. Hypothalamic expression levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and proopiomelanocortin genes were higher in C/C chicks than T/T chicks. Expression of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone, arginine vasotocin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide Y genes did not differ between C/C and T/T chicks. In addition, plasma free fatty acid levels in C/C chicks were lower than those of T/T chicks. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the av-UCP gene SNP affects non-shivering heat production via the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis and fatty acid metabolism in the chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Ouchi
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - John F Cockrem
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Takashi Bungo
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
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14
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Bini S, D’Erasmo L, Di Costanzo A, Minicocci I, Pecce V, Arca M. The Interplay between Angiopoietin-Like Proteins and Adipose Tissue: Another Piece of the Relationship between Adiposopathy and Cardiometabolic Diseases? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020742. [PMID: 33451033 PMCID: PMC7828552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like proteins, namely ANGPTL3-4-8, are known as regulators of lipid metabolism. However, recent evidence points towards their involvement in the regulation of adipose tissue function. Alteration of adipose tissue functions (also called adiposopathy) is considered the main inducer of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its related complications. In this review, we intended to analyze available evidence derived from experimental and human investigations highlighting the contribution of ANGPTLs in the regulation of adipocyte metabolism, as well as their potential role in common cardiometabolic alterations associated with adiposopathy. We finally propose a model of ANGPTLs-based adipose tissue dysfunction, possibly linking abnormalities in the angiopoietins to the induction of adiposopathy and its related disorders.
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15
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Shinde AB, Song A, Wang QA. Brown Adipose Tissue Heterogeneity, Energy Metabolism, and Beyond. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:651763. [PMID: 33953697 PMCID: PMC8092391 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.651763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipocyte in brown adipose tissue (BAT) specializes in expending energy through non-shivering thermogenesis, a process that produces heat either by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) dependent uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration or by UCP1 independent mechanisms. Apart from this, there is ample evidence suggesting that BAT has an endocrine function. Studies in rodents point toward its vital roles in glucose and lipid homeostasis, making it an important therapeutic target for treating metabolic disorders related to morbidities such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The rediscovery of thermogenically active BAT depots in humans by several independent research groups in the last decade has revitalized interest in BAT as an even more promising therapeutic intervention. Over the last few years, there has been overwhelming interest in understanding brown adipocyte's developmental lineages and how brown adipocyte uniquely utilizes energy beyond UCP1 mediated uncoupling respiration. These new discoveries would be leveraged for designing novel therapeutic interventions for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Babaji Shinde
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Anying Song
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Qiong A. Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Qiong A. Wang,
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16
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Abstract
Animals that lack the hormone leptin become grossly obese, purportedly for 2 reasons: increased food intake and decreased energy expenditure (thermogenesis). This review examines the experimental evidence for the thermogenesis component. Analysis of the data available led us to conclude that the reports indicating hypometabolism in the leptin-deficient ob/ob mice (as well as in the leptin-receptor-deficient db/db mice and fa/fa rats) derive from a misleading calculation artefact resulting from expression of energy expenditure per gram of body weight and not per intact organism. Correspondingly, the body weight-reducing effects of leptin are not augmented by enhanced thermogenesis. Congruent with this, there is no evidence that the ob/ob mouse demonstrates atrophied brown adipose tissue or diminished levels of total UCP1 mRNA or protein when the ob mutation is studied on the inbred C57BL/6 mouse background, but a reduced sympathetic nerve activity is observed. On the outbred "Aston" mouse background, brown adipose tissue atrophy is seen, but whether this is of quantitative significance for the development of obesity has not been demonstrated. We conclude that leptin is not a thermogenic hormone. Rather, leptin has effects on body temperature regulation, by opposing torpor bouts and by shifting thermoregulatory thresholds. The central pathways behind these effects are largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Lu WH, Chang YM, Huang YS. Alternative Polyadenylation and Differential Regulation of Ucp1: Implications for Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis Across Species. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:612279. [PMID: 33634052 PMCID: PMC7899972 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.612279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ owing to its unique expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which is a proton channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane used to dissipate the proton gradient and uncouple the electron transport chain to generate heat instead of adenosine triphosphate. The discovery of metabolically active BAT in human adults, especially in lean people after cold exposure, has provoked the "thermogenic anti-obesity" idea to battle weight gain. Because BAT can expend energy through UCP1-mediated thermogenesis, the molecular mechanisms regulating UCP1 expression have been extensively investigated at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Of note, the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of Ucp1 mRNA is differentially processed between mice and humans that quantitatively affects UCP1 synthesis and thermogenesis. Here, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms underlying UCP1 expression, report the number of poly(A) signals identified or predicted in Ucp1 genes across species, and discuss the potential and caution in targeting UCP1 for enhancing thermogenesis and metabolic fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsin Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ming Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shuian Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Abstract
Severe sepsis and septic shock are the biggest cause of mortality in critically ill patients. Obesity today is one of the world's greatest health challenges. Little is known about the extent of involvement of the white adipose tissue (WAT) in sepsis and how it is being modified by obesity. We sought to explore the involvement of the WAT in sepsis. We hypothesize that sepsis induces browning of the WAT and that obesity alters the response of WAT to sepsis. Six-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomized to a high-fat diet to induce obesity (obese group) or control diet (nonobese group). After 6 to 11 weeks of feeding, polymicrobial sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Mice were sacrificed at 0, 18, and 72 h after CLP and epididymal WAT (eWAT), inguinal WAT, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) harvested. Both types of WAT were processed for light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to assess for morphological changes in both obese and nonobese mice. Tissues were processed for immunohistochemistry, image analyses, and molecular analyses. BATs were used as a positive control. Nonobese mice have an extensive breakdown of the unilocular lipid droplet and smaller adipocytes in WAT compared with obese mice after sepsis. Neutrophil infiltration increases in eWAT in nonobese mice after sepsis but not in obese mice. Nonobese septic mice have an increase in mitochondrial density compared with obese septic mice. Furthermore, nonobese septic mice have an increase in uncoupling protein-1 expression. Although the WAT of nonobese mice have multiple changes characteristic of browning during sepsis, these changes are markedly blunted in obesity.
