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Yuan Y, Li P, Li J, Zhao Q, Chang Y, He X. Protein lipidation in health and disease: molecular basis, physiological function and pathological implication. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:60. [PMID: 38485938 PMCID: PMC10940682 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications increase the complexity and functional diversity of proteins in response to complex external stimuli and internal changes. Among these, protein lipidations which refer to lipid attachment to proteins are prominent, which primarily encompassing five types including S-palmitoylation, N-myristoylation, S-prenylation, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and cholesterylation. Lipid attachment to proteins plays an essential role in the regulation of protein trafficking, localisation, stability, conformation, interactions and signal transduction by enhancing hydrophobicity. Accumulating evidence from genetic, structural, and biomedical studies has consistently shown that protein lipidation is pivotal in the regulation of broad physiological functions and is inextricably linked to a variety of diseases. Decades of dedicated research have driven the development of a wide range of drugs targeting protein lipidation, and several agents have been developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies, some of which, such as asciminib and lonafarnib are FDA-approved for therapeutic use, indicating that targeting protein lipidations represents a promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we comprehensively review the known regulatory enzymes and catalytic mechanisms of various protein lipidation types, outline the impact of protein lipidations on physiology and disease, and highlight potential therapeutic targets and clinical research progress, aiming to provide a comprehensive reference for future protein lipidation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiyuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianghui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xingxing He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China.
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2
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Deng DX, Li CY, Zheng ZY, Wen B, Liao LD, Zhang XJ, Li EM, Xu LY. Prenylated PALM2 Promotes the Migration of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells Through Activating Ezrin. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100593. [PMID: 37328063 PMCID: PMC10393820 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins containing a CAAX motif at the C-terminus undergo prenylation for localization and activity and include a series of key regulatory proteins, such as RAS superfamily members, heterotrimeric G proteins, nuclear lamina protein, and several protein kinases and phosphatases. However, studies of prenylated proteins in esophageal cancer are limited. Here, through research on large-scale proteomic data of esophageal cancer in our laboratory, we found that paralemmin-2 (PALM2), a potential prenylated protein, was upregulated and associated with poor prognosis in patients. Low-throughput verification showed that the expression of PALM2 in esophageal cancer tissues was higher than that in their paired normal esophageal epithelial tissues, and it was generally expressed in the membrane and cytoplasm of esophageal cancer cells. PALM2 interacted with the two subunits of farnesyl transferase (FTase), FNTA and FNTB. Either the addition of an FTase inhibitor or mutation in the CAAX motif of PALM2 (PALM2C408S) impaired its membranous localization and reduced the membrane location of PALM2, indicating PALM2 was prenylated by FTase. Overexpression of PALM2 enhanced the migration of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells, whereas PALM2C408S lost this ability. Mechanistically, PALM2 interacted with the N-terminal FERM domain of ezrin of the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) family. Mutagenesis indicated that lysine residues K253/K254/K262/K263 in ezrin's FERM domain and C408 in PALM2's CAAX motif were important for PALM2/ezrin interaction and ezrin activation. Knockout of ezrin prevented enhanced cancer cell migration by PALM2 overexpression. PALM2, depending on its prenylation, increased both ezrin membrane localization and phosphorylation of ezrin at Y146. In summary, prenylated PALM2 enhances the migration of cancer cells by activating ezrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Xia Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Shantou Sub-center, Cancer Research Cancer, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Shantou Sub-center, Cancer Research Cancer, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lian-Di Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - En-Min Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Research Institute, Shantou Sub-center, Cancer Research Cancer, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
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Shidoji Y. Geranylgeranoic acid, a bioactive and endogenous fatty acid in mammals: a review. J Lipid Res 2023:100396. [PMID: 37247782 PMCID: PMC10320608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Geranylgeranoic acid (GGA) was first reported in 1983 as one of the mevalonic acid (MVA) metabolites, but its biological significance was not studied for a long time. Our research on the antitumor effects of retinoids led us to GGA, one of the acyclic retinoids that induce cell death in human hepatoma-derived cell lines. We were able to demonstrate the presence of endogenous GGA in various tissues of male rats, including the liver, testis, and cerebrum, by LC-MS/MS. Furthermore, the biosynthesis of GGA from MVA in mammals including humans was confirmed by isotopomer spectral analysis using 13C-labeled mevalonolactone and cultured hepatoma cells, and the involvement of hepatic monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) in the biosynthesis of GGA was also demonstrated. The biological activity of GGA was analyzed from the retinoid (differentiation induction) and non-retinoid (cell death induction) aspects, and in particular, the non-retinoid mechanism by which GGA induces cell death in hepatoma cells was found to involve pyroptosis via ER-stress responses initiated by TLR4 signaling. In addition to these effects of GGA, we also describe the in vivo effects of GGA on reproduction. In this review, based mainly on our published papers, we have shown that hepatic MAOB is involved in the biosynthesis of GGA and that GGA induces cell death in human hepatoma-derived cell lines by non-canonical pyroptosis, one of the mechanisms of sterile inflammatory cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Shidoji
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Nagasaki, Nagayo, Nagasaki, Japan.
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4
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Marchwicka A, Kamińska D, Monirialamdari M, Błażewska KM, Gendaszewska-Darmach E. Protein Prenyltransferases and Their Inhibitors: Structural and Functional Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105424. [PMID: 35628237 PMCID: PMC9141697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein prenylation is a post-translational modification controlling the localization, activity, and protein–protein interactions of small GTPases, including the Ras superfamily. This covalent attachment of either a farnesyl (15 carbon) or a geranylgeranyl (20 carbon) isoprenoid group is catalyzed by four prenyltransferases, namely farnesyltransferase (FTase), geranylgeranyltransferase type I (GGTase-I), Rab geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase-II), and recently discovered geranylgeranyltransferase type III (GGTase-III). Blocking small GTPase activity, namely inhibiting prenyltransferases, has been proposed as a potential disease treatment method. Inhibitors of prenyltransferase have resulted in substantial therapeutic benefits in various diseases, such as cancer, neurological disorders, and viral and parasitic infections. In this review, we overview the structure of FTase, GGTase-I, GGTase-II, and GGTase-III and summarize the current status of research on their inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Marchwicka
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Daria Kamińska
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.M.); (D.K.)
| | - Mohsen Monirialamdari
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (M.M.); (K.M.B.)
| | - Katarzyna M. Błażewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (M.M.); (K.M.B.)
| | - Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.M.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Kessler L, Malik S, Leoni M, Burrows F. Potential of Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitors in Combination Regimens in Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215310. [PMID: 34771475 PMCID: PMC8582567 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for recurrent and metastatic SCC are associated with poor outcomes, and options for later lines of treatment are limited. Insights into potential therapeutic targets, as well as mechanisms of resistance to available therapies, have begun to be elucidated, creating the basis for exploration of combination approaches to drive better patient outcomes. Tipifarnib, a farnesyl transferase inhibitor (FTI), is a small molecule drug that has demonstrated encouraging clinical activity in a genetically-defined subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)-specifically, tumors that express a mutation in the HRAS protooncogene. More recently, bioinformatic analyses and results from patient-derived xenograft modeling indicate that HRAS pathway dependency may extend to a broader subpopulation of SCCs beyond HRAS mutants in the context of combination with agents such as cisplatin, cetuximab, or alpelisib. In addition, tipifarnib can also inactivate additional farnesylated proteins implicated in resistance to approved therapies, including immunotherapies, through a variety of distinct mechanisms, suggesting that tipifarnib could serve as an anchor for combination regimens in SCCs and other tumor types.
