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Faraoni P, Bellumori M, Cecchi L, Zonfrillo B, Innocenti M, Gnerucci A, Mulinacci N, Ranaldi F. AGS Gastric Cells: Antioxidant Activity and Metabolic Effects of Phenolic Extracts from Different Monocultivar Virgin Olive Oils. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1347. [PMID: 37507887 PMCID: PMC10376124 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of the phenolic compounds of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on AGS cells have never been studied so far, which is the aim of this study. The profiles of the main phenolic components in EVOOs, mainly secoiridoid compounds derived from the transformation of oleuropein during the olive milling process, were evaluated and compared. Oils of different origins were evaluated aiming at verifying whether chemical differences in the phenolic composition of the dry extracts played a role in the metabolism and in maintaining the cellular redox state of AGS cells. The following key enzymes of some metabolic pathways were studied: lactate dehydrogenase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and hexokinase. As confirmed through PCA analysis, pretreatments with the dry extracts of EVOOs at different concentrations appeared to be able to counteract the enzymatic activity alterations due to oxidative stress induced by H2O2 1 mM and 2 mM. The studied phytocomplexes showed the ability to protect AGS cells from oxidative damage and the secoiridoid derivatives from both oleuropein and ligstroside contributed to the observed effects. The results suggested that EVOOs with medium to high concentrations of phenols can exert this protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Faraoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinic Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Maria Bellumori
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cecchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Systems Management (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 16, 50144 Florence, FI, Italy
| | - Beatrice Zonfrillo
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Marzia Innocenti
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Alessio Gnerucci
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone, 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Division of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Francesco Ranaldi
- Department of Experimental and Clinic Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, FI, Italy
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Bungau AF, Radu AF, Bungau SG, Vesa CM, Tit DM, Endres LM. Oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome in acne vulgaris: Pathogenetic connections and potential role of dietary supplements and phytochemicals. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:115003. [PMID: 37315434 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a highly prevalent skin condition caused by androgen-induced elevated sebum secretion, abnormal keratinization, bacterial colonization, and inflammation. Current research indicates a link between acne vulgaris and the metabolic syndrome, a group of disorders that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. This link is thought to be modulated by excessive concentrations of oxidative stress markers and chronic inflammation, which are included in the pathophysiological mechanisms shared by both conditions. Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species damages cellular components and initiates an inflammatory response, hence promoting the development of both disorders. The current narrative review focuses on the molecular implications of inflammatory, hormonal, and environmental factors in the acne-metabolic syndrome correlation. Furthermore, it outlines the current state of knowledge related to the phyto-therapeutic approach to these conditions as an adjuvant strategy to allopathic treatment, but future multicenter and larger-scale research studies are needed establish new algorithms to be included in the future management of patients with these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Florina Bungau
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Andrei Flavius Radu
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania.
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania.
| | - Cosmin Mihai Vesa
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Delia Mirela Tit
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
| | - Laura Maria Endres
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
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Croft AJ, Kelly C, Chen D, Haw TJ, Sverdlov AL, Ngo DTM. Overexpression of Mitochondrial Catalase within Adipose Tissue Does Not Confer Systemic Metabolic Protection against Diet-Induced Obesity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051137. [PMID: 37238003 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with significant metabolic co-morbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, as well as a range of cardiovascular diseases, all of which lead to increased hospitalisations, morbidity, and mortality. Adipose tissue dysfunction caused by chronic nutrient stress can result in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, hypoxia, and insulin resistance. Thus, we hypothesised that reducing adipose tissue oxidative stress via adipose tissue-targeted overexpression of the antioxidant mitochondrial catalase (mCAT) may improve systemic metabolic function. We crossed mCAT (floxed) and Adipoq-Cre mice to generate mice overexpressing catalase with a mitochondrial targeting sequence predominantly in adipose tissue, designated AdipoQ-mCAT. Under normal diet conditions, the AdipoQ-mCAT transgenic mice demonstrated increased weight gain, adipocyte remodelling, and metabolic dysfunction compared to the wild-type mice. Under obesogenic dietary conditions (16 weeks of high fat/high sucrose feeding), the AdipoQ-mCAT mice did not result in incremental impairment of adipose structure and function but in fact, were protected from further metabolic impairment compared to the obese wild-type mice. While AdipoQ-mCAT overexpression was unable to improve systemic metabolic function per se, our results highlight the critical role of physiological H2O2 signalling in metabolism and adipose tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Croft
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Conagh Kelly
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Dongqing Chen
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Tatt Jhong Haw
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Aaron L Sverdlov
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, NSW 2267, Australia
| | - Doan T M Ngo
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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KCNH6 Enhanced Hepatic Glucose Metabolism through Mitochondrial Ca2+ Regulation and Oxidative Stress Inhibition. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3739556. [PMID: 36217412 PMCID: PMC9547380 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3739556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
KCNH6 has been proven to affect glucose metabolism and insulin secretion both in humans and mice. Further study revealed that Kcnh6 knockout (KO) mice showed impaired glucose tolerance. However, the precise function of KCNH6 in the liver remains unknown. Mitochondria have been suggested to maintain intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis; ROS generation and defective mitochondria can cause glucose metabolism disorders, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we found that Kcnh6 attenuated glucose metabolism disorders by decreasing PEPCK and G6pase abundance and induced Glut2 and IRS2 expression. Overexpression of Kcnh6 increased hepatic glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. Kcnh6 attenuated intracellular and mitochondrial calcium levels in primary hepatocytes and reduced intracellular ROS and mitochondrial superoxide production. Kcnh6 suppressed oxidative stress by inhibiting mitochondrial pathway activation and NADPH oxidase expression. Experiments demonstrated that Kcnh6 expression improved hepatic glucose metabolism disorder through the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38MAPK signaling pathways. These results were confirmed by experiments evaluating the extent to which forced Kcnh6 expression rescued metabolic disorder in KO mice. In conclusion, KCNH6 enhanced hepatic glucose metabolism by regulating mitochondrial Ca2+ levels and inhibiting oxidative stress. As liver glucose metabolism is key to T2D, understanding KCNH6 functions may provide new insights into the causes of diabetes.
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Zachut M, Contreras GA. Symposium review: Mechanistic insights into adipose tissue inflammation and oxidative stress in periparturient dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3670-3686. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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High doses of tyramine stimulate glucose transport in human fat cells. J Physiol Biochem 2022; 78:543-556. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Redox Regulation of Lipid Mobilization in Adipose Tissues. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071090. [PMID: 34356323 PMCID: PMC8301038 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid mobilization in adipose tissues, which includes lipogenesis and lipolysis, is a paramount process in regulating systemic energy metabolism. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) are byproducts of cellular metabolism that exert signaling functions in several cellular processes, including lipolysis and lipogenesis. During lipolysis, the adipose tissue generates ROS and RNS and thus requires a robust antioxidant response to maintain tight regulation of redox signaling. This review will discuss the production of ROS and RNS within the adipose tissue, their role in regulating lipolysis and lipogenesis, and the implications of antioxidants on lipid mobilization.