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19
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Beige Fat, Adaptive Thermogenesis, and Its Regulation by Exercise and Thyroid Hormone. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8030057. [PMID: 31370146 PMCID: PMC6783838 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
While it is now understood that the proper expansion of adipose tissue is critically important for metabolic homeostasis, it is also appreciated that adipose tissues perform far more functions than simply maintaining energy balance. Adipose tissue performs endocrine functions, secreting hormones or adipokines that affect the regulation of extra-adipose tissues, and, under certain conditions, can also be major contributors to energy expenditure and the systemic metabolic rate via the activation of thermogenesis. Adipose thermogenesis takes place in brown and beige adipocytes. While brown adipocytes have been relatively well studied, the study of beige adipocytes has only recently become an area of considerable exploration. Numerous suggestions have been made that beige adipocytes can elicit beneficial metabolic effects on body weight, insulin sensitivity, and lipid levels. However, the potential impact of beige adipocyte thermogenesis on systemic metabolism is not yet clear and an understanding of beige adipocyte development and regulation is also limited. This review will highlight our current understanding of beige adipocytes and select factors that have been reported to elicit the development and activation of thermogenesis in beige cells, with a focus on factors that may represent a link between exercise and 'beiging', as well as the role that thyroid hormone signaling plays in beige adipocyte regulation.
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20
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Mitochondrial Uncoupling: A Key Controller of Biological Processes in Physiology and Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080795. [PMID: 31366145 PMCID: PMC6721602 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncoupling can be defined as a dissociation between mitochondrial membrane potential generation and its use for mitochondria-dependent ATP synthesis. Although this process was originally considered a mitochondrial dysfunction, the identification of UCP-1 as an endogenous physiological uncoupling protein suggests that the process could be involved in many other biological processes. In this review, we first compare the mitochondrial uncoupling agents available in term of mechanistic and non-specific effects. Proteins regulating mitochondrial uncoupling, as well as chemical compounds with uncoupling properties are discussed. Second, we summarize the most recent findings linking mitochondrial uncoupling and other cellular or biological processes, such as bulk and specific autophagy, reactive oxygen species production, protein secretion, cell death, physical exercise, metabolic adaptations in adipose tissue, and cell signaling. Finally, we show how mitochondrial uncoupling could be used to treat several human diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, or neurological disorders.
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21
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de Souza CAP, Gallo CC, de Camargo LS, de Carvalho PVV, Olesçuck IF, Macedo F, da Cunha FM, Cipolla-Neto J, do Amaral FG. Melatonin multiple effects on brown adipose tissue molecular machinery. J Pineal Res 2019; 66:e12549. [PMID: 30597601 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) influences energy balance through nonshivering thermogenesis, and its metabolism daily and seasonal variations are regulated by melatonin through partially known mechanisms. We evaluated the role of melatonin in BAT molecular machinery of male Control, pinealectomized (PINX), and melatonin-treated pinealectomized (PINX/Mel) adult rats. BAT was collected either every 3 hours over 24 hours or after cold or high-fat diet (HFD) acute exposure. HFD PINX animals presented decreased Dio2 expression, while HFD PINX/Mel animals showed increased Dio2, Ucp1, and Cidea expression. Cold-exposed PINX rats showed decreased Dio2 and Lhs expression, and melatonin treatment augmented Adrβ3, Dio2, Ucp1, and Cidea expression. Daily profiles analyses showed altered Dio2, Lhs, Ucp1, Pgc1α, and Cidea gene and UCP1 protein expression in PINX animals, leading to altered rhythmicity under sub-thermoneutral conditions, which was partially restored by melatonin treatment. The same was observed for mitochondrial complexes I, II, and IV protein expression and enzyme activity. Melatonin absence seems to impair BAT responses to metabolic challenges, and melatonin replacement reverses this effect, with additional increase in the expression of crucial genes, suggesting that melatonin plays an important role in several key points of the thermogenic activation pathway, influencing both the rhythmic profile of the tissue and its ability to respond to metabolic challenges, which is crucial for the organism homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A P de Souza
- Pineal Neurobiology Lab, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Congentino Gallo
- Pineal Neurobiology Lab, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ingrid Fernandes Olesçuck
- Pineal Neurobiology Lab, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Macedo
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Cipolla-Neto
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G do Amaral
- Pineal Neurobiology Lab, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes can catabolize stored energy to generate heat, and this distinct capacity for thermogenesis could be leveraged as a therapy for metabolic diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes. Thermogenic adipocytes drive heat production through close coordination of substrate supply with the mitochondrial oxidative machinery and effectors that control the rate of substrate oxidation. Together, this apparatus affords these adipocytes with tremendous capacity to drive thermogenesis. The best characterized thermogenic effector is uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Importantly, additional mechanisms for activating thermogenesis beyond UCP1 have been identified and characterized to varying extents. Acute regulation of these thermogenic pathways has been an active area of study, and numerous regulatory factors have been uncovered in recent years. Here we will review the evidence for regulators of heat production in thermogenic adipocytes in the context of the thermodynamic and kinetic principles that govern their therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Chouchani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lawrence Kazak
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Shapira SN, Seale P. Transcriptional Control of Brown and Beige Fat Development and Function. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:13-21. [PMID: 30569639 PMCID: PMC6309799 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue, once viewed as an inert organ of energy storage, is now appreciated to be a central node for the dynamic regulation of systemic metabolism. There are three general types of adipose tissue: white, brown, and brown-in-white or "beige" fat. All three types of adipose tissue communicate extensively with other organs in the body, including skin, liver, pancreas, muscle, and brain, to maintain energy homeostasis. When energy intake chronically exceeds energy expenditure, obesity and its comorbidities can develop. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms by which different types of adipose tissues develop and function could uncover new therapies for combating disorders of energy imbalance. In this review, the recent findings on the transcriptional and chromatin-mediated regulation of brown and beige adipose tissue activity are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N. Shapira
