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Lonardo MS, Cacciapuoti N, Guida B, Di Lorenzo M, Chiurazzi M, Damiano S, Menale C. Hypothalamic-Ovarian axis and Adiposity Relationship in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Physiopathology and Therapeutic Options for the Management of Metabolic and Inflammatory Aspects. Curr Obes Rep 2024; 13:51-70. [PMID: 38172476 PMCID: PMC10933167 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-023-00531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of the present review is to address the main adiposity-related alterations in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) focusing on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (H-P-O) axis and to provide an overview of nutraceutical and pharmacological therapeutic strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Female reproduction is a complex and delicate interplay between neuroendocrine signals involving the H-P-O axis. Elements that disrupt the balance of these interactions can lead to metabolic and reproductive disorders, such as PCOS. This disorder includes menstrual, metabolic, and biochemical abnormalities as well as hyperandrogenism, oligo-anovulatory menstrual cycles, insulin resistance, and hyperleptinemia which share an inflammatory state with other chronic diseases. Moreover, as in a self-feeding cycle, high androgen levels in PCOS lead to visceral fat deposition, resulting in insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, further stimulating ovarian and adrenal androgen production. In fact, regardless of age and BMI, women with PCOS have more adipose tissue and less lean mass than healthy women. Excessive adiposity, especially visceral adiposity, is capable of affecting female reproduction through direct mechanisms compromising the luteal phase, and indirect mechanisms as metabolic alterations able to affect the function of the H-P-O axis. The intricate crosstalk between adiposity, inflammatory status and H-P-O axis function contributes to the main adiposity-related alterations in PCOS, and alongside currently available hormonal treatments, nutraceutical and pharmacological therapeutic strategies can be exploited to treat these alterations, in order to enable a more comprehensive synergistic and tailored treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serena Lonardo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Physiology Nutrition Unit, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Nunzia Cacciapuoti
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Physiology Nutrition Unit, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Bruna Guida
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Physiology Nutrition Unit, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mariana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Physiology Nutrition Unit, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Martina Chiurazzi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Physiology Nutrition Unit, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Simona Damiano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Physiology Nutrition Unit, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ciro Menale
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Physiology Nutrition Unit, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
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Mert-Biberoğlu F, Erdem NZ, Özdenkaya Y, Özdemir EM, Saka B. Effects of Whey Protein, Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass on Body Weight, Biochemical Parameters and Organ Functions in an Obese Rat Model: Experimental Research. Obes Surg 2023; 33:1553-1563. [PMID: 36971930 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-023-06560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Extreme obesity (EO) is one of the biggest public health problems in the world and has grown considerably over the years. The aim of the study is to examine the effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), whey protein (WP), and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation applied to EO rats on weight loss, histopathological changes in internal organs and biochemical alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar albino female rats (n = 28) were used in the study and randomly divided into four groups. All rats were made obese by adding high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) to their drinking water. After the EO, WP and omega-3 PUFA supplementation was given and RYGB process was applied. At the end of the study, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, VLDL, AST, ALT and uric acid changes and liver, kidney and pancreatic tissues were evaluated histopathologically. RESULTS WP and omega-3 PUFA supplementation decreased body weight (p > 0.05). Omega-3 PUFA and RYGB caused a decrease in total cholesterol (p < 0.05), WP decreased HDL (p < 0.05), WP and omega-3 PUFA caused an increase in ALT (p < 0.05). WP has been shown to have greater curative effects in rat liver and kidney tissues. It has been determined that RYGB causes necrosis in the liver and HFCS causes inflammation in the kidney. CONCLUSION In the study; the positive effects of WP, omega-3 PUFA and bariatric surgery on obesity and dyslipidemia have been demonstrated. With this result, it was determined that WP, omega-3 PUFA supplementation and bariatric surgery were not superior to each other.
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Xu YJ, Wang WJ, Zhang QY, Yang MN, Zhang L, He H, Dong Y, Ouyang F, Gao Y, Zhang J, Zheng T, Luo ZC. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in gestational diabetes mellitus and neonatal metabolic health biomarkers. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1089131. [PMID: 37020805 PMCID: PMC10069675 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1089131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) "programs" an elevated risk of metabolic dysfunctional disorders in the offspring, and has been associated with elevated leptin and decreased adiponectin levels in cord blood. We sought to assess whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in GDM affects neonatal metabolic health biomarkers especially leptin and adiponectin. Methods In a randomized controlled trial, singleton pregnant women with de novo diagnosis of GDM at 24-28 weeks of gestation were randomized to dietary supplementation of 500 mg DHA per day (intervention, n = 30) until delivery or standard care (control, n = 38). The primary outcomes were cord blood leptin and total adiponectin concentrations. Secondary outcomes included high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations in cord blood, maternal glycemic control post-intervention and birth weight (z score). In parallel, 38 euglycemic pregnant women were recruited for comparisons of cord blood biomarkers. Results There were no significant differences in cord serum leptin, total and HMW adiponectin and IGF-1 concentrations between DHA supplementation and control groups (all p > 0.05). Maternal fasting and 2-h postprandial blood glucose levels at 12-16 weeks post-intervention were similar between the two groups. The newborns in the DHA group had higher birth weight z scores (p = 0.02). Cord blood total and HMW adiponectin concentrations were significantly lower in GDM vs. euglycemic pregnancies. Conclusion Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation at 500 mg/day in GDM women did not affect neonatal metabolic biomarkers including leptin, adiponectin and IGF-1. The results are reassuring in light of the absence of influence on neonatal adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), and potential benefits to fetal growth and development. Clinical Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03569501.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Skills Center, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Qiu-Yi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Nan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua He
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengxiu Ouyang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhong-Cheng Luo,
| | - Zhong-Cheng Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Early Life Health Institute, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Zhong-Cheng Luo,
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Moradi S, Alivand M, KhajeBishak Y, AsghariJafarabadi M, Alipour M, Chilibeck PD, Alipour B. The effect of short-term omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on appetite in healthy men: A randomized double-blinded controlled clinical trial. NUTR CLIN METAB 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Plasma Fatty Acid Composition Was Associated with Apelin Gene Expression in Human Adipose Tissues. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8846483. [PMID: 34660801 PMCID: PMC8514886 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8846483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Apelin is an adipokine with an intermediatory role in obesity and insulin resistance, which can be modified by dietary intake. Aims In this study, we aimed to determine the association of the plasma fatty acid composition with apelin plasma concentration and gene expression in visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 179 patients aged 19-75 years who were candidates for elective surgery. Through the surgery, SAT and VAT were collected to measure apelin gene expression. Anthropometric measurements, fasting blood samples, and dietary intakes were collected before surgery. Free fatty acids (FFAs) in fasting whole plasma were measured using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Linear regression models were used to estimate standardized β (STZ β) showing the association of individual and total FFAs with apelin gene expression after adjustment for potential confounding variables. Results In multivariable analysis, we observed a significant positive association of total plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) (STZ β = 0.241, P = 0.006), saturated fatty acid (SFA) (STZ β = 0.336, P < 0.001), and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (STZ β = 0.313, P < 0.001) concentrations with apelin gene expression from VAT after controlling for age, sex, body mass index, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), physical activity, and energy intake. In the SFA family, there was a direct association with plasma concentration of myristic acid (STZ β = 0.372, P < 0.001), pentadecanoic acid (STZ β = 0.252, P = 0.002), and heptadecanoic acid (STZ β = 0.407, P < 0.001) with apelin mRNA expression in VAT. There was no significant association between FFAs and apelin plasma concentration and SAT mRNA levels. Conclusions In conclusion, circulating plasma FFAs, SFA, and MUFA had a positive association with apelin gene expression in VAT. It seems that plasma fatty acid composition may regulate apelin gene expression in VAT.