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Flohé L. Looking Back at the Early Stages of Redox Biology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1254. [PMID: 33317108 PMCID: PMC7763103 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The beginnings of redox biology are recalled with special emphasis on formation, metabolism and function of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in mammalian systems. The review covers the early history of heme peroxidases and the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide, the discovery of selenium as integral part of glutathione peroxidases, which expanded the scope of the field to other hydroperoxides including lipid hydroperoxides, the discovery of superoxide dismutases and superoxide radicals in biological systems and their role in host defense, tissue damage, metabolic regulation and signaling, the identification of the endothelial-derived relaxing factor as the nitrogen monoxide radical (more commonly named nitric oxide) and its physiological and pathological implications. The article highlights the perception of hydrogen peroxide and other hydroperoxides as signaling molecules, which marks the beginning of the flourishing fields of redox regulation and redox signaling. Final comments describe the development of the redox language. In the 18th and 19th century, it was highly individualized and hard to translate into modern terminology. In the 20th century, the redox language co-developed with the chemical terminology and became clearer. More recently, the introduction and inflationary use of poorly defined terms has unfortunately impaired the understanding of redox events in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Flohé
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università degli Studi di Padova, v.le G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Shin SK, Cho HW, Song SE, Im SS, Bae JH, Song DK. Oxidative stress resulting from the removal of endogenous catalase induces obesity by promoting hyperplasia and hypertrophy of white adipocytes. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101749. [PMID: 33080438 PMCID: PMC7575809 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is regarded as an abnormal expansion and excessive accumulation of fat mass in white adipose tissue. The involvement of oxidative stress in the development of obesity is still unclear. Although mainly present in peroxisomes, catalase scavenges intracellular H2O2 at toxic levels. Therefore, we used catalase-knockout (CKO) mice to elucidate the involvement of excessive H2O2 in the development of obesity. CKO mice with C57BL/6J background gained more weight with higher body fat mass with age than age-matched wild-type (WT) mice fed with either chow or high-fat diets. This phenomenon was attenuated by concomitant treatment with the antioxidants, melatonin or N-acetyl cysteine. Moreover, CKO mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) appeared to differentiate to adipocytes more easily than WT MEFs, showing increased H2O2 concentrations. Using 3T3-L1-derived adipocytes transfected with catalase-small interfering RNA, we confirmed that a more prominent lipogenesis occurred in catalase-deficient cells than in WT cells. Catalase-deficient adipocytes presented increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression but decreased adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression. Treatment with a NOX4 inhibitor or AMPK activator rescued the propensity for obesity of CKO mice. These findings suggest that excessive H2O2 and related oxidative stress increase body fat mass via both adipogenesis and lipogenesis. Manipulating NOX4 and AMPK in white adipocytes may be a therapeutic tool against obesity augmented by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Kyung Shin
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Cho
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Song
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seung-Soon Im
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Bae
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Dae-Kyu Song
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
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Held JM. Redox Systems Biology: Harnessing the Sentinels of the Cysteine Redoxome. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:659-676. [PMID: 31368359 PMCID: PMC7047077 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Cellular redox processes are highly interconnected, yet not in equilibrium, and governed by a wide range of biochemical parameters. Technological advances continue refining how specific redox processes are regulated, but broad understanding of the dynamic interconnectivity between cellular redox modules remains limited. Systems biology investigates multiple components in complex environments and can provide integrative insights into the multifaceted cellular redox state. This review describes the state of the art in redox systems biology as well as provides an updated perspective and practical guide for harnessing thousands of cysteine sensors in the redoxome for multiparameter characterization of cellular redox networks. Recent Advances: Redox systems biology has been applied to genome-scale models and large public datasets, challenged common conceptions, and provided new insights that complement reductionist approaches. Advances in public knowledge and user-friendly tools for proteome-wide annotation of cysteine sentinels can now leverage cysteine redox proteomics datasets to provide spatial, functional, and protein structural information. Critical Issues: Careful consideration of available analytical approaches is needed to broadly characterize the systems-level properties of redox signaling networks and be experimentally feasible. The cysteine redoxome is an informative focal point since it integrates many aspects of redox biology. The mechanisms and redox modules governing cysteine redox regulation, cysteine oxidation assays, proteome-wide annotation of the biophysical and biochemical properties of individual cysteines, and their clinical application are discussed. Future Directions: Investigating the cysteine redoxome at a systems level will uncover new insights into the mechanisms of selectivity and context dependence of redox signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Held
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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11
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Gu SH, Chen CH. Reactive oxygen species-mediated bombyxin signaling in Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 117:103279. [PMID: 31756435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we demonstrated that bombyxin, an insect insulin-like peptide, modulated ecdysteroidogenesis in Bombyx mori prothoracic glands (PGs) through redox signaling. Our results showed that bombyxin treatment resulted in a transient increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration, as measured using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA), an oxidation-sensitive fluorescent probe. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) abolished the bombyxin-induced increase in fluorescence in Bombyx PGs. Furthermore, bombyxin-induced ROS production was inhibited by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors (rotenone and antimycin A), indicating mitochondria-mediated ROS production. The stimulation of ROS production in response to bombyxin appears to undergo development-specific changes. We further investigated the action mechanism of bombyxin-stimulated ROS signaling. Results showed that in the presence of either NAC, rotenone, or antimycin A, bombyxin-stimulated phosphorylation of insulin receptor, Akt, and 4E-binding protein (4E-BP) was blocked and bombyxin-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in PGs was greatly inhibited. From these results, we conclude that ROS signaling appears to be involved in bombyxin-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis of PGs in B. mori by modulating the phosphorylation of insulin receptor, Akt, and 4E-BP. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of redox regulation in insulin signaling in an insect system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hong Gu
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung, 404, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, 89 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Jen-Te Township, Tainan County, 717, Taiwan, ROC
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Henríquez-Olguín C, Boronat S, Cabello-Verrugio C, Jaimovich E, Hidalgo E, Jensen TE. The Emerging Roles of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase 2 in Skeletal Muscle Redox Signaling and Metabolism. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1371-1410. [PMID: 31588777 PMCID: PMC6859696 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Skeletal muscle is a crucial tissue to whole-body locomotion and metabolic health. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as intracellular messengers participating in both physiological and pathological adaptations in skeletal muscle. A complex interplay between ROS-producing enzymes and antioxidant networks exists in different subcellular compartments of mature skeletal muscle. Recent evidence suggests that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs) are a major source of contraction- and insulin-stimulated oxidants production, but they may paradoxically also contribute to muscle insulin resistance and atrophy. Recent Advances: Pharmacological and molecular biological tools, including redox-sensitive probes and transgenic mouse models, have generated novel insights into compartmentalized redox signaling and suggested that NOX2 contributes to redox control of skeletal muscle metabolism. Critical Issues: Major outstanding questions in skeletal muscle include where NOX2 activation occurs under different conditions in health and disease, how NOX2 activation is regulated, how superoxide/hydrogen peroxide generated by NOX2 reaches the cytosol, what the signaling mediators are downstream of NOX2, and the role of NOX2 for different physiological and pathophysiological processes. Future Directions: Future research should utilize and expand the current redox-signaling toolbox to clarify the NOX2-dependent mechanisms in skeletal muscle and determine whether the proposed functions of NOX2 in cells and animal models are conserved into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henríquez-Olguín
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susanna Boronat