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Suazo KF, Park KY, Distefano MD. A Not-So-Ancient Grease History: Click Chemistry and Protein Lipid Modifications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7178-7248. [PMID: 33821625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein lipid modification involves the attachment of hydrophobic groups to proteins via ester, thioester, amide, or thioether linkages. In this review, the specific click chemical reactions that have been employed to study protein lipid modification and their use for specific labeling applications are first described. This is followed by an introduction to the different types of protein lipid modifications that occur in biology. Next, the roles of click chemistry in elucidating specific biological features including the identification of lipid-modified proteins, studies of their regulation, and their role in diseases are presented. A description of the use of protein-lipid modifying enzymes for specific labeling applications including protein immobilization, fluorescent labeling, nanostructure assembly, and the construction of protein-drug conjugates is presented next. Concluding remarks and future directions are presented in the final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiall F Suazo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Keun-Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mark D Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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7
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Membrane Lipid Composition: Effect on Membrane and Organelle Structure, Function and Compartmentalization and Therapeutic Avenues. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092167. [PMID: 31052427 PMCID: PMC6540057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes are key elements for the maintenance of cell architecture and physiology. Beyond a pure barrier separating the inner space of the cell from the outer, the plasma membrane is a scaffold and player in cell-to-cell communication and the initiation of intracellular signals among other functions. Critical to this function is the plasma membrane compartmentalization in lipid microdomains that control the localization and productive interactions of proteins involved in cell signal propagation. In addition, cells are divided into compartments limited by other membranes whose integrity and homeostasis are finely controlled, and which determine the identity and function of the different organelles. Here, we review current knowledge on membrane lipid composition in the plasma membrane and endomembrane compartments, emphasizing its role in sustaining organelle structure and function. The correct composition and structure of cell membranes define key pathophysiological aspects of cells. Therefore, we explore the therapeutic potential of manipulating membrane lipid composition with approaches like membrane lipid therapy, aiming to normalize cell functions through the modification of membrane lipid bilayers.
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8
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Brioschi M, Martinez Fernandez A, Banfi C. Exploring the biochemistry of the prenylome and its role in disease through proteomics: progress and potential. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:515-528. [PMID: 28521569 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1332998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein prenylation is a ubiquitous covalent post-translational modification characterized by the addition of farnesyl or geranylgeranyl isoprenoid groups to a cysteine residue located near the carboxyl terminal of a protein. It is essential for the proper localization and cellular activity of numerous proteins, including Ras family GTPases and G-proteins. In addition to its roles in cellular physiology, the prenylation process has important implications in human diseases and in the recent years, it has become attractive target of inhibitors with therapeutic potential. Areas covered: This review attempts to summarize the basic aspects of prenylation integrating them with biological functions in diseases and giving an account of the current status of prenylation inhibitors as potential therapeutics. We also summarize the methodologies for the characterization of this modification. Expert commentary: The growing body of evidence suggesting an important role of prenylation in diseases and the subsequent development of inhibitors of the enzymes responsible for this modification lead to the urgent need to identify the full spectrum of prenylated proteins that are altered in the disease or affected by drugs. Proteomic tools to analyze prenylated proteins are recently emerging, thanks to the advancement in the field of mass spectrometry coupled to enrichment strategies.
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Hentschel A, Zahedi RP, Ahrends R. Protein lipid modifications--More than just a greasy ballast. Proteomics 2016; 16:759-82. [PMID: 26683279 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Covalent lipid modifications of proteins are crucial for regulation of cellular plasticity, since they affect the chemical and physical properties and therefore protein activity, localization, and stability. Most recently, lipid modifications on proteins are increasingly attracting important regulatory entities in diverse signaling events and diseases. In all cases, the lipid moiety of modified proteins is essential to allow water-soluble proteins to strongly interact with membranes or to induce structural changes in proteins that are critical for elemental processes such as respiration, transport, signal transduction, and motility. Until now, roughly about ten lipid modifications on different amino acid residues are described at the UniProtKB database and even well-known modifications are underrepresented. Thus, it is of fundamental importance to develop a better understanding of this emerging and so far under-investigated type of protein modification. Therefore, this review aims to give a comprehensive and detailed overview about enzymatic and nonenzymatic lipidation events, will report their role in cellular biology, discuss their relevancy for diseases, and describe so far available bioanalytical strategies to analyze this highly challenging type of modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hentschel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - René P Zahedi
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Robert Ahrends
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
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10
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Okamoto-Uchida Y, Yu R, Miyamura N, Arima N, Ishigami-Yuasa M, Kagechika H, Yoshida S, Hosoya T, Nawa M, Kasama T, Asaoka Y, Alois RW, Elling U, Penninger JM, Nishina S, Azuma N, Nishina H. The mevalonate pathway regulates primitive streak formation via protein farnesylation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37697. [PMID: 27883036 PMCID: PMC5121603 DOI: 10.1038/srep37697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The primitive streak in peri-implantation embryos forms the mesoderm and endoderm and controls cell differentiation. The metabolic cues regulating primitive streak formation remain largely unknown. Here we utilised a mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation system and a library of well-characterised drugs to identify these metabolic factors. We found that statins, which inhibit the mevalonate metabolic pathway, suppressed primitive streak formation in vitro and in vivo. Using metabolomics and pharmacologic approaches we identified the downstream signalling pathway of mevalonate and revealed that primitive streak formation requires protein farnesylation but not cholesterol synthesis. A tagging-via-substrate approach revealed that nuclear lamin B1 and small G proteins were farnesylated in embryoid bodies and important for primitive streak gene expression. In conclusion, protein farnesylation driven by the mevalonate pathway is a metabolic cue essential for primitive streak formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Okamoto-Uchida
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ruoxing Yu
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Miyamura
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norie Arima
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Ishigami-Yuasa
- Chemical Biology Screening Center, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Chemical Biology Screening Center, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suguru Yoshida
- Department of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Department of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Nawa
- Laboratory of Cytometry and Proteome Research, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kasama
- Instrumental Analysis Research Division, Research Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Asaoka
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiner Wimmer Alois
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Elling
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sachiko Nishina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Laboratory for Visual Science, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Azuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Laboratory for Visual Science, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Palsuledesai CC, Distefano MD. Protein prenylation: enzymes, therapeutics, and biotechnology applications. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:51-62. [PMID: 25402849 PMCID: PMC4301080 DOI: 10.1021/cb500791f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Protein
prenylation is a ubiquitous covalent post-translational modification
found in all eukaryotic cells, comprising attachment of either a farnesyl
or a geranylgeranyl isoprenoid. It is essential for the proper cellular
activity of numerous proteins, including Ras family GTPases and heterotrimeric
G-proteins. Inhibition of prenylation has been extensively investigated
to suppress the activity of oncogenic Ras proteins to achieve antitumor
activity. Here, we review the biochemistry of the prenyltransferase
enzymes and numerous isoprenoid analogs synthesized to investigate
various aspects of prenylation and prenyltransferases. We also give
an account of the current status of prenyltransferase inhibitors as
potential therapeutics against several diseases including cancers,
progeria, aging, parasitic diseases, and bacterial and viral infections.