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Sepidarkish M, Rezamand G, Qorbani M, Heydari H, Estêvão MD, Omran D, Morvaridzadeh M, Roffey DM, Farsi F, Ebrahimi S, Shokri F, Heshmati J. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on adipokines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7561-7575. [PMID: 33998914 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1915743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a large body of literature reported the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FAs) consumption on adipokines levels, but recent findings from clinical trials are not univocal. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of omega-3 FAs supplements on adipokines. METHODS We searched Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library from inception to August 2020 without any particular language limitations. Outcomes were summarized as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated from Hedge's g and random effects modeling. RESULTS Fifty-two trials involving 4,568 participants were included. Omega-3 FAs intake was associated with a significant increase in plasma adiponectin levels (n = 43; 3,434 participants; SMD: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.37; p = 0.01; I2= 80.14%). This meta-analysis indicates that supplementing participants with omega-3 fatty acids more than 2000 mg daily and more than 10 weeks resulted in a significant and more favorable improvement in plasma adiponectin levels. However, omega-3 FAs intake had no significant effect on leptin levels (SMD: -0.02, 95% CI: -0.20, 0.17, I2= 54.13%). CONCLUSION The evidence supports a beneficial effect of omega-3 FAs intake on serum adiponectin levels but does not appear to impact on leptin concentrations. Larger well-designed RCTs are still required to evaluate the effect of omega-3 FAs on leptin in specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Sepidarkish
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Rezamand
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hafez Heydari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - M Dulce Estêvão
- Universidade do Algarve, Escola Superior de Saúde, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Dalia Omran
- Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatology, Thabet hospital for Endemic diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mojgan Morvaridzadeh
- Department of Nutritional Science, School of Nutritional Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Darren M Roffey
- Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Farnaz Farsi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ebrahimi
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Shokri
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Heshmati
- Department of Nutritional Science, School of Nutritional Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Jung J, Lee SM, Lee MJ, Ryu JS, Song JH, Lee JE, Kang G, Kwon OS, Park JY. Lipidomics reveals that acupuncture modulates the lipid metabolism and inflammatory interaction in a mouse model of depression. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:424-436. [PMID: 33607237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a serious disease that has considerable impact on lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses. Recent studies have shown that leptin, which is well known as a mediator of energy homeostasis and is a cytokine in inflammatory response, plays an important role in depression. Acupuncture is widely used to treat depression; however, the underlying mechanisms and the effect of acupuncture on depression remain poorly understood. In this study, we utilized the chronic restraint stress (CRS) induced depression model and acupuncture treatment was performed at KI10, LR8, LU8, LR4 (AP) or non-acupoint (NP). Then, lipidomics was applied to investigate the effects of acupuncture on lipid metabolism and analyze leptin signals in the brain and changes of immune markers. Acupuncture treatment at AP improved depression-like behavior in an open-field test, forced swimming test, and marble burying test. Concurrently, CRS mice treated with AP acupuncture (CRS + AP) had significantly lower levels of aspartate aminotransaminase (AST, liver injury markers) and exhibited different lipid patterns in liver lipidomic profiles. In particular, triglycerides (TGs) contributed the change of lipid patterns. Compared to the CRS mice, TGs with relatively high degrees of unsaturated fatty acids increased in the CRS + AP mice, but did not change in CRS mice treated with NP acupuncture (CRS + NP). The levels of leptin in plasma and leptin receptor positive cells in the brain (hypothalamus and hippocampus) decreased and increased, respectively, in the CRS + AP mice, while opposite patterns were exhibited in the CRS and CRS + NP mice. These results indicated that acupuncture treatment at AP attenuated leptin insensitivity in CRS mice. Additionally, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were decreased in the spleen, plasma, and liver of CRS + AP mice, which was one of results of alleviation of leptin resistance. In conclusion, these results show that AP acupuncture treatment effectively alleviated the depression-like behavior, affected immune responses, and altered hepatic lipid metabolism through the attenuation of leptin insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyoun Jung
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - So Min Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sang Ryu
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Song
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonhui Kang
- Clinical Trial Center, Wonkwang University Gwangju Hospital, 1140-23 Hoejae-ro, Nam-Gu, Gwangju 16729, Republic of Korea
| | - O Sang Kwon
- Department of Meridian and Acupuncture Points, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeun Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea.
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Behrouz V, Yari Z. A review on differential effects of dietary fatty acids on weight, appetite and energy expenditure. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2235-2249. [PMID: 33261509 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1852172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The association between weight and chronic diseases is well defined. The quality and quantity of dietary fatty acids is an important external factor and appetite and energy expenditure, are important internal factors in determining body weight. On the other hand, dietary fatty acids composition can modulate appetite and energy metabolism, but not all fats are equal in producing metabolic responses.Given the accumulating evidence for differential effects of various dietary fatty acids, one important area of investigation is to scrutinize their roles in weight, appetite and energy expenditure modulation. There is substantial evidence to suggest that saturated fatty acids have a greater effect on appetite control, although in the long run may result in more weight gain than unsaturated fatty acids due to a weaker stimulation of energy expenditure. In contrast, mono-unsaturated fats do not have much effects on appetite control, but they can be beneficial in weight control over the long term due to stimulatory effects on energy expenditure. Interestingly, in case of poly unsaturated fats, including n-3 and n-6, their effect on increasing energy expenditure is aligned, but they act differently in controlling weight and appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Behrouz
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Yari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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DHA reduces hypothalamic inflammation and improves central leptin signaling in mice. Life Sci 2020; 257:118036. [PMID: 32622949 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Anti-obesity effects and improved leptin sensitivity from n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have been reported in diet-induced obese animals. This study sought to determine the beneficial central effects and mechanism of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) in high-fat (HF) diet fed mice. MAIN METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were given HF diet with or without intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) for two days. Central leptin sensitivity, hypothalamic inflammation, leptin signaling molecules and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were examined by central leptin sensitivity test and Western blot. Furthermore, the expression of hepatic genes involved in lipid metabolism was examined by RT-PCR. KEY FINDINGS We found that icv administration of DHA not only reduced energy intake and body weight gain but also corrected the HF diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation. DHA decreased leptin signaling inhibitor SOCS3 and improved the leptin JAK2-Akt signaling pathways in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, icv administration of DHA improved the effects of leptin in the regulation of mRNA expression of enzymes related to lipogenesis, fatty acid β-oxidation, and cholesterol synthesis in the liver. DHA increased leptin-induced activation of TH in the hypothalamus. SIGNIFICANCE Therefore, increasing central DHA concentration may prevent the deficit of hypothalamic regulation, which is associated with disorders of energy homeostasis in the liver as a result of a high-fat diet.
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de Souza T, Vargas da Silva S, Fonte-Faria T, Nascimento-Silva V, Barja-Fidalgo C, Citelli M. Chia oil induces browning of white adipose tissue in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 507:110772. [PMID: 32114022 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that omega-3 fatty acids from animal origin may promote the browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue. We evaluated if supplementation with a plant oil (chia, Salvia hispanica L.) rich in alpha-linolenic fatty acid (C18:3; ω-3) would promote browning and improve glucose metabolism in animals subjected to an obesogenic diet. Swiss male mice (n = 28) were divided into 4 groups: C: control diet; H: high-fat diet; HC: animals in the H group supplemented with chia oil after reaching obesity; HCW: animals fed since weaning on a high-fat diet supplemented with chia oil. Glucose tolerance, inflammatory markers, and expression of genes and proteins involved in the browning process were examined. When supplemented since weaning, chia oil improved glucose metabolism and promoted the browning process and a healthier phenotype. Results of this study suggested that chia oil has potential to protect against the development of obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamiris de Souza
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Rio de Janeiro State University, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Thaís Fonte-Faria
- Department of Cellular Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marta Citelli
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Rio de Janeiro State University, RJ, Brazil.
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Lipid Deposition and Mobilisation in Atlantic Salmon Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072332. [PMID: 32230940 PMCID: PMC7177889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to elucidate how Atlantic salmon adipocytes pre-enriched with palmitic (16:0, PA), oleic (18:1n−9, OA), or eicosapentaenoic (20:5n−3, EPA) acid respond to a fasting condition mimicked by nutrient deprivation and glucagon. All experimental groups were supplemented with radiolabeled PA to trace secreted lipids and distribution of radioactivity in different lipid classes. There was a higher content of intracellular lipid droplets in adipocytes pre-enriched with OA than in adipocytes pre-enriched with PA or EPA. In the EPA group, the radiolabeled PA was mainly esterified in phospholipids and triacylglycerols, whereas in the OA and PA groups, the radioactivity was mainly recovered in phospholipids and cholesterol-ester. By subjecting the experimental groups to nutrient-deprived media supplemented with glucagon, lipolysis occurred in all groups, although to a lower extent in the OA group. The lipids were mainly secreted as esterified lipids in triacylglycerols and phospholipids, indicating mobilization in lipoproteins. A significant proportion was secreted as free fatty acids and glycerol. Leptin secretion was reduced in all experimental groups in response to fasting, while the mitochondria area responded to changes in the energy supply and demand by increasing after 3 h of fasting. Overall, different lipid classes in adipocytes influenced their mobilization during fasting.