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elena Hidalgo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhou DR, Eid R, Miller KA, Boucher E, Mandato CA, Greenwood MT. Intracellular second messengers mediate stress inducible hormesis and Programmed Cell Death: A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:773-792. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chaiswing L, St. Clair WH, St. Clair DK. Redox Paradox: A Novel Approach to Therapeutics-Resistant Cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1237-1272. [PMID: 29325444 PMCID: PMC6157438 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cancer cells that are resistant to radiation and chemotherapy are a major problem limiting the success of cancer therapy. Aggressive cancer cells depend on elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to proliferate, self-renew, and metastasize. As a result, these aggressive cancers maintain high basal levels of ROS compared with normal cells. The prominence of the redox state in cancer cells led us to consider whether increasing the redox state to the condition of oxidative stress could be used as a successful adjuvant therapy for aggressive cancers. Recent Advances: Past attempts using antioxidant compounds to inhibit ROS levels in cancers as redox-based therapy have met with very limited success. However, recent clinical trials using pro-oxidant compounds reveal noteworthy results, which could have a significant impact on the development of strategies for redox-based therapies. CRITICAL ISSUES The major objective of this review is to discuss the role of the redox state in aggressive cancers and how to utilize the shift in redox state to improve cancer therapy. We also discuss the paradox of redox state parameters; that is, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the driver molecule for cancer progression as well as a target for cancer treatment. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Based on the biological significance of the redox state, we postulate that this system could potentially be used to create a new avenue for targeted therapy, including the potential to incorporate personalized redox therapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luksana Chaiswing
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky-Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - William H. St. Clair
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky-Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Daret K. St. Clair
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky-Lexington, Lexington, Kentucky
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Hajizadeh F, Derakhshan B, Peimani A, Abbasi Z. Effect of Topical Honey on Mandibular Bone Defect Healing in Rats. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018; 19:47-51. [PMID: 29358534 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM In medicine, honey is known for its various biological or pharmacological effects, from wound dressing to anticancero-genic and from anti-inflammatory to antibacterial activities. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of honey on healing of mandibular bone defects in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS This animal study was performed on 24 wild-type Wistar rats. Following shaving, disinfection, and extraoral incision, a 2 × 2 mm defect was created at mandibular angle. In the experimental group, the defect was filled with sterile honey, while it was left unfilled in the control group. The rats were sacrificed after 2 and 4 weeks and defects were assessed histologically. The results were compared using Mann-Whitney U-test (α = 0.05). RESULTS After 2 weeks, five samples of the experimental group were in mineralization phase, while all samples of the control group were in the vascularization phase (p = 0.015). After 4 weeks, the defects were filled in four samples of the experimental group, while all samples of the control group were in the mineralization stage (p = 0.002). Histomorphometric assessment revealed that the mean new bone formation in the experimental group was significantly more than the control group, both after 2 and 4 weeks (p = 0.041). CONCLUSION The results showed that honey could accentuate bone healing of mandibular small defects in rats. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Honey might have potential in repair of human alveolar bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Hajizadeh
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Bahman Derakhshan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, International Campus School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ali Peimani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zahra Abbasi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Islamic Republic of Iran, Phone: +989125176083, e-mail:
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Steinhorn B, Sartoretto JL, Sorrentino A, Romero N, Kalwa H, Abel ED, Michel T. Insulin-dependent metabolic and inotropic responses in the heart are modulated by hydrogen peroxide from NADPH-oxidase isoforms NOX2 and NOX4. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:16-25. [PMID: 28917508 PMCID: PMC5699944 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a stable reactive oxygen species (ROS) that has long been implicated in insulin signal transduction in adipocytes. However, H2O2's role in mediating insulin's effects on the heart are unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of H2O2 in activating insulin-dependent changes in cardiac myocyte metabolic and inotropic pathways. The sources of insulin-dependent H2O2 generation were also studied. METHODS AND RESULTS In addition to the canonical role of insulin in modulating cardiac metabolic pathways, we found that insulin also inhibited beta adrenergic-induced increases in cardiac contractility. Catalase and NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitors blunted activation of insulin-responsive kinases Akt and mTOR and attenuated beta adrenergic receptor-mediated responses. These insulin responses were lost in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes, suggesting a role for these H2O2-dependent pathways in the diabetic heart. The H2O2-sensitive fluorescent biosensor HyPer revealed rapid increases in cytosolic and caveolar H2O2 concentrations in response to insulin treatment, which were blocked by NOX inhibitors and attenuated in NOX2 KO and NOX4 KO mice. In NOX2 KO cardiac myocytes, insulin-mediated phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR was blocked, while these responses were unaffected in cardiac myocytes from NOX4 KO mice. In contrast, insulin's effects on contractility were lost in cardiac myocytes from NOX4 KO animals but were retained in NOX2 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS These studies identify a proximal point of bifurcation in cardiac insulin signaling through the simultaneous activation of both NOX2 and NOX4. Each NOX isoform generates H2O2 in cardiac myocytes with distinct time courses, with H2O2 derived from NOX2 augmenting Akt-dependent metabolic effects of insulin, while H2O2 from NOX4 blocks beta adrenergic increases in inotropy. These findings suggest that insulin resistance in the diabetic heart may lead to potentially deleterious potentiation of beta adrenergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Steinhorn
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Juliano L Sartoretto
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Natalia Romero
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Hermann Kalwa
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - E Dale Abel
- University of Iowa School of Medicine, United States
| | - Thomas Michel
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States.
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is two sided: Whereas excessive oxidant challenge causes damage to biomolecules, maintenance of a physiological level of oxidant challenge, termed oxidative eustress, is essential for governing life processes through redox signaling. Recent interest has focused on the intricate ways by which redox signaling integrates these converse properties. Redox balance is maintained by prevention, interception, and repair, and concomitantly the regulatory potential of molecular thiol-driven master switches such as Nrf2/Keap1 or NF-κB/IκB is used for system-wide oxidative stress response. Nonradical species such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or singlet molecular oxygen, rather than free-radical species, perform major second messenger functions. Chemokine-controlled NADPH oxidases and metabolically controlled mitochondrial sources of H2O2 as well as glutathione- and thioredoxin-related pathways, with powerful enzymatic back-up systems, are responsible for fine-tuning physiological redox signaling. This makes for a rich research field spanning from biochemistry and cell biology into nutritional sciences, environmental medicine, and molecular knowledge-based redox medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Sies
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, University, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany; .,Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322;
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Heit C, Marshall S, Singh S, Yu X, Charkoftaki G, Zhao H, Orlicky DJ, Fritz KS, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Catalase deletion promotes prediabetic phenotype in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 103:48-56. [PMID: 27939935 PMCID: PMC5513671 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is produced endogenously and can be toxic to living organisms by inducing oxidative stress and cell damage. However, it has also been identified as a signal transduction molecule. By metabolizing hydrogen peroxide, catalase protects cells and tissues against oxidative damage and may also influence signal transduction mechanisms. Studies suggest that acatalasemic individuals (i.e., those with very low catalase activity) have a higher risk for the development of diabetes. We now report catalase knockout (Cat-/-) mice, when fed a normal (6.5% lipid) chow, exhibit an obese phenotype that manifests as an increase in body weight that becomes more pronounced with age. The mice demonstrate altered hepatic and muscle lipid deposition, as well as increases in serum and hepatic triglycerides (TGs), and increased hepatic transcription and protein expression of PPARγ. Liver morphology revealed steatosis with inflammation. Cat-/- mice also exhibited pancreatic morphological changes that correlated with impaired glucose tolerance and increased fasting serum insulin levels, conditions consistent with pre-diabetic status. RNA-seq analyses revealed a differential expression of pathways and genes in Cat-/- mice, many of which are related to metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and obesity, such as Pparg and Cidec. In conclusion, the results of the present study show mice devoid of catalase develop an obese, pre-diabetic phenotype and provide compelling evidence for catalase (or its products) being integral in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Heit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephanie Marshall
- Department of Environmental Health Services, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College St, New Haven CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - Surrendra Singh
- Department of Environmental Health Services, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College St, New Haven CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven CT 06520, USA
| | - Georgia Charkoftaki
- Department of Environmental Health Services, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College St, New Haven CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven CT 06520, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristofer S Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Services, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College St, New Haven CT 06520-8034, USA.