Finally, we discuss recent progress in utilizing protein prenylation
for site-specific protein labeling for various biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charuta C. Palsuledesai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mark D. Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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13
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Kiel T, Busch A, Meyer-Rachner A, Hübner S. Laminopathy-inducing mutations reduce nuclear import of expressed prelamin A. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:271-80. [PMID: 24943589 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lamins are structural components of the nuclear lamina and integral parts of the nucleoplasm. The tripartite domain structure partitions the molecule into an amino-terminal head, central rod and a carboxy-terminal tail domain. The tail domain contains a nuclear localization sequence and in most lamins an additional CaaX motif, which is necessary to post-translationally process prelamin to mature lamin. As players of nuclear and cellular integrity, lamins must possess unrestrained access to the nucleus. To study whether nuclear trafficking of lamins is compromised in laminopathies, we determined relative nuclear import activities between expressed prelamin A and selected laminopathy-inducing mutants thereof. Furthermore, the impact of inhibition of maturation on nuclear import of expressed prelamin A was examined. To perform quantitative transport measurements, import competent but lamina incorporation-deficient GFP- or DsRed-tagged prelamin A deletion mutants were used, which lacked the head and rod domain (ΔHR-prelamin A). Nuclear accumulation of ΔHR-prelamin A carrying the lipodystrophy and metabolic syndrome-inducing mutations R419C and L421P or progeria-causing deletions was significantly reduced, but that of the maturation-deficient mutant ΔHR-prelamin A SSIM was significantly increased. In the case of the full length prelamin A mutants R419C and L421P altered subcellular localization and reduced lamina incorporation were detected, with the prelamin A-binding protein Narf being redistributed into R419-containing aggregates. The results suggest that impaired nuclear transport of certain prelamin A mutants may represent a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of certain laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kiel
- Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Busch
- Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Meyer-Rachner
- Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Hübner
- Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Würzburg, Germany.
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Abstract
In eukaryotes, the function of the cell's nucleus has primarily been considered to be the repository for the organism's genome. However, this rather simplistic view is undergoing a major shift, as it is increasingly apparent that the nucleus has functions extending beyond being a mere genome container. Recent findings have revealed that the structural composition of the nucleus changes during development and that many of these components exhibit cell- and tissue-specific differences. Increasing evidence is pointing to the nucleus being integral to the function of the interphase cytoskeleton, with changes to nuclear structural proteins having ramifications affecting cytoskeletal organization and the cell's interactions with the extracellular environment. Many of these functions originate at the nuclear periphery, comprising the nuclear envelope (NE) and underlying lamina. Together, they may act as a "hub" in integrating cellular functions including chromatin organization, transcriptional regulation, mechanosignaling, cytoskeletal organization, and signaling pathways. Interest in such an integral role has been largely stimulated by the discovery that many diseases and anomalies are caused by defects in proteins of the NE/lamina, the nuclear envelopathies, many of which, though rare, are providing insights into their more common variants that are some of the major issues of the twenty-first century public health. Here, we review the contributions that mouse mutants have made to our current understanding of the NE/lamina, their respective roles in disease and the use of mice in developing potential therapies for treating the diseases.
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Corcos L, Le Jossic-Corcos C. Statins: perspectives in cancer therapeutics. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:795-802. [PMID: 23490341 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Virtually any cell type in a mammalian organism uses Acetyl CoA to yield mevalonate, through the activity of the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase enzyme and, ultimately, cholesterol. Statins have long and quite successfully been used as cholesterol lowering drugs. They reversibly inhibit the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase activity, which is rate limiting in the early steps of the cholesterol synthesis pathway. In addition to these effects, it has also been amply shown that statins may efficiently trigger cancer cell apoptosis, making them a plausible therapeutic option for the treatment of cancer. Whether statins may prevent cancer occurrence is a matter of debate and an unanswered question; undoubtedly experimental models have clearly demonstrated the potential of statins as direct cytotoxic agents, which can reduce tumour development or metastasis spread, even more so when combined with cytotoxic drugs. Until now, however, only few data in humans support the idea that statins could rightfully belong to the group of anticancer drugs. Nevertheless, as cancer cell metabolism is being thoroughly revisited, the mevalonate pathway has recently been reported as truly oncogenic, presenting the attractive possibility that mevalonate pathway inhibitors, such as statins, may join the ranks of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Corcos
- INSERM U1078-ECLA and SFR-ScInBioS, European University, Bretagne, France.
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16
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Jung HJ, Nobumori C, Goulbourne CN, Tu Y, Lee JM, Tatar A, Wu D, Yoshinaga Y, de Jong PJ, Coffinier C, Fong LG, Young SG. Farnesylation of lamin B1 is important for retention of nuclear chromatin during neuronal migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E1923-32. [PMID: 23650370 PMCID: PMC3666708 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303916110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of protein farnesylation in lamin A biogenesis and the pathogenesis of progeria has been studied in considerable detail, but the importance of farnesylation for the B-type lamins, lamin B1 and lamin B2, has received little attention. Lamins B1 and B2 are expressed in nearly every cell type from the earliest stages of development, and they have been implicated in a variety of functions within the cell nucleus. To assess the importance of protein farnesylation for B-type lamins, we created knock-in mice expressing nonfarnesylated versions of lamin B1 and lamin B2. Mice expressing nonfarnesylated lamin B2 developed normally and were free of disease. In contrast, mice expressing nonfarnesylated lamin B1 died soon after birth, with severe neurodevelopmental defects and striking nuclear abnormalities in neurons. The nuclear lamina in migrating neurons was pulled away from the chromatin so that the chromatin was left "naked" (free from the nuclear lamina). Thus, farnesylation of lamin B1--but not lamin B2--is crucial for brain development and for retaining chromatin within the bounds of the nuclear lamina during neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuko Yoshinaga
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609
| | | | | | | | - Stephen G. Young
- Molecular Biology Institute
- Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and
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17
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Bellesia F, Choi SR, Felluga F, Fiscaletti G, Ghelfi F, Menziani MC, Parsons AF, Poulter CD, Roncaglia F, Sabbatini M, Spinelli D. Novel route to chaetomellic acid A and analogues: serendipitous discovery of a more competent FTase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:348-58. [PMID: 23182215 PMCID: PMC3761967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new practical route to chaetomellic acid A (ACA), based on the copper catalysed radical cyclization (RC) of (Z)-3-(2,2-dichloropropanoyl)-2-pentadecylidene-1,3-thiazinane, is described. Remarkably, the process entailed: (i) a one-pot preparation of the intermediate N-α-perchloroacyl-2-(Z)-alkyliden-1,3-thiazinanes starting from N-(3-hydroxypropyl)palmitamide, (ii) a two step smooth transformation of the RC products into ACA and (iii) only one intermediate chromatographic purification step. The method offers a versatile approach to the preparation of ACA analogues, through the synthesis of an intermediate maleic anhydride with a vinylic group at the end of the aliphatic tail, a function that can be transformed through a thiol-ene coupling. Serendipitously, the disodium salt of 2-(9-(butylthio)nonyl)-3-methylmaleic acid, that we prepared as a representative sulfurated ACA analogue, was a more competent FTase inhibitor than ACA. This behaviour was analysed by a molecular docking study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Bellesia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena, Via Campi 183, I-40125 Modena, Italia