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Rodríguez M, G Rebollar P, Mattioli S, Castellini C. n-3 PUFA Sources (Precursor/Products): A Review of Current Knowledge on Rabbit. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100806. [PMID: 31618904 PMCID: PMC6827073 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review compares the effects of different n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) sources on biological activity, physiological/reproductive endpoints, and health implications with a special emphasis on a rabbit case study. Linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) are members of two classes of PUFAs, namely the n-6 and n-3 series, which are required for normal human health. Both are considered precursors of a cascade of molecules (eicosanoids), which take part in many biological processes (inflammation, vasoconstriction/vasodilation, thromboregulation, etc.). However, their biological functions are opposite and are mainly related to the form (precursor or long-chain products) in which they were administered and to the enzyme-substrate preference. ALA is widely present in common vegetable oils and foods, marine algae, and natural herbs, whereas its long-chain PUFA derivatives are available mainly in fish and animal product origins. Recent studies have shown that the accumulation of n-3 PUFAs seems mostly to be tissue-dependent and acts in a tissue-selective manner. Furthermore, dietary n-3 PUFAs widely affect the lipid oxidation susceptibility of all tissues. In conclusion, sustainable sources of n-3 PUFAs are limited and exert a different effect about (1) the form in which they are administered, precursor or derivatives; (2) their antioxidant protections; and (3) the purpose to be achieved (health improvement, physiological and reproductive traits, metabolic pathways, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rodríguez
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar G Rebollar
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Simona Mattioli
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Cesare Castellini
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
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Wang Q, Mu H, Shen H, Gu Z, Liu D, Yang M, Zhang Y, Xu W, Zhang W, Mai K. Comparative analysis of glucose metabolism responses of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea fed diet with fish oil and palm oil. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1603-1614. [PMID: 31054044 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00646-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the effects of dietary fatty acid compositions on glucose metabolism, large yellow croaker juveniles Larimichthys crocea (initial weight, 36.80 ± 0.39 g) were fed with two experiment diets for 12 weeks. The two diets contained 6.5% of fish oil (FO) and palm oil (PO), respectively. Results showed that the contents of saturated fatty acids in liver and muscle, levels of glucose, triglyceride (TG), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and leptin in blood were significantly higher in PO group, while the hepatic glycogen and muscle glycogen significantly decreased (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in blood insulin and adiponectin levels between the two groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the FO group, the expressions of glucokinase (GK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycogen synthase (GYS), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), insulin receptor 1 (IR1), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), insulin receptor substrate (IRS2), and protein kinase B (AKT2) were significantly decreased, and the expressions of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in liver were significantly increased in the PO group. Meanwhile, the expressions of GK, phosphofructokinase, GYS, GLUT4, and insulin receptor 2 (IR2) were significantly reduced, and the expressions PEPCK, fructose-1 and 6-diphosphatase in muscle were significantly increased in the PO group. In conclusion, palm oil in diet could inhibit the utilization of glucose and promote the endogenous glucose production in large yellow croaker by reducing the sensitivity of insulin, so as to increase the blood glucose level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Hua Mu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Haohao Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhixiang Gu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Dong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Mengxi Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wenbing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wen Hai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Kangsen Mai
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wen Hai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Nickles KR, Hamer L, Coleman DN, Relling AE. Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in late gestation in ewes changes adipose tissue gene expression in the ewe and growth and plasma concentration of ghrelin in the offspring1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2631-2643. [PMID: 31073599 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 long chain fatty acids have a positive impact on production. When consumed during late gestation, it might have fetal programming effects on the fetus, which will have lifelong impacts on development and production. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the diet of ewes in the last third of gestation on their body weight (BW), subcutaneous adipose tissue relative mRNA abundance of genes associated with adipose tissue metabolism, and growth performance and plasma metabolites and hormones of their offspring during the finishing phase. Ewes (n = 72) were blocked by BW and allotted to pens (8 per treatment) with 3 ewes per pen. Ewes were supplemented with an EPA and DHA source (Strata G113) at concentrations of 0, 1, or 2% of dry matter intake during the last 50 d of gestation. At lambing, all ewes were penned together and offered the same diet. After weaning at 60 d of age, lambs were blocked by BW and sex and fed for 56 d. All lambs were fed the same pellet diet (61.09% ground corn, 24.08% soy hulls, 11.09% soybean meal, 1.48% Ca salt of palm oil, and 2.26% mixed mineral vitamin), and were weighed every 14 d until the end of the trial. Blood samples were collected on the weight sampling days. Dry matter intake and refusals were weighed daily. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with repeated measurements (SAS 9.4). Polynomial contrast (linear-L and quadratic-Q) was used for mean separation. There were no differences in ewe body condition score, milk production, milk fat, or milk protein, but there was a trend for increased (L, P = 0.06) lactose concentration, and also differences in DGAT1 (L, P = 0.04), Δ5-desaturase (Q, P = 0.06) and Δ6-desaturase (Q, P = 0.07), PPARα (Q, P = 0.03), ELOVL2 and 5 (Q, P < 0.07), FABP4 (Q, P = 0.04), FATP1 (Q, P = 0.06), leptin (Q, P = 0.02), and resistin (L, P = 0.05). Feeding pregnant ewes an increased amount of EPA and DHA in late gestation increased final BW (L, P = 0.01), ADG (L, P = 0.04; Q, P = 0.01), DMI (Q, P ≤ 0.01), plasma glucose concentration (L, P = 0.04), and trended to decrease ghrelin concentrations (L, P = 0.07) in offspring during the finishing period. Dam supplementation did not affect G:F, nor plasma NEFA concentration (P ≥ 0.53) of lambs. Therefore, increasing supplementation of EPA and DHA in pregnant ewes has an impact on offspring performance, increasing DMI, ADG, and BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten R Nickles
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
| | - Lauren Hamer
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
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Plaza A, Antonazzi M, Blanco-Urgoiti J, Del Olmo N, Ruiz-Gayo M. Potential Role of Leptin in Cardiac Steatosis Induced by Highly Saturated Fat Intake during Adolescence. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900110. [PMID: 31298470 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE To identify the age-dependent effect of diets containing elevated amounts of either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids on cardiac steatosis in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Five- and eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice cohorts are given free access to either a saturated or an unsaturated fatty-acid-enriched diet during 8 weeks. Body weight (BW) and food intake are monitored during this period. Cardiac lipid content, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) activity, and the amount of uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 (UCP2 and UCP3) are analyzed and correlated with blood leptin concentration. Leptin and PPARγ gene expression is quantified in white adipose tissue (WAT). Both diets have a similar effect on food intake, BW, and adiposity, independently of the age. Nevertheless, cardiac steatosis is specifically identified in adolescent mice consuming the saturated diet. These animals also display lower activity of cardiac CPT-I, a down-regulation of cardiac UCP2, together with lower concentration of plasma leptin. Accordingly, leptin gene expression is reduced in the visceral WAT. CONCLUSION Consumption of diets containing elevated amounts of saturated fat during adolescence and early adult life promotes cardiac steatosis in mice. An insufficient endocrine activity of WAT, in terms of leptin production, may account for such an effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Plaza
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, 28925, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Antonazzi
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, 28925, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nuria Del Olmo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, 28925, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Ruiz-Gayo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, 28925, Madrid, Spain
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Farimani AR, Hariri M, Azimi-Nezhad M, Borji A, Zarei S, Hooshmand E. The effect of n-3 PUFAs on circulating adiponectin and leptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Diabetol 2018; 55:641-652. [PMID: 29453672 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-018-1110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM N-3 PUFAs can potentially influence levels of inflammatory and non-inflammatory adipokines. Given the contradictory effects of n-3 PUFAs on serum levels of adipokines in type 2 diabetes, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis study of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials that examined the effects of n-3 PUFAs on serum levels of leptin and adiponectin in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS The electronic databases, without regard to language restrictions including PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, SCOPUS and ISI Web of Science until August 2017, were used to identify randomized controlled trials that assessed the effect of n-3 PUFAs on serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations in type 2 diabetes. Outcomes were extracted based on the mean ± SD as effect size at baseline and end of the intervention. Between-study heterogeneity was evaluated by the I2 estimates and their 95% CIs. Funnel plot asymmetry was used to investigate the existence of publication bias. Stata software and Review Manager were used for statistical data analysis. RESULTS Data from 10 eligible articles involved 494 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (intervention groups = 254 and control groups = 240), with age between 44 and 70 years, treated with doses of 0.52-7.4 g/day n-3 PUFAs. Adiponectin concentration nonsignificantly increased by a MD = 0.17 µg/mL (95% CI - 0.11, 0.44). Also, leptin concentration nonsignificantly reduced by a MD = - 0.31 ng/mL (95% CI - 0.69, 0.07). CONCLUSION Plant and marine sources of n-3 PUFAs can modify serum leptin and adiponectin levels by increasing adiponectin and decreasing leptin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Due to some limitations in this study, further studies are needed to reach a definitive conclusion about the effect of n-3 PUFAs on the levels of leptin and adiponectin in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Rezaei Farimani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Mitra Hariri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Abasalt Borji
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Sadegh Zarei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Zip code: 9314634814, Iran
| | - Elham Hooshmand
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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de Abreu MDC, Pessoa LR, da Costa LR, Chagas MA, da Costa CAS, Boaventura GT. Flaxseed flour diet during lactation until 180 days results in an increase in body adiposity in adult male rats. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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18