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20
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Since the metabolic syndrome (MS) and pathologies associated with/resulting from metabolic dysregulations became a worldwide spreading and growing problem, the mechanisms mediating the according cellular changes got into a focus of interest. The ubiquitin-proteasomal system (UPS) is the main regulator of both the functional and dysfunctional protein pool of (not only) mammalian cells-thus, it is obvious that an impact on this system may also affect cellular functionality that directly depends on permanent regulation/adaption of the cell's proteostasis. However, the according research is still at the beginning. Recent Advances: It was also recently shown that maintaining a highly functional UPS positively correlates with increased health or even life span, thus modulation or restoration of UPS function may be an effective approach alleviating or even preventing MS detrimental consequences. CRITICAL ISSUES Even if many consequences of metabolic dysregulation such as a slight but chronic redox shift to a more oxidative state (i.e., a low-grade systemic inflammation that increases reactive oxygen species formation, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, formation of advanced glycation end products, glycosylation, S-glutathionylation, redox shifts, endoplasmic reticulum stress, unfolded protein response, expression of transcription factors, and release of cytokines) are already known to affect the highly redox-regulated UPS, experimental data about UPS changes that are directly mediated by glucotoxic and/or lipotoxic stress are still rarely published. FUTURE DIRECTIONS It may be taken into account that many MS-related pathologic changes result from UPS dysfunction or dysregulation. In this review, the main interface between MS effects and their impact on the UPS are highlighted since they may direct to new therapeutic approaches. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 902-917.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Höhn
- 1 Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE) , Nuthetal, Germany .,2 German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jeannette König
- 1 Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE) , Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tobias Jung
- 1 Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE) , Nuthetal, Germany
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21
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Brigelius-Flohé R, Flohé L. Selenium and redox signaling. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 617:48-59. [PMID: 27495740 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Selenium compounds that contain selenol functions or can be metabolized to selenols are toxic via superoxide and H2O2 generation, when ingested at dosages beyond requirement. At supra-nutritional dosages various forms of programmed cell death are observed. At physiological intakes, selenium exerts its function as constituent of selenoproteins, which overwhelmingly are oxidoreductases. Out of those, the glutathione peroxidases counteract hydroperoxide-stimulated signaling cascades comprising inflammation triggered by cytokines or lipid mediators, insulin signaling and different forms of programmed cell death. Similar events are exerted by peroxiredoxins, which functionally depend on the selenoproteins of the thioredoxin reductase family. The thiol peroxidases of both families can, however, also act as sensors for hydroperoxides, thereby initiating signaling cascades. Although the interaction of selenoproteins with signaling events has been established by genetic techniques, the in vivo relevance of these findings is still hard to delineate for several reasons: The biosynthesis of individual selenoproteins responds differently to variations of selenium intakes; selenium is preferentially delivered to privileged tissues via inter-organ trafficking and receptor-mediated uptake, and only half of the selenoproteins known by sequence have been functionally characterized. The fragmentary insights do not allow any uncritical use of selenium for optimizing human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leopold Flohé
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, I-35121 Padova, Italy
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Dal S, Sigrist S. The Protective Effect of Antioxidants Consumption on Diabetes and Vascular Complications. Diseases 2016; 4:E24. [PMID: 28933404 PMCID: PMC5456287 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes is generally accompanied by a chronic state of oxidative stress, disequilibrium in the redox balance, implicated in the development and progression of complications such as micro- and macro-angiopathies. Disorders in the inner layer of blood vessels, the endothelium, play an early and critical role in the development of these complications. Blunted endothelium-dependent relaxation and/or contractions are quietly associated to oxidative stress. Thus, preserving endothelial function and oxidative stress seems to be an optimization strategy in the prevention of vascular complications associated with diabetes. Diet is a major lifestyle factor that can greatly influence the incidence and the progression of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications. The notion that foods not only provide basic nutrition but can also prevent diseases and ensure good health and longevity is now attained greater prominence. Some dietary and lifestyle modifications associated to antioxidative supply could be an effective prophylactic means to fight against oxidative stress in diabesity and complications. A significant benefit of phytochemicals (polyphenols in wine, grape, teas), vitamins (ascorbate, tocopherol), minerals (selenium, magnesium), and fruits and vegetables in foods is thought to be capable of scavenging free radicals, lowering the incidence of chronic diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of oxidative stress in diabetes and complications, highlight the endothelial dysfunction, and examine the impact of antioxidant foods, plants, fruits, and vegetables, currently used medication with antioxidant properties, in relation to the development and progression of diabetes and cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Dal
- DIATHEC EA 7294 UMR Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète (CeeD), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), boulevard René Leriche, Strasbourg 67200, France.
| | - Séverine Sigrist
- DIATHEC EA 7294 UMR Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète (CeeD), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), boulevard René Leriche, Strasbourg 67200, France.
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23
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Wang X, Hai C. Novel insights into redox system and the mechanism of redox regulation. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:607-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Imbalanced insulin action in chronic over nutrition: Clinical harm, molecular mechanisms, and a way forward. Atherosclerosis 2016; 247:225-82. [PMID: 26967715 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing worldwide prevalence of overnutrition and underexertion threatens the gains that we have made against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other maladies. Chronic overnutrition causes the atherometabolic syndrome, which is a cluster of seemingly unrelated health problems characterized by increased abdominal girth and body-mass index, high fasting and postprandial concentrations of cholesterol- and triglyceride-rich apoB-lipoproteins (C-TRLs), low plasma HDL levels, impaired regulation of plasma glucose concentrations, hypertension, and a significant risk of developing overt type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, individuals with this syndrome exhibit fatty liver, hypercoagulability, sympathetic overactivity, a gradually rising set-point for body adiposity, a substantially increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and--crucially--hyperinsulinemia. Many lines of evidence indicate that each component of the atherometabolic syndrome arises, or is worsened by, pathway-selective insulin resistance and responsiveness (SEIRR). Individuals with SEIRR require compensatory hyperinsulinemia to control plasma glucose levels. The result is overdrive of those pathways that remain insulin-responsive, particularly ERK activation and hepatic de-novo lipogenesis (DNL), while carbohydrate regulation deteriorates. The effects are easily summarized: if hyperinsulinemia does something bad in a tissue or organ, that effect remains responsive in the atherometabolic syndrome and T2DM; and if hyperinsulinemia might do something good, that effect becomes resistant. It is a deadly imbalance in insulin action. From the standpoint of human health, it is the worst possible combination of effects. In this review, we discuss the origins of the atherometabolic syndrome in our historically unprecedented environment that only recently has become full of poorly satiating calories and incessant enticements to sit. Data are examined that indicate the magnitude of daily caloric imbalance that causes obesity. We also cover key aspects of healthy, balanced insulin action in liver, endothelium, brain, and elsewhere. Recent insights into the molecular basis and pathophysiologic harm from SEIRR in these organs are discussed. Importantly, a newly discovered oxide transport chain functions as the master regulator of the balance amongst different limbs of the insulin signaling cascade. This oxide transport chain--abbreviated 'NSAPP' after its five major proteins--fails to function properly during chronic overnutrition, resulting in this harmful pattern of SEIRR. We also review the origins of widespread, chronic overnutrition. Despite its apparent complexity, one factor stands out. A sophisticated junk food industry, aided by subsidies from willing governments, has devoted years of careful effort to promote overeating through the creation of a new class of food and drink that is low- or no-cost to the consumer, convenient, savory, calorically dense, yet weakly satiating. It is past time for the rest of us to overcome these foes of good health and solve this man-made epidemic.