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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24
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Evolutionary Genetics of Hypoxia and Cold Tolerance in Mammals. J Mol Evol 2018; 86:618-634. [PMID: 30327830 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-018-9870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Low oxygen and fluctuant ambient temperature pose serious challenges to mammalian survival. Physiological adaptations in mammals to hypoxia and low temperatures have been intensively investigated, yet their underlying molecular mechanisms need further exploration. Independent invasions of high-altitude plateaus, subterranean burrows and marine environments by different mammals provide opportunities to conduct such analyses. Here, we focused on six genes in the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway and two non-shivering thermogenesis (NST)-related genes [PPAR co-activator 1 (PGC-1) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)] in representative species of pikas and other mammals to understand whether these loci were targeted by natural selection during independent invasions to conditions characterized by hypoxia and temperature fluctuations by high-altitude, subterranean and marine mammals. Our analyses revealed pervasive positive selection signals in the HIF pathway genes of mammals occupying high-altitude, subterranean and aquatic ecosystems; however, the mechanisms underlying their independent adaptations to hypoxic environments varied by taxa, since different genes were positively selected in each taxon and expression levels of individual genes varied among species. Additionally, parallel amino acid substitutions were also detected in hypoxia-tolerant mammals, indicating that convergent evolution may play a role in their independent adaptations to hypoxic environments. However, divergent evolutionary histories of NST-related genes were noted, since significant evidence of positive selection was observed in PGC-1 and UCP1 in high-altitude species and subterranean rodents; however, UCP1 may have already lost its function in diving cetaceans, which may be related to the thick blubber layer of adipose and connective tissue in these mammals.
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25
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Biswas HM. Effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone on UCP1 gene expression in brown adipocytes. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 28:267-274. [PMID: 28375845 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Like other tissues, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) can produce its effect on brown adipose tissue (BAT). This study was taken to understand the direct effect of ACTH action on thermogenin gene expression and possible relation with α receptors and caffeine with this hormone. METHODS Brown fat precursor cells were isolated from interscapular BAT of young mice and grown in culture. The cells were exposed to norepinephrine (NE) and other agents. Total RNA was isolated after harvesting the cells, and northern blot analysis was performed. Hybridization was performed with nick translated cDNA probes. Filters were exposed to film, and results were evaluated by scanning. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was measured by using Amersham assay kit. RESULTS ACTH stimulates thermogenin gene expression in brown adipocytes. Initiation and maximum stimulations are observed with 0.01 μM and 10 μM (about 45%) of ACTH, respectively, in comparison to 0.1 μM of NE. Maximum response of cAMP is also observed with 10 μM of ACTH (about 64%). Studies with cirazoline and ACTH show that UCP1 mRNA expression is increased significantly with 10 μM of ACTH, whereas cAMP generation is decreased. In the presence of caffeine, ACTH increases cAMP generation and UCP1 gene expression more than twofold. CONCLUSIONS ACTH stimulates thermogenin gene expression in cultured brown adipocytes. The complex interrelationship of ACTH with cirazoline indicates the possibility of relation between the activity of ACTH and α receptors in brown adipocytes. Further stimulation of cAMP generation and thermogenin gene expression is possible with ACTH in conjugation with caffeine and RO 20-1724.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirendra M Biswas
- Department of Physiology, Kathmandu Medical College, 184, Baburam Acharya sadak, Sinamangal, Kathmandu
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26
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Gao R, Chen W, Yan H, Xie X, Liu D, Wu C, Zhu Z, Li H, Dong F, Wang L. PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone switches fuel preference to lipids in promoting thermogenesis under cold exposure in C57BL/6 mice. J Proteomics 2018; 176:24-36. [PMID: 29414316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissues play key roles in adaptive thermogenesis, which is essential for homoiotherms to maintain core temperature under cold exposure. PPARγ is a transcriptional regulator critical for brown adipose tissue (BAT) recruitment and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning. Here we evaluated the impact of PPARγ activation on thermogenic activity in C57BL/6 mice under thermo-neutral and 4 °C cold environment, and revealed the regulating mechanism and metabolic basis. Rosiglitazone slowed body temperature loss in cold environment in C57BL/6 mice, suppressed cold-induced decreases in blood glucose, reversed cold-promoted 18F-FDG uptake, and increased lipid consumption in BAT. Serum/adipose tissue metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that cold exposure and rosiglitazone affect metabolism in different way, especially in terms of free fatty acid/lipid metabolism. While all tested treatments stimulated stored-substance mobilization in epididymal WAT, in heat-generating adipose tissues (BAT and subcutaneous WAT), rosiglitazone-only treatment promoted the storage of substances such as lipids for subsequent thermogenic activation; conversely, cold exposure favoured glucose consumption and mobilization/transport of extracellular lipids. When combined with cold exposure, rosiglitazone treatment preferentially triggered BAT lipid consumption, mobilized and transported lipids from epididymal to subcutaneous WAT, and reduced glucose usage. Thus, rosiglitazone might promote thermogenesis under cold exposure by switching fuel preference. SIGNIFICANCE In current study, for the first time, PPARγ agonism by rosiglitazone was proved to promote thermogenesis under near-freezing conditions and enhance the heat generating response against cold-induced hypothermia in mice by switching the fuel preference from carbohydrates to lipids. The lipid substrates stored in BAT in response to PPARγ activation are spared for eventual thermogenic activation. These findings thus underline the remarkable actions of PPARγ in the control of energy metabolism in adipose tissues, especially the BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100039, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of The Air Force, PLA, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Huang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xinni Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Dongqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 100085 Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 100085 Beijing, China