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Rostami H, Samadi M, Yuzbashian E, Zarkesh M, Asghari G, Hedayati M, Daneshafrooz A, Mirmiran P, Khalaj A. Habitual dietary intake of fatty acids are associated with leptin gene expression in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue of patients without diabetes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 126:49-54. [PMID: 29031395 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the association of leptin gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues with habitual fatty acid intake and its subtypes in adults. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues were gathered from 97 participants aged ≥ 20, who had undergone elective abdominal surgery. Dietary fatty acid intakes including total fatty acids (TFA), saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-3, n-6, and n-9 fatty acids were collected using a valid and reliable food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The leptin gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues was measured by Real-Time PCR. After controlling for body mass index (BMI) and insulin, energy-adjusted dietary intake of SFA was positively and MUFA and n-3 fatty acids were negatively associated with subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues leptin gene expression. Besides, a significant negative association of PUFA, n-6, and n-9 fatty acids with leptin mRNA from visceral adipose tissue were observed. In order to better interpretations of the results, the participants were allocated two groups including non-obese (BMI < 30kg/m2) and obese subjects (BMI ≥ 30kg/m2). Among non-obese participants, the SFA had positive and PUFA had negative association with leptin gene expression in both adipose tissues. Furthermore, in obese participants, n-3, n-6, and n-9 fatty acids had a negative association with visceral leptin gene expression. Habitual intake of SFA, MUFA, and n-3 fatty acids were associated with leptin gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues, suggesting an important role of quality and quantity of fatty acids intake in adipose tissue to regulate leptin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Rostami
- Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Samadi
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Emad Yuzbashian
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zarkesh
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Golaleh Asghari
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsoon Daneshafrooz
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Khalaj
- Tehran Obesity Treatment Center, Department of Surgery, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Das UN. Is There a Role for Bioactive Lipids in the Pathobiology of Diabetes Mellitus? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:182. [PMID: 28824543 PMCID: PMC5539435 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, decreased levels of circulating endothelial nitric oxide (eNO) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), altered activity of hypothalamic neurotransmitters (including serotonin and vagal tone) and gut hormones, increased concentrations of free radicals, and imbalance in the levels of bioactive lipids and their pro- and anti-inflammatory metabolites have been suggested to play a role in diabetes mellitus (DM). Type 1 diabetes mellitus (type 1 DM) is due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells because of enhanced production of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines released by immunocytes infiltrating the pancreas in response to unknown exogenous and endogenous toxin(s). On the other hand, type 2 DM is due to increased peripheral insulin resistance secondary to enhanced production of IL-6 and TNF-α in response to high-fat and/or calorie-rich diet (rich in saturated and trans fats). Type 2 DM is also associated with significant alterations in the production and action of hypothalamic neurotransmitters, eNO, BDNF, free radicals, gut hormones, and vagus nerve activity. Thus, type 1 DM is because of excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines close to β cells, whereas type 2 DM is due to excess of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the systemic circulation. Hence, methods designed to suppress excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines may form a new approach to prevent both type 1 and type 2 DM. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and similar surgeries ameliorate type 2 DM, partly by restoring to normal: gut hormones, hypothalamic neurotransmitters, eNO, vagal activity, gut microbiota, bioactive lipids, BDNF production in the gut and hypothalamus, concentrations of cytokines and free radicals that results in resetting glucose-stimulated insulin production by pancreatic β cells. Our recent studies suggested that bioactive lipids, such as arachidonic acid, eicosapentaneoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (which are unsaturated fatty acids) and their anti-inflammatory metabolites: lipoxin A4, resolvins, protectins, and maresins, may have antidiabetic actions. These bioactive lipids have anti-inflammatory actions, enhance eNO, BDNF production, restore hypothalamic dysfunction, enhance vagal tone, modulate production and action of ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin, and influence gut microbiota that may explain their antidiabetic action. These pieces of evidence suggest that methods designed to selectively deliver bioactive lipids to pancreatic β cells, gut, liver, and muscle may prevent type 1 and type 2 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N. Das
- BioScience Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Gayatri Vidya Parishad Hospital, GVP College of Engineering Campus, Visakhapatnam, India
- UND Life Sciences, Battle Ground, WA, United States
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Prostek A, Gajewska M, Bałasińska B. The influence of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on expression of genes connected with metabolism and secretory functions of ageing 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2016; 125:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mikuska L, Vrabcova M, Tillinger A, Balaz M, Ukropec J, Mravec B. Chronic liquid nutrition intake induces obesity and considerable but reversible metabolic alterations in Wistar rats. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 72:225-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Eastwood L, Leterme P, Beaulieu AD. Body fat mobilization during lactation in high-producing sows fed varied omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratios. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2015-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of reducing dietary omega (n)-6 to n-3 fatty acid (FA) ratios on body fat mobilization in lactating sows (n = 100) were investigated. Treatments consisted of a control (tallow, low polyunsaturated FA, 8:1 n-6:n-3 ratio), 3 diets with plant oil based ratios (9:1P, 5:1P, and 1:1P), and a 5:1 fish oil diet (5:1F). An epinephrine [1.6 μg kg−1 body weight (BW)] challenge was used to measure adipose tissue lipolytic activity (glycerol, NEFA, and leptin) on d 5 of lactation from a subset of sows (9:1P and 1:1P groups) fitted with jugular catheters. Lactation feed intake was greatest for control and 5:1P-fed sows (8.3 kg d−1), lowest for 1:1P-fed sows (7.4 kg d−1), and intermediate for 9:1P- and 5:1F-fed sows (7.7 kg d−1; P = 0.047). Piglet average daily gain (ADG) and estimated milk output were unaffected by diet (P > 0.10). The 1:1P-fed sows had (P < 0.10) greater backfat thickness, increased circulating leptin, and reduced feed intake, which are correlated (P < 0.10) with increased circulating glycerol and NEFA. Sows fed a plant oil based 1:1 n-6:n-3 FA ratio appeared to be in a state of negative energy balance; however, as no effects were observed on piglet ADG, these sows were able to provide the same level of nutrients to their offspring as the 9:1P fed sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Eastwood
- Prairie Swine Centre Inc., 8 Street East, Saskatoon, SK S7 H 0T8, Canada
| | - Pascal Leterme
- BUNGE Global Innovation, calle Constitució 1, 08960 St Just Desvern, Spain
| | - A. Denise Beaulieu
- Prairie Swine Centre Inc., 8 Street East, Saskatoon, SK S7 H 0T8, Canada
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Wei H, Zhou Y, Jiang S, Huang F, Peng J, Jiang S. Transcriptional response of porcine skeletal muscle to feeding a linseed-enriched diet to growing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:6. [PMID: 26862397 PMCID: PMC4746901 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effect of feeding a linseed-enriched diet to growing-finishing pigs on gene expression in skeletal muscle, pigs were fed with a linseed-enriched diet for 0, 30, 60 and 90 d. Transcriptional profiles of longissimus dorsi muscle were measured using Affymetrix Genechip. RESULTS Results showed that 264 genes were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The strongest transcriptional response was clearly observed at 30 d. DEGs were assigned to several main functional terms, including transcription, apoptosis, intracellular receptor-mediated signaling, muscle organ development, fatty acid metabolic process, cell motion, regulation of glucose metabolic process, spermatogenesis and regulation of myeloid cell differentiation. We also found that transcriptional changs of several transcription cofactors might contribute to n-3 PUFAs regulated gene expression. In addition, the increased expression of IGF-1, insulin signaling pathway and the metabolism of amino acids might involve in the muscle growth induced by feeding a linseed-enriched diet. The results also provide the new evidence that the expression changes of PTPN1, HK2 and PGC-1α might contribute to the regulation of insulin sensitivity by n-3 PUFAs. CONCLUSIONS Our finding provided correlative evidence that feeding the linseed enriched diet affact expression of genes involved in insulin signaling pathway and the metabolism of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkui Wei
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
| | - Yuanfei Zhou
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
| | - Shuzhong Jiang
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
| | - Feiruo Huang
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
| | - Jian Peng
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
| | - Siwen Jiang
- />Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
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Kondreddy VKR, Anikisetty M, Naidu KA. Medium-chain triglycerides and monounsaturated fatty acids potentiate the beneficial effects of fish oil on selected cardiovascular risk factors in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 28:91-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lepsch J, Farias DR, Vaz JDS, de Jesus Pereira Pinto T, da Silva Lima N, Freitas Vilela AA, Cunha M, Factor-Litvak P, Kac G. Serum saturated fatty acid decreases plasma adiponectin and increases leptin throughout pregnancy independently of BMI. Nutrition 2016; 32:740-7. [PMID: 27036610 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether serum concentrations of total saturated fatty acids (SFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and their fractions are associated with plasma adiponectin and leptin concentrations throughout pregnancy. METHODS A prospective cohort of 201 pregnant women was followed from gestational weeks 5 to 13, 20 to 26, and 30 to 36. Blood samples were collected at the three visits after 12 h of fasting. Fatty acid concentrations were determined using fast gas-liquid chromatography. Plasma adiponectin (μg/mL) and leptin (ng/dL) concentrations were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Statistical analyses included median adipokine concentrations according to the tertiles of fatty acid distribution and multiple linear mixed-effect models adjusted for body mass index, gestational age, total energy intake, alcohol consumption, and smoking. RESULTS Women classified in the third SFA concentration tertile had lower median values of adiponectin compared with those in the first tertile ([first trimester: first tertile = 5.36; third tertile = 5.00]; [second trimester: first tertile = 6.39; third tertile = 4.47]; [third trimester: first tertile = 6.46; third tertile = 4.60]). Similar trends were observed for the 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0 fractions. In the multiple longitudinal models, total SFA (β = -41.039; P = 0.008) and 16:0 were negatively associated with plasma adiponectin (16:0, β = -0.511; P = 0.001). Total PUFA ω-6 (β = 28.961; P = 0.002) and 18:2 ω-6 (β = 0.259, P = 0.006) were positively associated with the adiponectin. Total SFA (β = 0.110, P = 0.007), 14:0 (β = 0.072, P = 0.011), and 20:3 ω-6 (β = 0.039; P = 0.035) were positively associated with plasma leptin. CONCLUSIONS Total serum SFA and the 16:0 fraction were negatively associated with plasma adiponectin and positively associated with leptin concentrations. Total ω-6 PUFA was positively associated only with plasma adiponectin concentrations throughout pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Lepsch
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dayana Rodrigues Farias
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Thatiana de Jesus Pereira Pinto
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália da Silva Lima
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Amélia Freitas Vilela
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Cunha
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gilberto Kac
- Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Todorčević M, Hodson L. The Effect of Marine Derived n-3 Fatty Acids on Adipose Tissue Metabolism and Function. J Clin Med 2015; 5:jcm5010003. [PMID: 26729182 PMCID: PMC4730128 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue function is key determinant of metabolic health, with specific nutrients being suggested to play a role in tissue metabolism. One such group of nutrients are the n-3 fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). Results from studies where human, animal and cellular models have been utilised to investigate the effects of EPA and/or DHA on white adipose tissue/adipocytes suggest anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects. We review here evidence for these effects, specifically focusing on studies that provide some insight into metabolic pathways or processes. Of note, limited work has been undertaken investigating the effects of EPA and DHA on white adipose tissue in humans whilst more work has been undertaken using animal and cellular models. Taken together it would appear that EPA and DHA have a positive effect on lowering lipogenesis, increasing lipolysis and decreasing inflammation, all of which would be beneficial for adipose tissue biology. What remains to be elucidated is the duration and dose required to see a favourable effect of EPA and DHA in vivo in humans, across a range of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Todorčević
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK.