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25
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Lasram MM, Dhouib IB, Annabi A, El Fazaa S, Gharbi N. A review on the possible molecular mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine against insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes development. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:1200-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Liu LZ, Ding M, Zheng JZ, Zhu Y, Fenderson BA, Li B, Yu JJ, Jiang BH. Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Nanoparticles Induce Reactive Oxygen Species, AKT, ERK, AP-1, NF-κB, VEGF, and Angiogenesis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 166:57-65. [PMID: 25893364 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Powder mixtures of tungsten carbide and metallic cobalt (WC-Co) are widely used in various products. Nanoparticles are engineered structures with at least one dimension of 100 nm or smaller. WC-Co is known to be associated with lung injury and diseases. Angiogenesis is a key process during vasculature, carcinogenesis, recovery of injury, and inflammatory diseases. However, the cellular effects of WC-Co nanoparticles on angiogenesis remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated angiogenic response and relative mechanisms after exposure to WC-Co nanoparticles. Our results showed that WC-Co nanoparticles at 5 μg/cm(2) induced ROS production which activated AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in lung epithelial cells by reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining and immunoblotting; WC-Co treatment also increased transcriptional activation of AP-1, NF-κB, and VEGF by reporter assay. Further studies demonstrated that ROS are upstream molecules of AKT and ERK signaling pathways; the activation of AP-1, NF-κB, and VEGF was through ROS generation, AKT and ERK1/2 activation. In addition, WC-Co nanoparticles affected the cells to induce angiogenesis by chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. These results illustrate that exposure to WC-Co nanoparticles induces angiogenic response by activating ROS, AKT, and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and the downstream molecules and elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms during this process. This information may be useful for preventing potential damage from nanoparticle exposure in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Zhi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,
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Bonomini F, Rodella LF, Rezzani R. Metabolic syndrome, aging and involvement of oxidative stress. Aging Dis 2015; 6:109-20. [PMID: 25821639 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors associated with obesity and insulin resistance, is dramatically increasing in Western and developing countries. This disorder consists of a cluster of metabolic conditions, such as hypertriglyceridemia, hyper-low-density lipoproteins, hypo-high-density lipoproteins, insulin resistance, abnormal glucose tolerance and hypertension, that-in combination with genetic susceptibility and abdominal obesity-are risk factors for type 2 diabetes, vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis, and renal, liver and heart diseases. One of the defects in metabolic syndrome and its associated diseases is excess of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species generated by mitochondria, or from other sites within or outside the cell, cause damage to mitochondrial components and initiate degradative processes. Such toxic reactions contribute significantly to the aging process. In this article we review current understandings of oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome related disease and its possible contribution to accelerated senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonomini
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Fabrizio Rodella
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rita Rezzani
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Lasram MM, Dhouib IB, Annabi A, El Fazaa S, Gharbi N. A review on the molecular mechanisms involved in insulin resistance induced by organophosphorus pesticides. Toxicology 2014; 322:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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Wong S, Kirkland JL, Schwanz HA, Simmons AL, Hamilton JA, Corkey BE, Guo W. Effects of thiol antioxidant β-mercaptoethanol on diet-induced obese mice. Life Sci 2014; 107:32-41. [PMID: 24802126 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with increased oxidant stress. However, treatments of obese subjects with different types of antioxidants often give mixed outcomes. In this work, we sought to determine if long-term supplementation of a thiol antioxidant, β-mercaptoethanol, to diet-induced obese mice may improve their health conditions. MAIN METHODS Middle-age mice with pre-existing diet-induced obesity were provided with low concentration β-mercaptoethanol (BME) in drinking water for six months. Animals were assessed for body composition, gripping strength, spontaneous physical and metabolic activities, as well as insulin and pyruvate tolerance tests. Markers of inflammation were assessed in plasma, fat tissue, and liver. KEY FINDINGS BME-treated mice gained less fat mass and more lean mass than the control animals. They also showed increased nocturnal locomotion and respiration, as well as greater gripping strength. BME reduced plasma lipid peroxidation, decreased abdominal fat tissue inflammation, reduced fat infiltration into muscle and liver, and reduced liver and plasma C-reactive protein. However, BME was found to desensitize insulin signaling in vivo, an effect also confirmed by in vitro experiments. SIGNIFICANCE Long-term supplementation of low dose thiol antioxidant BME improved functional outcomes in animals with pre-existing obesity. Additional studies are needed to address the treatment impact on insulin sensitivity if a therapeutic value is to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Wong
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - James L Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Heidi A Schwanz
- Department of Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Amber L Simmons
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - James A Hamilton
- Department of Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Barbara E Corkey
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Wen Guo
- Research Program in Men's Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Pitocco D, Tesauro M, Alessandro R, Ghirlanda G, Cardillo C. Oxidative stress in diabetes: implications for vascular and other complications. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:21525-50. [PMID: 24177571 PMCID: PMC3856020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141121525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, oxidative stress has become a focus of interest in most biomedical disciplines and many types of clinical research. Increasing evidence shows that oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of diabetes, obesity, cancer, ageing, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, hypertension, apoptosis, cardiovascular diseases, and heart failure. Based on these studies, an emerging concept is that oxidative stress is the “final common pathway” through which the risk factors for several diseases exert their deleterious effects. Oxidative stress causes a complex dysregulation of cell metabolism and cell–cell homeostasis; in particular, oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. These are the two most relevant mechanisms in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and its vascular complications, the leading cause of death in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pitocco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical School, Largo Gemelli 8, Rome 00168, Italy; E-Mails: (D.P.); (R.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Viale Oxford 81, Rome 00133, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Rizzi Alessandro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical School, Largo Gemelli 8, Rome 00168, Italy; E-Mails: (D.P.); (R.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Giovanni Ghirlanda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical School, Largo Gemelli 8, Rome 00168, Italy; E-Mails: (D.P.); (R.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Carmine Cardillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical School, Largo Gemelli 8, Rome 00168, Italy; E-Mails: (D.P.); (R.A.); (G.G.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-06-3015-4846; Fax: +39-06-3015-7232