| | - Haijing Li
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Fangting Dong
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China; Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
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27
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Law J, Chalmers J, Morris DE, Robinson L, Budge H, Symonds ME. The use of infrared thermography in the measurement and characterization of brown adipose tissue activation. Temperature (Austin) 2018; 5:147-161. [PMID: 30393752 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1397085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in brown adipose tissue has increased in recent years as a potential target for novel obesity, diabetes and metabolic disease treatments. One of the significant limitations to rapid progress has been the difficulty in measuring brown adipose tissue activity, especially in humans. Infrared thermography (IRT) is being increasingly recognized as a valid and complementary method to standard imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT). In contrast to PET/CT, it is non-invasive, cheap and quick, allowing, for the first time, the possibility of large studies of brown adipose tissue (BAT) on healthy populations and children. Variations in study protocols and analysis methods currently limit direct comparison between studies but IRT following appropriate BAT stimulation consistently shows a change in supraclavicular skin temperature and a close association with results from BAT measurements from other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Law
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Chalmers
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham
| | - David E Morris
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Robinson
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Budge
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E Symonds
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham
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Chi J, Wu Z, Choi CHJ, Nguyen L, Tegegne S, Ackerman SE, Crane A, Marchildon F, Tessier-Lavigne M, Cohen P. Three-Dimensional Adipose Tissue Imaging Reveals Regional Variation in Beige Fat Biogenesis and PRDM16-Dependent Sympathetic Neurite Density. Cell Metab 2018; 27:226-236.e3. [PMID: 29320703 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
While the cell-intrinsic pathways governing beige adipocyte development and phenotype have been increasingly delineated, comparatively little is known about how beige adipocytes interact with other cell types in fat. Here, we introduce a whole-tissue clearing method for adipose that permits immunolabeling and three-dimensional profiling of structures including thermogenic adipocytes and sympathetic innervation. We found that tissue architecture and sympathetic innervation differ significantly between subcutaneous and visceral depots. Subcutaneous fat demonstrates prominent regional variation in beige fat biogenesis with localization of UCP1+ beige adipocytes to areas with dense sympathetic neurites. We present evidence that the density of sympathetic projections is dependent on PRDM16 in adipocytes, providing another potential mechanism underlying the metabolic benefits mediated by PRDM16. This powerful imaging tool highlights the interaction of tissue components during beige fat biogenesis and reveals a previously undescribed mode of regulation of the sympathetic nervous system by adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Chi
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhuhao Wu
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Repair, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Chan Hee J Choi
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Weill-Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lily Nguyen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Saba Tegegne
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah E Ackerman
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Audrey Crane
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - François Marchildon
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Tessier-Lavigne
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Repair, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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Kim E, Lim SM, Kim MS, Yoo SH, Kim Y. Phyllodulcin, a Natural Sweetener, Regulates Obesity-Related Metabolic Changes and Fat Browning-Related Genes of Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101049. [PMID: 28934139 PMCID: PMC5691666 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllodulcin is a natural sweetener found in Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii. This study investigated whether phyllodulcin could improve metabolic abnormalities in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Animals were fed a 60% HFD for 6 weeks to induce obesity, followed by 7 weeks of supplementation with phyllodulcin (20 or 40 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)/day). Stevioside (40 mg/kg b.w./day) was used as a positive control. Phyllodulcin supplementation reduced subcutaneous fat mass, levels of plasma lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and improved the levels of leptin, adiponectin, and fasting blood glucose. In subcutaneous fat tissues, supplementation with stevioside or phyllodulcin significantly decreased mRNA expression of lipogenesis-related genes, including CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1C (SREBP-1c) compared to the high-fat group. Phyllodulcin supplementation significantly increased the expression of fat browning-related genes, including PR domain containing 16 (Prdm16), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α), compared to the high-fat group. Hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor-tropomyosin receptor kinase B (BDNF-TrkB) signaling was upregulated by phyllodulcin supplementation. In conclusion, phyllodulcin is a potential sweetener that could be used to combat obesity by regulating levels of leptin, fat browning-related genes, and hypothalamic BDNF-TrkB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Soo-Min Lim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Sang-Ho Yoo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
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Lee PL, Jung SM, Guertin DA. The Complex Roles of Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin in Adipocytes and Beyond. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:319-339. [PMID: 28237819 PMCID: PMC5682923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Having healthy adipose tissue is essential for metabolic fitness. This is clear from the obesity epidemic, which is unveiling a myriad of comorbidities associated with excess adipose tissue including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Lipodystrophy also causes insulin resistance, emphasizing the importance of having a balanced amount of fat. In cells, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes 1 and 2 (mTORC1 and mTORC2, respectively) link nutrient and hormonal signaling with metabolism, and recent studies are shedding new light on their in vivo roles in adipocytes. In this review, we discuss how recent advances in adipose tissue and mTOR biology are converging to reveal new mechanisms that maintain healthy adipose tissue, and discuss ongoing mysteries of mTOR signaling, particularly for the less understood complex mTORC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Lee