| | - Seoung-ryoung Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East RM 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Fulvia Felluga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via L. Giorgeri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italia
| | - Giuliano Fiscaletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena, Via Campi 183, I-40125 Modena, Italia
| | - Franco Ghelfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena, Via Campi 183, I-40125 Modena, Italia
| | - Maria Cristina Menziani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena, Via Campi 183, I-40125 Modena, Italia
| | - Andrew F. Parsons
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - C. Dale Poulter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East RM 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Fabrizio Roncaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena, Via Campi 183, I-40125 Modena, Italia
| | - Massimo Sabbatini
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sistematica, Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, I-80131 Napoli, Italia
| | - Domenico Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italia
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18
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19
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Abstract
Protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation, together referred to as prenylation, are lipid post-translational modifications that are required for the transforming activity of many oncogenic proteins, including some RAS family members. This observation prompted the development of inhibitors of farnesyltransferase (FT) and geranylgeranyl-transferase 1 (GGT1) as potential anticancer drugs. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms by which FT and GGT1 inhibitors (FTIs and GGTIs, respectively) affect signal transduction pathways, cell cycle progression, proliferation and cell survival. In contrast to their preclinical efficacy, only a small subset of patients responds to FTIs. Identifying tumours that depend on farnesylation for survival remains a challenge, and strategies to overcome this are discussed. One GGTI has recently entered the clinic, and the safety and efficacy of GGTIs await results from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Berndt
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Andrew D. Hamilton
- University of Oxford, Vice-Chancellor’s Office, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Saïd M. Sebti
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
- Departments of Oncologic Sciences and Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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20
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Spanova M, Daum G. Squalene - biochemistry, molecular biology, process biotechnology, and applications. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Vukelic S, Stojadinovic O, Pastar I, Vouthounis C, Krzyzanowska A, Das S, Samuels HH, Tomic-Canic M. Farnesyl pyrophosphate inhibits epithelialization and wound healing through the glucocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:1980-8. [PMID: 19903814 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.016741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), a key intermediate in the mevalonate pathway and protein farnesylation, can act as an agonist for several nuclear hormone receptors. Here we show a novel mechanism by which FPP inhibits wound healing acting as an agonist for glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Elevation of endogenous FPP by the squalene synthetase inhibitor zaragozic acid A (ZGA) or addition of FPP to the cell culture medium results in activation and nuclear translocation of the GR, a known wound healing inhibitor. We used functional studies to evaluate the effects of FPP on wound healing. Both FPP and ZGA inhibited keratinocyte migration and epithelialization in vitro and ex vivo. These effects were independent of farnesylation and indicate that modulation of FPP levels in skin may be beneficial for wound healing. FPP inhibition of keratinocyte migration and wound healing proceeds, in part, by repression of the keratin 6 gene. Furthermore, we show that the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA-reductase inhibitor mevastatin, which blocks FPP formation, not only promotes epithelialization in acute wounds but also reverses the effect of ZGA on activation of the GR and inhibition of epithelialization. We conclude that FPP inhibits wound healing by acting as a GR agonist. Of special interest is that FPP is naturally present in cells prior to glucocorticoid synthesis and that FPP levels can be further altered by the statins. Therefore, our findings may provide a better understanding of the pleiotropic effects of statins as well as molecular mechanisms by which they may accelerate wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Vukelic
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10021, USA
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22
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Davies BSJ, Fong LG, Yang SH, Coffinier C, Young SG. The posttranslational processing of prelamin A and disease. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2009; 10:153-74. [PMID: 19453251 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-082908-150150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human geneticists have shown that some progeroid syndromes are caused by mutations that interfere with the conversion of farnesyl-prelamin A to mature lamin A. For example, Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is caused by LMNA mutations that lead to the accumulation of a farnesylated version of prelamin A. In this review, we discuss the posttranslational modifications of prelamin A and their relevance to the pathogenesis and treatment of progeroid syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S J Davies
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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23
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d-δ-Tocotrienol-mediated suppression of the proliferation of human PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2, and BxPC-3 pancreatic carcinoma cells. Pancreas 2009; 38:e124-36. [PMID: 19346993 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3181a20f9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The rate-limiting activity of the mevalonate pathway, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase, provides intermediates essential for growth. Competitive inhibitors of HMG CoA reductase, such as the statins, and down-regulators of reductase, such as the tocotrienols, suppress tumor growth. We evaluated the impact of d-delta-tocotrienol, the most potent vitamin E isomer, on human MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 pancreatic carcinoma cells and BxPC-3 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. METHODS Cell proliferation was measured by using CellTiter 96 Aqueous One Solution (Promega, Madison, Wis). Cell cycle distribution was determined by flow cytometry. Apoptosis was evaluated by Annexin V staining and fluorescence microscopy after dual staining with acridine orange and ethidium bromide. RESULTS d-delta-Tocotrienol induced concentration-dependent suppression of cell proliferation with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 28 (6) micromol/L (MIA PaCa-2), 35 (7) micromol/L (PANC-1), and 35 (8) microL (BxPC-3), respectively. These effects are attributable to cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and apoptosis. Mevalonate attenuated d-delta-tocotrienol-mediated growth inhibition. A physiologically attainable blend of d-delta-tocotrienol and lovastatin synergistically suppressed the proliferation of MIA PaCa-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Suppression of mevalonate pathway activities, be it by modulators of HMG CoA reductase (statins, tocotrienols, and farnesol), farnesyl transferase (farnesyl transferase inhibitors), and/or mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase (phenylacetate) activity, may have a potential in pancreatic cancer chemotherapy.
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24
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The nuclear envelope as an integrator of nuclear and cytoplasmic architecture. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:2023-32. [PMID: 18474238 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Initially perceived as little more than a container for the genome, our view of the nuclear envelope (NE) and its role in defining global nuclear architecture has evolved significantly in recent years. The recognition that certain human diseases arise from defects in NE components has provided new insight into its structural and regulatory functions. In particular, NE defects associated with striated muscle disease have been shown to cause structural perturbations not just of the nucleus itself but also of the cytoplasm. It is now becoming increasingly apparent that these two compartments display co-dependent mechanical properties. The identification of cytoskeletal binding complexes that localize to the NE now reveals a molecular framework that can seamlessly integrate nuclear and cytoplasmic architecture.