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Low level of hydrogen peroxide induces lipid synthesis in BRL-3A cells through a CAP-independent SREBP-1a activation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1419-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Protein kinases represent one of the largest families of genes found in eukaryotes. Kinases mediate distinct cellular processes ranging from proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. Ligand-mediated activation of receptor kinases can lead to the production of endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by membrane-bound NADPH oxidases. In turn, H₂O₂ can be utilized as a secondary messenger in signal transduction pathways. This review presents an overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in redox regulation of protein kinases and its effects on signaling cascades. In the first half, we will focus primarily on receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), whereas the latter will concentrate on downstream non-receptor kinases involved in relaying stimulant response. Select examples from the literature are used to highlight the functional role of H₂O₂ regarding kinase activity, as well as the components involved in H₂O₂ production and regulation during cellular signaling. In addition, studies demonstrating direct modulation of protein kinases by H₂O₂ through cysteine oxidation will be emphasized. Identification of these redox-sensitive residues may help uncover signaling mechanisms conserved within kinase subfamilies. In some cases, these residues can even be exploited as targets for the development of new therapeutics. Continued efforts in this field will further basic understanding of kinase redox regulation, and delineate the mechanisms involved in physiological and pathological H₂O₂ responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu H Truong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abstract
Protection from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and from mitochondrial oxidative damage is well known to be necessary to longevity. The relevance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to aging is suggested by the fact that the two most commonly measured forms of mtDNA damage, deletions and the oxidatively induced lesion 8-oxo-dG, increase with age. The rate of increase is species-specific and correlates with maximum lifespan. It is less clear that failure or inadequacies in the protection from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and from mitochondrial oxidative damage are sufficient to explain senescence. DNA containing 8-oxo-dG is repaired by mitochondria, and the high ratio of mitochondrial to nuclear levels of 8-oxo-dG previously reported are now suspected to be due to methodological difficulties. Furthermore, MnSOD -/+ mice incur higher than wild type levels of oxidative damage, but do not display an aging phenotype. Together, these findings suggest that oxidative damage to mitochondria is lower than previously thought, and that higher levels can be tolerated without physiological consequence. A great deal of work remains before it will be known whether mitochondrial oxidative damage is a "clock" which controls the rate of aging. The increased level of 8-oxo-dG seen with age in isolated mitochondria needs explanation. It could be that a subset of cells lose the ability to protect or repair mitochondria, resulting in their incurring disproportionate levels of damage. Such an uneven distribution could exceed the reserve capacity of these cells and have serious physiological consequences. Measurements of damage need to focus more on distribution, both within tissues and within cells. In addition, study must be given to the incidence and repair of other DNA lesions, and to the possibility that repair varies from species to species, tissue to tissue, and young to old.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Anson
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
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Ban SJ, Rico CW, Um IC, Kang MY. Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative effects of Hydroxyethyl Methylcellulose (HEMC) and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) in mice fed with a high fat diet. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:3738-3750. [PMID: 22489179 PMCID: PMC3317739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13033738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of dietary feeding of hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on the glucose metabolism and antioxidative status in mice under high fat diet conditions was investigated. The mice were randomly divided and given experimental diets for six weeks: normal control (NC group), high fat (HF group), and high fat supplemented with either HEMC (HF+HEMC group) or HPMC (HF+HPMC group). At the end of the experimental period, the HF group exhibited markedly higher blood glucose and insulin levels as well as a higher erythrocyte lipid peroxidation rate relative to the control group. However, diet supplementation of HEMC and HPMC was found to counteract the high fat-induced hyperglycemia and oxidative stress via regulation of antioxidant and hepatic glucose-regulating enzyme activities. These findings illustrate that HEMC and HPMC were similarly effective in improving the glucose metabolism and antioxidant defense system in high fat-fed mice and they may be beneficial as functional biomaterials in the development of therapeutic agents against high fat dietinduced hyperglycemia and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeong Ban
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mails: (S.J.B.); (C.W.R.)
| | - Catherine W. Rico
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mails: (S.J.B.); (C.W.R.)
| | - In Chul Um
- Department of Natural Fiber Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Mi Young Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea; E-Mails: (S.J.B.); (C.W.R.)
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Zhang Y, Du Y, Le W, Wang K, Kieffer N, Zhang J. Redox control of the survival of healthy and diseased cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2867-908. [PMID: 21457107 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Cellular redox homeostasis is the first line of defense against diverse stimuli and is crucial for various biological processes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), byproducts of numerous cellular events, may serve in turn as signaling molecules to regulate cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, when overproduced ROS fail to be scavenged by the antioxidant system, they may damage cellular components, giving rise to senescent, degenerative, or fatal lesions in cells. Accordingly, this review not only covers general mechanisms of ROS production under different conditions, but also focuses on various types of ROS-involved diseases, including atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. In addition, potentially therapeutic agents and approaches are reviewed in a relatively comprehensive manner. However, due to the complexity of ROS and their cellular impacts, we believe that the goal to design more effective approaches or agents may require a better understanding of mechanisms of ROS production, particularly their multifaceted impacts in disease at biochemical, molecular, genetic, and epigenetic levels. Thus, it requires additional tools of omics in systems biology to achieve such a goal. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 15, 2867-2908.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
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Brigelius-Flohé R, Flohé L. Basic principles and emerging concepts in the redox control of transcription factors. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2335-81. [PMID: 21194351 PMCID: PMC3166203 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Convincing concepts of redox control of gene transcription have been worked out for prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, whereas the knowledge on complex mammalian systems still resembles a patchwork of poorly connected findings. The article, therefore, reviews principles of redox regulation with special emphasis on chemical feasibility, kinetic requirements, specificity, and physiological context, taking well investigated mammalian transcription factor systems, nuclear transcription factor of bone marrow-derived lymphocytes (NF-κB), and kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1)/Nrf2, as paradigms. Major conclusions are that (i) direct signaling by free radicals is restricted to O(2)•- and •NO and can be excluded for fast reacting radicals such as •OH, •OR, or Cl•; (ii) oxidant signals are H(2)O(2), enzymatically generated lipid hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite; (iii) free radical damage is sensed via generation of Michael acceptors; (iv) protein thiol oxidation/alkylation is the prominent mechanism to modulate function; (v) redox sensors must be thiol peroxidases by themselves or proteins with similarly reactive cysteine or selenocysteine (Sec) residues to kinetically compete with glutathione peroxidase (GPx)- and peroxiredoxin (Prx)-type peroxidases or glutathione-S-transferases, respectively, a postulate that still has to be verified for putative mammalian sensors. S-transferases and Prxs are considered for system complementation. The impact of NF-κB and Nrf2 on hormesis, management of inflammatory diseases, and cancer prevention is critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Brigelius-Flohé
- Department Biochemistry of Micronutrients, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Germany.