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Su Myung Jung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - David A Guertin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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31
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Abd Eldaim M, Hashimoto O, Ohtsuki H, Yamada T, Murakami M, Onda K, Sato R, Kanamori Y, Qiao Y, Tomonaga S, Matsui T, Funaba M. Expression of uncoupling protein 1 in bovine muscle cells1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:5097-5104. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Abd Eldaim
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, 32897, Egypt
| | - O. Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Kitasato University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - H. Ohtsuki
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Kitasato University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - T. Yamada
- National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Nasushiobara 329-2793, Japan
| | - M. Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | - K. Onda
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine III, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | - R. Sato
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine III, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | - Y. Kanamori
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Y. Qiao
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 606-8502, Japan
| | - S. Tomonaga
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 606-8502, Japan
| | - T. Matsui
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 606-8502, Japan
| | - M. Funaba
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 606-8502, Japan
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Xiao H, Massaro D, Massaro GD, Clerch LB. Expression of Lung Uncoupling Protein-2 mRNA is Modulated Developmentally and by Caloric Intake. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 229:479-85. [PMID: 15169966 DOI: 10.1177/153537020422900605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung expresses a high concentration of uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2) mRNA, but neither its pulmonary regulation nor function is known. We measured lung UCP-2 mRNA expression in two animal models: in neonatal rats when both the metabolic rate, as measured by oxygen consumption, and levels of serum free fatty acids (FFAs) increase and in adult mice during decreased food intake, when levels of serum FFAs increase but the metabolic rate decreases. In rat lung, the concentration of UCP-2 mRNA was low and unchanged during late gestation, increased approximately twofold within 6 hrs after birth, and, compared with late gestation, remained approximately threefold higher from day 1 to adulthood. The early postnatal rise in the lung UCP-2 mRNA concentration was partially blocked by an antithyroid drug and was increased by treatment with triiodothyronine. Unlike lung, heart UCP-2 mRNA levels were lower during adulthood than at day 15. In adult mice, lung UCP-2 mRNA concentrations increased approximately fivefold within 12 hrs of 67% calorie restriction (CR), remained elevated during 2 weeks of CR, fell to control levels within 24 hrs of refeeding (CR-RF), and positively correlated with serum FFA concentrations. Heart UCP-2 expression during CR and CR-RF was similar to that of lung; liver UCP-2 mRNA levels were slightly lower during CR and returned to control levels during CR-RF. These data suggest that the regulation of UCP-2 is at least partly tissue-specific and that, in the adult mouse, lung UCP-2 is regulated not by oxygen consumption but by FFAs. Moreover, lung UCP-2 mRNA levels in mice fed ad libitum was increased by the intraperitoneal administration of Intralipid, a 20% fat emulsion. On the basis of these data in adult mice, together with the findings of others that levels of FFAs increase by 2 hrs after birth, we propose lung UCP-2 is regulated by FFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xiao
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Lung Biology Laboratory, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Villarroya F, Peyrou M, Giralt M. Transcriptional regulation of the uncoupling protein-1 gene. Biochimie 2016; 134:86-92. [PMID: 27693079 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulated transcription of the uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) gene, and subsequent UCP1 protein synthesis, is a hallmark of the acquisition of the differentiated, thermogenically competent status of brown and beige/brite adipocytes, as well as of the responsiveness of brown and beige/brite adipocytes to adaptive regulation of thermogenic activity. The 5' non-coding region of the UCP1 gene contains regulatory elements that confer tissue specificity, differentiation dependence, and neuro-hormonal regulation to UCP1 gene transcription. Two main regions-a distal enhancer and a proximal promoter region-mediate transcriptional regulation through interactions with a plethora of transcription factors, including nuclear hormone receptors and cAMP-responsive transcription factors. Co-regulators, such as PGC-1α, play a pivotal role in the concerted regulation of UCP1 gene transcription. Multiple interactions of transcription factors and co-regulators at the promoter region of the UCP1 gene result in local chromatin remodeling, leading to activation and increased accessibility of RNA polymerase II and subsequent gene transcription. Moreover, a commonly occurring A-to-G polymorphism in close proximity to the UCP1 gene enhancer influences the extent of UCP1 gene transcription. Notably, it has been reported that specific aspects of obesity and associated metabolic diseases are associated with human population variability at this site. On another front, the unique properties of the UCP1 promoter region have been exploited to develop brown adipose tissue-specific gene delivery tools for experimental purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Marion Peyrou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Cell Fate and Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:3753581. [PMID: 27298623 PMCID: PMC4889852 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3753581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts and bone marrow adipocytes originate from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) and there appears to be a reciprocal relationship between adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. Alterations in the balance between adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis in BMMSCs wherein adipogenesis is increased relative to osteoblastogenesis are associated with decreased bone quality and quantity. Several proteins have been reported to regulate this reciprocal relationship but the exact nature of the signals regulating the balance between osteoblast and adipocyte formation within the bone marrow space remains to be determined. In this review, we focus on the role of Transducin-Like Enhancer of Split 3 (TLE3), which was recently reported to regulate the balance between osteoblast and adipocyte formation from BMMSCs. We also discuss evidence implicating canonical Wnt signalling, which plays important roles in both adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis, in regulating TLE3 expression. Currently, there is demand for new effective therapies that target the stimulation of osteoblast differentiation to enhance bone formation. We speculate that reducing TLE3 expression or activity in BMMSCs could be a useful approach towards increasing osteoblast numbers and reducing adipogenesis in the bone marrow environment.