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK.
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Yang JH, Chang JS, Chen CL, Yeh CL, Chien YW. Effects of different amounts and types of dietary fatty acids on the body weight, fat accumulation, and lipid metabolism in hamsters. Nutrition 2015; 32:601-8. [PMID: 26896233 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore the effects of different amounts of dietary fatty acids on body weight, fat accumulation, and lipid metabolism of hamsters. METHODS Sixty male golden Syrian hamsters were randomly divided into six groups. Three of the groups (the S groups) were fed experimental diets containing 5%, 15%, and 20% (w/w) fat of soybean oil (S5, S15, and S20, respectively), and the other three groups (the M groups) were fed the same proportions of an experimental oil mixture (M5, M15, and M20, respectively). The experimental oil mixture consisted of 60% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and a polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio of 5 with a mixture of soybean and canola oils. Food consumption was measured daily, and body weights were measured weekly. Serum insulin and leptin concentrations were measured and hepatic fatty acid metabolic enzymes and adipose differentiation markers were determined using an enzyme activity analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Results showed that the weight and weight gain of the S20 group were significantly greater than those of the other five groups. When the total fat consumption increased, the body weight, weight gain, and adipose tissue weight of the S groups significantly increased, but there were no significant differences in these parameters among the M groups. Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in the M15 and S15 groups. The S20 group had significantly higher leptin and insulin concentrations and lipoprotein lipase was promoted, but the acetyl-coenzyme A oxidase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, were significantly lower. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated that a special experimental oil mixture (with 60% MUFAs and a ratio of 5) with high fat can prevent body weight gain and body fat accumulation by lowering insulin concentrations and increasing hepatic lipolytic enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hua Yang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jung-Su Chang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Long Chen
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Medical University and Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chiu-Li Yeh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Wen Chien
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Balogun KA, Cheema SK. Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids Prevented Adipocyte Hypertrophy by Downregulating DGAT-2 and FABP-4 in a Sex-Dependent Fashion. Lipids 2015; 51:25-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Sundaram S, Bukowski MR, Lie WR, Picklo MJ, Yan L. High-Fat Diets Containing Different Amounts of n3 and n6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modulate Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Mice. Lipids 2015; 51:571-82. [PMID: 26645280 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of adipokines is a hallmark of obesity. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oil may exert anti-inflammatory effects on adipose tissue mitigating the dysregulation of adipokines thereby preventing obesity. This study investigated the effects of high-fat diets containing different amounts of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on adiposity and adipokine production in mice. Mice were fed a low-fat or a high-fat diet with 16 or 45 % of energy from corn oil (low n3 PUFA) in comparison with a high-fat diet containing soybean or high-oleic sunflower oil (adequate n3 PUFA) or flaxseed or fish oil (high n3 PUFA) for 11 weeks. High-fat diets, regardless of types of oils, significantly increased body fat mass and body weights compared to the low-fat diet. Adipose fatty acid composition and contents reflected dietary fatty acid profiles. The high-fat fish oil diet significantly increased adiponectin and reduced leptin concentrations in both plasma and adipose tissue; it did not elevate plasma insulin concentration compared to the high-fat corn oil diet. All high-fat diets elevated concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) but lowered resistin concentrations in both plasma and adipose tissue. In conclusion, fish oil may be beneficial in improving insulin sensitivity by upregulation of adiponectin and downregulation of leptin production; n3 and n6 PUFA do not play a role at the dietary levels tested in reducing adiposity and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (leptin, PAI-1, MCP-1 and resistin) and anti-inflammatory cytokine adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sundaram
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2nd Avenue North, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Michael R Bukowski
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2nd Avenue North, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Wen-Rong Lie
- EMD Millipore Corporation, St. Charles, MO, 63304, USA
| | - Matthew J Picklo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2nd Avenue North, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Lin Yan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2nd Avenue North, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
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Wauquier F, Léotoing L, Philippe C, Spilmont M, Coxam V, Wittrant Y. Pros and cons of fatty acids in bone biology. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:121-45. [PMID: 25835096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in deciphering the causes and consequences of obesity-related disorders, the mechanisms linking fat intake to bone behaviour remain unclear. Since bone fractures are widely associated with increased morbidity and mortality, most notably in elderly and obese people, bone health has become a major social and economic issue. Consistently, public health system guidelines have encouraged low-fat diets in order to reduce associated complications. However, from a bone point of view, mechanisms linking fat intake to bone alteration remain quite controversial. Thus, after more than a decade of dedicated studies, this timely review offers a comprehensive overview of the relationships between bone and fatty acids. Using clinical evidences as a starting-point to more complex molecular elucidation, this work highlights the complexity of the system and reveals that bone alteration that cannot be solved simply by taking ω-3 pills. Fatty acid effects on bone metabolism can be both direct and indirect and require integrated investigations. Furthermore, even at the level of a single cell, one fatty acid is able to trigger several different independent pathways (receptors, metabolites…) which may all have a say in the final cellular metabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Wauquier
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Laurent Léotoing
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Claire Philippe
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Mélanie Spilmont
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Véronique Coxam
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France
| | - Yohann Wittrant
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, France.
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Bhaswant M, Poudyal H, Brown L. Mechanisms of enhanced insulin secretion and sensitivity with n-3 unsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:571-84. [PMID: 25841249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The widespread acceptance that increased dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), improve health is based on extensive studies in animals, isolated cells and humans. Visceral adiposity is part of the metabolic syndrome, together with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension and inflammation. Alleviation of metabolic syndrome requires normalization of insulin release and responses. This review assesses our current knowledge of the mechanisms that allow n-3 PUFAs to improve insulin secretion and sensitivity. EPA has been more extensively studied than either ALA or DHA. The complex actions of EPA include increased G-protein-receptor-mediated release of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) from enteroendocrine L-cells in the intestine, up-regulation of the apelin pathway and down-regulation of other control pathways to promote insulin secretion by the pancreatic β-cells, together with suppression of inflammatory responses to adipokines, inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α actions and prevention of decreased insulin-like growth factor-1 secretion to improve peripheral insulin responses. The receptors involved and the mechanisms of action probably differ for ALA and DHA, with antiobesity effects predominating for ALA and anti-inflammatory effects for DHA. Modifying both GLP-1 release and the actions of adipokines by n-3 PUFAs could lead to additive improvements in both insulin secretion and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maharshi Bhaswant
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne VIC 3021, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Hemant Poudyal
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine and The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
| | - Lindsay Brown
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia.
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Nutritional ingredients modulate adipokine secretion and inflammation in human primary adipocytes. Nutrients 2015; 7:865-86. [PMID: 25629558 PMCID: PMC4344565 DOI: 10.3390/nu7020865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional factors such as casein hydrolysates and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have been proposed to exert beneficial metabolic effects. We aimed to investigate how a casein hydrolysate (eCH) and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids could affect human primary adipocyte function in vitro. Incubation conditions with the different nutritional factors were validated by assessing cell vitality with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and neutral red incorporation. Intracellular triglyceride content was assessed with Oil Red O staining. The effect of eCH, a non-peptidic amino acid mixture (AA), and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) on adiponectin and leptin secretion was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Intracellular adiponectin expression and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation were analyzed by Western blot, while monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) release was explored by ELISA. The eCH concentration dependently increased adiponectin secretion in human primary adipocytes through its intrinsic peptide bioactivity, since the non-peptidic mixture, AA, could not mimic eCH’s effects on adiponectin secretion. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and DHA combined with arachidonic acid (ARA) upregulated adiponectin secretion. However, only DHA and DHA/ARA exerted a potentanti-inflammatory effect reflected by prevention of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced NF-κB activation and MCP-1 secretion in human adipocytes. eCH and DHA alone or in combination with ARA, may hold the key for nutritional programming through their anti-inflammatory action to prevent diseases with low-grade chronic inflammation such as obesity or diabetes.