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Shkapova EA, Kurtasova LM, Savchenko AA. Lucigenin- and luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of blood neutrophils in patients with renal cancer. Bull Exp Biol Med 2011; 149:239-41. [PMID: 21113500 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-010-0916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
High basal production of primary active oxygen forms was detected in the peripheral blood neutrophils of patients with renal cell cancer. In vitro stimulation of neutrophils led to more rapid release of superoxide radicals into extracellular space and to a reduction of cell capacity to more intense production of primary active oxygen forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Shkapova
- V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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39
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Potenza MA, Addabbo F, Montagnani M. Vascular actions of insulin with implications for endothelial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297:E568-77. [PMID: 19491294 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00297.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hemodynamic actions of insulin depend largely on the hormone's ability to stimulate synthesis and release of endothelial mediators, whose balanced activity ensures dynamic control of vascular function. Nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important examples of endothelial mediators with opposing properties on vascular tone, hemostatic processes, and vascular permeability. Reduced NO bioavailability, resulting from either insufficient production or increased degradation of NO, characterizes endothelial dysfunction. In turn, endothelial dysfunction predicts vascular complications of metabolic and hemodynamic disorders. In the cardiovascular system, insulin stimulates the production and release of NO, ET-1, and ROS via activation of distinct intracellular signaling pathways. Under insulin-resistant conditions, increased insulin concentrations and/or impaired insulin-signaling pathways in the vasculature may contribute to imbalance in secretion of endothelial mediators that promote pathogenesis of vascular abnormalities. This short review describes signaling pathways involved in insulin-stimulated release of NO, ROS, and ET-1 and suggests possible molecular mechanisms by which abnormal insulin signaling may contribute to endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Assunta Potenza
- Department of Pharmacology and Human Physiology, Medical School, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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40
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Jaillard T, Roger M, Galinier A, Guillou P, Benani A, Leloup C, Casteilla L, Pénicaud L, Lorsignol A. Hypothalamic reactive oxygen species are required for insulin-induced food intake inhibition: an NADPH oxidase-dependent mechanism. Diabetes 2009; 58:1544-9. [PMID: 19389827 PMCID: PMC2699877 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin plays an important role in the hypothalamic control of energy balance, especially by reducing food intake. Emerging data point to a pivotal role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in energy homeostasis regulation, but their involvement in the anorexigenic effect of insulin is unknown. Furthermore, ROS signal derived from NADPH oxidase activation is required for physiological insulin effects in peripheral cells. In this study, we investigated the involvement of hypothalamic ROS and NADPH oxidase in the feeding behavior regulation by insulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We first measured hypothalamic ROS levels and food intake after acute intracerebroventricular injection of insulin. Second, effect of pretreatment with a ROS scavenger or an NADPH oxidase inhibitor was evaluated. Third, we examined the consequences of two nutritional conditions of central insulin unresponsiveness (fasting or short-term high-fat diet) on the ability of insulin to modify ROS level and food intake. RESULTS In normal chow-fed mice, insulin inhibited food intake. At the same dose, insulin rapidly and transiently increased hypothalamic ROS levels by 36%. The pharmacological suppression of this insulin-stimulated ROS elevation, either by antioxidant or by an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, abolished the anorexigenic effect of insulin. Finally, in fasted and short-term high-fat diet-fed mice, insulin did not promote elevation of ROS level and food intake inhibition, likely because of an increase in hypothalamic diet-induced antioxidant defense systems. CONCLUSIONS A hypothalamic ROS increase through NADPH oxidase is required for the anorexigenic effect of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Jaillard
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
| | - Michael Roger
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Galinier
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascale Guillou
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Benani
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Leloup
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
| | - Louis Casteilla
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Lorsignol
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5241 Métabolisme, Plasticité et Mitochondrie, Toulouse, France
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Markadieu N, Crutzen R, Boom A, Erneux C, Beauwens R. Inhibition of insulin-stimulated hydrogen peroxide production prevents stimulation of sodium transport in A6 cell monolayers. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F1428-38. [PMID: 19297450 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90397.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-stimulated sodium transport across A6 cell (derived from amphibian distal nephron) monolayers involves the activation of a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase. We previously demonstrated that exogenous addition of H2O2 to the incubation medium of A6 cell monolayers provokes an increase in PI 3-kinase activity and a subsequent rise in sodium transport (Markadieu N, Crutzen R, Blero D, Erneux C, Beauwens R. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 288: F1201-F1212, 2005). We therefore questioned whether insulin would produce an intracellular burst of H2O2 leading to PI 3-kinase activation and subsequent increase in sodium transport. An acute production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A6 cells incubated with the oxidation-sensitive fluorescent probe 5,6-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate was already detected after 2 min of insulin stimulation. This fluorescent signal and the increase in sodium transport were completely inhibited in monolayers incubated with peggylated catalase, indicating that H2O2 is the main intracellular ROS produced upon insulin stimulation. Similarly, preincubation of monolayers with different chelators of either superoxide (O2(*-); nitro blue tetrazolium, 100 microM) or H2O2 (50 microM ebselen), or blockers of NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes (diphenyleneiodonium, 5 microM; phenylarsine oxide, 1 microM and plumbagin, 30 microM) prevented both insulin-stimulated H2O2 production and insulin-stimulated sodium transport. Furthermore, diphenyleneiodonium pretreatment inhibited the recruitment of the p85 PI 3-kinase regulatory subunit in an anti-phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitate in insulin-stimulated cells. In contrast, PI-103, an inhibitor of class IA PI 3-kinase, inhibited insulin-stimulated sodium transport but did not significantly reduce insulin-stimulated H2O2 production. Taken together, our data suggest that insulin induces an acute burst of H2O2production which participates in an increase in phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate production and subsequently stimulation of sodium transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Markadieu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Campus Erasme CP 611, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bât E1, niv 6, local 214, Route de Lennik, 808, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Bashan N, Kovsan J, Kachko I, Ovadia H, Rudich A. Positive and negative regulation of insulin signaling by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:27-71. [PMID: 19126754 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) adequately balanced by antioxidant systems is a prerequisite for the participation of these active substances in physiological processes, including insulin action. Yet, increasing evidence implicates ROS and RNS as negative regulators of insulin signaling, rendering them putative mediators in the development of insulin resistance, a common endocrine abnormality that accompanies obesity and is a risk factor of type 2 diabetes. This review deals with this dual, seemingly contradictory, function of ROS and RNS in regulating insulin action: the major processes for ROS and RNS generation and detoxification are presented, and a critical review of the evidence that they participate in the positive and negative regulation of insulin action is provided. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which ROS and RNS are thought to participate in normal insulin action and in the induction of insulin resistance are then described. Finally, we explore the potential usefulness and the challenges in modulating the oxidant-antioxidant balance as a potentially promising, but currently disappointing, means of improving insulin action in insulin resistance-associated conditions, leading causes of human morbidity and mortality of our era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nava Bashan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Papaconstantinou J. Insulin/IGF-1 and ROS signaling pathway cross-talk in aging and longevity determination. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 299:89-100. [PMID: 19103250 PMCID: PMC2873688 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of hormonal, insulin/IGF-1 (Ins/IGF-1) signaling activities, and pathways of the intrinsic generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in aging and longevity determination. In this review we discuss the cross-talk between these pathways as mechanisms of signaling that may be important factors in the regulation of aging and longevity. The balance of physiological processes controlling the rate of aging and longevity in several mouse mutants suggests the involvement of cross-talk mechanisms of regulation of the insulin/IGF1 signaling pathway vs. the ROS signaling pathways. In mice, modulation of the Ins/IGF-1 signaling pathways resulting from the Prop1(df), Pit1(dw) and Igf1 receptor mutations exemplify the hormonal pathways associated with aging and longevity determination. These pathways are also targets of the ROS-mediated redox pathways. Similarly, the Klotho and p66(Shc) mutants link regulation of ROS signaling pathways to aging and longevity determination. Both of these models also display altered insulin signaling activity, a characteristic associated with longevity. The Ins/IGF-1 signaling pathway is of particular interest because of its decreased activity due to genetic manipulation vs. its responsiveness to ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Papaconstantinou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Mail Route 0643, Galveston, TX 77555-0643, United States.