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35
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Fischer AW, Hoefig CS, Abreu-Vieira G, de Jong JMA, Petrovic N, Mittag J, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Leptin Raises Defended Body Temperature without Activating Thermogenesis. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1621-1631. [PMID: 26876182 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin has been believed to exert its weight-reducing action not only by inducing hypophagia but also by increasing energy expenditure/thermogenesis. Leptin-deficient ob/ob mice have correspondingly been thought to be thermogenically limited and to show hypothermia, mainly due to atrophied brown adipose tissue (BAT). In contrast to these established views, we found that BAT is fully functional and that leptin treatment did not increase thermogenesis in wild-type or in ob/ob mice. Rather, ob/ob mice showed a decreased but defended body temperature (i.e., were anapyrexic, not hypothermic) that was normalized to wild-type levels after leptin treatment. This was not accompanied by increased energy expenditure or BAT recruitment but, instead, was mediated by decreased tail heat loss. The weight-reducing hypophagic effects of leptin are, therefore, not augmented through a thermogenic effect of leptin; leptin is, however, pyrexic, i.e., it alters centrally regulated thresholds of thermoregulatory mechanisms, in parallel to effects of other cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carolin S Hoefig
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustavo Abreu-Vieira
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jasper M A de Jong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natasa Petrovic
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Mittag
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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36
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Cohen P, Spiegelman BM. Brown and Beige Fat: Molecular Parts of a Thermogenic Machine. Diabetes 2015; 64:2346-51. [PMID: 26050670 PMCID: PMC4477363 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes has increased interest in pathways that affect energy balance in mammalian systems. Brown fat, in all of its dimensions, can increase energy expenditure through the dissipation of chemical energy in the form of heat, using mitochondrial uncoupling and perhaps other pathways. We discuss here some of the thermodynamic and cellular aspects of recent progress in brown fat research. This includes studies of developmental lineages of UCP1(+) adipocytes, including the discovery of beige fat cells, a new thermogenic cell type. We also discuss the physiology and transcriptional control of brown and beige cells in rodents and the state of current knowledge about human brown fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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37
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Leamy LJ, Elo K, Nielsen MK, Thorn SR, Valdar W, Pomp D. Quantitative trait loci for energy balance traits in an advanced intercross line derived from mice divergently selected for heat loss. PeerJ 2014; 2:e392. [PMID: 24918027 PMCID: PMC4045330 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity in human populations, currently a serious health concern, is considered to be the consequence of an energy imbalance in which more energy in calories is consumed than is expended. We used interval mapping techniques to investigate the genetic basis of a number of energy balance traits in an F11 advanced intercross population of mice created from an original intercross of lines selected for increased and decreased heat loss. We uncovered a total of 137 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for these traits at 41 unique sites on 18 of the 20 chromosomes in the mouse genome, with X-linked QTLs being most prevalent. Two QTLs were found for the selection target of heat loss, one on distal chromosome 1 and another on proximal chromosome 2. The number of QTLs affecting the various traits generally was consistent with previous estimates of heritabilities in the same population, with the most found for two bone mineral traits and the least for feed intake and several body composition traits. QTLs were generally additive in their effects, and some, especially those affecting the body weight traits, were sex-specific. Pleiotropy was extensive within trait groups (body weights, adiposity and organ weight traits, bone traits) and especially between body composition traits adjusted and not adjusted for body weight at sacrifice. Nine QTLs were found for one or more of the adiposity traits, five of which appeared to be unique. The confidence intervals among all QTLs averaged 13.3 Mb, much smaller than usually observed in an F2 cross, and in some cases this allowed us to make reasonable inferences about candidate genes underlying these QTLs. This study combined QTL mapping with genetic parameter analysis in a large segregating population, and has advanced our understanding of the genetic architecture of complex traits related to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Leamy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Kari Elo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Merlyn K Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Stephanie R Thorn
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - William Valdar
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Pomp
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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38
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Shen Y, Liu X, Dong M, Lin J, Zhao Q, Lee H, Jin W. Recent advances in brown adipose tissue biology. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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39
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Villanueva CJ, Vergnes L, Wang J, Drew BG, Hong C, Tu Y, Hu Y, Peng X, Xu F, Saez E, Wroblewski K, Hevener AL, Reue K, Fong LG, Young SG, Tontonoz P. Adipose subtype-selective recruitment of TLE3 or Prdm16 by PPARγ specifies lipid storage versus thermogenic gene programs. Cell Metab 2013; 17:423-35. [PMID: 23473036 PMCID: PMC3626567 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional effectors of white adipocyte-selective gene expression have not been described. Here we show that TLE3 is a white-selective cofactor that acts reciprocally with the brown-selective cofactor Prdm16 to specify lipid storage and thermogenic gene programs. Occupancy of TLE3 and Prdm16 on certain promoters is mutually exclusive, due to the ability of TLE3 to disrupt the physical interaction between Prdm16 and PPARγ. When expressed at elevated levels in brown fat, TLE3 counters Prdm16, suppressing brown-selective genes and inducing white-selective genes, resulting in impaired fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis. Conversely, mice lacking TLE3 in adipose tissue show enhanced thermogenesis in inguinal white adipose depots and are protected from age-dependent deterioration of brown adipose tissue function. Our results suggest that the establishment of distinct adipocyte phenotypes with different capacities for thermogenesis and lipid storage is accomplished in part through the cell-type-selective recruitment of TLE3 or Prdm16 to key adipocyte target genes.