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Salmerón C, Johansson M, Angotzi AR, Rønnestad I, Jönsson E, Björnsson BT, Gutiérrez J, Navarro I, Capilla E. Effects of nutritional status on plasma leptin levels and in vitro regulation of adipocyte leptin expression and secretion in rainbow trout. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 210:114-23. [PMID: 25448259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As leptin has a key role on appetite, knowledge about leptin regulation is important in order to understand the control of energy balance. We aimed to explore the modulatory effects of adiposity on plasma leptin levels in vivo and the role of potential regulators on leptin expression and secretion in rainbow trout adipocytes in vitro. Fish were fed a regular diet twice daily ad libitum or a high-energy diet once daily at two ration levels; satiation (SA group) or restricted (RE group) to 25% of satiation, for 8weeks. RE fish had significantly reduced growth (p<0.001) and adipose tissue weight (p<0.001), and higher plasma leptin levels (p=0.022) compared with SA fish. Moreover, plasma leptin levels negatively correlated with mesenteric fat index (p=0.009). Adipocytes isolated from the different fish were treated with insulin, ghrelin, leucine, eicosapentaenoic acid or left untreated (control). In adipocytes from fish fed regular diet, insulin and ghrelin increased leptin secretion dose-dependently (p=0.002; p=0.033, respectively). Leptin secretion in control adipocytes was significantly higher in RE than in SA fish (p=0.022) in agreement with the in vivo findings, indicating that adipose tissue may contribute to the circulating leptin levels. No treatment effects were observed in adipocytes from the high-energy diet groups, neither in leptin expression nor secretion, except that leptin secretion was significantly reduced by leucine in RE fish adipocytes (p=0.025). Overall, these data show that the regulation of leptin in rainbow trout adipocytes by hormones and nutrients seems to be on secretion, rather than at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Salmerón
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Marcus Johansson
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40590 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna R Angotzi
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Jönsson
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40590 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Thrandur Björnsson
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40590 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joaquim Gutiérrez
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Isabel Navarro
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Encarnación Capilla
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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Pan X, Bowman M, Scott RJ, Fitter J, Nicholson RC, Smith R, Zakar T. Methylation of the Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Gene Promoter in BeWo Cells: Relationship to Gene Activity. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:861302. [PMID: 26457081 PMCID: PMC4589633 DOI: 10.1155/2015/861302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) production by the human placenta increases exponentially as pregnancy advances, and the rate of increase predicts gestational length. CRH gene expression is regulated by cAMP in trophoblasts through a cyclic AMP-response element (CRE), which changes its transcription factor binding properties upon methylation. Here we determined whether methylation of the CRH proximal promoter controls basal and cAMP-stimulated CRH expression in BeWo cells, a well-characterized trophoblastic cell line. We treated the cells with 8-Br-cAMP and the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2' deoxycytidine (5-AZA-dC) and determined the effects on CRH mRNA level and promoter methylation. Clonal bisulfite sequencing showed partial and allele independent methylation of CpGs in the CRH promoter. CRH mRNA expression and the methylation of a subset of CpGs (including CpG2 in the CRE) increased spontaneously during culture. 8-Br-cAMP stimulated CRH expression without affecting the increase in methylation. 5-AZA-dC decreased methylation and augmented 8-Br-cAMP-stimulated CRH expression, but it blocked the spontaneous increase of CRH mRNA level. We conclude that the CRH promoter is a dynamically and intermediately methylated genomic region in BeWo cells. Promoter methylation did not inhibit CRH gene expression under the conditions employed; rather it determined the contribution of alternative cAMP-independent pathways and cAMP-independent mechanisms to CRH expression control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pan
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maria Bowman
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Rodney J. Scott
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Molecular Medicine, Hunter Area Pathology Service, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2310, Australia
| | - John Fitter
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Richard C. Nicholson
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2310, Australia
| | - Roger Smith
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2310, Australia
| | - Tamas Zakar
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2310, Australia
- *Tamas Zakar:
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Liu P, Li C, Huang J, Ji H. Regulation of adipocytes lipolysis by n-3 HUFA in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) in vitro and in vivo. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:1447-1460. [PMID: 24737494 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
N-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) have been shown to inhibit body fat accumulation in animals. To clarify the mechanism of this fat-lowering effect of n-3 HUFA in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, isolated grass carp mature adipocytes were incubated with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at different concentrations for 6 h. The release of glycerol to the medium was detected, and the expression of the lipolysis-related genes was analyzed. In experiment 2, a 95-day feeding trial was conducted with two diets formulated with either lard oil (as control) or fish oil (supplying n-3 HUFA as treatment) as the main lipid source. The glycerol and free fatty acid (FFA) released from the isolated adipocytes of both groups were detected after the feeding period. The expression of select lipolysis-related genes in adipose tissue was also analyzed. The results from experiment 1 showed that the release of glycerol was significantly increased by DHA and EPA (P < 0.05). Moreover, the expression of lipolysis-related genes, such as adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and leptin, was also significantly elevated in the treatment group (P < 0.05). Experiment 2 demonstrated that glycerol and FFA release from the isolated adipocytes were significantly higher in the treatment group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The expression level of ATGL, HSL, TNFα and leptin in the treatment group was significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). The present results provide novel evidence that n-3 HUFAs could regulate grass carp adipocyte lipolysis in vitro or in vivo, and the effect might be in part associated with their influence on the expression of lipolysis-related genes and lipolysis-related adipokines genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
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36
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de Luis DA, Aller R, Izaola O, Gonzalez Sagrado M, Conde R, de la Fuente B, Primo D. Effect of Lys656Asn Polymorphism of Leptin Receptor Gene on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Serum Adipokine Levels after a High Polyunsaturated Fat Diet in Obese Patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 29:432-6. [PMID: 25132099 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human obesity is characterized by high levels of leptin, and leptin levels may change with weight loss and dietary restriction. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of Lys656Asn polymorphism in the leptin receptor gene on cardiovascular risk factors, weight loss, and serum leptin levels to a high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) hypocaloric diet in obese patients. DESIGN A sample of 132 obese patients was analyzed in a prospective way with a dietary intervention. The enriched PUFAs hypocaloric intervention consisted in a diet of 1,459 kcal, 45.7% of carbohydrates, 34.4% of lipids, and 19.9% of proteins. RESULTS In wild-type group, BMI (-1.9 ± 1.4 kg/m(2) ), weight (-4.4 ± 3.2 kg), fat mass (-4.2 ± 3.8 kg), waist circumference (-4.1 ± 3.1 cm), systolic blood pressure (-7.0 ± 12.1 mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (-3.9 ± 6.8 mmHg), insulin (-1.8 ± 5.6 MUI/l) and HOMA-IR (-0.5 ± 1.5 Units) decreased. In mutant genotype group, BMI (-2.0 ± 2.1 kg/m(2) ), weight (-3.6 ± 4.1 kg), waist circumference (-3.1 ± 4.1 cm), total cholesterol (-25.2 ± 19.6 mg/dl), LDL cholesterol (-16.6 ± 25.6 mg/dl), and tryglicerides (-26.6 ± 39.1 mg/dl) decreased. Only leptin levels have a significant decrease in wild genotype group (-6.6 ± 10.2 ng/ml) (25.1%). CONCLUSION Carriers of ASn656 allele have a different response than wild-type obese, with a lack of decrease in insulin levels, leptin levels, and HOMA-IR. However, obese patients with this mutant allele have a better lipid profile after weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A de Luis
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Medicine School and Unit of Investigation, Hospital Rio Hortega, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - R Aller
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Medicine School and Unit of Investigation, Hospital Rio Hortega, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - O Izaola
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Medicine School and Unit of Investigation, Hospital Rio Hortega, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - M Gonzalez Sagrado
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Medicine School and Unit of Investigation, Hospital Rio Hortega, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - R Conde
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Medicine School and Unit of Investigation, Hospital Rio Hortega, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - B de la Fuente
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Medicine School and Unit of Investigation, Hospital Rio Hortega, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - D Primo
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Medicine School and Unit of Investigation, Hospital Rio Hortega, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Coccia E, Varricchio E, Vito P, Turchini GM, Francis DS, Paolucci M. Fatty acid-specific alterations in leptin, PPARα, and CPT-1 gene expression in the rainbow trout. Lipids 2014; 49:1033-46. [PMID: 25108415 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is known that fatty acids (FA) regulate lipid metabolism by modulating the expression of numerous genes. In order to gain a better understanding of the effect of individual FA on lipid metabolism related genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), an in vitro time-course study was implemented where twelve individual FA (butyric 4:0; caprylic 8:0; palmitic (PAM) 16:0; stearic (STA) 18:0; palmitoleic16:1n-7; oleic 18:1n-9; 11-cis-eicosenoic 20:1n-9; linoleic (LNA) 18:2n-6; α-linolenic (ALA) 18:3n-3; eicosapentenoic (EPA) 20:5n-3; docosahexaenoic (DHA) 22:6n-3; arachidonic (ARA) 20:4n-6) were incubated in rainbow trout liver slices. The effect of FA administration over time was evaluated on the expression of leptin, PPARα and CPT-1 (lipid oxidative related genes). Leptin mRNA expression was down regulated by saturated fatty acids (SFA) and LNA, and was up regulated by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and long chain PUFA, whilst STA and ALA had no effect. PPARα and CPT-1mRNA expression were up regulated by SFA, MUFA, ALA, ARA and DHA; and down regulated by LNA and EPA. These results suggest that there are individual and specific FA induced modifications of leptin, PPARα and CPT-1 gene expression in rainbow trout, and it is envisaged that such results may provide highly valuable information for future practical applications in fish nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Coccia
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, Via Port'Arsa, 11, 82100, Benevento, Italy
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Lionetti L, Mollica MP, Sica R, Donizzetti I, Gifuni G, Pignalosa A, Cavaliere G, Putti R. Differential effects of high-fish oil and high-lard diets on cells and cytokines involved in the inflammatory process in rat insulin-sensitive tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:3040-63. [PMID: 24562331 PMCID: PMC3958898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15023040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fat sources may differentially affect the development of inflammation in insulin-sensitive tissues during chronic overfeeding. Considering the anti-inflammatory properties of ω-3 fatty acids, this study aimed to compare the effects of chronic high-fish oil and high-lard diets on obesity-related inflammation by evaluating serum and tissue adipokine levels and histological features in insulin-sensitive tissues (white adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver). As expected, a high-lard diet induced systemic and peripheral inflammation and insulin resistance. Conversely, compared with a high-lard diet, a high-fish oil diet resulted in a lower degree of systemic inflammation and insulin resistance that were associated with a lower adipocyte diameter as well as lower immunoreactivity for transforming growth factor β 1 (TGFβ1) in white adipose tissue. A high-fish oil diet also resulted in a lower ectopic lipid depot, inflammation degree and insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle and liver. Moreover, a high-fish oil diet attenuated hepatic stellate cell activation and fibrogenesis in the liver, as indicated by the smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA) and TGFβ1 levels. The replacement of lard (saturated fatty acids) with fish oil (ω-3 fatty acids) in chronic high-fat feeding attenuated the development of systemic and tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillà Lionetti
- Department of Biology, Via Mezzocannone 8, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Department of Biology, Via Mezzocannone 8, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Sica
- Department of Biology, Via Mezzocannone 8, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Immacolata Donizzetti
- Department of Biology, Via Mezzocannone 8, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Gifuni
- Department of Biology, Via Mezzocannone 8, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Angelica Pignalosa
- Department of Biology, Via Mezzocannone 8, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gina Cavaliere
- Department of Biology, Via Mezzocannone 8, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosalba Putti
- Department of Biology, Via Mezzocannone 8, University of Naples "Federico II", 80134 Naples, Italy.