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25
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Ukekawa R, Miki K, Fujii M, Hirano H, Ayusawa D. Accumulation of multiple forms of lamin A with down-regulation of FACE-1 suppresses growth in senescent human cells. Genes Cells 2007; 12:397-406. [PMID: 17352743 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2007.01057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) clearly induces a senescence-like phenomenon in every cell type. Proteome analysis revealed that lamin A and C were most highly increased in the nuclei of HeLa cells upon addition of BrdU. Immunoblot analysis also revealed marked accumulation of nuclear prelamin A. Consistently, farnesylated-proteins converting enzyme 1 (FACE-1) was markedly down-regulated in the same cells. Similar phenomena were also observed in normal human fibroblasts undergoing replicative senescence. Immunochemical analysis confirmed the above results. Lamin A is a major component of lamina and responsible for several genetic diseases. Thus, we ectopically expressed a wild-type, a mature type and a premature type of lamin in HeLa cells. All of these forms similarly inhibited colony formation and delayed cell cycle progression mainly through G2 phase. These results suggest that a change in the amount of lamin A, rather than appearance of its truncated form, is responsible for growth retardation in affected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ukekawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Maioka-cho 641-12, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan
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26
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Roux KJ, Burke B. Nuclear envelope defects in muscular dystrophy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2007; 1772:118-27. [PMID: 16904876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of disorders linked to defects in 20-30 different genes. Mutations in the genes encoding a pair of nuclear envelope proteins, emerin and lamin A/C, have been shown to cause the X-linked and autosomal forms respectively of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. A third form of muscular dystrophy, limb girdle muscular dystrophy 1b, has also been linked to mutations in the lamin A/C gene. Given that these two genes are ubiquitously expressed, a major goal is to determine how they can be associated with tissue specific diseases. Recent results suggest that lamin A/C and emerin contribute to the maintenance of nuclear envelope structure and at the same time may modulate the expression patterns of certain mechanosensitive and stress induced genes. Both emerin and lamin A/C may play an important role in the response of cells to mechanical stress and in this way may help to maintain muscle cell integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Roux
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32606, USA
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27
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Protein Prenylation: An (Almost) Comprehensive Overview on Discovery History, Enzymology, and Significance in Physiology and Disease. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-006-0534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Rusiñol AE, Sinensky MS. Farnesylated lamins, progeroid syndromes and farnesyl transferase inhibitors. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:3265-72. [PMID: 16899817 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three mammalian nuclear lamin proteins, lamin B1, lamin B2 and the lamin A precursor, prelamin A, undergo canonical farnesylation and processing at CAAX motifs. In the case of prelamin A, there is an additional farnesylation-dependent endoproteolysis, which is defective in two congenital diseases: Hutchinson-Gilford progeria (HGPS) and restrictive dermopathy (RD). These two diseases arise respectively from defects in the prelamin A substrate and the enzyme (ZmpSte24) that processes it. Recent work has shed light on the roles of the lamin proteins and the enzymes involved in their farnesylation-dependent maturation. Other experimental work, including mouse model studies, have examined the possibility that farnesyl transferase inhibitors can represent effective treatment for HGPS. However, there are concerns about their use for this purpose given the potential for alternative prenylation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio E Rusiñol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Box 70581, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37164-0581, USA
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29
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Broers JLV, Ramaekers FCS, Bonne G, Yaou RB, Hutchison CJ. Nuclear Lamins: Laminopathies and Their Role in Premature Ageing. Physiol Rev 2006; 86:967-1008. [PMID: 16816143 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that nuclear lamins are important proteins in maintaining cellular as well as nuclear integrity, and in maintaining chromatin organization in the nucleus. Moreover, there is growing evidence that lamins play a prominent role in transcriptional control. The family of laminopathies is a fast-growing group of diseases caused by abnormalities in the structure or processing of the lamin A/C ( LMNA) gene. Mutations or incorrect processing cause more than a dozen different inherited diseases, ranging from striated muscular diseases, via fat- and peripheral nerve cell diseases, to progeria. This broad spectrum of diseases can only be explained if the responsible A-type lamin proteins perform multiple functions in normal cells. This review gives an overview of current knowledge on lamin structure and function and all known diseases associated with LMNA abnormalities. Based on the knowledge of the different functions of A-type lamins and associated proteins, explanations for the observed phenotypes are postulated. It is concluded that lamins seem to be key players in, among others, controlling the process of cellular ageing, since disturbance in lamin protein structure gives rise to several forms of premature ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L V Broers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Maastricht, Research Institutes CARIM, GROW, and EURON, The Netherlands
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30
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Brumeanu TD, Goldstein R, Casares S. Down-regulation of autoreactive T-cells by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Clin Immunol 2006; 119:1-12. [PMID: 16386956 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitors of HMG CoA reductase (statins) are widely used as cholesterol-lowering drugs with excellent safety records in hypercholesterolemic patients. Statins exert pleiotropic effects on a variety of cells, and they were recently described as a new class of immune modulators. Depending on their structure, dose, and route of administration, statins regulate the function of both the antigen-presenting cells and T-cells by HMG CoA reductase-dependent and independent mechanisms. Herein, we describe these mechanisms leading to prevention, amelioration, and reversal of autoimmune diseases. We also present data from our laboratories showing for the first time that in a double transgenic mouse model for autoimmune diabetes, atorvastatin (lipitor) prevented the onset of disease when administered in the neonatal period, and stabilized the glucose levels when administered in mice developing a mild form of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodor-D Brumeanu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, A3074, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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31
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Basso AD, Kirschmeier P, Bishop WR. Thematic review series: Lipid Posttranslational Modifications. Farnesyl transferase inhibitors. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:15-31. [PMID: 16278491 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r500012-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Some proteins undergo posttranslational modification by the addition of an isoprenyl lipid (farnesyl- or geranylgeranyl-isoprenoid) to a cysteine residue proximal to the C terminus. Protein isoprenylation promotes membrane association and contributes to protein-protein interactions. Farnesylated proteins include small GTPases, tyrosine phosphatases, nuclear lamina, cochaperones, and centromere-associated proteins. Prenylation is required for the transforming activity of Ras. Because of the high frequency of Ras mutations in cancer, farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs) were investigated as a means to antagonize Ras function. Evaluation of FTIs led to the finding that both K- and N-Ras are alternatively modified by geranylgeranyl prenyltransferase-1 in FTI-treated cells. Geranylgeranylated forms of Ras retain the ability to associate with the plasma membrane and activate substrates. Despite this, FTIs are effective at inhibiting the growth of human tumor cells in vitro, suggesting that activity is dependent on blocking the farnesylation of other proteins. FTIs also inhibit the in vivo growth of human tumor xenografts and sensitize these models to chemotherapeutics, most notably taxanes. Several FTIs have entered clinical trials for various cancer indications. In some clinical settings, primarily hematologic malignancies, FTIs have displayed evidence of single-agent activity. Clinical studies in progress are exploring the antitumor activity of FTIs as single agents and in combination. This review will summarize the basic biology of FTIs, their antitumor activity in preclinical models, and the current status of clinical studies with these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Basso
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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32
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Lee J, O'Neill RC, Park MW, Gravel M, Braun PE. Mitochondrial localization of CNP2 is regulated by phosphorylation of the N-terminal targeting signal by PKC: implications of a mitochondrial function for CNP2 in glial and non-glial cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 31:446-62. [PMID: 16343930 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2005.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) isoforms are abundantly expressed in myelinating cells. CNP2 differs from CNP1 by a 20 amino acid N-terminal extension and is also expressed at much lower levels in non-myelinating tissues. The functional role of CNP2, apart from CNP1, and the significance for CNP2 expression in non-myelinating tissues are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that CNP2 is translocated to mitochondria by virtue of a mitochondrial targeting signal at the N-terminus. PKC-mediated phosphorylation of the targeting signal inhibits CNP2 translocation to mitochondria, thus retaining it in the cytoplasm. CNP2 is imported into mitochondria and the targeting signal cleaved, yielding a mature, truncated form similar in size to CNP1. CNP2 is entirely processed in adult liver and embryonic brain, indicating that it is localized specifically to mitochondria in non-myelinating cells. Our results point to a broader biological role for CNP2 in mitochondria that is likely to be different from its specific role in the cytoplasm, along with CNP1, during myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6.