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40
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Zhang R. MNADK, a novel liver-enriched mitochondrion-localized NAD kinase. Biol Open 2013; 2:432-8. [PMID: 23616928 PMCID: PMC3625872 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20134259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
NADP+ and its reducing equivalent NADPH are essential for counteracting oxidative damage. Mitochondria are the major source of oxidative stress, since the majority of superoxide is generated from the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Because NADP+ cannot pass through the mitochondrial membrane, NADP+ generation within mitochondria is critical. However, only a single human NAD kinase (NADK) has been identified, and it is localized to the cytosol. Therefore, sources of mitochondrial NADP+ and mechanisms for maintaining its redox balance remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the uncharacterized human gene C5ORF33, named MNADK (mouse homologue 1110020G09Rik), encodes a novel mitochondrion-localized NAD kinase. In mice MNADK is mostly expressed in the liver, and also abundant in brown fat, heart, muscle and kidney, all being mitochondrion-rich. Indeed, MNADK is localized to mitochondria in Hep G2 cells, a human liver cell line, as demonstrated by fluorescence imaging. Having a conserved NAD kinase domain, a recombinant MNADK showed NAD kinase activity, confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis. Consistent with a role of NADP+ as a coenzyme in anabolic reactions, such as lipid synthesis, MNADK is nutritionally regulated in mice. Fasting increased MNADK levels in liver and fat, and obesity dramatically reduced its level in fat. MNADK expression was suppressed in human liver tumors. Identification of MNADK immediately suggests a model in which NADK and MNADK are responsible for de novo synthesis of NADP+ in cytosol and mitochondria, respectively, and therefore provides novel insights into understanding the sources and mechanisms of mitochondrial NADP+ and NADH production in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI 48201 , USA
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41
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Bensinger SJ, Christofk HR. New aspects of the Warburg effect in cancer cell biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:352-61. [PMID: 22406683 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Altered cellular metabolism is a defining feature of cancer [1]. The best studied metabolic phenotype of cancer is aerobic glycolysis--also known as the Warburg effect--characterized by increased metabolism of glucose to lactate in the presence of sufficient oxygen. Interest in the Warburg effect has escalated in recent years due to the proven utility of FDG-PET for imaging tumors in cancer patients and growing evidence that mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes directly impact metabolism. The goals of this review are to provide an organized snapshot of the current understanding of regulatory mechanisms important for Warburg effect and its role in tumor biology. Since several reviews have covered aspects of this topic in recent years, we focus on newest contributions to the field and reference other reviews where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Kozak LP, Koza RA, Anunciado-Koza R, Mendoza T, Newman S. Inherent plasticity of brown adipogenesis in white fat of mice allows for recovery from effects of post-natal malnutrition. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30392. [PMID: 22383960 PMCID: PMC3286483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) is formed during fetal development and stable for the life span of the mouse. In addition, brown adipocytes also appear in white fat depots (wBAT) between 10 and 21 days of age in mice maintained at a room temperature of 23 °C. However, this expression is transient. By 60 days of age the brown adipocytes have disappeared, but they can re-emerge if the adult mouse is exposed to the cold (5 °C) or treated with β3-adrenergic agonists. Since the number of brown adipocytes that can be induced in white fat influences the capacity of the mouse to resist the obese state, we determined the effects of the nutritional conditions on post-natal development (birth to 21 days) of wBAT and its long-term effects on diet-induced obesity (DIO). Under-nutrition caused essentially complete suppression of wBAT in inguinal fat at 21 days of age, as indicated by expression of Ucp1 and genes of mitochondrial structure and function based upon microarray and qRT-PCR analysis, whereas over-nutrition had no discernible effects on wBAT induction. Surprisingly, the suppression of wBAT at 21 days of age did not affect DIO in adult mice maintained at 23 °C, nor did it affect the reduction in obesity or cold tolerance when DIO mice were exposed to the cold at 5 °C for one week. Gene expression analysis indicated that mice raised under conditions that suppressed wBAT at 21 days of age were able to normally induce wBAT as adults. Therefore, neither severe hypoleptinemia nor hypoinsulinemia during suckling permanently impaired brown adipogenesis in white fat. In addition, energy balance studies of DIO mice exposed to cold indicates that mice with reduced adipose stores preferentially increased food intake, whereas those with larger adipose tissue depots preferred to utilize energy from their adipose stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie P Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
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De Jonghe BC, Hayes MR, Banno R, Skibicka KP, Zimmer DJ, Bowen KA, Leichner TM, Alhadeff AL, Kanoski SE, Cyr NE, Nillni EA, Grill HJ, Bence KK. Deficiency of PTP1B in POMC neurons leads to alterations in energy balance and homeostatic response to cold exposure. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E1002-11. [PMID: 21406615 PMCID: PMC3118594 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00639.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The adipose tissue-derived hormone leptin regulates energy balance through catabolic effects on central circuits, including proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. Leptin activation of POMC neurons increases thermogenesis and locomotor activity. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an important negative regulator of leptin signaling. POMC neuron-specific deletion of PTP1B in mice results in reduced high-fat diet-induced body weight and adiposity gain due to increased energy expenditure and greater leptin sensitivity. Mice lacking the leptin gene (ob/ob mice) are hypothermic and cold intolerant, whereas leptin delivery to ob/ob mice induces thermogenesis via increased sympathetic activity to brown adipose tissue (BAT). Here, we examined whether POMC PTP1B mediates the thermoregulatory response of CNS leptin signaling by evaluating food intake, body weight, core temperature (T(C)), and spontaneous physical activity (SPA) in response to either exogenous leptin or 4-day cold exposure (4°C) in male POMC-Ptp1b-deficient mice compared with wild-type controls. POMC-Ptp1b(-/-) mice were hypersensitive to leptin-induced food intake and body weight suppression compared with wild types, yet they displayed similar leptin-induced increases in T(C). Interestingly, POMC-Ptp1b(-/-) mice had increased BAT weight and elevated plasma triiodothyronine (T(3)) levels in response to a 4-day cold challenge, as well as reduced SPA 24 h after cold exposure, relative to controls. These data show that PTP1B in POMC neurons plays a role in short-term cold-induced reduction of SPA and may influence cold-induced thermogenesis via enhanced activation of the thyroid axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart C De Jonghe
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Association of bovine carcass phenotypes with genes in an adaptive thermogenesis pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:1441-5. [PMID: 21617946 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Associations of carcass phenotypes with genes regulating fat and energy metabolism involved in adaptive thermogenesis were examined in beef cattle. Carcass weight (CW) was found to be associated with MAP2K6 and UCP2 genes; back fat thickness (BFT) was found to be associated with PPARGC1A, MAP2K6, and UCP2 genes; marbling score (MS) was found to be associated with PPARGC1A and MAP2K6 genes; and eye-muscle area (EMA) was found to be associated only with UCP2 gene (P < 0.05). Further analyses found significant associations of interactions between PPARGC1A and MAP2K6 genes with CW and MS. Especially, interactive genetic associations were identified between c.424 and 222 G>A in PPARGC1A and c.17-10118 T>G in MAP2K6 and between c.228+28619 A>G in PPARGC1A and c.17-10118 T>G in MAP2K6, and they were both detected for CW and MS at a significant level (P < 0.05). The current study suggested that the individual and interactive associations of PPARGC1A, MAP2K6, and UCP2 genes with carcass phenotypes might be resulted from the pathway with fat and energy metabolism through the adaptive thermogenesis.