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Paniagua JA, Escandell-Morales JM, Gil-Contreras D, Berral de la Rosa FJ, Romero-Jimenez M, Gómez-Urbano A, Sanchez-Lopez A, Bellido E, Poyato A, Calatayud B, Vidal-Puig AJ. Central obesity and altered peripheral adipose tissue gene expression characterize the NAFLD patient with insulin resistance: Role of nutrition and insulin challenge. Nutrition 2014; 30:177-85. [PMID: 24377452 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance (IR) and white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction frequently are associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, the pathogenic mechanisms contributing to their clustering are not well defined. The aim of this study was to define some nutritional, anthropometric, metabolic, and genetic mechanisms contributing to their clustering. METHODS Forty-five (20 men, 25 women) patients (age 45.7 ± 11.1 y) with recent diagnosis of NAFLD were grouped according to IR state. Energy balance was assessed using a food questionnaire and indirect calorimetry, and body composition with anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Biochemical and hormonal parameters combined with adipose tissue gene expression were determined. Microarray analysis of gene expression was performed in a subset of WAT samples from IR patients (n = 9), in the fasted state, after specific test meals (monounsaturated fatty acid [MUFA], saturated fat [SAT], and carbohydrate-rich) and after being challenged with insulin. RESULTS IR patients exhibited higher trunk fat to leg fat ratio (P < 0.05) and had a higher ratio of SAT/MUFA fat intake (P < 0.05) than insulin-sensitive (IS) individuals. Deposition of fat in the trunk but not in the leg was directly related to liver enzyme levels (P < 0.05). IR patients also had lower adiponectin serum levels and leptin (LEP) mRNA expression in WAT compared with IS patients (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Microarray analysis after insulin challenge confirmed that insulin treatment induces the expression of PPARG gene and LEP and decreases GCGR gene (P < 0.05 for all) in WAT. No changes in these genes were observed in the postprandial state induced after the acute effect of specific diets. CONCLUSIONS Patients exhibiting NAFLD and IR had preferential central fat deposition directly related to their serum alanine aminotransferase levels. These patients showed peripheral adipose tissue dysfunction and exhibited inappropriately low LEP biosynthesis that could be partially restored after anabolic conditions induced by insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Paniagua
- Insulin Resistance, Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Unit, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain; Endocrinology and Nutrition Services, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain.
| | - J M Escandell-Morales
- Insulin Resistance, Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Unit, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - D Gil-Contreras
- Insulin Resistance, Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Unit, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - M Romero-Jimenez
- Insulin Resistance, Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Unit, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Gómez-Urbano
- Insulin Resistance, Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Unit, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Sanchez-Lopez
- Insulin Resistance, Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Unit, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - E Bellido
- Insulin Resistance, Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Unit, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain; Laboratory Services, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
| | - A Poyato
- Liver Research Unit, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, Cordoba, Spain
| | - B Calatayud
- Insulin Resistance, Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Unit, Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research, University Hospital Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A J Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, England
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Prostek A, Gajewska M, Kamola D, Bałasińska B. The influence of EPA and DHA on markers of inflammation in 3T3-L1 cells at different stages of cellular maturation. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:3. [PMID: 24387137 PMCID: PMC3903018 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND EPA and DHA have been reported to have anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies revealed that these positive actions of n-3 PUFA at least partially are connected with their influence on metabolism and secretory functions of the adipose tissue. However, their impact on old adipocytes is still poorly understood. Therefore the aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of EPA and DHA on markers of inflammation in 3T3-L1 cells at different stages of cellular maturation. METHODS Young, mature and old differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were cultured for 48 h in the presence of 100 μM EPA, or 50 μM DHA complexed to albumin, whereas in control conditions only albumin was added to the medium. The Oil Red O staining was used to confirm adipocytes differentiation, and measure triglycerides content in cells. The concentration of adipokines (interleukin 6, adiponectin and leptin) in conditioned media was measured using mouse-specific ELISA kits. RESULTS The fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was positively correlated with their age; however, EPA and DHA did not affect lipid accumulation on any stage of maturation. EPA and DHA increased the concentration of secreted adiponectin when compared with control, but only in the case of young adipocytes (58% and 35%, respectively). Moreover, EPA supplementation increased interleukin 6 concentration in conditioned medium, while DHA exerted an opposite effect on all stages of cellular maturation. Furthermore, EPA treatment increased leptin release from young cells, while DHA did not affect the secretion of this adipokine. In mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes both experimental factors decreased synthesis of leptin; however, in old cells no impact of these PUFA was noted. CONCLUSIONS In summary, age is an important determinant of fat accumulation in adipocytes and affects adipokines secretion by these cells. Moreover, the impact of investigated fatty acids: EPA and DHA on fat cells varies depending on the stage of maturation, and seems to be stronger in young cells than in mature and old ones. Docosahexaenoic acid exerts an anti-inflammatory action; however, on the basis of the obtained data it was not possible to determine whether eicosapentaenoic acid shows anti- or pro-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Prostek
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland.
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Bertrand C, Pignalosa A, Wanecq E, Rancoule C, Batut A, Deleruyelle S, Lionetti L, Valet P, Castan-Laurell I. Effects of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation in high-fat fed mice on lipid metabolism and apelin/APJ system in skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78874. [PMID: 24244380 PMCID: PMC3820669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Various studies have shown that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has beneficial effects on obesity and associated disorders. Apelin, the ligand of APJ receptor also exerts insulin-sensitizing effects especially by improving muscle metabolism. EPA has been shown to increase apelin production in adipose tissue but its effects in muscle have not been addressed. Thus, the effects of EPA supplementation (36 g/kg EPA) in high-fat diet (HFD) (45% fat, 20% protein, 35% carbohydrate) were studied in mice with focus on muscle lipid metabolism and apelin/APJ expression. Compared with HFD mice, HFD+EPA mice had significantly less weight gain, fat mass, lower blood glucose, insulinemia and hepatic steatosis after 10 weeks of diet. In addition, EPA prevented muscle metabolism alterations since intramuscular triglycerides were decreased and β-oxidation increased. In soleus muscles of HFD+EPA mice, apelin and APJ expression were significantly increased compared to HFD mice. However, plasma apelin concentrations in HFD and HFD+EPA mice were similar. EPA-induced apelin expression was confirmed in differentiated C2C12 myocytes but in this model, apelin secretion was also increased in response to EPA treatment. In conclusion, EPA supplementation in HFD prevents obesity and metabolic alterations in mice, especially in skeletal muscle. Since EPA increases apelin/APJ expression in muscle, apelin may act in a paracrine/autocrine manner to contribute to these benefical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Bertrand
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Estelle Wanecq
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - Chloé Rancoule
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélie Batut
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Deleruyelle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Philippe Valet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Castan-Laurell
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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A high-fat diet enriched with low omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio reduced fat cellularity and plasma leptin concentration in Sprague-Dawley rats. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:757593. [PMID: 24294136 PMCID: PMC3833013 DOI: 10.1155/2013/757593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the effects of dietary fatty acids on the accretion pattern of major fat pads, inguinal fat cellularity, and their relation with plasma leptin concentration. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups and received the following diets for 22 weeks: (1) standard rat chow diet (CTRL), (2) CTRL + 10% (w/w) butter (HFAR), (3) CTRL + 3.33% (w/w) menhaden fish oil + 6.67% (w/w) soybean oil (MFAR), and (4) CTRL + 6.67% (w/w) menhaden fish oil + 3.33% (w/w) soybean oil (LFAR). Inguinal fat cellularity and plasma leptin concentration were measured in this study. Results for inguinal fat cellularity showed that the mean adipocyte number for the MFAR (9.2 ∗ 105 ± 3.6) and LFAR (8.5 ∗ 105 ± 5.1) groups was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the rest, while the mean adipocyte diameter of HFAR group was larger (P < 0.05) (46.2 ± 2.8) than the rest. The plasma leptin concentration in the HFAR group was higher (P < 0.05) (3.22 ± 0.32 ng/mL), than the other groups. The higher inguinal fat cellularity clearly indicated the ability of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and butter supplemented diets to induce hyperplasia and hypertrophy of fat cells, respectively, which caused adipocyte remodeling due to hyperleptinemia.