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33
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Basso AD, Mirza A, Liu G, Long BJ, Bishop WR, Kirschmeier P. The farnesyl transferase inhibitor (FTI) SCH66336 (lonafarnib) inhibits Rheb farnesylation and mTOR signaling. Role in FTI enhancement of taxane and tamoxifen anti-tumor activity. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:31101-8. [PMID: 16006564 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503763200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lonafarnib (SCH66336) is a farnesyl transferase inhibitor (FTI) that inhibits the post-translational lipid modification of H-Ras and other farnesylated proteins. K- and N-Ras are also substrates of farnesyl transferase; however, upon treatment with FTIs, they are alternatively prenylated by geranylgeranyl transferase-1. Despite the failure to abrogate prenylation of K- and N-Ras, growth of many tumors in preclinical models is inhibited by FTIs. This suggests that the anti-proliferative action of FTIs is dependent on blocking the farnesylation of other proteins. Rheb (Ras homologue enriched in brain) is a farnesylated small GTPase that positively regulates mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling. We found that Rheb and Rheb2 mRNA were elevated in various tumor cell lines relative to normal cells. Peptides derived from the carboxyl termini of human Rheb and Rheb2 are in vitro substrates for farnesyl transferase but not geranylgeranyl transferase-1. Rheb prenylation in cell culture was completely inhibited by SCH66336, indicating a lack of alternative prenylation. SCH66336 treatment also inhibited the phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein, a downstream target of Rheb and mTOR signaling. SCH66336 did not inhibit S6 phosphorylation in cells expressing Rheb-CSVL, a mutant construct of Rheb designed to be geranylgeranylated. Importantly, expression of Rheb-CSVL also abrogated SCH66336 enhancement of tamoxifen- and docetaxel-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and ES-2 ovarian cancer cells, respectively. Further, inhibition of Rheb signaling by rapamycin treatment, small interfering RNA, or dominant negative Rheb enhanced tamoxifen- and docetaxel-induced apoptosis, similar to FTI treatment. These studies demonstrated that Rheb is modified by farnesylation, is not a substrate for alternative prenylation, and plays a role in SCH66336 enhancement of the anti-tumor response to other chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Basso
- Department of Tumor Biology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilwort, New Jersey 07033, USA
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Abstract
The pathophysiology of statin-mediated muscle dysfunction is poorly defined. Reductions in skeletal muscle membrane cholesterol were initially thought to account for the range of myopathic reactions, e.g., myalgia, elevated serum creatine kinase, or rhabdomyolysis. This assumption however, does not consider a potential role of the isoprenoids in the pathophysiology of statin myopathy. The observation that derangements in mevalonate kinase (MK), but not more distal enzymes of cholesterologenesis, are associated with a skeletal myopathy suggests a critical role for the isoprenoids in the maintenance of muscle. Statins also deplete the isoprenoid pool by inhibiting the enzyme, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, which is upstream of MK. Identifying candidate proteins that are both dependent on isoprenoid-mediated modification and associated with muscle disease, when genetically mutated, offers further insight into potential mechanisms of statin myopathy. For example, lamin A/C, selenoprotein N, alpha- and beta-dystroglycan, and cytoskeletal G-proteins all require isoprenylation for optimal function. Understanding the pleiotropic effects of protein prenylation, and the potential consequences of a generalized insufficiency of this form of protein modification, may help clarify the molecular pathogenesis of statin myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Baker
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, McMaster University Medical Center, Room 4U4, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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Worman HJ, Courvalin JC. Nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, and inherited disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2005; 246:231-79. [PMID: 16164970 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(05)46006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope is composed of the nuclear membranes, nuclear lamina, and nuclear pore complexes. In recent years, mutations in nuclear-envelope proteins have been shown to cause a surprisingly wide array of inherited diseases. While the mutant proteins are generally expressed in most or all differentiated somatic cells, many mutations cause fairly tissue-specific disorders. Perhaps the most dramatic case is that of mutations in A-type lamins, intermediate filament proteins associated with the inner nuclear membrane. Different mutations in the same lamin proteins have been shown to cause striated muscle diseases, partial lipodystrophy syndromes, a peripheral neuropathy, and disorders with features of severe premature aging. In this review, we summarize fundamental aspects of nuclear envelope structure and function, the inherited diseases caused by mutations in lamins and other nuclear envelope proteins, and possible pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Worman
- Department of Medicine and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Veluthakal R, Amin R, Kowluru A. Interleukin-1β induces posttranslational carboxymethylation and alterations in subnuclear distribution of lamin B in insulin-secreting RINm5F cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 287:C1152-62. [PMID: 15201138 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00083.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) treatment on the distribution and degradation of lamin B in the nuclear fraction from insulin-secreting RINm5F cells. Western blot analysis indicated that IL-1β treatment caused significant alterations in the redistribution of lamin B, specifically between the Triton X-100-soluble (membrane) and -insoluble (matrix) fractions of the nucleus. IL-1β treatment also increased the lamin carboxymethyltransferase activity and the relative abundance of the carboxymethylated lamin in the nuclear fraction. A significant increase in the relative abundance of lamin B degradation products was also observed in the nuclear fraction from the IL-1β-treated cells. These findings are compatible with a measurable increase in the lamin-degrading caspase-6 activity in IL-1β-treated cells. Confocal microscopic observation of IL-1β-treated cells suggested a significant dissociation of lamin B from the nuclear lamina and its subsequent association with the DNA-rich elements within the nucleus. NG-monomethyl-l-arginine, a known inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), markedly inhibited IL-1β-induced iNOS gene expression, NO release, caspase-3 and caspase-6 activation, lamin B degradation, and loss of metabolic cell viability, indicating that the observed IL-1β-induced effects on nuclear lamin B involve the intermediacy of NO. Together, our data support the hypothesis that IL-1β treatment results in significant increase in the carboxymethylation of lamin B, which would place lamin B in a strategic location for its degradation mediated by caspases. This could possibly lead to dissolution of the nuclear envelope, culminating in the demise of the effete β-cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajakrishnan Veluthakal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Duncan RE, El-Sohemy A, Archer MC. Delivery of mevalonate to murine extrahepatic tissues via mini-osmotic pumps. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2004; 50:139-43. [PMID: 15385088 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mevalonate and derivatives of mevalonate metabolism play important roles in cellular metabolism and may be especially important in rapidly growing cancer cells. A method for delivering mevalonate to extrahepatic tissues, where many tumors of interest in experimental cancer research are found, has not been reported. METHODS Mice were administered mevalonate subcutaneously via implanted Alzet mini-osmotic pumps. Microsomes isolated from samples of liver, mammary gland, and colon were assayed for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity. This enzyme is responsible for endogenous mevalonate synthesis, and its down-regulation is evidence that mevalonate has reached the tissue. Serum cholesterol levels were determined to exclude the possibility that down-regulation of HMG-CoA reductase was caused by an influx of circulating cholesterol. RESULTS HMG-CoA reductase activity was decreased in livers, mammary glands, and colons of mice given mevalonate via mini-osmotic pumps. Serum cholesterol levels did not rise in these mice, precluding an indirect effect of serum lipoproteins on HMG-CoA reductase regulation. DISCUSSION Mevalonate can be effectively delivered to cells of the mammary gland and colon of mice via subcutaneously implanted mini-osmotic pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Duncan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gruenbaum Y, Goldman RD, Meyuhas R, Mills E, Margalit A, Fridkin A, Dayani Y, Prokocimer M, Enosh A. The nuclear lamina and its functions in the nucleus. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2004; 226:1-62. [PMID: 12921235 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(03)01001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear lamina is a structure near the inner nuclear membrane and the peripheral chromatin. It is composed of lamins, which are also present in the nuclear interior, and lamin-associated proteins. The increasing number of proteins that interact with lamins and the compound interactions between these proteins and chromatin-associated proteins make the nuclear lamina a highly complex but also a very exciting structure. The nuclear lamina is an essential component of metazoan cells. It is involved in most nuclear activities including DNA replication, RNA transcription, nuclear and chromatin organization, cell cycle regulation, cell development and differentiation, nuclear migration, and apoptosis. Specific mutations in nuclear lamina genes cause a wide range of heritable human diseases. These diseases include Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, limb girdle muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) with conduction system disease, familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD), autosomal recessive axonal neuropathy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disorder type 2, CMT2), mandibuloacral dysplasia (MAD), Hutchison Gilford Progeria syndrome (HGS), Greenberg Skeletal Dysplasia, and Pelger-Huet anomaly (PHA). Genetic analyses in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mice show new insights into the functions of the nuclear lamina, and recent structural analyses have begun to unravel the molecular structure and assembly of lamins and their associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Gruenbaum