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Campioli E, Carnevale G, Avallone R, Guerra D, Baraldi M. Morphological and receptorial changes in the epididymal adipose tissue of rats subjected to a stressful stimulus. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:703-8. [PMID: 20948513 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is nowadays related to other pathological conditions such as inflammation, insulin resistance, and diabetes, but little is known about the relationship between psychological stress and adipocytes. We decided to study the expression of the translocator protein (TSPO) 18-kDa, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1), and adipocyte morphology in the adipose tissue of rats subjected to stress conditions. In our model of stress, rats fasted for 24 h were placed in a restraint cage and then immersed vertically to the level of the xiphoid process in a water bath at 23 °C for 7 h. After that period, we removed the epididymal adipose tissues for the subsequent analysis. The optical and electron microscopy revealed that adipocytes of control rats formed a continuous epithelial-like cell layer; on the contrary in the adipocytes of stressed rats some cells have merged together and the number of vessels formed seems to increase. Stressed adipocytes presented unilocular cells with numerous mitochondria with a morphology ranging between that of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT). Interestingly, when we investigated the subcellular distribution of UCP-1 by immunogold electron microscopy, the adipose tissue of stressed rats was positive for UCP-1. From the immunoblot analysis with anti-PPAR-γ antibody, we observed an increased expression of PPAR-γ in the adipocytes of stressed group compared with control group (P < 0.05). Stress induced the expression of TSPO 18-kDa receptor (B(max) = 106.45 ± 5.87 fmol/mg proteins), which is undetectable by saturation-binding assay with [(3)H]PK 11195 in the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Campioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Palsdottir V, Wickman A, Andersson N, Hezaveh R, Olsson B, Gabrielsson BG, Strandvik B. Postnatal deficiency of essential fatty acids in mice results in resistance to diet-induced obesity and low plasma insulin during adulthood. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 84:85-92. [PMID: 21177089 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to investigate the long-term metabolic effects of postnatal essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). Mouse dams were fed an EFAD diet or an isoenergetic control diet 4 days before delivery and throughout lactation. The pups were weaned to standard diet (STD) and were later subdivided into two groups: receiving high fat diet (HFD) or STD. Body composition, energy expenditure, food intake and leptin levels were analyzed in adult offspring. Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were measured before and during a glucose tolerance test. EFAD offspring fed STD were leaner with lower plasma leptin and insulin concentrations compared to controls. EFAD offspring fed HFD were resistant to diet-induced obesity, had higher energy expenditure and lower levels of plasma leptin and insulin compared to controls. These results indicate that the fatty acid composition during lactation is important for body composition and glucose tolerance in the adult offspring.
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Jo SJ, Choi WW, Lee ES, Lee JY, Park HS, Moon DW, Eun HC, Chung JH. Temporary Increase of PPAR-γ and Transient Expression of UCP-1 in Stromal Vascular Fraction Isolated Human Adipocyte Derived Stem Cells During Adipogenesis. Lipids 2011; 46:487-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Shao S, Liu Z, Yang Y, Zhang M, Yu X. SREBP-1c, Pdx-1, and GLP-1R involved in palmitate-EPA regulated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1 cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:634-42. [PMID: 20589757 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) caused by glucolipotoxicity is an essential feature in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Palmitate and eicosapentaenoate (EPA), because of their lipotoxicity and protection effect, were found to impair or restore the GSIS in beta cells. Furthermore, palmitate was found to up-regulate the expression level of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c and down-regulate the levels of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox (Pdx)-1 and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in INS-1 cells. To investigate the underlying mechanism, the lentiviral system was used to knock-down or over-express SREBP-1c and Pdx-1, respectively. It was found that palmitate failed to suppress the expression of Pdx-1 and GLP-1R in SREBP-1c-deficient INS-1 cells. Moreover, down-regulation of Pdx-1 could cause the low expression of GLP-1R with/without palmitate treatment. Additionally, either SREBP-1c down-regulation or Pdx-1 over-expression could partially alleviate palmitate-induced GSIS impairment. These results suggested that sequent SREBP-1c-Pdx-1-GLP-1R signal pathway was involved in the palmitate-caused GSIS impairment in beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
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Hernandez A, Martinez de Mena R, Martin E, Obregon MJ. Differences in the Response of UCP1 mRNA to Hormonal Stimulation Between Rat and Mouse Primary Cultures of Brown Adipocytes. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:969-80. [DOI: 10.1159/000335810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
New targets for pharmacological interventions are of great importance to combat the epidemic of obesity. Brown adipose tissue could potentially represent one such target. Unlike white adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue has the ability to dissipate energy by producing heat rather than storing it as triglycerides. In small mammals, the presence of active brown adipose tissue is pivotal for the maintenance of body temperature and possibly to protect against the detrimental effects of surplus energy intake. Animal studies have shown that expansion and/or activation of brown adipose tissue counteracts diet-induced weight gain and related disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Several independent studies have now confirmed the presence of functional brown adipose tissue in adult humans, for whom this tissue is probably metabolically beneficial given its association with both low BMI and low total adipose tissue content. Over the past few years, knowledge of the transcriptional control and development of brown adipose tissue has increased substantially. Thus, several possible targets that may be useful for the expansion and/or activation of this tissue by pharmacological means have been identified. Whether or not brown adipose tissue will be useful in the battle against obesity remains to be seen. However, this possibility is certainly well worth exploring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Lidell
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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