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Johnson ZP, Lowe J, Michopoulos V, Moore CJ, Wilson ME, Toufexis D. Oestradiol differentially influences feeding behaviour depending on diet composition in female rhesus monkeys. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:729-41. [PMID: 23714578 PMCID: PMC4427903 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In females, cyclical changes in the ovarian hormone oestradiol are known to modulate feeding behaviour. However, what is less clear is how these behavioural effects of oestradiol are modified by the macronutrient content of a diet. In the present study, we report data showing that oestradiol treatment results in both significantly smaller meals and a reduced total calorie intake in ovariectomised, socially-housed female rhesus macaques when only chow diet is available. Conversely, during a choice dietary condition where both palatable and chow options are available, oestradiol treatment had no observable, attenuating effect on calorie intake. During this choice dietary phase, all animals consumed more of the palatable diet than chow diet; however, oestradiol treatment appeared to further increase preference for the palatable diet. Finally, oestradiol treatment increased snacking behaviour (i.e. the consumption of calories outside of empirically defined meals), regardless of diet condition. These findings illustrate how oestradiol differentially influences feeding behaviour depending on the dietary environment and provides a framework in which we can begin to examine the mechanisms underlying these observed changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z P Johnson
- Division of Developmental & Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Das UN. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites in the pathobiology of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 42:122-34. [PMID: 22735394 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia can be considered as a low-grade systemic inflammatory disease with its origins in the perinatal period. It is likely that genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors interact to induce excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that, in turn, damage fetal neurons leading to the adult onset of schizophrenia. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their metabolites such as lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins and nitrolipids not only have potent neuroprotective action but also are capable of inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Decreased formation of PUFAs as a result of low activity of Δ(6) and Δ(5) desaturases can result in an increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines due to the absence of negative control exerted by PUFAs and their anti-inflammatory metabolites that, in turn, may predispose to neuronal damage and development of schizophrenia in adult life. Furthermore, PUFAs are essential for brain growth and development. If this proposal is correct, this implies that perinatal and adult supplementation of PUFAs not only prevents but also helps in the treatment of schizophrenia. Furthermore, synthetic analogs of lipoxins, resolvins, and protectins may be of significant benefit in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, 13800 Fairhill Road, Shaker Heights, OH 44120, USA.
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45
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Awada M, Meynier A, Soulage CO, Hadji L, Géloën A, Viau M, Ribourg L, Benoit B, Debard C, Guichardant M, Lagarde M, Genot C, Michalski MC. n-3 PUFA added to high-fat diets affect differently adiposity and inflammation when carried by phospholipids or triacylglycerols in mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013; 10:23. [PMID: 23413782 PMCID: PMC3585798 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is primarily recognized to protect against cardiovascular diseases, cognitive dysfunctions and the onset of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. However, some of their properties such as bioavailability can depend on their chemical carriers. The objective of our study was to test the hypothesis that the nature of n-3 PUFA carrier results in different metabolic effects related to adiposity, oxidative stress and inflammation. Methods 4 groups of C57BL/6 mice were fed for 8 weeks low fat (LF) diet or high-fat (HF, 20%) diets. Two groups of high-fat diets were supplemented with long-chain n-3 PUFA either incorporated in the form of phospholipids (HF-ω3PL) or triacylglycerols (HF-ω3TG). Results Both HF-ω3PL and HF-ω3TG diets reduced the plasma concentrations of (i) inflammatory markers such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), (ii) leptin and (iii) 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a marker of n-6 PUFA-derived oxidative stress compared with the control HF diet. Moreover, in both HF-ω3PL and HF-ω3TG groups, MCP-1 and IL-6 gene expressions were decreased in epididymal adipose tissue and the mRNA level of gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase GPx2, an antioxidant enzyme, was decreased in the jejunum compared with the control HF diet. The type of n-3 PUFA carrier affected other outcomes. The phospholipid form of n-3 PUFA increased the level of tocopherols in epididymal adipose tissue compared with HF-ω3TG and resulted in smaller adipocytes than the two others HF groups. Adipocytes in the HF-ω3PL and LF groups were similar in size distribution. Conclusion Supplementation of mice diet with long-chain n-3 PUFA during long-term consumption of high-fat diets had the same lowering effects on inflammation regardless of triacyglycerol or phospholipid carrier, whereas the location of these fatty acids on a PL carrier had a major effect on decreasing the size of adipocytes that was not observed with the triacyglycerol carrier. Altogether, these results would support the development functional foods containing LC n-3 PUFA in the form of PL in order to prevent some deleterious outcomes associated with the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Awada
- INRA, U1362, CarMeN, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France.
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Corazzin M, Bovolenta S, Saccà E, Bianchi G, Piasentier E. Effect of linseed addition on the expression of some lipid metabolism genes in the adipose tissue of young Italian Simmental and Holstein bulls1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:405-12. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-5057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Corazzin
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - S. Bovolenta
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - E. Saccà
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - G. Bianchi
- ERSA, Agency for Rural Development, Autonomous Region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - E. Piasentier
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Yee LD, Agarwal D, Rosol TJ, Lehman A, Tian M, Hatton J, Heestand J, Belury MA, Clinton SK. The inhibition of early stages of HER-2/neu-mediated mammary carcinogenesis by dietary n-3 PUFAs. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 57:320-7. [PMID: 23213007 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE We previously demonstrated that lifelong feeding of diets enriched in n-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) significantly inhibits HER-2/neu-mediated mammary tumorigenesis in mice. Of interest is whether dietary n-3 fatty acids exert effects at early stages of mammary carcinogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Seven-week-old female MMTV-HER-2/neu transgenic mice were randomized to AIN-based semipurified diets containing either fish or corn oil at 25% energy. Mice were evaluated at 25, 30, and 35 weeks with analysis of mammary glands for atypical ductal hyperplasia (hematoxylin and eosin), cell proliferation (Ki67 immunostaining), and fatty acid synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression (qRT-PCR). Tissue fatty acid profiles were quantitated by GC. Atypia grade decreased significantly in mice fed fish oil (p = 0.002). Mammary epithelial cells in mammary glands from mice fed fish oil also had an eightfold lower percentage of Ki67 expression. COX-2 expression in mammary fat-pads significantly decreased in mice fed fish versus corn oil enriched diets. CONCLUSION Dietary fish oil inhibits atypical ductal hyperplasia at early stages of HER-2/neu-mediated mammary carcinogenesis relative to corn oil diets. This histologic change is associated with suppression of mammary epithelial cell proliferation and decreased COX-2 expression in mammary tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Yee
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Dietary flaxseed oil reduces adipocyte size, adipose monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels and T-cell infiltration in obese, insulin-resistant rats. Cytokine 2012; 59:382-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Influence of different CLA isomers on insulin resistance and adipocytokines in pre-diabetic, middle-aged men with PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 7:499-509. [PMID: 22399314 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-012-0289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are natural PPARγ ligands, which showed conflicting effects on metabolism in humans. We examined metabolic effects of different isomers of CLA in subjects with PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphisms. A total of 35 men underwent four intervention periods in a crossover study design: subjects with either genotypes received c9, t11 CLA or t10, c12 CLA, a commercially available 1:1 mix of both isomers or reference oil (linoleic acid (LA)). Adipocytokines, insulin, glucose and triglycerides were assessed in the fasting state and after a standardized mixed meal. Across all genotypes, there was a significant (p = 0.025) CLA treatment effect upon postprandial (pp) HOMA-IR values, with c9, t11 CLA and CLA isomer mix improving, but t10, c12 CLA isomer worsening. In Ala12Ala subjects, the t10, c12 isomer caused weight gain (p = 0.03) and tended to increase postprandial insulin levels (p = 0.05). In Pro12Pro subjects, t10, c12 resulted in reduction in waist circumference (p = 0.03). The comparison of the different genotype groups revealed statistically different changes in fasting and postprandial insulin, HOMA-IR and leptin after intervention. c9, t11 CLA and the commercial CLA mix showed beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity compared with LA, while t10, c12 CLA adversely affects body weight and insulin sensitivity in different PPAR genotypes. CLA isomers have different effects on metabolism in Ala and Pro carriers.
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Ettore V, Finizia R, Elena C, Giovanni T, David F, Paolo DG, Marina P. Immunohistochemical and immunological detection of ghrelin and leptin in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii as affected by different dietary fatty acids. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 75:771-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.21124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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