- Department of Genetics, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Abstract
Several neuromuscular diseases are caused by mutations in emerin and A-type lamins, proteins of the nuclear envelope. Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is caused by mutations in emerin (X-linked) or A-type lamins (autosomal dominant). Mutations in A-type lamins also cause limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1B, dilated cardiomyopathy with conduction defect, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disorder type 2B1. They also cause partial lipodystrophy syndromes. The functions of emerin and A-type lamins and the mechanisms of how mutations in these proteins cause tissue-specific diseases are not well understood. The mutated proteins may cause structural damage to cells but may also affect processes such as gene regulation. This review gives an overview of this topic and describes recent advances in identification of disease-causing mutations, studies of cells and tissues from subjects with these diseases, and animal and cell culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ostlund
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, Tenth Floor, New York, New York 10032, USA
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40
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Lishner M, Bar-Sef A, Elis A, Fabian I. Effect of simvastatin alone and in combination with cytosine arabinoside on the proliferation of myeloid leukemia cell lines. J Investig Med 2001; 49:319-24. [PMID: 11478407 DOI: 10.2310/6650.2001.33896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol biosynthesis is regulated by the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. Cholesterol and its derivatives are required in high concentrations by neoplastic proliferating cells for both DNA synthesis and cell growth. Thus, inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase could effect cell cycle progression and proliferation. Therefore, we examined the effect of an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (simvastatin) alone and in combination with cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) on the proliferation of two AML cell lines. METHODS AML blasts derived from two cell lines (HL-60 and AML-2) were incubated with increasing concentrations of either simvastatin alone or simvastatin alone for 24 hours with ARA-C added thereafter. The effect of the drugs on cell proliferation in liquid culture (3H thymidine uptake) and on clonogenic assay was analyzed. RESULTS We found that the number of proliferating AML blasts (suspension cultures) and colony formations (agar cultures) of both cell lines declined significantly after incubation with simvastatin. Preincubation of both cell lines with simvastatin by the addition of increasing concentrations of ARA-C produced a degree of growth inhibition that was significantly greater than that of the individual compounds. This antigrowth interaction was additive rather than synergistic. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that simvastatin has a major antiproliferative effect on AML blasts in vitro. Also, the combination of simvastatin and ARA-C significantly enhanced the antiproliferative effect of each drug. These findings may open new avenues in both the laboratory and clinical research of the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lishner
- Department of Medicine, Meir Hospital, Kfar-Saba, Israel.
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41
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Seitz O, Heinemann I, Mattes A, Waldmann H. Synthetic peptide conjugates—tailor-made probes for the biology of protein modification and protein processing. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)01115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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43
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Izumi M, Vaughan OA, Hutchison CJ, Gilbert DM. Head and/or CaaX domain deletions of lamin proteins disrupt preformed lamin A and C but not lamin B structure in mammalian cells. Mol Biol Cell 2000; 11:4323-37. [PMID: 11102526 PMCID: PMC15075 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.11.12.4323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2000] [Revised: 09/22/2000] [Accepted: 10/05/2000] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear lamina is an important determinant of nuclear architecture. Mutations in A-type but not B-type lamins cause a range of human genetic disorders, including muscular dystrophy. Dominant mutations in nuclear lamin proteins have been shown to disrupt a preformed lamina structure in Xenopus egg extracts. Here, a series of deletion mutations in lamins A and B1 were evaluated for their ability to disrupt lamina structure in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Deletions of either the lamin A "head" domain or the C-terminal CaaX domain formed intranuclear aggregates and resulted in the disruption of endogenous lamins A/C but not lamins B1/B2. By contrast, "head-less" lamin B1 localized to the nuclear rim with no detectable effect on endogenous lamins, whereas lamin B1 CaaX domain deletions formed intranuclear aggregates, disrupting endogenous lamins A/C but not lamins B1/B2. Filter binding assays revealed that a head/CaaX domain lamin B1 mutant interacted much more strongly with lamins A/C than with lamins B1/B2. Regulated induction of this mutant in stable cell lines resulted in the rapid elimination of all detectable lamin A protein, whereas lamin C was trapped in a soluble form within the intranuclear aggregates. In contrast to results in Xenopus egg extracts, dominant negative lamin B1 (but not lamin A) mutants trapped replication proteins involved in both the initiation and elongation phases of replication but did not effect cellular growth rates or the assembly of active replication centers. We conclude that elimination of the CaaX domain in lamin B1 and elimination of either the CaaX or head domain in lamin A constitute dominant mutations that can disrupt A-type but not B-type lamins, highlighting important differences in the way that A- and B-type lamins are integrated into the lamina.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Izumi
- Biodesign Research Group, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Maksumova L, Ohnishi K, Muratkhodjaev F, Zhang W, Pan L, Takeshita A, Ohno R. Increased sensitivity of multidrug-resistant myeloid leukemia cell lines to lovastatin. Leukemia 2000; 14:1444-50. [PMID: 10942241 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2401856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin, a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, reportedly inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of tumor cells with MDR-1 coded P-glycoprotein (Pgp) expression. In this study we investigated the sensitivity to lovastatin of eight myeloid leukemia cell lines: K562, NOMO-1, NB4 and its retinoic acid (RA) resistant subline NB4/RA, and their multidrug-resistant (MDR) sublines: K562/ADR, NOMO-1/ADR, NB4/MDR and NB4/RA/MDR. MTT and apoptosis assays revealed that K562/ADR, NOMO-1/ADR and NB4/RA/MDR were more sensitive to lovastatin than their parental cell lines, while NB4/MDR showed the same level of sensitivity as parental NB4 cells, which already were very sensitive to lovastatin. Significant elevation of transcript levels of HMG-CoA reductase was observed by semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis in more than three lovastatin-sensitive MDR sublines, but not in NB4/MDR compared with the parental cell lines. HMG-CoA reductase mRNA levels were up-regulated more than two-fold by the exposure to lovastatin in all of the parental non-Pgp-expressing cell lines. In NB4/MDR, HMG-CoA reductase mRNA level was elevated to a similar extent as in parental NB4, whereas in three other MDR sublines which showed preferential sensitivity to lovastatin, their HMG-CoA reductase mRNA levels were not significantly elevated after 24- and 48-h treatment with lovastatin. These results indicate a connection between drug resistance and regulation of the mevalonate pathway, and further strengthen the clinical possibility that drug resistant leukemias would be susceptible to treatment with lovastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Maksumova
- Department of Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