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Berniakovich I, Trinei M, Stendardo M, Migliaccio E, Minucci S, Bernardi P, Pelicci PG, Giorgio M. p66Shc-generated oxidative signal promotes fat accumulation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:34283-93. [PMID: 18838380 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804362200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and insulin signaling in the adipose tissue are critical determinants of aging and age-associated diseases. It is not clear, however, if they represent independent factors or they are mechanistically linked. We investigated the effects of ROS on insulin signaling using as model system the p66(Shc)-null mice. p66(Shc) is a redox enzyme that generates mitochondrial ROS and promotes aging in mammals. We report that insulin activates the redox enzyme activity of p66(Shc) specifically in adipocytes and that p66(Shc)-generated ROS regulate insulin signaling through multiple mechanisms, including AKT phosphorylation, Foxo localization, and regulation of selected insulin target genes. Deletion of p66(Shc) resulted in increased mitochondrial uncoupling and reduced triglyceride accumulation in adipocytes and in vivo increased metabolic rate and decreased fat mass and resistance to diet-induced obesity. In addition, p66(Shc-/-) mice showed impaired thermo-insulation. These findings demonstrate that p66(Shc)-generated ROS regulate the effect of insulin on the energetic metabolism in mice and suggest that intracellular oxidative stress might accelerate aging by favoring fat deposition and fat-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Berniakovich
- European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
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Reactive oxygen species facilitate the insulin-dependent inhibition of glucagon-induced glucose production in the isolated perfused rat liver. Wien Med Wochenschr 2008; 158:570-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s10354-008-0598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Müller G, Wied S, Straub J, Jung C. Coordinated regulation of esterification and lipolysis by palmitate, H2O2 and the anti-diabetic sulfonylurea drug, glimepiride, in rat adipocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 597:6-18. [PMID: 18789917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of lipolysis by palmitate, H2O2 and the anti-diabetic sulfonylurea drug, glimepiride, in isolated rat adipocytes has previously been shown to rely on the degradation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate by the phosphodiesterase, Gce1, and the 5'-nucleotidase, CD73. These glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are translocated from plasma membrane lipid rafts to intracellular lipid droplets upon H2O2-induced activation of a GPI-specific phospholipase C (GPI-PLC) in response to palmitate and glimepiride in intact adipocytes and, as demonstrated here, in cell-free systems as well. The same agents are also known to stimulate the incorporation of fatty acids into triacylglycerol. Here the involvement of H2O2 production, GPI-PLC activation and translocation of Gce1 and CD73 in the agent-induced esterification and accompanying lipid droplet formation was tested in rat adipocytes using relevant inhibitors. The results demonstrate that upregulation of the esterification and accumulation of triacylglycerol by glimepiride depends on the sequential H2O2-induced GPI-PLC activation and GPI-protein translocation as does inhibition of lipolysis. In contrast, stimulation of the esterification and triacylglycerol accumulation by palmitate relies on insulin-independent tyrosine phosphorylation and thus differs from its anti-lipolytic mechanism. As expected, insulin regulates lipid metabolism via typical insulin signalling independent of H2O2 production, GPI-PLC activation and GPI-protein translocation, albeit these processes are moderately stimulated by insulin. In conclusion, triacylglycerol and lipid droplet formation in response to glimepiride and H2O2 may involve the hydrolysis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate by lipid droplet-associated Gce1 and CD73 which may regulate lipid droplet-associated triacylglycerol-synthesizing and hydrolyzing enzymes in coordinated and inverse fashion.
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Juzyszyn Z, Czerny B, Pawlik A, Drozdzik M. Effect of artichoke extract (Cynara scolymus L.) on palmitic-1-14C acid oxidation in rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:589-94. [PMID: 18384091 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the effect of the artichoke extract (AE) on oxidation of palmitic-1-14C acid administered intravenously to rats at a dose 25 and 50 mg/kg bw demonstrated marked enhancement of both 14CO2 expiration rate and 14CO2 recovery in the expired air. The extract suppressed accumulation of palmitic-1-14C acid in serum lipids and epididymal fat pad tissue as well. The effects of the extract on 14CO2 expiration rate, 14CO2 recovery, as well as accumulation of palmitic-1-14C acid were dose dependent. Total14CO2 recovery in expired air during 60 min was elevated by 17.3% (p < 0.05) and 52.1% (p < 0.001) in rats administered the extract at a dose of 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. The rats supplemented with the AE at a dose of 25 and 50 mg/kg bw were characterized by 10.0% (not significant) and 19% (p < 0.05) decrease in( 14)C radioactivity of serum lipids as well as reduction of epididymal fat tissue 14C radioactivity by 8.7 and 17.5% (p < 0.05), respectively, in comparison with the control rats. Thus, the results demonstrate that the AE possess stimulatory properties with respect to oxidation of palmitic acid administered to rats, and provide new information on the mechanism of antilipemic activity of the extract associated with activation of lipid oxidation in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zygmunt Juzyszyn
- Department of Drug Toxicology and Pharmacoeconomics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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Mehdi MZ, Azar ZM, Srivastava AK. Role of receptor and nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases in H2O2-induced PKB and ERK1/2 signaling. Cell Biochem Biophys 2007; 47:1-10. [PMID: 17406055 DOI: 10.1385/cbb:47:1:1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and vascular complications of diabetes. However, the precise mechanisms by which ROS contribute to the development of these diseases are not fully characterized. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a ROS, has been shown to activate several signaling protein kinases, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and protein kinase B (PKB) in different cell types, notably in vascular smooth muscle cells. Because these pathways regulate cellular mitogenesis, migration, proliferation, survival, and death responses, their aberrant activation has been suggested to be a potential mechanism of ROS-induced pathologies. The upstream elements responsible for H2O2-induced ERK1/2 and PKB activation remain poorly characterized, but a potential role of receptor and nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) as triggers that initiate such events has been postulated. Therefore, the aim of this review is to highlight the involvement of receptor and nonreceptor PTKs in modulating H2O2-induced ERK1/2 and PKB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Z Mehdi
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal-Technopole Angus, Université de Montréal, Montreal (Quebec) Canada
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Hamilton GA. Peroxisomal oxidases and suggestions for the mechanism of action of insulin and other hormones. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 57:85-178. [PMID: 2863924 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123034.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Carpéné C, Daviaud D, Boucher J, Bour S, Visentin V, Grès S, Duffaut C, Fontana E, Testar X, Saulnier-Blache JS, Valet P. Short- and long-term insulin-like effects of monoamine oxidases and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase substrates in cultured adipocytes. Metabolism 2006; 55:1397-405. [PMID: 16979412 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is known to increase during in vitro adipogenesis and to be one of the most highly expressed membrane proteins of white adipocytes. Although less well documented, mitochondrial monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are also present in adipocytes and share with SSAO the capacity to generate hydrogen peroxide. This work therefore aimed to compare several biologic effects of MAO and SSAO substrates in 3T3-F442A adipocytes. In differentiated cells, tyramine oxidation was predominantly MAO dependent, whereas benzylamine oxidation was SSAO dependent. Both amines partially mimicked insulin actions, including stimulation of Akt phosphorylation and glucose uptake. In addition, tyramine and benzylamine impaired tumor necrosis factor alpha-dependent nitric oxide formation in a pargyline- and semicarbazide-sensitive manner, respectively. Various biogenic amines were tested in competition for tyramine or benzylamine oxidation and classified as MAO-preferring (methoxytyramine, tryptamine) or SSAO-preferring substrates (methylamine, octopamine). Short-term incubation with 1 mmol/L of all amines except histamine stimulated glucose uptake up to 20% to 50% of maximal insulin activation. One-week treatment with either MAO or SSAO substrates alone allowed postconfluent cells to differentiate into adipocytes, reproducing 60% of insulin-promoted lipid accumulation. All amines also exerted a slight improvement in the adipogenic action of insulin. Therefore, like SSAO, substrate activation of MAO can interact with adipocyte metabolism by mimicking diverse effects of insulin in addition to preventing tumor necrosis factor alpha-dependent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Carpéné
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U586 INSERM, IFR 31, CHU Rangueil, 31432 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
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