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Coxon FP, Helfrich MH, Van't Hof R, Sebti S, Ralston SH, Hamilton A, Rogers MJ. Protein geranylgeranylation is required for osteoclast formation, function, and survival: inhibition by bisphosphonates and GGTI-298. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15:1467-76. [PMID: 10934645 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.8.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are the important class of antiresorptive drugs used in the treatment of metabolic bone diseases. Although their molecular mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, recent studies have shown that the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates can inhibit protein prenylation in macrophages in vitro. In this study, we show that the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates risedronate, zoledronate, ibandronate, alendronate, and pamidronate (but not the non nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates clodronate, etidronate, and tiludronate) prevent the incorporation of [14C]mevalonate into prenylated (farnesylated and geranylgeranylated) proteins in purified rabbit osteoclasts. The inhibitory effect of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates on bone resorption is likely to result largely from the loss of geranylgeranylated proteins rather than loss of farnesylated proteins in osteoclasts, because concentrations of GGTI-298 (a specific inhibitor of geranylgeranyl transferase I) that inhibited protein geranylgeranylation in purified rabbit osteoclasts prevented osteoclast formation in murine bone marrow cultures, disrupted the osteoclast cytoskeleton, inhibited bone resorption, and induced apoptosis in isolated chick and rabbit osteoclasts in vitro. By contrast, concentrations of FTI-277 (a specific inhibitor of farnesyl transferase) that prevented protein farnesylation in purified rabbit osteoclasts had little effect on osteoclast morphology or apoptosis and did not inhibit bone resorption. These results therefore show the molecular mechanism of action of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate drugs in osteoclasts and highlight the fundamental importance of geranylgeranylated proteins in osteoclast formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Coxon
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen Medical School, Foresterhill, U.K
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Scharovsky OG, Rozados VR, Gervasoni SI, Matar P. Inhibition of ras oncogene: a novel approach to antineoplastic therapy. J Biomed Sci 2000; 7:292-8. [PMID: 10895051 DOI: 10.1007/bf02253247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The most frequently detected oncogene alterations, both in animal and human cancers, are the mutations in the ras oncogene family. These oncogenes are mutated or overexpressed in many human tumors, with a high incidence in tumors of the pancreas, thyroid, colon, lung and certain types of leukemia. Ras is a small guanine nucleotide binding protein that transduces biological information from the cell surface to cytoplasmic components within cells. The signal is transduced to the cell nucleus through second messengers, and it ultimately induces cell division. Oncogenic forms of p21(ras) lead to unregulated, sustained signaling through downstream effectors. The ras family of oncogenes is involved in the development of both primary tumors and metastases making it a good therapeutic target. Several therapeutic approaches to cancer have been developed pointing to reducing the altered gene product or to eliminating its biological function: (1) gene therapy with ribozymes, which are able to break down specific RNA sequences, or with antisense oligonucleotides, (2) immunotherapy through passive or active immunization protocols, and (3) inhibition of p21(ras) farnesylation either by inhibition of farnesyl transferase or synthesis inhibition of farnesyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Scharovsky
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina.
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Partoens P, Slembrouck D, De Busser H, Vaughan PF, Van Dessel GA, De Potter WP, Lagrou AR. Neurons, chromaffin cells and membrane fusion. Subcell Biochem 2000; 34:323-78. [PMID: 10808338 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46824-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Partoens
- Department of Medicine, UA-Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
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Szkopińska A, Swiezewska E, Karst F. The regulation of activity of main mevalonic acid pathway enzymes: farnesyl diphosphate synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, and squalene synthase in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 267:473-7. [PMID: 10623644 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The co-regulation of the main mevalonic acid pathway enzymes was investigated in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was found that a 6-fold increase in FPPS activity compared with that of the wild-type strain FL100 did not cause significant changes in HMG-CoA reductase activity, while the amounts of synthesized dolichols and ergosterol increased by 80 and 32%, respectively. The disruption of the SQS gene in the strain grown in the presence of ergosterol repressed the activities of both FPP synthase and HMG-CoA reductase to a comparable degree, whereas in the same strain starved for ergosterol the activity of FPPS was 10-fold higher and HMG-CoA reductase activity was practically unchanged. We show that FPPS is the enzyme that regulates the flow rate of synthesized mevalonic acid pathway products independent of HMG-CoA reductase and SQS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Szkopińska
- Institute of Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5a, Warszawa, 02-106, Poland.
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Jagatheesan G, Thanumalayan S, Muralikrishna B, Rangaraj N, Karande AA, Parnaik VK. Colocalization of intranuclear lamin foci with RNA splicing factors. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 24):4651-61. [PMID: 10574713 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.24.4651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lamins form a fibrous network underlying the inner nuclear membrane termed the nuclear lamina. In order to gain insights into the role of lamins in nuclear organization, we have characterized a monoclonal antibody (LA-2H10) raised against recombinant rat lamin A that labels nuclei in a speckled pattern in all cells of unsynchronized populations of HeLa and rat F-111 fibroblast cells, unlike the typical nuclear periphery staining by another monoclonal antibody to lamin A, LA-2B3. In immunolocalization studies the lamin A speckles or foci were found to colocalize with the RNA splicing factors SC-35 and U5-116 kD, but not with p80 coilin found in coiled bodies. Lamin B1 was also associated with these foci. These foci dispersed when cells entered mitosis and reformed during anaphase. The differential reactivity of LA-2H10 and LA-2B3 was retained after nuclei were extracted with detergents, nucleases and salt to disrupt interactions of lamins with chromatin and other nuclear proteins. Using deletion fragments of recombinant lamin A, the epitope recognized by LA-2H10 was located between amino acids 171 and 246. Our findings are consistent with a structural role for lamins in supporting nuclear compartments containing proteins involved in RNA splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jagatheesan
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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50
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Naderi S, Blomhoff R, Myklebust J, Smeland EB, Erikstein B, Norum KR, Blomhoff HK. Lovastatin inhibits G1/S transition of normal human B-lymphocytes independent of apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 1999; 252:144-53. [PMID: 10502407 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin is a potent inhibitor of protein prenylation, and it has been reported to have pleiotropic cellular effects. In the present study we have elucidated the effects of lovastatin on cell cycle progression and apoptosis of normal human B-lymphocytes. When added to B-lymphocytes stimulated with anti-immunoglobulin (anti-mu) and SAC, lovastatin (20 microM) inhibited the cells in the late G1 phase of the cell cycle. Thus, no early activation parameters such as Ca(2+) flux or MYC induction were affected by lovastatin, whereas progression of cells into the second cell cycle as well as DNA synthesis was markedly reduced. We therefore examined the effects of lovastatin on components of the cell cycle machinery responsible for regulating the G1/S transition. We demonstrated that pRB phosphorylation, cdk2 activity needed for this phosphorylation, and the levels of cyclin A, D, and E were inhibited after 24 h of lovastatin treatment, while the levels of p27(Kip1) were elevated. There was no effect on p21(Cip1), cyclin D2, cdk4, and cdk6. These data are consistent with the cells being inhibited by lovastatin between 24 and 32 h into G1. Lovastatin added to stimulated B-cells in late G1 still inhibited the DNA synthesis by 60%, but at this point only minor effects were noted on the cell cycle machinery. We therefore looked for induced apoptosis as an explanation for reduced S-phase entry of the cells. However, despite the ability to enhance the apoptosis of unstimulated B-cells from 48 to 61% as judged by the TUNEL method, lovastatin only marginally affected apoptosis when administered to stimulated B-cells. Thus, it appears that accelerated apoptosis cannot account for the effect of lovastatin on cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Naderi
- Institute Group of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, N-0317, Norway
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